Article(id=1208491459154653546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208491447892947355, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614873600000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-05, revisedDate=1617638400000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766056416547, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1623427200000, pubDateStr=2021-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766056416547, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766056416547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766056416547, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208491447892947355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='6', pageStart='1513', pageEnd='1748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766056413863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137152975, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830092319519523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208491447892947355, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830092319519524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208491447892947355, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1627, endPage=1633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208491460794626478, articleId=1208491459154653546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening and evaluation of small molecule activators for premature activation of HIV-1 precursors, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strict regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease function is critical for efficient production of mature viral particles. During viral protein expression and viral assembly, HIV-1 protease (PR) located within Gag-Pol precursor must be inactive to prevent premature cytoplasmic processing of the viral Gag and Gag-Pol precursors. Premature activation of HIV-1 precursors leads to major defects in viral assembly and production of viral particles. Specifically activating the protease in the precursor protein can directly inhibit the replication of the virus. In addition, HIV-1 PR is able to induce cell apoptosis. In this study, we identified 6 small molecule compounds using a cell-based assay for screening compounds that activate HIV-1 PR and induce premature of HIV-1 precursors. Results showed the active compounds are able to activate HIV-1 PR, inhibit HIV-1 replication, and induce cell apoptosis. This study provides ideas for the research and development of antiviral drugs.

, correspAuthors=Tao WEI, Shan CEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling MA, Jia-jia WEN, Xiao-yu LI, Tao WEI, Shan CEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208491462946304652, articleId=1208491459154653546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化小分子激活剂的筛选与评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人免疫缺陷病毒1(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)蛋白酶活性的严格调控对于病毒的生存至关重要。在病毒蛋白表达及病毒颗粒装配过程中,处于病毒前体蛋白Gag-Pol中的蛋白酶必须以无活性状态存在,避免前体蛋白Gag-Pol和Gag被提前酶切加工(前体蛋白早成熟化)。干扰HIV-1蛋白酶活性的调控机制,特异性激活前体蛋白中的蛋白酶,诱导前体蛋白早成熟化,就可直接抑制病毒复制。根据这一设想,利用前期已建立的细胞水平HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化激活剂筛选模型,对3 500个化合物进行筛选与评价,得到6个活性化合物具有激活作用,并具有一定的抗病毒活性,同时在一定程度上诱导了HIV-1感染细胞的凋亡。本研究为抗病毒药物的研发提供了思路。

, correspAuthors=魏涛, 岑山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏涛, ;
岑山, Tel: 86-10-63037279, E-mail:
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J Virol, 2001, 75: 4947-4951., articleTitle=Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific immunity after genetic immunization is enhanced by modification of Gag and Pol expression, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208491471666262382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, awardId=81903679, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903679), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208491463382512318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208491463390900926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, companyId=1208491463382512318, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208491463399289534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, companyId=1208491463382512318, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208491463533507273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208491463562867406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, companyId=1208491463533507273, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. College of Applied Arts and Science of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208491463571256016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, companyId=1208491463533507273, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京联合大学应用文理学院, 北京 100191)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208491469686550665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tHn06MfA4L/+APRsIm9MmQ==, figureFileBig=cSOq17fTgxGIyFqXMRL2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491469795602587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome organization and proposed pathway for the ordered processing of the HIV-1 Gag-Pol precursor by protease in <i>trans</i>. The initial cleavage site at p2/NC is shown with a large red arrow which is labeled as 1, and followed by the labels 2, 3, 4, and 5. LTR: Long terminal repeats; MA: Matrix protein; CA: Capsid; NC: Nucleocapsid; PR: Protease; RT: Reverse transcriptase; RH: RNase H domain; IN: Integrase , figureFileSmall=tHn06MfA4L/+APRsIm9MmQ==, figureFileBig=cSOq17fTgxGIyFqXMRL2RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470051455153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mDsOnxT3O3AiWoGIgkzDWQ==, figureFileBig=3suu/vHFhn591LnYOzpyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470173089983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Identification of active compounds by BRET assay. A: The results of screening of 3500 compounds; B: The assay of the positive compounds; C: