Article(id=1208489306377794003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0866, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1623686400000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-15, revisedDate=1626019200000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766055903286, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1636646400000, pubDateStr=2021-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766055903286, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766055903286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766055903286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208489265789518263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='11', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766055893609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137012710, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208829504026448153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208829504026448154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3030, endPage=3046, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208489307069854244, articleId=1208489306377794003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Lead compound optimization strategy (9) - reducing drug clearance through structure modification, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Clearance reflects the speed of extraction and elimination of drug molecules from systemic circulation. Reducing the clearance of compounds using structure modification strategy could lead to good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Herein, the concept of clearance, as well as several prediction methods of in vivo clearance are introduced. The strategies of reducing drug clearance are reviewed. These methods include reducing hepatic metabolic clearance through reducing lipophilicity, blocking metabolic site, scaffold modification and increasing steric hindrance; reducing biliary or renal excretion clearance through increasing lipophilicity, reducing polar surface area and bioisosterism. In addition, the influence of spatial configuration on drug clearance is also summarized.
, correspAuthors=Hong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui ZHANG, Jiang WANG, Hao-ran ZHU, Hong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208489323062735193, articleId=1208489306377794003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=先导化合物结构优化策略(九)——改善药物清除率, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
清除率反映药物分子在体循环中被提取和消除的快慢程度。通过化学结构修饰方法降低化合物的清除率有助于改善化合物在体内的药代动力学和药效学性质。本文介绍了清除率的概念和研究意义,体内清除率的常见预测方法,重点综述了改善清除率的先导化合物结构优化策略,主要包括:通过降低亲脂性、封闭代谢位点、骨架修饰、增加位阻等方法降低肝脏代谢转化清除率;通过提高亲脂性、降低极性表面积、生物电子等排等方法降低胆汁排泄清除率或肾脏排泄清除率;最后总结了药物分子立体构型对清除率的影响。
, correspAuthors=柳红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Hepatic disposition models[14]. Cin: Influx drug concentration; Ch: Hepatic drug concentration; Cout: Efflux drug concentration; CLh: Hepatic clearance; Qh: Hepatic blood flow , figureFileSmall=Vqa6lwMDCpq6ACwiadayAg==, figureFileBig=fGVkh2d5tEfhC2t16t0LPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489325981970881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K2n4Wb7IVRO2jYz669qhRg==, figureFileBig=XfKaSxs0SJ+3OpDsGNgruQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489326036496835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Basics of an allometric scaling experiment[8] , figureFileSmall=K2n4Wb7IVRO2jYz669qhRg==, figureFileBig=XfKaSxs0SJ+3OpDsGNgruQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489326099411398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZQOP0IToGs/3aRrEg3MASQ==, figureFileBig=kh9nZ5gb8BCFm9OC7fphgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327286399432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of calcium channel blockers by reducing lipophilicity , figureFileSmall=ZQOP0IToGs/3aRrEg3MASQ==, figureFileBig=kh9nZ5gb8BCFm9OC7fphgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327378674123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bKZKi3JTjumU7IxVJYPITA==, figureFileBig=595sroDAK4vZjJdxOWV1Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327462560205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
