Article(id=1208489306897887758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0509, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617724800000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-07, revisedDate=1621180800000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766055903410, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1636646400000, pubDateStr=2021-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766055903410, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766055903410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766055903410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208489265789518263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='11', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766055893609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137012710, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208829504026448153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208829504026448154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489265789518263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3074, endPage=3081, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208489307338289734, articleId=1208489306897887758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=FADD knockout enhances the sensitivity of A549 cells to etoposide, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We aimed to explore the involvement of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) in the inhibitory effects of etoposide (VP16) on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. FADD knockout (KO) and control A549 cells were constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, the scratch wounding assay, and the Annexin V/PI staining-based flow cytometry were used to assess the effect of FADD KO on viability, migration, and apoptosis of A549 cells with or without the presence of etoposide, respectively. The expression pattern of several proteins involved in proliferation[raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (c-Raf) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation (p-ERK)], apoptosis[B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (cleaved-caspase-3), and cleaved-caspase-9] and migration[matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)] was detected by Western blot. We found that FADD KO attenuated proliferation and migration of A549 cells. Consistently, we demonstrated that FADD KO enhanced etoposide-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration in A549 cells. We further demonstrated that FADD KO obviously enhanced etoposide-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells. For mechanism exploration, we found that etoposide sensitivity enhanced by FADD KO may be partly explained by reduced expression of c-Raf, p-ERK, MMP2, and increased cleavage of caspase-3 and -9. Combined with the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve analysis obtained from the GEPIA database, it is preliminarily judged that patients with high FADD gene levels in lung adenocarcinoma have a poor prognosis. Our study suggests that FADD can be used as a potential biomarker for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, providing a personalized treatment plan for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

, correspAuthors=Wei-juan ZHENG, Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wan-shuang GUO, Wan-chen SONG, Jing TIAN, Lu CHEN, Ming-jie ZHAN, Wei-juan ZHENG, Zi-chun HUA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208489310324634391, articleId=1208489306897887758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=FADD敲除增强A549细胞对依托泊苷的敏感性, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文主要探究Fas相关死亡域蛋白(Fas-associated death domain protein,FADD)敲除后,化疗抗癌药物依托泊苷(etoposide,VP16)对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)A549细胞在增殖、迁移和凋亡方面的影响。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了FADD敲除A549(FADD KO A549)及其对照(control A549)细胞。采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度的依托泊苷对control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞活力的抑制作用;采用划痕实验检测两株细胞的迁移情况,比较依托泊苷对两株细胞迁移的抑制作用;采用流式细胞术检测两株细胞的凋亡情况,比较依托泊苷对二者凋亡的促进作用。Western blot检测增殖蛋白[c-Raf(raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase)和p-ERK(extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation)]、凋亡蛋白[BCL2(B-cell lymphoma 2)、cleaved-caspase-3(cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3)以及cleaved-caspase-9] 和迁移蛋白[MMP2(matrix metalloproteinase 2)] 的表达变化。结果显示,与control A549细胞相比,FADD KO A549细胞迁移和增殖能力减弱,凋亡增加,且对依托泊苷的敏感性增加;c-Raf、p-ERK、MMP2和BCL2蛋白减弱趋势显著;cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9蛋白增加趋势显著。结合GEPIA数据库得到的Kaplan-Meier(KM)生存曲线分析,初步判断在肺腺癌中FADD基因水平高的患者预后不良。本文提示,FADD可作为肺腺癌治疗潜在的生物标志物,为肺腺癌治疗提供个性化治疗方案。

, correspAuthors=郑伟娟, 华子春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郑伟娟, Tel: 13705153568, E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
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School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
3. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1208489314414081017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, authorId=1208489314187588579, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=子春, middleName=null, lastName=华, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
2.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