The structures of the compounds. <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> the DMSO group. BRET: Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; SQV: Saquinavir; EFV: Efavirenz , figureFileSmall=mDsOnxT3O3AiWoGIgkzDWQ==, figureFileBig=3suu/vHFhn591LnYOzpyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470311502032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/HNgoOW78e2Cl5pGoq65CA==, figureFileBig=cmUYUCY6YXZoMHq4VhKBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470412165340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of different compounds on intracellular HIV-1 PR activity. A: Western blot analysis of the cleavage of fusion protein; B: The relative ratio of EYFP and EYFP-p2/p7-Rluc. The amount of EYFP and EYFP-p2/p7-Rluc was determined using Image J, and the ratio was calculated. <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> the DMSO group. EYFP: Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein , figureFileSmall=/HNgoOW78e2Cl5pGoq65CA==, figureFileBig=cmUYUCY6YXZoMHq4VhKBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470584131821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cqnIG8/ZV5IsUZH0KovO6g==, figureFileBig=/gvi01IhEe7F6eEUlO7OvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470760292606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of different compounds on the cleavage of the HIV-1 Gag-Pol precursor by protease in <i>trans</i>. A: Western blot analysis of the cleavage of the HIV-1 Gag-Pol precursor; B: The relative ratio of p24 to p55. The graph was analyzed using Image J, and the ratio was calculated. <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> the DMSO group , figureFileSmall=cqnIG8/ZV5IsUZH0KovO6g==, figureFileBig=/gvi01IhEe7F6eEUlO7OvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491470898704651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j8548dM80hi1GcT7uxfaTg==, figureFileBig=9c9n2Ab1E9CAMf4w6326JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491471037116698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Inhibition of these compounds on viral infectivity. A: Effects of compounds on the late stage of HIV-1 life cycle; B: Effects of compounds on the early stage of HIV-1 life cycle; C: Cell viability was determined by measuring at <i>A</i><sub>450</sub> by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> the DMSO group. NS: No significant difference , figureFileSmall=j8548dM80hi1GcT7uxfaTg==, figureFileBig=9c9n2Ab1E9CAMf4w6326JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491471175528751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=10Nh/tLKZ7b825JWxNqS1w==, figureFileBig=hr7I2EViaZlWiTk5m9YsYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491471288774975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Dose-dependent inhibition of these compounds on viral infectivity. Compounds were added at different concentrations. <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=10Nh/tLKZ7b825JWxNqS1w==, figureFileBig=hr7I2EViaZlWiTk5m9YsYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491471439769937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2EyyAIVPEeelrBrxpBID1A==, figureFileBig=AxOTzHT2KgApw1YaZn5tiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208491471536238937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208491459154653546, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Cell apoptosis induced by the compounds to some extent. 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HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化小分子激活剂的筛选与评价
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马铃 1 , 温佳佳 1 , 李晓宇 1 , 魏涛 2, * , 岑山 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2021,56(6): 1627-1633
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2021, 56(6): 1627-1633
HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化小分子激活剂的筛选与评价
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马铃1, 温佳佳1, 李晓宇1, 魏涛2, * , 岑山1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
  • 2.北京联合大学应用文理学院, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

岑山, Tel: 86-10-63037279, E-mail:
Screening and evaluation of small molecule activators for premature activation of HIV-1 precursors
Ling MA1, Jia-jia WEN1, Xiao-yu LI1, Tao WEI2, * , Shan CEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. College of Applied Arts and Science of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2021-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0311
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人免疫缺陷病毒1(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)蛋白酶活性的严格调控对于病毒的生存至关重要。在病毒蛋白表达及病毒颗粒装配过程中,处于病毒前体蛋白Gag-Pol中的蛋白酶必须以无活性状态存在,避免前体蛋白Gag-Pol和Gag被提前酶切加工(前体蛋白早成熟化)。干扰HIV-1蛋白酶活性的调控机制,特异性激活前体蛋白中的蛋白酶,诱导前体蛋白早成熟化,就可直接抑制病毒复制。根据这一设想,利用前期已建立的细胞水平HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化激活剂筛选模型,对3 500个化合物进行筛选与评价,得到6个活性化合物具有激活作用,并具有一定的抗病毒活性,同时在一定程度上诱导了HIV-1感染细胞的凋亡。本研究为抗病毒药物的研发提供了思路。

抗HIV-1药物  /  筛选模型  /  蛋白酶  /  前体蛋白  /  早成熟化

Strict regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease function is critical for efficient production of mature viral particles. During viral protein expression and viral assembly, HIV-1 protease (PR) located within Gag-Pol precursor must be inactive to prevent premature cytoplasmic processing of the viral Gag and Gag-Pol precursors. Premature activation of HIV-1 precursors leads to major defects in viral assembly and production of viral particles. Specifically activating the protease in the precursor protein can directly inhibit the replication of the virus. In addition, HIV-1 PR is able to induce cell apoptosis. In this study, we identified 6 small molecule compounds using a cell-based assay for screening compounds that activate HIV-1 PR and induce premature of HIV-1 precursors. Results showed the active compounds are able to activate HIV-1 PR, inhibit HIV-1 replication, and induce cell apoptosis. This study provides ideas for the research and development of antiviral drugs.

