Article(id=1208402652375925619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1897, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607529600000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-10, revisedDate=1610294400000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035243362, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1618156800000, pubDateStr=2021-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035243362, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035243362, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035243362, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402647258870040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='895', pageEnd='1200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035242142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137207216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1086, endPage=1095, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402652753412992, articleId=1208402652375925619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Design and synthesis of tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorogenic probes, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bioorthogonal fluorogenic probes are becoming an ideal tool for live-cell fluorescence imaging. With the tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorogenic probe that displays fluorescence enhancement, the tetrazine plays the dual-role of a bioorthogonal reaction unit and the fluorescence quenching unit. The "off" and "on" states of the fluorescence probe are mainly controlled through inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) bioorthogonal reaction. We designed a series of turn-on tetrazine fluorescent probes with Donor-π-Acceptor (D-π-A) structure to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of fluorescence imaging. This series of probes reacted with the dienophile bicyclononyne, and then generated pyridazine structure in-situ that acted as an electron acceptor, resulting in a new D-π-A effect of fluorescent dyes, turning on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. By adjusting the electron-donating groups and the degree of conjugation, tunable fluorescence spectra between 400-647 nm with fluorescence turn-on enhanced up to 500-fold have been achieved. This research lays the foundation for the further optimization of tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorescent probes and their applications in molecular imaging and biomedical fields.