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Neuro Oncol, 2020, 22: 253-266., articleTitle=CCL5 of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages regulates glioma migration and invasion via calcium-dependent matrix metalloproteinase 2, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208489318511915194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, awardId=81630092, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81630092), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208489310567904043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208489310576292652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, companyId=1208489310567904043, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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TPM: Transcripts per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads , figureFileSmall=4bRg4n6PXLuvLvF3uhR2qQ==, figureFileBig=2DvjBFMAhJMpxQ6aEDRrkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316238602339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HJyLFTCN53PqFo6O3IKn6Q==, figureFileBig=j9Hwdx5w46Hs8Ngctma+zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316368625769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The effect of FADD knockout (KO) on viability, apoptosis and migration of A549 cells. A: Knockout efficiency was validated by Western blot; B: Comparison of morphology between FADD KO A549 cells and control; C: The effect of FADD knockout on viability of A549 cells was detected by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; D: The effect of FADD knockout on apoptosis of A549 cells was detected using Annexin V/PI staining; E: The effect of FADD knockout on migration of A549 cells was detected using the scratch wounding assay; F: Quantitative results of (D); G: Quantitative results of (E). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. ns: No significance. Scale bar=100 μm , figureFileSmall=HJyLFTCN53PqFo6O3IKn6Q==, figureFileBig=j9Hwdx5w46Hs8Ngctma+zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316481871985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zRA5O0Xlf+wqXHJgC7ux5Q==, figureFileBig=FAmbPbp5fP9apRcSQJxzUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316616089719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The effects of FADD knockout on etoposide (VP16)-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. A: Comparison in viability between FADD KO and control A549 cells stimulated with VP16 at indicated concentrations for 24 h; B: Comparison in sensitivity to VP16-mediated apoptosis between FADD KO and control A549 cells; C: Quantitative results of (B). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=zRA5O0Xlf+wqXHJgC7ux5Q==, figureFileBig=FAmbPbp5fP9apRcSQJxzUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316741918848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rl6xBxwz4WVMkxEz7eZSPA==, figureFileBig=DQDYnUOEey1i6zD0XE2Ulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489316846776456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The role of FADD in regulating VP16-attenuated migration in A549 cells. A: FADD KO and control A549 cells were treated with VP16 at indicated concentrations for 24 h, and then cell migration was detected and compared using the scratch wounding assay; B: Quantitative results of (A). In the presence of VP16, the migration rate of FADD KO A549 cells has a smaller slope than that of control A549 cells. <i>K</i><sub>FADD KO A549</sub>=-0.220 3, <i>K</i><sub>control A549</sub>=-0.124 1; C: Quantitative results of (A). Intra-group comparison of control A549 groups and FADD KO A549 group. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. Scale bar=100 μm , figureFileSmall=rl6xBxwz4WVMkxEz7eZSPA==, figureFileBig=DQDYnUOEey1i6zD0XE2Ulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489317622722703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cCORcEW7pdMl8lYRcdcbDQ==, figureFileBig=BqCwktxzr0eAFwcsd5JHXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489317702414483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The role of FADD in regulating the apoptotic pathways activated by VP16 treatment. A: FADD KO and control A549 cells were stimulated with VP16 at indicated concentrations for 24 h, and then the expression level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 9 (cleaved-caspase-9), and cleaved-caspase-3 was detected by Western blot; B-D: Quantification data normalized to <i>β</i>-actin. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=cCORcEW7pdMl8lYRcdcbDQ==, figureFileBig=BqCwktxzr0eAFwcsd5JHXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489317807272088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=39Tvu79NPFXe/VSCqAXkjg==, figureFileBig=ZNcFZJtpiC7GH7XrhNYZFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489317903741088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The role of FADD in regulating raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (c-Raf) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation (p-ERK) expression with the presence of VP16. A: FADD KO and control A549 cells were stimulated with VP16 at indicated concentrations for 24 h, and then the expression level of c-Raf and p-ERK was detected by Western blot; B, C: Quantification data normalized to <i>β</i>-actin. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=39Tvu79NPFXe/VSCqAXkjg==, figureFileBig=ZNcFZJtpiC7GH7XrhNYZFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489317996015781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CcNVhREzSRjBmLsAg5DPLw==, figureFileBig=ixsCn9mDTYERrCNsscJXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489318163787947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The role of FADD in regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression with the presence of VP16. A: FADD KO and control A549 cells were stimulated with VP16 at indicated concentrations for 24 h, and then the expression level of MMP2 was detected by Western blot; B: Quantification data normalized to <i>β</i>-actin. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i>=3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=CcNVhREzSRjBmLsAg5DPLw==, figureFileBig=ixsCn9mDTYERrCNsscJXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208489318260256943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Sequence sgRNA-F①TTCCTATGCCTCGGGCGCGT
Sequence sgRNA-R①ACGCGCCCGAGGCATAGGAA
Sequence sgRNA-F②GCGTCGACGACTTCGAGGCG
Sequence sgRNA-R②CGCCTCGAAGTCGTCGACGC
), ArticleFig(id=1208489318394474676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489306897887758, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The sgRNA primer sequences of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) gene

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Sequence sgRNA-F①TTCCTATGCCTCGGGCGCGT
Sequence sgRNA-R①ACGCGCCCGAGGCATAGGAA
Sequence sgRNA-F②GCGTCGACGACTTCGAGGCG
Sequence sgRNA-R②CGCCTCGAAGTCGTCGACGC
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FADD敲除增强A549细胞对依托泊苷的敏感性
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郭婉霜 1 , 宋琬晨 1 , 田静 2 , 陈露 2 , 詹明杰 3 , 郑伟娟 1, * , 华子春 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2021,56(11): 3074-3081
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2021, 56(11): 3074-3081
FADD敲除增强A549细胞对依托泊苷的敏感性
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郭婉霜1, 宋琬晨1, 田静2, 陈露2, 詹明杰3, 郑伟娟1, * , 华子春1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198

通讯作者:

*郑伟娟, Tel: 13705153568, E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
FADD knockout enhances the sensitivity of A549 cells to etoposide
Wan-shuang GUO1, Wan-chen SONG1, Jing TIAN2, Lu CHEN2, Ming-jie ZHAN3, Wei-juan ZHENG1, * , Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2021-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0509
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本文主要探究Fas相关死亡域蛋白(Fas-associated death domain protein,FADD)敲除后,化疗抗癌药物依托泊苷(etoposide,VP16)对非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)A549细胞在增殖、迁移和凋亡方面的影响。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了FADD敲除A549(FADD KO A549)及其对照(control A549)细胞。采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度的依托泊苷对control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞活力的抑制作用;采用划痕实验检测两株细胞的迁移情况,比较依托泊苷对两株细胞迁移的抑制作用;采用流式细胞术检测两株细胞的凋亡情况,比较依托泊苷对二者凋亡的促进作用。Western blot检测增殖蛋白[c-Raf(raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase)和p-ERK(extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation)]、凋亡蛋白[BCL2(B-cell lymphoma 2)、cleaved-caspase-3(cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3)以及cleaved-caspase-9] 和迁移蛋白[MMP2(matrix metalloproteinase 2)] 的表达变化。结果显示,与control A549细胞相比,FADD KO A549细胞迁移和增殖能力减弱,凋亡增加,且对依托泊苷的敏感性增加;c-Raf、p-ERK、MMP2和BCL2蛋白减弱趋势显著;cleaved-caspase-3和cleaved-caspase-9蛋白增加趋势显著。结合GEPIA数据库得到的Kaplan-Meier(KM)生存曲线分析,初步判断在肺腺癌中FADD基因水平高的患者预后不良。本文提示,FADD可作为肺腺癌治疗潜在的生物标志物,为肺腺癌治疗提供个性化治疗方案。

肺腺癌  /  A549  /  依托泊苷  /  Fas相关死亡域蛋白  /  敏感性  /  预后

We aimed to explore the involvement of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) in the inhibitory effects of etoposide (VP16) on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. FADD knockout (KO) and control A549 cells were constructed using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, the scratch wounding assay, and the Annexin V/PI staining-based flow cytometry were used to assess the effect of FADD KO on viability, migration, and apoptosis of A549 cells with or without the presence of etoposide, respectively. The expression pattern of several proteins involved in proliferation[raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (c-Raf) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation (p-ERK)], apoptosis[B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (cleaved-caspase-3), and cleaved-caspase-9] and migration[matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)] was detected by Western blot. We found that FADD KO attenuated proliferation and migration of A549 cells. Consistently, we demonstrated that FADD KO enhanced etoposide-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration in A549 cells. We further demonstrated that FADD KO obviously enhanced etoposide-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells. For mechanism exploration, we found that etoposide sensitivity enhanced by FADD KO may be partly explained by reduced expression of c-Raf, p-ERK, MMP2, and increased cleavage of caspase-3 and -9. Combined with the Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve analysis obtained from the GEPIA database, it is preliminarily judged that patients with high FADD gene levels in lung adenocarcinoma have a poor prognosis. Our study suggests that FADD can be used as a potential biomarker for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, providing a personalized treatment plan for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.