anti-HIV-1 drug  /  screening assay  /  protease  /  precursor  /  premature
马铃, 温佳佳, 李晓宇, 魏涛, 岑山. HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化小分子激活剂的筛选与评价. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (6) : 1627 -1633 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0311
Ling MA, Jia-jia WEN, Xiao-yu LI, Tao WEI, Shan CEN. Screening and evaluation of small molecule activators for premature activation of HIV-1 precursors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (6) : 1627 -1633 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0311
人免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) 是艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) 的病原体, 可导致人体免疫机能缺陷, 易于发生机会性感染和肿瘤。HIV-1基因组由两条单链正链RNA组成, 包括3个主要编码区: gag基因直接编码内部结构蛋白, pol基因编码病毒生活周期所需的各种酶, env基因编码病毒包膜蛋白。pol基因由于缺少起始密码, 在第一个开放阅读框与gag基因有部分重合, 在翻译过程中, 在gagpol基因之间的移码区有5%~10%几率发生特定的-1位移码, 跳过gag基因的终止密码子, 使翻译继续下去, 最终得到160 kD的Gag-Pol前体蛋白(图 1)[1, 2]
HIV-1蛋白酶由HIV-1 pol基因5' 端编码, 含99个氨基酸, 属天冬氨酸蛋白酶[3], 全酶为旋光对称的同源二聚体, 在二聚体的接触界面形成酶活性中心[4]。HIV-1蛋白酶作为前体蛋白Gag-Pol的一部分被翻译出来, 前体蛋白形式的蛋白酶处于无活性状态。在病毒出芽过程中或出芽后的瞬间, 完全成熟的蛋白酶将Gag-Pol和Gag剪切为较小的成熟结构蛋白和酶[5-7], 其中包括基质蛋白(matrix protein, MA) p17、衣壳蛋白(capsid, CA) p24、p2、核壳蛋白(nucleocapsid, NC) p7、跨阅读框蛋白(transframe, TF)、病毒蛋白酶(protease, PR)、逆转录酶(reverse transcriptase, RT) 和整合酶(integrase, IN), 使得病毒颗粒成熟(图 1)[1, 2, 6, 8]
病毒蛋白酶的活性和时相性调控对病毒颗粒的组装至关重要。在病毒装配和出芽完成之前, 激活前体蛋白中的蛋白酶, 诱导其早成熟化, 可直接干扰病毒的装配, 抑制病毒复制[9, 10]。同时, 据文献报道[11-15], HIV-1蛋白酶可对细胞内的B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病2蛋白(B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2, Bcl-2)、多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白[poly(A)-binding protein, PABP] 和半胱天冬酶-8酶原(procaspase 8) 等因子进行剪切, 且在一定程度上改变细胞膜透性, 引起细胞凋亡。因此, 若能干扰HIV-1蛋白酶活性的调控, 不仅能直接抑制病毒复制, 而且有可能清除被病毒感染的细胞, 从源头上抑制病毒生长[5, 14, 16]
根据这一设想, 本实验室已运用生物发光共振能量转移(bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, BRET) 技术建立了细胞水平HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化激活剂筛选模型[17]。p2/p7 (SATIMMQRGN) 序列是HIV-1前体蛋白Gag中p2和p7 (即NC) 两个蛋白相邻的10个氨基酸, 是HIV-1蛋白酶酶切加工Gag的第一个位点[18] (图 1)。本实验室构建的EYFP-p2/p7-Rluc质粒在EYFP和Rluc之间插入了p2/p7序列, 可表达EYFP-p2/p7-Rluc。该模型的工作原理为: 加入Rluc底物腔肠素h后, 将产生发射光(λem约475 nm), 在EYFP和Rluc距离小于10 nm时, Rluc催化产生的光波发生能量转移, 激发受体EYFP, 产生激发光(λem约535 nm), HIV-1蛋白酶酶切EYFP和Rluc之间的p2/p7序列之后, 使得EYFP和Rluc成为两个独立的蛋白, 两者从融合状态变成分离状态, 将直接阻断能量转移, 最终导致BRET比值下降[17]。通过测定BRET的改变, 可确定细胞内HIV-1蛋白酶的活性水平, 从而了解化合物是否能诱导前体蛋白的早成熟化[18]
