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Compd.RcGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1
1CH30.031.990.2
3CH2CH30.22.290.7
4CH2CH2OH0.31.523.7
5CH2CHF20.12.210.4
6CH2CF30.12.480.9
70.13.153.2
80.23.203.2
90.73.292.4
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301282009274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structure and properties of N-substituted cabamates

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Compd.RcGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1
1CH30.031.990.2
3CH2CH30.22.290.7
4CH2CH2OH0.31.523.7
5CH2CHF20.12.210.4
6CH2CF30.12.480.9
70.13.153.2
80.23.203.2
90.73.292.4
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301349118140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RcGMP formation MEC /μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1Caco-2, PappA-B /nm·s-1, (efflux ratio)
2CH30.31.490.179 (5)
10CH(CH3)20.82.100.9Not test
110.22.051.423 (25)
122.31.210.12 (74)
13CH2CF30.22.052.1Not test
140.22.091.4Not test
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301433004222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structure and properties of alkyl cabamates

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Compd.RcGMP formation MEC /μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1Caco-2, PappA-B /nm·s-1, (efflux ratio)
2CH30.31.490.179 (5)
10CH(CH3)20.82.100.9Not test
110.22.051.423 (25)
122.31.210.12 (74)
13CH2CF30.22.052.1Not test
140.22.091.4Not test
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301508501696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RcGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1
150.31.60.4
160.22.291.3
170.32.25Not test
180.032.251.6
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Structure and properties of compounds with oxzalidinone fragments

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Compd.RcGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1Clog D pH 7.5CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1
150.31.60.4
160.22.291.3
170.32.25Not test
180.032.251.6
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301680468164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.CorecGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1CL (in vivo, rat) /L·h-1·kg-1
191.2< 0.11.0
200.50.10.3
212.0< 0.13.8
221.7Not test1.8
230.7< 0.10.9
240.30.10.3
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301764354246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Structure and properties of compounds with varied heterocyclic linkers

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Compd.CorecGMP formation MEC/μmol·L-1CL (rat hepatocytes) /L·h-1·kg-1CL (in vivo, rat) /L·h-1·kg-1
191.2< 0.11.0
200.50.10.3
212.0< 0.13.8
221.7Not test1.8
230.7< 0.10.9
240.30.10.3
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301848240328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.SpeciesVss/L·kg-1CL/L·h-1·kg-1t1/2Bioavailability F/%
20Rat0.50.31.526
Dog1.00.24.156
23Rat0.30.90.537
Dog2.00.91.8Not test
24Rat1.00.33.465
Dog1.40.26.275
1Rat1.20.31.446
Dog0.73.02.479
), ArticleFig(id=1194704301919543498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193263850834330235, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