The proposed metabolic scheme for compound 17 following incubation with mouse liver microsomes , figureFileSmall=bKZKi3JTjumU7IxVJYPITA==, figureFileBig=595sroDAK4vZjJdxOWV1Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327563223504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UsO0zGlcsK1G0frCKNM4AA==, figureFileBig=leeCn06TBaFF5Cify70A9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327835853267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Predicted sites of CYP2D6-mediated oxidative metabolism of compound 20 using the StarDrop model. Sites are labeled with a predicted percentage of products formed due to metabolism at that position , figureFileSmall=UsO0zGlcsK1G0frCKNM4AA==, figureFileBig=leeCn06TBaFF5Cify70A9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327907156438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TJa0ZOv6PQLYgwzHq/3dLQ==, figureFileBig=kfVDszejmeIO7zZOvyfKcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489327995236823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of phenylthiazole antibiotics using scaffold hopping strategy , figureFileSmall=TJa0ZOv6PQLYgwzHq/3dLQ==, figureFileBig=kfVDszejmeIO7zZOvyfKcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328079122905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LJ0chH7WV9X7R/fbyRNdKw==, figureFileBig=mtWa/GDL1c6j9xS8rfaaGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328158814683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of GPR40 agonists by scaffold modification. HLM: Human liver microsomes; MLM: Mouse liver microsomes; RLM: Rat liver microsomes; DLM: Dog liver microsomes. aSolubility refers to the grams of compounds could dissolve in every 100 g water , figureFileSmall=LJ0chH7WV9X7R/fbyRNdKw==, figureFileBig=mtWa/GDL1c6j9xS8rfaaGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328242700765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6jRP+LsFXexw6vv65EkWjQ==, figureFileBig=6EVMLyluhB4fUucHLO9bmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328339169759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption=
Inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 , figureFileSmall=6jRP+LsFXexw6vv65EkWjQ==, figureFileBig=6EVMLyluhB4fUucHLO9bmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328431444449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Kdm7uyMJEar0AvTa6VBXlQ==, figureFileBig=PGVq+jcAsvcNpAPReM1BAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328506941922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption=
Reducing renal excretion clearance by increasing lipophilicity , figureFileSmall=Kdm7uyMJEar0AvTa6VBXlQ==, figureFileBig=PGVq+jcAsvcNpAPReM1BAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489328607605220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Species | Mouse | Rat | Monkey | Dog | Human |
| Average body weight/kg | 0.02 | 0.25 | 5 | 10 | 70 |
| Hepatic blood flow /mL·(min·kg)-1 | 120 | 68 | 44 | 31 | 21 |
| Clearance range /mL·(min·kg)-1 | 36 - 84 | 20 - 48 | 13 - 31 | 9 - 22 | 6 - 15 |
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Body weight, hepatic blood flow and clearance range of some animals and human
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Species | Mouse | Rat | Monkey | Dog | Human |
| Average body weight/kg | 0.02 | 0.25 | 5 | 10 | 70 |
| Hepatic blood flow /mL·(min·kg)-1 | 120 | 68 | 44 | 31 | 21 |
| Clearance range /mL·(min·kg)-1 | 36 - 84 | 20 - 48 | 13 - 31 | 9 - 22 | 6 - 15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489328771183077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Influence factor | Clearance path |
| Metabolic transformation | Metabolic transformation or excretion mediated by transporters | Renal or biliary excretion (possible transporter involvement) |
| Physicochemical properties | Log D > 0 (PSA < 75 Å2) | Log D > 0 (PSA > 75 Å2) | Log D < 0 |
| Permeability | High | Medium | Low |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489328834097638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
Influence of physicochemical properties and permeability on drug clearance path
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Influence factor | Clearance path |
| Metabolic transformation | Metabolic transformation or excretion mediated by transporters | Renal or biliary excretion (possible transporter involvement) |