在本研究中, 运用上述模型筛选了3 500个化合物, 获得6个活性化合物, 阳性率约为0.2%, 并对初筛得到的化合物进行了后续活性测定。研究表明, 活性化合物能够激活前体蛋白Gag-Pol中HIV-1蛋白酶, 诱导其早成熟化, 抑制HIV-1的感染性, 同时, 还可在一定程度上诱导HIV-1感染细胞的凋亡。
化合物、抗体与质粒  HIV-1非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂EFV (efavirenz) 和蛋白酶抑制剂SQV (saquinavir) (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program提供); 化合物库及活性化合物IMB-524、IMB-59、IMB-91、IMB-351、IMB-57和IMB-826 (美国Sigma公司); 多克隆兔源绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP) 抗体、单克隆鼠源β-actin抗体、辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗小鼠抗体、驴抗兔抗体(美国Santa Cruz公司); p24抗体和pRLuc-EYFP质粒(本实验室自制); phGagPol.PR-、phGag/GagPol、pNL-Luc-E-和pHCMV-G (VSV-G) 质粒(本实验室保存)。
细胞培养及转染  人胚肾上皮细胞HEK293T购自ATCC, 用含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS) 的DMEM培养基(Gibco公司) 传代培养。6孔板每孔接种细胞数为4×105个, 培养24 h后转染。转染试剂为Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen公司), 根据说明书方法进行转染。人T淋巴细胞SupT1用含10% FBS的RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco公司) 传代培养。
BRET比值测定  转染40 h后, 弃培养基, 6孔板每孔加入冰上预冷的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered solution, PBS) 收取细胞。调整细胞浓度为每毫升1×106个, 取100 μL放入白色不透明、平底的96孔板中。加入Rluc底物coelenterazine h, 终浓度为5 μmol·L-1, 立即用酶标仪Tristar LB 941测定480 nm (± 10 nm) 和535 nm (± 10 nm) 两处发射光强度。BRET比值= 535 nm发射光强度/475 nm发射光强度(表达融合蛋白EYFP-p2/NC-Rluc)–535 nm发射光强度/475 nm发射光强度(只表达蛋白Rluc)。
化合物的细胞毒测定  SupT1细胞培养于96孔板, 每孔200 μL, 细胞密度为每毫升5×105个。加入待测化合物, 37 ℃、5% CO2培养48 h, 加入CCK-8 (碧云天公司) 试剂, 处理2~3 h后, 于450 nm处测吸光值。
免疫印迹(Western blot)  将6孔板中293T细胞于2 000 ×g离心5 min收集, 用RIPA溶液[50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.4)、150 mmol·L-1 NaCl、1% NP-40、0.1% SDS、Roche蛋白酶抑制剂混合物] 裂解。冰上处理1 h, 每10 min涡旋振荡1次, 于12 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清, 加入蛋白上样缓冲液, 得到细胞总蛋白样品, 储存于-20 ℃或-80 ℃。用12% SDS-PAGE分离蛋白样品, 70 V湿法转膜1 h后, 5%脱脂奶粉封闭1 h, 先后与一抗和二抗孵育, 然后ECL (electrochemiluminescence) 显色。抗体使用浓度为GFP (1∶5 000)、β-actin (1∶2 000)、p24 (1∶5 000)、山羊抗小鼠(1∶2 000)、驴抗兔(1∶5 000)。