, correspAuthors=Wu-yu MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dun-yan SU, Jie LI, Li-li PAN, Hao-xing WU, Wu-yu MAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402654833787903, articleId=1208402652375925619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=荧光增强型四嗪生物正交荧光探针的设计与合成, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前,生物正交荧光探针正逐步发展为一种活细胞荧光成像的理想工具。在四嗪生物正交荧光增强型探针中,四嗪扮演着生物正交反应单元及荧光淬灭单元的双重角色,该类探针荧光的“关闭”与“开启”主要通过逆电子需求的Diels-Alder(IEDDA)生物正交反应实现。因此,为实现荧光成像的高信噪比及高特异性,本文探索设计并合成了一系列具有电子给体—π共轭—电子受体(D-π-A)结构的“开-关”型四嗪荧光探针,该系列探针与亲二烯体环辛炔发生IEDDA生物正交反应,原位生成的哒嗪结构可以充当电子受体,从而产生新的具有D-π-A效应的荧光染料,开启分子内电荷转移(intramolecular charge transfer,ICT)效应。通过调节给电子基团类型及共轭程度,实现了400~647 nm的荧光调控及高达500倍的荧光开启。本文的研究成果为四嗪生物正交荧光探针的进一步优化及其在分子影像和生物医学领域的应用奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=毛梧宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*毛梧宇, Tel: 86-28-65261615, Fax: 86-28-65261615, E-mail:
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All results were obtained after complete reaction between probes and BCN in EtOH. <sup>[a]</sup><i>λ</i><sub>ex</sub>, Excitation wavelength; <i>λ</i><sub>em</sub>, Emission wavelength. <sup>[b]</sup>Increase in fluorescence. <sup>[c]</sup>Quantum yield for the pyrazine fluorophore products , figureFileSmall=gqeFqOLLl2x0CpIF7Gl2bQ==, figureFileBig=kED5nQaiQf2FhSIbSQX+eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478677642363327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n0+ULo4J/PtKO8AwnaIUGg==, figureFileBig=7d8FEKKDXB9GDXRwmukiFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478677776581075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= (A) Characterization of the reaction between probe 1 and BCN; HPLC traces of bioorthogonal product (blue) and probe 1 (red) at <i>λ</i> = 320 nm after 3 h at r.t. in EtOH. (B) Characterization of the reaction between probe 10 and BCN. HPLC traces of bioorthogonal product (blue) and probe 10 (red) at <i>λ</i> = 440 nm after 3 h at r.t. in EtOH , figureFileSmall=n0+ULo4J/PtKO8AwnaIUGg==, figureFileBig=7d8FEKKDXB9GDXRwmukiFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478677898215905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QIUFJWoELpGTrSLv/COkIw==, figureFileBig=nidJOZoUrnKkUJ3Cr2/xRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478677998879217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Photophysical properties of representative probes. The absorption spectra of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> probe (black) and probe + BCN (red) in EtOH: probe 1 (A), probe 4 (B), and probe 5 (C). The fluorescence emission spectra of 4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> probe (black) and probe + BCN (red) in EtOH: probe 1 (D), probe 4 (E), and probe 5 (F) , figureFileSmall=QIUFJWoELpGTrSLv/COkIw==, figureFileBig=nidJOZoUrnKkUJ3Cr2/xRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678166651387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IGZeUt5SyaKBPRxF4MEoFw==, figureFileBig=ZHF65ZruNxTu2QxTYuOxHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678296674819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Photophysical