| Physicochemical properties | Log D > 0 (PSA < 75 Å2) | Log D > 0 (PSA > 75 Å2) | Log D < 0 |
| Permeability | High | Medium | Low |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489328905400808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Formulara | Defect |
| In vitro incubation with liver microsomes | CLint, in vitro $=\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}} $ CLint, in vivo=CLint, in vitro$ \times $PBSF | The experimental results need to be confirmed by in vivo study |
| In vitro incubation with hepatocytes | CLint, in vitro $=\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}} $ CLint, in vivo= CLint, in vitro$ \times $PBSF | The preparation of hepatocytes is complex Hepatocytes can only survive for 4 hours in vitro |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489328968315370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
Prediction of drug clearance through in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. aCprotein: Concentration of liver microsomes; Ccell: Concentration of hepatocytes; PBSF: Physiological based scaling factors, see Table 4
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Formulara | Defect |
| In vitro incubation with liver microsomes | CLint, in vitro $=\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}} $ CLint, in vivo=CLint, in vitro$ \times $PBSF | The experimental results need to be confirmed by in vivo study |
| In vitro incubation with hepatocytes | CLint, in vitro $=\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}} $ CLint, in vivo= CLint, in vitro$ \times $PBSF | The preparation of hepatocytes is complex Hepatocytes can only survive for 4 hours in vitro |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329077367276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PBSF factor | Mouse | Rat | Dog | Monkey | Human |
| g liver/ kg BW | 54.9 | 36.6 | 32.9 | 24.8 | 25.7 |
| mg prot/g liver | 47 | 47 | 58 | 32 | 32 |
| mg prot/kg BW | 2 580.3 | 1 720.2 | 1 908.2 | 793.6 | 822.4 |
| 106 cells/g liver | 128 | 128 | 187.5 | 99 | 99 |
| 106 cells/kg BW | 7 027.20 | 4 684.80 | 6 168.75 | 2 455.20 | 2 544.3 |
| Qliver/mL·min-1 | 2.4 | 16.9 | 309 | 218 | 1 450 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329144476142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=
Physiological based scaling factors[9]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PBSF factor | Mouse | Rat | Dog | Monkey | Human |
| g liver/ kg BW | 54.9 | 36.6 | 32.9 | 24.8 | 25.7 |
| mg prot/g liver | 47 | 47 | 58 | 32 | 32 |
| mg prot/kg BW | 2 580.3 | 1 720.2 | 1 908.2 | 793.6 | 822.4 |
| 106 cells/g liver | 128 | 128 | 187.5 | 99 | 99 |
| 106 cells/kg BW | 7 027.20 | 4 684.80 | 6 168.75 | 2 455.20 | 2 544.3 |
| Qliver/mL·min-1 | 2.4 | 16.9 | 309 | 218 | 1 450 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329236750832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Description | Formular | Remark |
| fu Intercept correction method (FCIM) | Universal equation based on the intercept obtained from the simple allometry log-log plot and ratio of unbound fraction in plasma between rats and human | CLhuman$=\mathrm{ }33.35\;\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\times {\left(\frac{\alpha }{R{{f}_{u\;{\mathrm{p}}}}}\right)}^{0.77} $ | α: Allometric scaling factor Rfup: Ratio of unbound fraction in plasma between rats and human |
| TSrat-dog | Rat-dog-human proportionality for bound drug | CLhuman=αrat-dog$ \times $(BWhuman)0.628 | α: Allometric scaling factor BW: Body weight |
| QSARrat-dog | Rat and dog i.v. CL combined with compound descriptors as predictors of i.v. CL in human | Log CLhuman=(0.433×Log CLrat)+(1×Log CLdog)-(0.006 27×MW)+(0.189×NHBA)-(0.001 11× Log CLdog×MW)+(0.000 014 4×MW2)-(0.000 4×MW×NHBA)-0.707 | MW: Molecular weight NHBA: The number of hydrogen bond acceptors |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329333219826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=
Three allometric scaling-based prediction methods of human clearance with relatively high accuracy
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | Description | Formular | Remark |