HIV-1蛋白酶导致的细胞凋亡测定  293T细胞培养于含10% FBS的DMEM培养基中。24孔板每孔接种细胞数为5×104个, 培养24 h后, 每孔转染40 ng pNL-Luc-E-。转染试剂为Lipofectamine 2000, 根据使用说明进行转染。转染后6 h加化合物处理。36 h后, 收细胞, PBS洗2~3次, 过细胞筛, 加到96孔板中, 每孔150 μL, 细胞数为2×104个, 加Guava Nexin试剂(Merck公司) 室温避光处理20 min, 于流式细胞仪Guava easy Cyte HT测定结果。
活性化合物抗病毒活性测定  将0.3 μg pNL-Luc-E-和0.2 μg pHCMV-G质粒共转染293T细胞。转染6 h后, 加入药物处理, 48 h后取上清, 0.22 μm滤膜过滤, 得到假型HIV-1病毒液。24孔板每孔接种SupT1细胞5×105个, 加入50 μL病毒液感染。48 h后, 2 000 ×g离心5 min收集细胞, 去上清, 加入100 μL裂解液裂解细胞。通过测量裂解液中荧光素酶活性来评价化合物的抗病毒活性。
统计学分析  实验数据用x±s表示, 显著性分析采用Excel软件中的数据分析工具进行t检验(n ≥ 3)。
HIV-1蛋白酶全酶是同源二聚体蛋白, 因此认为其激活需要Gag-Pol的二聚化。据文献报道[19, 20], 有些非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂如EFV、TMC-125等能加速Gag-Pol的二聚化, 导致细胞内被激活的HIV-1蛋白酶增多, 加速前体蛋白Gag-和Gag-Pol的酶切加工, 病毒颗粒释放量减少。选取EFV作为模型的阳性对照药, 评价系统有效性, 共筛选了3 500个化合物, 得到候选活性化合物6个, 阳性率约为0.2% (图 2A)。
进而对候选化合物进行复筛, 当化合物浓度为10 μmol·L-1时, 其降低BRET比值的活性同阳性对照EFV (5 μmol·L-1) 相当(图 2B)。此外, 这6个化合物结构明确且较新颖(图 2C), 可用于后续研究。
为了证明阳性化合物引起BRET比值的改变, 是由于特异酶切EYFP-p2/p7-Rluc融合蛋白而产生的, 应用Western blot分析融合蛋白的剪切。结果显示, 10 μmol·L-1化合物处理可促进融合蛋白的剪切(图 3AB), 提高细胞中游离的EYFP水平, 与上述BRET结果(图 2B) 基本吻合。
为了验证上述化合物可诱导前体蛋白的早成熟化, 干扰病毒组装, 作者研究了化合物对phGag/GagPol表达的影响。与野生型HIV-1相似, phGag/GagPol可同时表达Gag和Gag-Pol, 并形成病毒样颗粒[19, 20]。如果蛋白酶被提前激活, 细胞内蛋白酶含量升高, 会使细胞内p24含量升高。采用Gag-Pol表达质粒转染293T细胞, 6 h后加化合物(10 μmol·L-1) 处理; 24 h后进行Western blot分析(图 4AB)。从量化结果可看出细胞内p24含量上升, 表明化合物具有诱导前体蛋白早成熟化的潜力。
在病毒蛋白表达及病毒颗粒装配过程中, 处于病毒前体蛋白Gag-Pol中的蛋白酶必须以无活性状态存在, 避免前体蛋白被提前加工。因此, 激活蛋白酶并诱导前体蛋白的早成熟化可直接抑制病毒复制。根据这一设想, 验证了活性化合物的抗病毒作用。首先将pNL-Luc-E-和pHCMV-G质粒共转染293T细胞, 加入化合物处理, 然后取上清测定其中病毒的感染性, 评价化合物对病毒生活周期晚期的影响。结果发现, 10 μmol·L-1浓度下, 这6个化合物处理上述293T细胞可抑制50%~65%病毒感染性, 且这种抑制与化合物毒性无关(图 5AC)。
同时, 利用HIV-1假型病毒感染模型验证了相同浓度下的化合物对病毒生活周期早期的影响。结果表明, 除了IMB-826, 其他化合物对病毒生活周期早期并无显著抑制(图 5B), 进一步验证了化合物的抑制作用主要发生在病毒复制周期的晚期阶段, 与目标靶点的时相一致。
作者利用上述假病毒模型测定了除IMB-826外其他活性化合物对病毒生活周期晚期抑制的剂量依赖关系, 以SQV为阳性化合物。结果表明, SQV的EC50 (median effective concentration) 约为2.3 nmol·L-1, 与文献报道具有可比性[21]。各化合物EC50为6.4~28.2 μmol·L-1, 其抗病毒效应具有剂量依赖关系(图 6)。