properties of representative probes. The absorption spectra of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> probe (black) and probe + BCN (red) in EtOH: probe 8 (A), probe 10 (B), and probe 11 (C). The Fluorescence emission spectra of 4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> probe (black) and probe + BCN (red) in EtOH: probe 8 (D), probe 10 (E), and probe 11 (F) , figureFileSmall=IGZeUt5SyaKBPRxF4MEoFw==, figureFileBig=ZHF65ZruNxTu2QxTYuOxHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678405726736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GjnP78ZSVG0T6F0ScBum2g==, figureFileBig=hrsTo9S+O1T86IDXZ1EImg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678514778657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Scheme 1, caption= Synthesis of tetrazine bioorthogonal probes. R & C: Reagents and conditions; A: (CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHOLi, THF, -20 ℃ - -5 ℃; B: LDA, -20 ℃ , figureFileSmall=GjnP78ZSVG0T6F0ScBum2g==, figureFileBig=hrsTo9S+O1T86IDXZ1EImg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678636413490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zyyWg/PxnA7xWCKj+0yBiA==, figureFileBig=D96bt60xHwMn1j+q7mZyRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678749659711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Scheme 2, caption= Synthesis of probe <strong>9</strong> and <strong>1j</strong> , figureFileSmall=zyyWg/PxnA7xWCKj+0yBiA==, figureFileBig=D96bt60xHwMn1j+q7mZyRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678841934415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fQjBFsmoFHbmuYzNleh8ow==, figureFileBig=5aKYlYfb1Qp5/1tjhURPeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478678959374939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402652375925619, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= <i>In vitro</i> labelling of bovine serum albumin (BSA) <i>via</i> BCN–tetrazine biorthogonal reaction. 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荧光增强型四嗪生物正交荧光探针的设计与合成
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粟敦妍 1, 2 , 李杰 1 , 潘立立 1 , 吴昊星 1 , 毛梧宇 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2021,56(4): 1086-1095
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2021, 56(4): 1086-1095
荧光增强型四嗪生物正交荧光探针的设计与合成
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粟敦妍1, 2, 李杰1, 潘立立1, 吴昊星1, 毛梧宇1, *
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西医院核医学科, 四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川理工技师学院, 四川 成都 611130

通讯作者:

*毛梧宇, Tel: 86-28-65261615, Fax: 86-28-65261615, E-mail:
Design and synthesis of tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorogenic probes
Dun-yan SU1, 2, Jie LI1, Li-li PAN1, Hao-xing WU1, Wu-yu MAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2. Sichuan Polytechnic Technician College, Chengdu 611130, China