| fu Intercept correction method (FCIM) | Universal equation based on the intercept obtained from the simple allometry log-log plot and ratio of unbound fraction in plasma between rats and human | CLhuman$=\mathrm{ }33.35\;\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\times {\left(\frac{\alpha }{R{{f}_{u\;{\mathrm{p}}}}}\right)}^{0.77} $ | α: Allometric scaling factor Rfup: Ratio of unbound fraction in plasma between rats and human |
| TSrat-dog | Rat-dog-human proportionality for bound drug | CLhuman=αrat-dog$ \times $(BWhuman)0.628 | α: Allometric scaling factor BW: Body weight |
| QSARrat-dog | Rat and dog i.v. CL combined with compound descriptors as predictors of i.v. CL in human | Log CLhuman=(0.433×Log CLrat)+(1×Log CLdog)-(0.006 27×MW)+(0.189×NHBA)-(0.001 11× Log CLdog×MW)+(0.000 014 4×MW2)-(0.000 4×MW×NHBA)-0.707 | MW: Molecular weight NHBA: The number of hydrogen bond acceptors |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329404522995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Sturcture | CRAF IC50 /μmol·L-1 | CP Calu-6 EC50/μmol·L-1 | cLog P | CLint, HLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 3 |  | 0.000 1 | 5.28 | 4.0 | 43.3 |
| 4 |  | 0.000 2 | 0.16 | 4.1 | 48.0 |
| 5 |  | 0.000 6 | 0.51 | 3.2 | 20.5 |
| 6 |  | 0.000 7 | 6.22 | 2.1 | 10.4 |
| 7 (LXH254) |  | 0.000 2 | 0.47 | 3.5 | 13.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329488409076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of CRAF inhibitors by reducing lipophilicity
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Sturcture | CRAF IC50 /μmol·L-1 | CP Calu-6 EC50/μmol·L-1 | cLog P | CLint, HLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 3 |  | 0.000 1 | 5.28 | 4.0 | 43.3 |
| 4 |  | 0.000 2 | 0.16 | 4.1 | 48.0 |
| 5 |  | 0.000 6 | 0.51 | 3.2 | 20.5 |
| 6 |  | 0.000 7 | 6.22 | 2.1 | 10.4 |
| 7 (LXH254) |  | 0.000 2 | 0.47 | 3.5 | 13.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329559712245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | PRMT5 IC50/nmol·L-1 | cLog P | cLog D | HLM scaled CLa | MLM scaled CLb |
| mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 8 |  | 326 | 3.88 | 0.65 | 13 | 50 |
| 9 |  | 13 | 3.02 | 2.25 | 17 | 80 |
| 10 |  | 18 | 1.63 | 0.86 | 10 | 61 |
| 11 (EPZ015666) |  | 22 | 0.57 | -0.14 | < 5 | 20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329656181238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of PRMT5 inhibitors by reducing lipophilicity. aHLM scaled CL: In vivo intrinsic clearance determined from in vitro intrinsic clearance of human liver microsomes. bMLM scaled CL: In vivo intrinsic clearance determined from in vitro intrinsic clearance of mouse liver microsomes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | PRMT5 IC50/nmol·L-1 | cLog P | cLog D | HLM scaled CLa | MLM scaled CLb |
| mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 8 |  | 326 | 3.88 | 0.65 | 13 | 50 |
| 9 |  | 13 | 3.02 | 2.25 | 17 | 80 |
| 10 |  | 18 | 1.63 | 0.86 | 10 | 61 |
| 11 (EPZ015666) |  | 22 | 0.57 | -0.14 | < 5 | 20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329761038839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | T. cruzi IC50/μmol·L-1 | CLint, HLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 12 | Cl | H | 0.63 | 9.57 |
| 13 | Et | H | 0.14 | 10.4 |
| 14 | NO2 | H | 0.04 | 1.57 |
| 15 | CF3 | H | 0.1 | 0.94 |
| 16 | CF3 | F | 0.079 | 0.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329844924920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of anti-T. cruzi agents by blocking the hydroxylation metabolic sites
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | T. cruzi IC50/μmol·L-1 | CLint, HLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 12 | Cl | H | 0.63 | 9.57 |
| 13 | Et | H | 0.14 | 10.4 |
| 14 | NO2 | H | 0.04 | 1.57 |
| 15 | CF3 | H | 0.1 | 0.94 |
| 16 | CF3 | F | 0.079 | 0.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489329924616697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | Configuration | R | MIC /μg·mL-1 | CLint, MLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 17 | Rac | OCH3 | 0.156 | 173 |
| 18 | Rac | OCD3 | 0.312 | 154 |
| 19 | Rac | OCF3 | 0.625 | 22 |
| 20 | Rac | Cl | 0.312 | 25 |