研究表明, HIV-1蛋白酶除了酶切HIV-1前体蛋白Gag和Gag-Pol外, 还可识别酶切很多宿主蛋白, 包括肌动蛋白、波形蛋白、Bcl-2、多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白、真核起始因子4G (eIF4G) 和procaspase 8[11-14, 22-24], 因此HIV-1蛋白酶具有细胞毒性, 能引起细胞凋亡。
为了验证筛选得到的阳性化合物是否能引起细胞凋亡, 采用Gag-Pol表达质粒转染293T细胞, 6 h后加化合物(10 μmol·L-1) 处理, 于流式细胞仪Guava easy Cyte HT测定结果(图 7)。用抗肿瘤药物顺铂作为对照来评价此系统的可行性, 并且用空细胞加化合物处理作为平行对照。结果显示, EFV作为前体蛋白的激活剂, 能导致细胞凋亡, 与报道一致[19]。而筛选所得的活性化合物在10 μmol·L-1浓度下的结果与5 μmol·L-1 EFV的结果相似。特别是化合物IMB-59和IMB-351可明显提高HIV-1感染细胞的凋亡(图 7B), 而在没有HIV-1的情况下, 并没有显示出诱导凋亡的能力(图 7A), 初步说明, 这两个化合物有可能通过激活前体蛋白中的HIV-1蛋白酶引发感染细胞凋亡。
目前临床上使用的抗HIV-1药物主要可分为核苷类和非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、整合酶抑制剂等。这些药物均针对新产生的病毒, 阻止新病毒感染新的细胞, 但无法清除已被感染的细胞[5, 25]。本模型选择HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化作为抗HIV-1药物靶点, 以期获得可激活前体蛋白早成熟化的新型抗HIV-1药物。理论上, 这一新型抗病毒药物可以提前激活Gag-Pol中的蛋白酶, 导致细胞内的蛋白酶活性过高, 直接抑制病毒的装配, 减少病毒产量[9], 同时利用激活的HIV-1蛋白酶诱导细胞凋亡, 清除感染细胞。因此, 前体蛋白早成熟化的激活剂具有发展成为根除AIDS的化学药物治疗的潜力。
本研究利用已建立的前体蛋白早成熟化诱导剂筛选模型, 获得了IMB-524、IMB-59、IMB-91、IMB-351、IMB-57和IMB-826共6个活性化合物。研究表明上述活性化合物可不同程度诱导HIV-1前体蛋白的早成熟化, 提高细胞内HIV-1蛋白酶的活性, 抑制病毒复制和感染并可诱导HIV-1感染细胞凋亡。这一研究结果初步验证了以HIV-1前体蛋白早成熟化为靶点发展抗HIV-1药物的可行性。
所获得的6个活性化合物在结构上无明显相似性, 缺乏明确构效关系。究其原因, 可能与胞内HIV-1前体蛋白Gag-Pol成熟化及HIV-1蛋白酶的活性调节受到多种因素影响相关。研究表明, 除了HIV-1蛋白酶活性调节机制等直接因素, HIV-1病毒颗粒的组装与释放效率、Gag-Pol蛋白的表达水平和胞内转运也都会间接影响到胞内HIV-1蛋白酶的活性[26]。因此, 推测活性化合物可能通过不同作用机制影响了前体蛋白Gag-Pol成熟化及HIV-1蛋白酶的活性。
本研究发现IMB-59和IMB-351更有效, 值得进一步深入研究。尽管如此, 目前所获得的化合物抗病毒活性依然偏低, EC50均为10 μmol·L-1左右, 与目前临床抗HIV-1药物的活性有一定差距。期望通过对活性化合物的构效关系研究与优化, 及更大规模的筛选工作, 获得活性更好的化合物, 发展以病毒生活周期晚期阶段为药靶, 以清除感染细胞为目的的抗HIV-1药物。
作者贡献: 岑山、马铃负责设计实验思路; 马铃负责完成主要的实验部分; 温佳佳、李晓宇、魏涛负责完成数据分析, 完成文章撰写; 所有作者均对本文有所贡献。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903679)
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2021年第56卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0311
  • 接收时间:2021-03-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-05
  • 修回日期:2021-04-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903679)
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    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
    2.北京联合大学应用文理学院, 北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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