出版时间: 2021-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1897
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目前,生物正交荧光探针正逐步发展为一种活细胞荧光成像的理想工具。在四嗪生物正交荧光增强型探针中,四嗪扮演着生物正交反应单元及荧光淬灭单元的双重角色,该类探针荧光的“关闭”与“开启”主要通过逆电子需求的Diels-Alder(IEDDA)生物正交反应实现。因此,为实现荧光成像的高信噪比及高特异性,本文探索设计并合成了一系列具有电子给体—π共轭—电子受体(D-π-A)结构的“开-关”型四嗪荧光探针,该系列探针与亲二烯体环辛炔发生IEDDA生物正交反应,原位生成的哒嗪结构可以充当电子受体,从而产生新的具有D-π-A效应的荧光染料,开启分子内电荷转移(intramolecular charge transfer,ICT)效应。通过调节给电子基团类型及共轭程度,实现了400~647 nm的荧光调控及高达500倍的荧光开启。本文的研究成果为四嗪生物正交荧光探针的进一步优化及其在分子影像和生物医学领域的应用奠定了基础。

四嗪  /  生物正交反应  /  哒嗪  /  “开-关”型荧光探针

Bioorthogonal fluorogenic probes are becoming an ideal tool for live-cell fluorescence imaging. With the tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorogenic probe that displays fluorescence enhancement, the tetrazine plays the dual-role of a bioorthogonal reaction unit and the fluorescence quenching unit. The "off" and "on" states of the fluorescence probe are mainly controlled through inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) bioorthogonal reaction. We designed a series of turn-on tetrazine fluorescent probes with Donor-π-Acceptor (D-π-A) structure to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of fluorescence imaging. This series of probes reacted with the dienophile bicyclononyne, and then generated pyridazine structure in-situ that acted as an electron acceptor, resulting in a new D-π-A effect of fluorescent dyes, turning on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. By adjusting the electron-donating groups and the degree of conjugation, tunable fluorescence spectra between 400-647 nm with fluorescence turn-on enhanced up to 500-fold have been achieved. This research lays the foundation for the further optimization of tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorescent probes and their applications in molecular imaging and biomedical fields.

tetrazine  /  bioorthogonal reaction  /  pyridazine  /  turn-on fluorescent probe
粟敦妍, 李杰, 潘立立, 吴昊星, 毛梧宇. 荧光增强型四嗪生物正交荧光探针的设计与合成. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (4) : 1086 -1095 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1897
Dun-yan SU, Jie LI, Li-li PAN, Hao-xing WU, Wu-yu MAO. Design and synthesis of tetrazine bioorthogonal fluorogenic probes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (4) : 1086 -1095 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1897
荧光探针因其具有灵敏度高、操作简便、实时监测和无创性[1, 2]等特点, 被广泛用于生物体的生物化学过程的研究[3-5]、疾病标志物的诊断[6, 7]、肿瘤可视化成像[8]、引导术中手术切除[9]等领域。荧光探针通常由目标分析物的识别基团和荧光团组成。传统的荧光探针与分析靶标的识别方式, 主要是通过非共价的弱分子间作用(如: 氢键、静电作用和范德华力等), 其光谱变化范围窄且结合过程可逆, 而且在水介质中还存在竞争性超分子相互作用[10]。与传统型荧光探针相比, 基于反应活性的荧光探针有着更显著的光学信号变化, 更高的选择性和灵敏度[11], 在生物医学领域应用方面有着更大的优势。