| 21 | S | Cl | 0.156 | 18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330012697082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 9, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of DHFR inhibitors by blocking the O-demethylation metabolic site
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | Configuration | R | MIC /μg·mL-1 | CLint, MLM /μL·(min·mg)-1 |
| 17 | Rac | OCH3 | 0.156 | 173 |
| 18 | Rac | OCD3 | 0.312 | 154 |
| 19 | Rac | OCF3 | 0.625 | 22 |
| 20 | Rac | Cl | 0.312 | 25 |
| 21 | S | Cl | 0.156 | 18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330109166075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | GluA1/TARP γ-8 IC50/μmol·L-1 | Fraction metabolized by microsomes/% | CLrat/mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| Human | Rat |
| 22 |  | 2.97 | 81.0 | 84.0 | 234 |
| 23 |  | 0.147 | 52.7 | 65.6 | 71.5 |
| 24 |  | 0.353 | 36.2 | 32.5 | 61.3 |
| 25 |  | 0.070 | 54.5 | 82.2 | 96.6 |
| 26 |  | 0.122 | 41.9 | 84 | 115 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330176274940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 10, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of AMPAR antagonists by blocking the phase Ⅱ metabolic site
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | GluA1/TARP γ-8 IC50/μmol·L-1 | Fraction metabolized by microsomes/% | CLrat/mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| Human | Rat |
| 22 |  | 2.97 | 81.0 | 84.0 | 234 |
| 23 |  | 0.147 | 52.7 | 65.6 | 71.5 |
| 24 |  | 0.353 | 36.2 | 32.5 | 61.3 |
| 25 |  | 0.070 | 54.5 | 82.2 | 96.6 |
| 26 |  | 0.122 | 41.9 | 84 | 115 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330264355325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | GluA1/TARP γ-8 IC50/μmol·L-1 | Fraction metabolized by microsomes/% | CLrat /mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| Human | Rat |
| 27 |  | 0.054 | 19.6 | 67.4 | 42.2 |
| 28 |  | 0.160 | 23.6 | 43.7 | 6.0 |
| 29 |  | 0.062 | 15.2 | 47.4 | 16.3 |
| 30 (LY3130481) |  | 0.065 | 16.4 | 32.3 | 11.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330348241406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 11, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of AMPAR antagonists by blocking the oxidative metabolic site
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | GluA1/TARP γ-8 IC50/μmol·L-1 | Fraction metabolized by microsomes/% | CLrat /mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| Human | Rat |
| 27 |  | 0.054 | 19.6 | 67.4 | 42.2 |
| 28 |  | 0.160 | 23.6 | 43.7 | 6.0 |
| 29 |  | 0.062 | 15.2 | 47.4 | 16.3 |
| 30 (LY3130481) |  | 0.065 | 16.4 | 32.3 | 11.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330436321791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | Species | CL/mL·(min·kg)-1 | t1/2/h | F/% |
| 31 | Rat | 120 | 1.1 | 3 |
| Sitagliptin (33) | Rat | 60 | 1.7 | 76 |
| Dog | 6.0 | 4.9 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489330507624960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 12, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of DPP-Ⅳ inhibitors by scaffold modification
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | Species | CL/mL·(min·kg)-1 | t1/2/h | F/% |
| 31 | Rat | 120 | 1.1 | 3 |
| Sitagliptin (33) | Rat | 60 | 1.7 | 76 |
| Dog | 6.0 | 4.9 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489331694612993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | CXCR4 Ca2+ flux, IC50/nmol·L-1 | Microsomal stability (% remaining) | Permeability Pc/ nm·s-1 |
| Human | Mouse |
| 35 |  | 6.08 | 99.7 | 19.9 | 0 |
| 36 |  | 29.6 | 75.8 | 17.0 | 996 |
| 37 |  | 61.0 | 100 | 85.6 | 39.0 |
| 38 |  | 14.1 | 24.6 | 39.6 | 142 |
| 39 |  | 2.92 | 36.6 | 40.1 | 167 |
| 40 |  | 3.59 | 52.2 | 36.7 | 740 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489331774304770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 13, caption=
Reducing hepatic metabolic clearance of CXCR4 antagonists by scaffold modification
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | CXCR4 Ca2+ flux, IC50/nmol·L-1 | Microsomal stability (% remaining) | Permeability Pc/ nm·s-1 |
| Human | Mouse |
| 35 |  | 6.08 | 99.7 | 19.9 | 0 |
| 36 |  | 29.6 | 75.8 | 17.0 | 996 |
| 37 |  | 61.0 | 100 | 85.6 | 39.0 |
| 38 |  | 14.1 | 24.6 | 39.6 | 142 |