lung adenocarcinoma  /  A549  /  etoposide  /  Fas-associated death domain protein  /  sensitivity  /  prognosis
郭婉霜, 宋琬晨, 田静, 陈露, 詹明杰, 郑伟娟, 华子春. FADD敲除增强A549细胞对依托泊苷的敏感性. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (11) : 3074 -3081 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0509
Wan-shuang GUO, Wan-chen SONG, Jing TIAN, Lu CHEN, Ming-jie ZHAN, Wei-juan ZHENG, Zi-chun HUA. FADD knockout enhances the sensitivity of A549 cells to etoposide[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (11) : 3074 -3081 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0509
肺癌是最常见的一种癌症死亡原因, 主要分为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC) 两种类型, 其中NSCLC所占比例高达85%[1]。NSCLC的预后较差, 5年生存率在4%~17%之间变化[2, 3]。NSCLC分为3种亚型, 其中肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD) 占40%~70%, 是临床最主要的肺癌, 早期不易察觉, 大多数患者在确诊时已经处于中晚期阶段或出现转移性疾病[4, 5]。早期肺癌的临床治疗手段多以手术切除为主, 中晚期则以化疗和免疫治疗为主[6-8]。但临床上的肿瘤化疗药物对患者缺乏基因个性化治疗, 所以本文主要阐述对患者基因个性化治疗, 进而调整用药方案和剂量, 更加合理地针对每个个体。
依托泊苷(etoposide, VP16) 是鬼臼毒素的半合成衍生物, 作为最早发现的拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂之一, 是治疗多种癌症类型的一线化疗药物, 包括肺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、恶性生殖细胞瘤、卵巢癌、胃癌和急性髓细胞性白血病等。VP16可以与拓扑异构酶Ⅱ、DNA形成三元复合物, 阻碍DNA修复, 从而诱导细胞死亡[9]。但是VP16对心脏、血液和胃肠道存在明显的毒副作用, 限制了其在临床上的应用, 目前研究人员主要通过将依托泊苷与顺铂、紫杉醇、沙利度胺等其他化疗药物联用, 或降低细胞耐药性, 或优化药物递送的方法, 提高药物的靶向性以减轻其毒副作用[9-14]
Fas相关死亡结构域(Fas-associated death domain, FADD) 是肿瘤坏死因子受体家族介导的细胞凋亡途径中的受体蛋白, 它通过自身的死亡结构域(death domain, DD) 募集到死亡受体(death receptors, DRs), 如Fas和肿瘤坏死因子受体1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, TNF-R1), 然后通过其死亡效应结构域(death effector domains, DED) 募集下游的半胱氨酸蛋白酶, 形成诱导死亡的信号复合物(death-inducing signaling complex, DISC), DISC可以触发半胱氨酸蛋白酶级联反应致使细胞死亡[15]。除了在细胞凋亡中的经典功能以外, FADD还参与了多种非细胞凋亡的过程, 如细胞周期、增殖、基因表达的调节、代谢途径的控制和免疫等[16, 17]。FADD的非细胞凋亡功能大多数都独立于DRs, 并且由FADD的亚细胞定位以及磷酸化状态决定[18]。此外, 近年来有研究显示FADD的表达水平还与多种癌症的预后相关, 如FADD磷酸化水平与T细胞淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤的不良预后相关[19]; FADD表达上调是手术切除的肺腺癌患者的独立不良预后因素[20, 21]
为探究FADD表达水平与肺癌细胞对凋亡诱导剂敏感性的关系及其机制, 本研究构建了FADD敲除的A549细胞, 在细胞水平上探究了FADD KO对A549细胞生长、增殖、迁移以及细胞对依托泊苷诱导凋亡的敏感性变化。结合GEPIA数据库得到的Kaplan-Meier (KM) 生存曲线分析, 初步判定LUAD患者的FADD基因表达水平较低时, 对化疗药物的敏感性增加, 有利于患者的预后。
质粒  Lenti-CRISPR-v2-FADD质粒和Lenti-CRISPR-v2质粒来自本实验室保存。