目前, 开发用于体内成像的反应型荧光探针的问题在于, 如何实现智能传感器反应(生理条件下选择性检测目标分析物)、快速反应动力学(实时检测生物过程)、信号增强(减少背景干扰和高灵敏度)、以及从环境敏感的荧光信号中提取可靠的数据[10]。利用生物兼容性好、选择性优越、反应快速的生物正交反应来构建的“开-关”型荧光探针[11], 可以较好地解决上述问题[8]。其中, 基于四嗪的逆电子需求Diels-Alder (inverse electron demand Diels-Alder, IEDDA) 的生物正交反应, 具有反应快速(k2 = 1~106 L·mol-1·s-1) 且无需催化剂等优点, 能够理想地用于体内外荧光探针成像[12-14]、生物正交前药的控释(如多柔比星、氟尿苷)[15, 16]和功能性生理分子的激活[17]
2010年, Devaraj等[18]首次报道了基于IEDDA反应实现四嗪荧光探针荧光开启的研究。他们基于Föster共振能量转移(Föster resonance energy transfer, FRET) 原理, 将3-(4-苄基氨基)-1, 2, 4, 5-四嗪与荧光团BODIPY FL (图 1A) 通过非共轭烷基链连接, 构建了荧光淬灭的四嗪探针, 其与亲二烯体反应后荧光增强15倍。但是由于四嗪吸收光谱位于可见光区域(小于550 nm)[19, 20], 并且摩尔吸光系数通常小于1 000 L·mol-1·cm-1, 其作为FRET受体应用范围受到诸多限制。在这之后, 基于跨键能量转移(through bond energy transfer, TBET) 的荧光淬灭机制, Weissleder课题组[21]设计了一系列高效的“开-关”型四嗪-BODIPY荧光探针(图 1B), 与柔性连接的四嗪-荧光团偶联物相比, 其与亲二烯体反应后荧光增强900倍。根据同样的淬灭机制, Weissleder课题组[22]报道了四嗪-香豆素荧光探针, 反应后荧光增强近千倍, 荧光光谱覆盖蓝色到绿色。虽然这些策略可以有效提高荧光开启倍数, 但是并未报道这一策略对发射波长大于530 nm染料的荧光调控。与前面两种机制不同, Park课题组[19]报道了另外一种暗态淬灭机制。他们通过四嗪和Seoul-Fluor (SF) 染料核之间的强电子耦合实现较为有效的暗态荧光淬灭, 且探针与亲二烯体反式环辛烯(trans-cyclooctene, TCO) 发生反应后, 实现了67倍的荧光增强(发射波长为493 nm, 图 1C)。接着, Vrabel课题组[23]报道了发射波长的调控范围为480 nm至605 nm的一系列荧光探针, 其荧光增强91倍, 而最大发射波长为605 nm的荧光探针只能实现9倍的荧光强度增强。近期, 本课题组基于分子内电荷转移(intramolecular charge transfer, ICT) 机制, 开发了一类名叫“Huaxi-Fluors”的新型荧光增强型四嗪生物正交荧光探针[24]。该探针以处于低能量的最低未占用分子轨道(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, LUMO) 的四嗪作为荧光淬灭基团和生物正交反应底物, 其发生生物正交反应后形成的哒嗪产物荧光增强可达数百倍, 发射波长可从556 nm覆盖到728 nm, 适用于活细胞细胞器精细结构成像和小动物肿瘤成像, 具有较高的信噪比。
此外, 四嗪生物正交染料在生物医药领域还具有诸多潜在的应用。例如, 四嗪淬灭的荧光探针与前药乙烯基醚CPT分别包载于脂质体, 脂质体通过尾静脉注射进入小鼠体内后, 发生IEDDA反应实现前药靶向释放和肿瘤荧光成像[25]。炔烃或烯烃修饰的非天然氨基酸代谢标记细胞后, 与四嗪功能化的荧光团进行IEDDA环加成反应, 可对细胞内感兴趣蛋白(POI) 进行位点特异性荧光标记和成像[26]。叠氮和TCO预定位于特定的亚细胞位置, 随后与亲二烯体双环[6, 1, 0]壬炔(bicyclononyne, BCN) 或四嗪修饰的荧光染料发生生物正交反应, 能同时实现对不同靶标的多色标记成像[27, 28]。四嗪淬灭荧光探针与光诱导释放联用, 实现可见光与生物正交反应双重控制的功能性生物分子释放[29]
本文基于“Huaxi-Fluors”染料的前期研究[24], 继续系统性地探索四嗪与不同给电子π共轭基团相连获得的荧光骨架的荧光性能, 以丰富全波段荧光发射(可见光到近红外区域) 且荧光增强倍数高(大于100倍) 的四嗪生物正交荧光探针, 完善该类四嗪生物正交染料体系。基于已报道的研究策略, 先将四嗪与具有共轭结构的电子供体相连, 构建了荧光淬灭的探针; 四嗪探针与BCN发生IEDDA反应后直接生成哒嗪。生成的哒嗪[22, 30]可以作为电子受体与电子供体一起构成D-π-A原位荧光染料(图 1), 实现荧光的“开启”。此外, 也将通过调控染料的共轭程度和电子性质, 调控这种偶极结构荧光染料的光学性质, 以期获得高光学性能的四嗪生物正交荧光染料。
本研究以本课题组前期报道的硫醇催化合成的四嗪磷酸酯[31]为底物, 通过与具有不同共轭程度的醛发生纳尔-沃兹沃思-埃蒙斯反应(Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, HWE), 构建具有不同潜在光学性质的四嗪荧光探针。通过测量四嗪荧光探针与BCN反应前后光学性质的改变, 探究染料结构中供电子基团种类、供电子能力、π共轭基团种类与共轭长度对荧光探针光学性能的影响(图 2)。并且基于这一策略不断优化探针的结构, 使荧光染料实现全波段荧光发射与高倍数荧光增强等优异的性能, 为研究生物现象和疾病诊断提供潜在的有效工具。
选用最简单的稠环萘基作为探针的电子供体, 与四嗪电子受体通过双键相连, 得到荧光探针1。高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS) 监测结果显示: 探针1与BCN反应后, 专一性的生成哒嗪产物(图 3A)。通过紫外-可见分光光度计和荧光光谱仪, 对生成的荧光产物进行了光学性质测定, 其激发波长为324 nm, 发射波长为400 nm, 并且反应前后荧光增强3.4倍(图 4A4D)。
随后, 选取更为富电子的杂环芳香族化合物呋喃与四嗪连接得到探针2 (图 2)。探针2在与BCN反应后, 其激发和发射波长分别为371 nm和434 nm (较探针1分别红移47 nm/34 nm), 但是反应前后荧光开启强度只有2倍。推测相较于萘环, 由于呋喃的氧原子上的一个孤对电子离域到芳香环体系中, 增大其电子云密度, 故供电子能力更强, 导致光谱红移。之后, 选取苯并噻唑与四嗪连接, 得到探针3。相较于探针1, 探针3与BCN反应后, 发射波长(412 nm) 略微红移。而相比于探针2, 探针3在反应后其激发和发射波长发生了蓝移。