| 39 |  | 2.92 | 36.6 | 40.1 | 167 |
| 40 |  | 3.59 | 52.2 | 36.7 | 740 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489331879162371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | KRASG12C IC50/μmol·L-1 | Log D | CLint, HLM/μL·(min·mg)-1 | GSH t1/2/min |
| 46 |  | 0.211 | 3.6 | 25 | 334 |
| 47 |  | 0.052 | 3.8 | 32 | 416 |
| 48 |  | 0.018 | 2.9 | 21 | 585 |
| 49 |  | < 0.005 | 3.4 | 21 | 929 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489331963048452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 14, caption=
Reducing glutathione reactivity of KRAS inhibitors by increasing steric hindrance
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | KRASG12C IC50/μmol·L-1 | Log D | CLint, HLM/μL·(min·mg)-1 | GSH t1/2/min |
| 46 |  | 0.211 | 3.6 | 25 | 334 |
| 47 |  | 0.052 | 3.8 | 32 | 416 |
| 48 |  | 0.018 | 2.9 | 21 | 585 |
| 49 |  | < 0.005 | 3.4 | 21 | 929 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332080488965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | JAK3 IC50/nmol·L-1 | CLint, HLM | CLint, RLM | | Human blood t1/2 | Rat blood t1/2 |
| μL·(min·mg) -1 | min |
| 50 |  | 56 | 8 | < 15 | | ~ 332 | 98 |
| 51 |  | > 10 000 | - | - | - | - |
| 52 (PF-06651600) |  | 33 | 8 | < 15 | > 360 | 161 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332181152262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 15, caption=
Reducing glutathione reactivity of JAK3 inhibitors by increasing remote steric hindrance
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | JAK3 IC50/nmol·L-1 | CLint, HLM | CLint, RLM | | Human blood t1/2 | Rat blood t1/2 |
| μL·(min·mg) -1 | min |
| 50 |  | 56 | 8 | < 15 | | ~ 332 | 98 |
| 51 |  | > 10 000 | - | - | - | - |
| 52 (PF-06651600) |  | 33 | 8 | < 15 | > 360 | 161 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332290204167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | hNaV1.7 IC50/ nmol·L-1 | Log D | TPSA/Å2 | CLrat | CLdog |
| mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 53 |  | 13 | 0.7 | 131 | 58.0 | 10.0 |
| 54 |  | 21 | 0.8 | 107 | 40.3 | 2.0 |
| 55 (PF-05089771) |  | 11 | 2.3 | 123 | 6.0 | 2.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332365701640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 16, caption=
Reducing biliary excretion clearance of NaV1.7 inhibitors by increasing lipophilicity
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | hNaV1.7 IC50/ nmol·L-1 | Log D | TPSA/Å2 | CLrat | CLdog |
| mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 53 |  | 13 | 0.7 | 131 | 58.0 | 10.0 |
| 54 |  | 21 | 0.8 | 107 | 40.3 | 2.0 |
| 55 (PF-05089771) |  | 11 | 2.3 | 123 | 6.0 | 2.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332457976329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | NaV1.7 IC50/μmol·L-1 | cLog D | CLint, HLM | CLint, RLM | | CLrat | CLdog |
| μL·(min·mg)-1 | mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 56 |  | 0.15 | 2.1 | < 14 | < 14 | | 28.3 | 0.82 |
| 57 |  | 0.051 | 2.6 | < 14 | 18 | 0.78 | 0.05 |
| 58 |  | 0.036 | 2.9 | < 14 | < 14 | 3.83 | 0.38 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332562833930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 17, caption=
Reducing biliary excretion clearance of NaV1.7 inhibitors by increasing lipophilicity
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | NaV1.7 IC50/μmol·L-1 | cLog D | CLint, HLM | CLint, RLM | | CLrat | CLdog |
| μL·(min·mg)-1 | mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 56 |  | 0.15 | 2.1 | < 14 | < 14 | | 28.3 | 0.82 |
| 57 |  | 0.051 | 2.6 | < 14 | 18 | 0.78 | 0.05 |
| 58 |  | 0.036 | 2.9 | < 14 | < 14 | 3.83 | 0.38 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332667691531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | Binding IC50/nmol·L-1 | LTA IC50/nmol·L-1 | CLrat /mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 59 | Bu |  | 6.3 | 21 | 24 |
| 60 | Et |  | 12 | 11 | 3.7 |
| 61 | Bu |  | 1.0 | 8.0 | 2.1 |
| 62 | Bu |  | 2.2 | 1.0 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332747383308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 18, caption=
Reducing biliary excretion clearance of P2Y12 receptor antagonists using bioisosterism strategy