细胞系  野生型非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549细胞, 来自ATCC细胞库。细胞复苏后, 用RPMI1640 (含10% FBS+1%青链霉素混合液) 培养基培养, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒温细胞培养箱中培养12 h后更换培养基。当细胞生长至70%以上时, 消化传代, 进行后续实验。
主要试剂  依托泊苷、青链霉素混合液100× (江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS)、嘌呤霉素、CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8)、胰酶消化液(0.25%胰蛋白酶+0.02% EDTA)、Western blot及IP细胞裂解液(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); RPMI-1640培养基(上海生工生物工程有限公司); Polyjet (Invitrogen公司) 胎牛血清(FBS, 美国Gibco公司); 细胞级二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 上海索莱宝生物科技有限公司); BCA protein assay kit、EndoFree plasmid midi kit (康为世纪生物科技有限公司); BSA (南京生兴生物技术有限公司); 丙烯酰胺/甲叉双丙烯酰胺溶液(29∶1; 30% m/v) (上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司); ECL发光液(上海天能科技有限公司); 碘化丙啶PI (Sigma公司); Annexin Ⅴ为本实验室纯化; anti-FADD抗体(Abcam公司); anti-β-actin、anti-cleaved-caspase-3 (cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3)、anti-cleaved-caspase-9、anti-BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2)、anti-c-Raf (raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase)、anti-p-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase of phosphorylation)、anti-MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2) (美国Cell Signaling Technology公司); HRP-鼠二抗、HRP-兔二抗(南京翼飞雪生物科技有限公司)。
主要仪器  CO2恒温细胞培养箱(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 台式普通离心机、台式低温冷冻离心机(Eppendorf公司); 倒置光学显微镜(Carl Zeiss AG公司); 酶标仪(多功能TECAN公司); NovoCyte流式细胞仪(艾森生物公司); 凝胶成像仪(Tanon公司)。
构建FADD敲除的A549细胞株  分别将Lenti-CRISPR-v2-FADD质粒和Lenti-CRISPR-v2质粒转化到Stabl3感受态细胞中, 在LB培养基中扩大培养, 提取质粒用于后续的转染实验。在6孔板中接种3×105个野生型A549细胞, 待细胞生长至70%时, 利用转染试剂Polyjet分别将Lenti-CRISPR-v2-FADD质粒和Lenti-CRISPR-v2质粒转染到野生型A549细胞中, FADD基因的sgRNA序列如表 1所示。转染24 h后加入2 μg·mL-1嘌呤霉素, 继续培养48 h, 进行抗性筛选。将筛选后存活的细胞在不含嘌呤霉素的培养基中培养, 通过Western blot鉴定转染的Lenti-CRISPR-v2-FADD是否表达。若已经表达, 则在96孔板中进行单细胞克隆筛选, 待细胞在96孔板中生长至90%时, 选择其中的单细胞克隆转到6孔板中培养, 后续通过Western blot检测基因敲除结果。
CCK-8法检测细胞活力  胰蛋白酶消化并收集对数生长期的control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞, 以每孔9×103个的细胞量接种到96孔板中。细胞贴壁后更换培养基, 分别加入10、20、50和100 μg·mL-1依托泊苷, 每组设置6个复孔, 每个浓度设置不同的作用时间, 分别为0、12、24、48 h。作用相应时间后, 更换为150 μL含10% CCK-8的新鲜培养基, 在培养箱中避光孵育, 期间采用双波长(450和650 nm) 检测各组吸光值, 计算细胞存活率。