In vivo pharmacokinetic properties of active compounds in comparison with 1

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Compd.SpeciesVss/L·kg-1CL/L·h-1·kg-1t1/2Bioavailability F/%
20Rat0.50.31.526
Dog1.00.24.156
23Rat0.30.90.537
Dog2.00.91.8Not test
24Rat1.00.33.465
Dog1.40.26.275
1Rat1.20.31.446
Dog0.73.02.479
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2025,60(3): 840-842
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2025, 60(3): 840-842
治疗慢性心力衰竭的跟随性药物维利西呱
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郭宗儒
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0137
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郭宗儒. 治疗慢性心力衰竭的跟随性药物维利西呱. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 840 -842 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0137
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 840 -842 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0137
新药创制是复杂的智力活动, 涉及科学研究、技术创造、产品开发和医疗效果等多维科技活动。每个药物都有自身的研发轨迹, 而构建化学结构是最重要的环节, 因为它涵盖了药效、药代、安全性和生物药剂学等多维性质。本栏目以药物化学视角, 对有代表性的药物的成功构建, 加以剖析和解读。
本刊在2020年11期刊载的利奥西呱, 是拜尔公司在2013年上市的肺动脉高压的治疗药物, 作为可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC) 激活剂, 成为首创性药物。维利西呱是拜尔公司时隔7年后2021年初上市的慢性心力衰竭的治疗药, 作用靶标仍是sGC激动剂。维利西呱改善了药代动力学性质, 提高了代谢稳定性, 延长了半衰期, 实现每日口服一次, 从而扩大了适应症。维利西呱是典型的跟随性药物。在化学结构上与首创的利奥西呱可谓变动不大, 多了一个氟原子, 去除了一个甲基, 骨架和其他基团都相同, 但这并非一蹴而就的。在结构修饰中为了保障对靶标的作用强度和选择性, 实现药动学参数的超越, 对利奥西呱分子结构作了全方位的变换和探索, 最终达到了me-better的目标。读者可从本案例的研发路径作为研制跟随性药物的参考。
(编者按)
拜尔公司在2013年上市了治疗肺动脉高压药物利奥西呱(1, riociguat), 是一款作用于鸟苷酸环化酶的首创性的口服药(Mittendorf J, Weigand S, Alonso-Alija C, et al. Discovery of riociguat (BAY 63-2521): a potent, oral stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. ChemMedChem, 2009, 4: 853-865)。扩大适应症用于治疗其他心血管疾病, 由于利奥西呱体内代谢较快, 半衰期短, 需要每日服药3次, 带来了不便。拜尔公司开展本项目旨在研制新一代鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂, 改善体内的药代动力学性质。
调控心血管系统功能有多种途径, 其中有个关键的信号传导通路, 是一氧化氮(NO)-可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)-环鸟苷酸(cGMP) 作用轴, 在舒张血管、抗血管平滑肌细胞增生和抗血小板聚集等都起重要作用。急性心力衰竭患者由于氧化应激和炎症引起内皮细胞功能障碍, 降低了NO的生物利用度, 使sGC对NO的反应性降低, 导致胞内cGMP水平降低, 信号减弱, 促进了心力衰竭心血管和肾脏疾病的发生和发展。sGC存在于心脏和血管平滑肌细胞中, 在NO-sGC-cGMP通路中占据中心地位。即使在NO不足的情况下, 施以sGC激动剂可以直接刺激sGC-cGMP信号通路, 以不依赖NO的方式增加cGMP的生成, 改善心肌和血管的功能, 这就是研制本品的理论依据。
拜尔公司将自研的治疗肺动脉高压药物利奥西呱(1) 作为起始物, 结构变换的目标是降低在体内的代谢速率, 延长半衰期, 克服每日服用3次的缺点, 以便扩大新的适应症。研究表明, 1在体内被CYP1A、3A4和3A5等细胞色素氧化酶催化N-去甲基(2), 2虽有活性, 但显著低于1 (Gnoth MJ, Hopfe PM, Czembor W. Determination of riociguat and its major human metabolite M-1 in human plasma by stable-isotope dilution LCMS/MS. Bioanalysis, 2015, 7: 193-205)。