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | Binding IC50/nmol·L-1 | LTA IC50/nmol·L-1 | CLrat /mL·(min·kg)-1 |
| 59 | Bu |  | 6.3 | 21 | 24 |
| 60 | Et |  | 12 | 11 | 3.7 |
| 61 | Bu |  | 1.0 | 8.0 | 2.1 |
| 62 | Bu |  | 2.2 | 1.0 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332814492173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | X | Y | Z | R1 | R2 | hV2R EC50/nmol·L-1 | HPLC k' | CLrat/mL·(min·kg)-1 | Nonrenal CL/% |
| 67 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Me | H | 0.27 | 6.80 | 9.1 | Not tested |
| 68 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Et | H | 0.29 | 7.23 | 10 | 49 |
| 69 | CH2 | S | CH2 | i-Pr | H | 0.45 | 7.31 | 15 | 58 |
| 70 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Et | Et | 0.25 | 8.47 | 42 | 60 |
| 71 | CH2 | S | S | Pr | H | 0.21 | 8.48 | 31 | 90 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489332898378254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 19, caption=
Reducing renal excretion clearance of hV2R agonists by increasing lipophilicity
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 |
| Compd. | X | Y | Z | R1 | R2 | hV2R EC50/nmol·L-1 | HPLC k' | CLrat/mL·(min·kg)-1 | Nonrenal CL/% |
| 67 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Me | H | 0.27 | 6.80 | 9.1 | Not tested |
| 68 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Et | H | 0.29 | 7.23 | 10 | 49 |
| 69 | CH2 | S | CH2 | i-Pr | H | 0.45 | 7.31 | 15 | 58 |
| 70 | CH2 | S | CH2 | Et | Et | 0.25 | 8.47 | 42 | 60 |
| 71 | CH2 | S | S | Pr | H | 0.21 | 8.48 | 31 | 90 |
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 |
| Compd. | PI3Kβ IC50/nmol·L-1 | HLM CLinta/mL·(min·kg)-1 | hHep CLintb/mL·(min·kg)-1 | Fraction metabolized by AO/% |
| (M)-72 | 1 423 | 2.5 | 32.8 | 69 |
| (P)-72 | 2 | < 2.0 | 1.33 | BLQ |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489333061956112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 20, caption=
Influence of axial chirality on activity and hepatic metabolic clearance of PI3Kβ inhibitors. aHLM CLint: In vivo intrinsic clearance determined from human liver microsomes fortified with NADPH and UDGPA. bhHep CLint: In vivo intrinsic clearance determined from cryopreserved human hepatocytes
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | PI3Kβ IC50/nmol·L-1 | HLM CLinta/mL·(min·kg)-1 | hHep CLintb/mL·(min·kg)-1 | Fraction metabolized by AO/% |
| (M)-72 | 1 423 | 2.5 | 32.8 | 69 |
| (P)-72 | 2 | < 2.0 | 1.33 | BLQ |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489333141647889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | β2R IC50 /nmol·L-1 | Human apparent oral clearance CLpo/mL·min-1 |
| Administration of racemate | Administration of enantiomers |
| (S)-Propafenone (73) | 18.7 | 2 521 | 920 |
| (R)-Propafenone (74) | 1 538 | 1 279 | 1 460 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489333225533970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 21, caption=
Influence of spatial configuration on the activity and pharmacokinetic properties of propafenone
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | β2R IC50 /nmol·L-1 | Human apparent oral clearance CLpo/mL·min-1 |
| Administration of racemate | Administration of enantiomers |
| (S)-Propafenone (73) | 18.7 | 2 521 | 920 |
| (R)-Propafenone (74) | 1 538 | 1 279 | 1 460 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489333296837139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compds. | t1/2/h | AUC0-∞ /μg·h·L-1 | CLtotal | CLrenal |
| L·(h·1.73 m2)-1a |
| (S)-(-)-Ofloxacin (75) | 6.93 | 11 660 | 8.51 | 7.14 |
| (R)-(+)-Ofloxacin (76) | 6.26 | 10 620 | 9.34 | 7.53 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208489333376528916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306377794003, language=CN, label=Table 22, caption=
Pharmacokinetic parameters of (S)-(-)-ofloxacin and (R)-(+)-ofloxacin after oral administration of (±)-ofloxacin (200 mg) to healthy volunteers. a1.73 m2: Human standard body surface area
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| Compds. | t1/2/h | AUC0-∞ /μg·h·L-1 | CLtotal | CLrenal |
| L·(h·1.73 m2)-1a |
| (S)-(-)-Ofloxacin (75) | 6.93 | 11 660 | 8.51 | 7.14 |
| (R)-(+)-Ofloxacin (76) | 6.26 | 10 620 | 9.34 | 7.53 |
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