$\begin{array}{l} {细胞存活率}\left({\%}\right)=\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left({A}_{450}-{A}_{650}\right)}_{{实验组}}-{\left({A}_{450}-{A}_{650}\right)}_{{空白组}}}{{\left({A}_{450}-{A}_{650}\right)}_{{对照组}}-{\left({A}_{450}-{A}_{650}\right)}_{{空白组}}}\times 100{\%} \end{array}$
划痕实验检测细胞的平面迁移能力  将control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞以3×105个/孔分别接种到6孔板中, 待细胞生长至90%及以上时, 用200 μL枪头在底部画出“井”字形状的互相垂直的4条线, 然后用PBS轻轻洗去漂浮细胞, 加入用无血清RPMI 1640培养基配制的浓度分别为10、20、50和100 μg·mL-1 VP16, 并于0、24、48 h的3个时间点拍照取样, 测量划痕距离并计算迁移率。
$ {迁移率}\left({\%}\right)=\frac{{划痕宽度}\left(0{ \;{\rm{h}}}\right)-{划痕宽度}\left(24{ \;{\rm{h}}}\right)}{{划痕宽度}\left(0{ \;{\rm{h}}}\right)}\times 100{\%} $
流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡  将control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞以3×105个/孔的细胞密度分别接种到6孔板中, 当细胞处于对数生长期时, 加入浓度为10、20、50和100 μg·mL-1 VP16, 作用24 h后, 收集细胞, PBS溶液洗涤2次, 用500 μL结合缓冲液重悬细胞沉淀, 每管加入2 μL Annexin Ⅴ染液, 冰上避光孵育30 min, 在检测前加入2 μL PI染液, 轻轻混匀后, 用流式细胞仪检测。
Western blot实验检测蛋白表达  收集10、20、50和100 μg·mL-1 VP16处理24 h后的两种细胞, PBS溶液洗涤3次以去除残留的培养基。根据收集的细胞量加入适当的细胞裂解液, 冰上裂解40 min, 提取细胞总蛋白, BCA法检测蛋白浓度。每个样品取30 μg在SDS-PAGE胶中进行电泳分离。电泳完成后, 冰上转膜, 条件为300 mA、90 min。将转膜后的PVDF膜置于PBST溶液配制的5%脱脂牛奶中室温封闭1 h。根据抗体说明书配制相应一抗溶液, 将封闭好的PVDF膜放在一抗溶液中, 4 ℃过夜孵育或室温孵育4~6 h。一抗孵育完毕后, 室温在摇床上用PBST溶液洗膜, 洗膜完毕后, 在摇床上室温孵育二抗1 h, 用PBST洗去未与一抗结合的二抗后, 利用化学发光法在凝胶成像仪上曝光。
统计学分析  所有实验数据均用$ \overline{x} $±s表示; 对于两组数据比较, 用student′s t-test检验, 在GraphPad Prism统计图中“*”代表P < 0.05, 有统计学差异, “**”代表P < 0.01, 有显著统计学差异, “***”代表P < 0.001, 有非常显著差异, “****”代表P < 0.000 1, 有极其显著差异。
有研究通过对头颈部鳞状细胞癌和肺ADC患者的样本组织进行免疫组织化学分析发现, FADD表达上调在这两种疾病中可作为一种独立的不良预后生物标志物[21, 22]。基于此, 本研究利用GEPIA对TCGATM数据库统计分析, 探究FADD表达水平对肺腺癌患者生存情况的影响。结果显示, 高表达FADD基因的肺腺癌患者生存期较短(图 1)。由此可推测, FADD基因高表达可作为LUAD的一种不良预后生物标志物。
Western blot实验结果证实, 构建的FADD KO A549细胞中FADD表达水平极低(图 2A)。倒置显微镜下观察FADD KO A549细胞形态与control A549细胞无显著差别(图 2B)。CCK-8法检测FADD KO A549细胞和control A549细胞的细胞活力, 结果显示: 在24 h后, FADD敲除后会抑制细胞活力(P < 0.05, 图 2C)。流式细胞仪检测control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞在24和48 h时的凋亡情况, 结果显示FADD敲除后A549细胞在48 h的凋亡明显增加(P < 0.05, 图 2DF)。细胞划痕实验显示: 在24 h时, control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞之间的迁移率无显著性差异; 在48 h时, control A549细胞的迁移率显著大于FADD KO A549细胞, 提示FADD敲除后A549细胞迁移率降低(P < 0.01, 图 2EG)。