基于利奥西呱(1) 的N-甲基是代谢位点, 首轮修饰即是变换甲基。评价化合物活性采用刺激sGC高表达的重组细胞系产生cGMP量≥ 3倍空白组量的最低有效浓度(MEC); 评价化合物的代谢稳定性采用大鼠肝细胞体外测定对化合物的清除率(CL), 结果列于表 1。代表性化合物的构效关系如下: ①增大烷基成乙基(3) 以加大位阻, 活性和稳定性都没有改善。②增加极性以降低氧化代谢, 羟乙基化合物4的活性和稳定性都降低了。③二和三氟乙基(56) 的活性较好, 但代谢稳定性降低了2~4.5倍。提示末端引入氟原子不能提高稳定性。④ 2′-氟代苄基化合物7的活性高于3′-和4′-F化合物89, 但弱于1, 而且稳定性也较差。
虽然合成了更多的N-取代物(未列出数据), 但活性与稳定性都得不到同时的改善, 因而改变了优化位置。
N-去甲基利奥西呱2激动sGC酶的体外活性虽然低于1大约10倍, 但2的体外肝温孵的稳定性高于1 (CL = 0.1 L·h-1·kg-1), 大鼠体内给药的清除率CL = 0.2 L·h-1·kg-1, 半衰期t1/2为1.2 h, 因而通过变换酯基考察是否能够保持活性且提高稳定性。表 2的化合物构效关系简述如下: ①甲基换成异丙基, 化合物10活性和稳定性都降低, 提示大基团酯是不利的。②环丁醇酯11的活性强于2, 但稳定性降低。③氧杂环丁醇酯12的代谢稳定性显著提高, 氧杂环丁基也在其他药物范例中表明有利于代谢稳定性(Wuitschik G, Carreira EM, Wagner B, et al. Oxetanes in drug discovery structural and synthetic insights. J Med Chem, 2010, 53: 3227-3246)。然而12的活性却低于环丁醇酯10倍。这或许是因为增加了极性, 降低了进入Caco-2膜能力, PappA-B = 2 nm·s-1, 外排比值高达74。④三氟乙基(13) 和环丙甲基(14) 的活性虽然较高但代谢稳定性差。
另一种策略是将胺基甲酸酯换成环状物, 即噁唑烷酮片段, 代表性化合物(表 3) 的构效关系表明, 化合物15的活性与2相同, 但代谢稳定性有所降低, 静脉注射大鼠体内的清除率CL = 1.9 L·h-1·kg-1, 血浆半衰期F = 1 h, 未达到长效目标。16~18是在环上引入基团以增加位阻, 提高稳定性, 但未能如愿, 可能是亲脂性过强促进了氧化代谢。
至此, 嘧啶片段的结构变换确定了NH-型的胺基甲酸甲酯不宜改变, 为优化侧链, 下一步是考察吡唑并吡啶稠合环的变换对活性和稳定性的影响。表 4列出代表性化合物结构和活性与稳定性。
化合物192的区域异构体, 在于吡唑与吡啶的拼合位置不同, 19的合成比较容易, 对cGC酶的激动活性虽然比2弱, 但体内外的代谢稳定性显著提高。进而在19的吡啶环上作6-氟代, 化合物20活性和稳定性都提高了, 尤其是大鼠体内的消除率显著降低。氟元素增加了体内稳定性的原因尚不清楚, 因为吡啶环并非代谢位点。
化合物21的连接杂环是吡唑并哒嗪, 22是咪唑并嘧啶, 活性和稳定性都差强人意。而另一种咪唑并哒嗪化合物23的活性和稳定性却显著提高, 大鼠体内清除率也很低(CL = 0.9 L·h-1·kg-1)。
前述由1920稳定性提高的原因是氟原子的引入, 联想到高活性/低稳定性的化合物2, 在化合物2的吡啶环上引入5-氟, 化合物24确实保持了高活性, 而且大鼠体内的稳定性提高了4倍。
用大鼠和犬对高活性/高稳定性的化合物评价体内药代动力学行为, 并与利奥西呱(1) 作比较, 结果(表 5) 表明, 化合物24体内的清除率最低, 血浆半衰期长, 口服生物利用度最高。
进而评价了24对多种细胞色素P450的作用, 在50 μmol·L-1浓度下对1A2、2A6、2B6、2C8、2C9、2C19、2D6和3A4都没有抑制作用。与人肝温孵的主要代谢产物是葡萄糖醛酸化产物25, 次要代谢物是去苄基化合物26 (Follmann M, Ackerstaff J, Redlich G, et al. Discovery of the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator vericiguat (BAY 1021189) for the treatment of chronic heart failure. J Med Chem, 2017, 60: 5146-5161)。
实验动物的药效学研究表明, 24对肺动脉高压模型有效, 直接舒张血管特性以及靶向心肌的顺应性、舒张功能、内皮功能以改善血管调节、心室-动脉等特性改善血流动力学, 逆转右心室增大和减轻肺动脉的重塑作用。定名为维利西呱(vericiguat) 进入开发阶段, 经系统的临床前和临床研究, 表明可经口服(每日一次) 治疗心衰恶化后症状性慢性射血分数下降的心力衰竭(HFrEF) 患者, 是有效的药物, 于2021年1月FDA批准上市。所以维利西呱提升了利奥西呱的药动学性质, 成为治疗心衰的新药。
2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0137
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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