为构建多种发射波长的荧光探针, 选取多个富电子芳香环2, 2'-联噻吩与四嗪连接, 得到探针4, 其与BCN反应后, 发射波长为476 nm, 发出蓝色荧光, 反应前后荧光开启倍数提高至5.5倍(图 4E)。推测这可能由于噻吩的低离域能, 有利于激发态的电子离域, 从而降低了基态与激发态的能级差。但是连接噻吩之间的单键可转动使得荧光较弱, 因此进一步将2, 2'-联噻吩替换为具有碳桥环的联噻吩得到探针5。相较于探针4, 探针5与BCN反应后, 激发(368 nm) 和发射波长均蓝移(442 nm), 但是反应前后荧光增强倍数却降低至1.3倍(图 4F)。这可能由于该稠环噻吩中季碳的存在, 导致平面一定程度的扭曲, 不利于染料的共轭所致, 而且探针5的斯托克斯位移相较于探针4的102 nm降低至74 nm (图 2)。总体来说, 上述探针的光谱分布范围、反应前后荧光增强倍数等光学性质有待提升, 为此, 接下来本文继续设计引入不同供电子基团, 以期获得大斯托克位移、高荧光开启倍数、高量子产率的四嗪荧光探针。
为进一步探究在染料体系中引入不同供电子基团对探针光学性质的影响, 在探针1的萘环上增加具有强供电子能力的二甲氨基, 得到探针7。探针7与BCN的反应产物, 其激发和发射波长均向红移, 最大发射波长红移至540 nm, 相较于探针1红移了140 nm并发出绿色荧光, 反应前后荧光增强达48倍, 且斯托克斯位移达163 nm, 量子产率为5.5%。接着, 将探针7的稠环芳烃萘荧光骨架换成多环芳烃芴同时将二甲氨基换成氮杂环丁基, 得到探针8, 其与BCN反应后, 发出橙色荧光, 最大发射波长进一步红移至585 nm, 相较于探针7红移了45 nm, 荧光增强18倍(图 5D)。推测由于多环芳烃引入使得共轭结构变长, 导致进一步红移。为了验证这一猜想, 在探针8的乙烯基与芴基之间引入噻吩来进一步延长共轭, 得到探针10。HPLC监测显示, 探针10在与BCN反应后, 专一性的形成哒嗪产物(图 3B), 经过测试, 探针10的生物正交产物的荧光发射波长相较于探针8的生物正交产物红移了62 nm, 红移至647 nm, 荧光强度增强189倍(图 5E)。明显的红移现象也表明低离域能的富电子噻吩一定程度上有利于染料的光学性质, 后续的染料骨架中均将引入噻吩作为共轭π桥中的辅助电子供体。另外在探针3的苯并噻唑环结构基础上增加弱给电子能力甲氧基, 得到探针6。探针6在与BCN反应后, 其吸收带和发射带也发生了红移, 最大发射波长红移至442 nm, 红移了30 nm, 发出蓝色荧光, 斯托克位移为77 nm, 但反应前后荧光增强仅6倍。
最后, 将二甲氨基苯基通过双键直接与噻吩的2-位相连, 并在噻吩的5-位通过金属催化四嗪合成的一锅法[32]直接引入四嗪得到探针9。探针9与BCN反应后, 发出黄绿色荧光, 荧光增强达到89倍, 远大于探针1~8, 这一策略为进一步设计具有更长荧光发射波长并具有高荧光开启倍数的探针带来了启发。通常用环丁氨基代替二甲氨基会有利于染料的光学性质[33], 因此首先合成了具有杂氮环丁烷的噻吩醛化合物(1j), 并通过HWE反应得到了比探针9在噻吩与四嗪之间多一个共轭双键的探针11, 与BCN反应后荧光最大发射峰移至红光区域, 达到647 nm, 荧光增强可达479倍(图 5F), 并且斯托克斯位移高达222 nm, 这可能来源于哒嗪产物具有较长共轭的D-π-A结构, 氮杂环丁基不仅可以提供强的给电子能力, 也可以一定程度上限制分子内扭曲的电荷转移(twisted intramolecular charge transfer, TICT)。
四嗪生物正交探针的合成见合成路线1、2[34-37]
为了检验四嗪生物正交荧光探针在生物分子标记中的适用性, 首先合成了BCN-NHS (5), 接着用BCN-NHS修饰牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 上的氨基, 以创建用于生物正交标记的BCN “提手”。将修饰的BSA与探针11孵育1 h。随后用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 进行分析, BCN-NHS修饰的BSA与探针11反应后具有荧光, 但BCN-NHS未修饰的对照组无荧光(图 6B6C)。该实验表明, 四嗪探针11具有很好的稳定性并且在蛋白标记时具有很高的荧光增强, 为后期的生物成像奠定了基础。
本文合理设计和制备了具有新颖骨架的四嗪生物正交荧光探针, 其中四嗪部分不仅可作为生物正交反应基团和荧光淬灭基团, 还可以通过生物正交反应原位形成哒嗪结构作为染料的电子受体, 产成具有高斯托克斯位移和高量子产率的荧光团, 构成D-π-A荧光染料, 实现荧光开启。改变共轭的长度和骨架的电子拉推能力, 可以调节探针的最大发射波长在400 nm和近红外波长之间。其中, 含噻吩的π桥利于染料产生高效的ICT过程。总之, 生物正交反应前后的上百倍荧光增强、大斯托克位移和高量子产率可以使探针在细胞荧光成像时无需洗涤步骤, 同样能实现高对比度的成像效果。此外, 部分探针荧光发射光谱可延长至近红外区域(650 nm), 因而具有更深的组织穿透性, 利于区分靶标荧光信号与组织自身荧光, 为术中引导、肿瘤成像等领域提供可靠的研究工具。将BCN与具有生物靶向性的生物分子结合以靶向特定组织部位, 基于不同的靶向生物分子可以实现对不同疾病或生物过程的监测。总之, 本文的研究能够启发四嗪生物正交荧光探针的进一步设计, 并为其在各种生物医药领域的应用奠定了基础。
1H NMR和13C NMR用Bruker核磁共振波谱仪(美国) 测定(1H, 400 MHz; 13C, 101 MHz), 四甲基硅烷(TMS) 为内标; 高分辨率质谱(HRMS), 用Waters Q-TOF Premier四极杆串联飞行时间质谱(美国) 测定; 日本FluoroMax-4荧光光度计(Horiba Jobin Yvon) 测定荧光光谱和绝对量子产率; Quawell Scientific Q6000+微量分光光度计(美国) 收集UV-Vis吸收数据; 美国高效液相-质谱联用(HPLC-MS, 安捷伦科技有限公司) 监测生物正交反应; ChemiDoc™MP (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., 美国) 对蛋白凝胶进行Alexa 488荧光成像。监测反应所使用的薄层色谱硅胶板, 购自烟台江友硅胶开发有限公司。硅胶柱色谱所用的硅胶为200~300目或300~400目, 购自探索平台; 牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 购自Sigma-Aldrich公司(产品目录编号A-7906, 美国)。在目标化合物合成过程中, 若无特殊说明, 所使用的试剂均为分析纯; 溶剂购自泰坦科技有限公司; 化学试剂购自安耐吉化学有限公司、上海毕得科技有限公司、梯希爱(上海) 化成工业发展有限公司和百灵威科技有限公司。