依托泊苷作为一种广泛用于治疗多种癌症的一线化疗药物, 同样也被用于治疗非小细胞肺癌, 因此本实验选用依托泊苷作为治疗药物来探究FADD敲除后对A549细胞药物敏感性的影响。
不同浓度(10、20、50、100 μg·mL-1) 的VP16作用24 h后CCK-8法检测细胞活力, 结果显示VP16可抑制control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞的活力, 且FADD KO A549细胞对VP16更加敏感。VP16浓度在100 μg·mL-1时对FADD KO A549细胞活力抑制率在60%左右, 而对control A549细胞活力抑制率在25%左右(P < 0.001, 图 3A)。
不同浓度(10、20、50、100 μg·mL-1) 的VP16作用24 h后, 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况, 结果显示VP16可诱导control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞凋亡, 但FADD KO A549细胞对VP16的敏感性显著增加。100 μg·mL-1 VP16作用时, FADD KO A549细胞的凋亡率在22%左右, 而control A549细胞的凋亡率在6%左右, 二者相比, 差异具有统计学意义(图 3BC, P < 0.01)。
通过细胞划痕实验检测不同浓度(10、20、50、100 μg·mL-1) 的VP16作用后, control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞的平面迁移能力, 考虑到药物作用48 h时细胞几乎全部死亡, 所以选择分别在0和24 h拍照取样, 结果显示(图 4A): 在VP16作用24 h后, FADD KO A549细胞的迁移率拟合直线的斜率小于control A549细胞(图 4B, P < 0.05), 即VP16可以一定程度地抑制control A549细胞的平面迁移能力, 显著抑制FADD KO A549细胞的平面迁移能力(图 4C)。
Western blot检测VP16作用24 h后control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞中凋亡相关蛋白BCL2、cleaved-caspase-9和cleaved-caspase-3的蛋白水平, 结果显示: control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞中BCL2蛋白水平下调, cleaved-caspase-9蛋白水平上调, 且VP16对FADD KO A549细胞中BCL2和cleaved-caspase-9蛋白水平的影响更加显著; 当VP16浓度为100 μg·mL-1时FADD KO A549细胞的cleaved-caspase-3蛋白水平显著性上调, 而control A549细胞的cleaved-caspase-3蛋白水平无显著性变化(图 5)。
Western blot检测VP16作用24 h后control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞中增殖相关蛋白c-Raf和p-ERK的蛋白水平, 结果显示: VP16均能抑制两株细胞中c-Raf和p-ERK的蛋白水平, 且对FADD KO A549细胞中c-Raf和p-ERK的蛋白水平的抑制效果更加显著(图 6)。
Western blot检测VP16作用24 h后control A549细胞和FADD KO A549细胞中迁移相关蛋白MMP2的蛋白水平, 结果显示: VP16均能抑制两株细胞MMP2蛋白水平, 且对FADD KO A549细胞中MMP2的蛋白水平抑制效果更加显著(图 7)。
肺癌是全球癌症相关性死亡的主要原因之一, 占所有癌症相关性死亡的20%左右, 肺腺癌作为非小细胞肺癌中的主要亚型, 由于其确诊时多处于中晚期阶段, 给临床治疗增加了难度, 目前的治疗手段多为化疗药物联用、纳米颗粒递送药物以及免疫疗法等, 但这些手段的目的在于降低药物毒副作用, 是对所有患者广泛适用的, 并未涉及对患者进行基因个性化治疗。根据前人提出的FADD基因表达水平在头颈部鳞状细胞癌和T细胞淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤等多种肿瘤中可作为不良预后的生物标志物[19, 22], 本文旨在探索FADD基因表达水平能否为肺腺癌患者治疗提供基因个性化治疗指标。本文通过构建FADD KO A549细胞表征FADD基因低表达, control A549细胞表征FADD基因高表达, 利用临床上用于治疗肺癌的化疗药物——VP16作用FADD KO A549细胞和control A549细胞, 从凋亡、增殖和迁移3个方面探究FADD KO A549细胞和control A549细胞之间的差异, 以及二者对VP16的敏感性, FADD KO A549细胞表现出凋亡增加、增殖与迁移减弱、对VP16更加敏感的现象。
FADD作为肿瘤坏死因子受体家族介导的细胞凋亡途径的受体蛋白, 募集下游的caspase-8, caspase-8自剪切形成活化的caspase-8, 启动下游的半胱氨酸蛋白酶级联反应, 活化的caspase-8也可以切割促凋亡的BCL2蛋白家族的Bid蛋白, 截断的Bid转移至线粒体, 促进细胞色素C的释放, 进而导致caspase-9和caspase-3被激活。线粒体凋亡途径和死亡受体凋亡途径之间存在交叉, 本文检测到VP16作用FADD KO A549细胞和control A549细胞后, cleaved-caspase-9和cleaved-caspase-3表现为浓度依赖性增加, 提示VP16激活了线粒体凋亡途径, 且当FADD基因敲除后, 即当死亡受体凋亡途径受到限制后, A549细胞在面对内源性凋亡诱导剂VP16时, 表现出更强的凋亡效果。
FADD的经典功能是介导细胞外源性凋亡信号的转导, 促进细胞凋亡, 所以可以合理地假设FADD能够抑制癌细胞的增殖和存活。但实际上, FADD在不同癌症中的表达水平是不同的, 比如FADD在急性髓细胞性白血病患者的白血病细胞中表达下调, 而在肺癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌、喉癌、咽癌以及卵巢癌和乳腺癌中均上调。有研究显示在胰腺癌细胞中敲除FADD后会抑制其增殖, 表明FADD是胰腺癌细胞增殖所必需的; 且FADD敲除后的胰腺癌细胞对化疗药物多柔比星的敏感性增强[23]。FADD-/- T淋巴细胞也表现为细胞周期停滞和细胞增殖被抑制的现象[24]。细胞的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK) 级联反应是调节多种细胞过程(包括增殖、分化、凋亡、迁移和应激反应) 的关键信号通路, 其中ERK信号通路与细胞增殖和分化密切相关, 也是研究最为深入的MAPK信号通路[25, 26]。本研究发现, VP16能够抑制ERK信号通路中c-Raf和p-ERK的蛋白水平, 且VP16对FADD KO A549细胞中c-Raf和p-ERK的蛋白水平抑制程度更加显著, 提示FADD基因敲除后, VP16对A549细胞的增殖抑制作用更加显著, 具体机制还有待进一步研究。
研究发现, 在脑内皮细胞中利用siRNA敲低FADD的表达水平后, 其迁移能力被抑制, 提示FADD与细胞迁移之间存在关联[27]。MMP是钙依赖性的含锌內肽酶, 参与细胞外基质降解, 是细胞迁移和转移过程中主要分泌的蛋白酶。MMP2作为MMP中的一员被认为可以增强细胞迁移[28]。本文结果显示VP16能够抑制MMP2的表达, 从而降低A549细胞的迁移能力, 并且FADD KO A549细胞表现出对VP16更显著的敏感性。
结合GEPIA数据库得到的KM生存曲线分析, 本研究结果显示, FADD的表达水平可能影响LUAD患者对化疗药物VP16的敏感性, FADD表达水平下调可提高VP16对A549细胞的增殖抑制、凋亡诱导和迁移抑制, 提示LUAD患者的FADD表达水平较低时, 使用同样的治疗手段, 在排除患者自身其他疾病因素的情况下, 患者的存活率更大一些。FADD表达水平有可能作为LUAD患者的一种不良预后生物标志物。
作者贡献: 华子春负责课题的总体设计; 郭婉霜和郑伟娟负责实验设计; 郭婉霜进行具体实验、数据分析和文章撰写; 宋琬晨、詹明杰参与Western blot实验; 田静和陈露参与划痕实验; 郑伟娟和华子春负责稿件修改。
利益冲突: 本文的研究内容不涉及任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81630092)
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2021年第56卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0509
  • 接收时间:2021-04-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-07
  • 修回日期:2021-05-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81630092)
作者信息
    1.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    3.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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*郑伟娟, Tel: 13705153568, E-mail: ;
华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
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