在氩气保护下, 于反应瓶中加入二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 3 mL、化合物4a (372.3 mg, 3 mmol)、氮杂环丁烷(171 mg, 3 mmol) 以及K2CO3 (414.6 mg, 3 mmol), 100 ℃搅拌反应4 h。反应结束后, 加入水(20 mL) 淬灭反应, 乙酸乙酯(EA) 萃取(20 mL×3), 饱和食盐水洗(20 mL×1), 无水硫酸钠干燥。柱色谱分离得产物, 产率40%。
在氩气保护下, 于反应瓶中加入四氢呋喃12 mL、t-BuOK (1.488 mL, 1.488 mmol), 0 ℃滴加化合物4c[26, 38] (1.488 mmol, 348.6 mg), 搅拌20 min后反应呈棕色, 于0 ℃滴加化合物4b (200 mg, 1.24 mmol) 的四氢呋喃溶液5 mL, 滴毕后, 0 ℃反应2.5 h。反应结束后, 旋蒸除去溶剂, 柱色谱分离(PE∶EA = 20∶1) 得到产物146.74 mg, 产率50%。
在氩气保护下, 于反应瓶中加入无水四氢呋喃20 mL和化合物4d (603.375 mg, 2.5 mmol), 再逐滴加入2.3 mol·L-1 n-BuLi的己烷溶液(1.5 mL, 3.7 mmol)。-78 ℃搅拌1 h后, 滴加无水N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF) (0.23 mL, 3.0 mmol), 反应液搅拌1 h。反应结束后, 升温至室温, 水淬灭反应, 旋蒸去除四氢呋喃, 浓缩反应液, 二氯甲烷(DCM, 30 mL×3) 萃取, 有机层饱和食盐水洗(20 mL×1), 无水硫酸钠干燥。柱色谱分离(PE∶DCM = 1∶3) 得到产物129.41 mg, 收率19.21%。
HWE反应方法A: 氩气保护下, 在圆底烧瓶中加入四嗪磷酸酯2a[31] (1.2 eq)、醛(1 eq)、0.5 mol·L-1六氟异丙醇锂((CF3)2CHOLi) (1.1 eq) 和无水四氢呋喃溶液。-20 ℃搅拌3 h, 薄层色谱法(TLC) 监测显示反应基本完全。反应结束后加入水(20 mL) 稀释反应液, 乙酸乙酯萃取两次(20 mL)。收集有机相, 饱和食盐水洗一次(20 mL), 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 抽滤, 浓缩, 经柱色谱分离, 得到产物。
收率95%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间3 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.46 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.94~7.82 (m, 4H), 7.61~7.50 (m, 3H), 3.06 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.26, 164.83, 141.01, 134.20, 133.39, 132.62, 129.96, 128.85, 128.62, 127.83, 127.29, 126.79, 123.43, 120.72, 21.20; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 271.101 4 [M+Na]+
收率59%, 温度-5 ℃, 时间12 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.00 (dd, J = 15.4, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06~6.94 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, J = 15.4 Hz, 1H), 6.52~6.45 (m, 2H), 3.02 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.78, 164.86, 152.35, 143.76, 140.71, 126.58, 125.70, 123.72, 112.25, 111.98, 77.22, 21.14; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 215.110 0 [M+H]+
收率58%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间1 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.51 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 8.16~8.09 (m, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.90, 154.01, 135.31, 133.09, 128.43, 126.89, 126.54, 124.04, 121.81, 21.36; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 256.065 8 [M+H]+
收率11.74%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间6 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.38 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.51, 164.99, 162.51, 161.20, 141.01, 134.93, 134.45, 127.66, 124.68, 120.99, 116.48, 77.22, 45.21, 25.05, 21.12; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 327.073 5 [M+Na]+
收率81%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间2 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.47 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.09 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.74, 164.19, 161.51, 158.88, 148.65, 136.98, 133.25, 127.22, 124.64, 116.74, 103.83, 77.22, 55.86, 21.32; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 286.076 4 [M+H]+
收率12%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间6 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.37 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.65~7.55 (m, 3H), 7.44 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 6.51~6.39 (m, 2H), 3.98 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.42 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (s, 5H), 1.50 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.87, 165.11, 156.10, 153.44, 152.52, 141.77, 132.17, 128.19, 127.82, 121.54, 121.27, 118.87, 118.30, 110.29, 105.01, 77.22, 52.43, 46.66, 27.39, 21.15, 16.88; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 370.203 1 [M+H]+
收率32%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间15 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.38 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63~7.55 (m, 4H), 7.33 (s, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.47~2.36 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.79, 164.93, 155.67, 153.61, 152.32, 148.98, 140.73, 138.95, 133.70, 132.50, 130.55, 128.02, 125.18, 123.36, 120.91, 119.93, 118.99, 118.42, 110.28, 105.13, 52.50, 46.79, 27.44, 21.15, 16.91; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 452.190 6 [M+H]+
HWE反应方法B: 氩气保护下, 在圆底烧瓶中加入四嗪磷酸酯2a2b[31] (1.3 eq)、醛(1 eq)、2 mol·L-1二异丙基氨基锂(LDA) (1.5 eq) 和无水四氢呋喃溶液。-20 ℃环境下搅拌3 h, TLC监测显示反应基本完全。反应结束后加入水(20 mL) 稀释反应液, 乙酸乙酯萃取(20 mL×2)。收集有机相, 饱和食盐水洗(20 mL×1), 用无水硫酸钠干燥, 抽滤, 浓缩, 柱色谱分离得到所需产物。
收率30%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间3 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.35 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (ddd, J = 8.2, 4.5, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 7.19 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 3.75 (q, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (s, 10H), 1.25 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.04, 140.76, 139.19, 133.59, 132.23, 128.16, 125.76, 124.90, 124.54, 118.92, 79.58, 77.23, 38.37, 35.47, 28.35; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 438.104 0 [M+Na]+
收率54%, 温度-20 ℃, 时间3 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.41 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 3.11 (s, 6H), 3.04 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.82, 165.18, 152.34, 141.68, 136.14, 130.21, 129.75, 128.76, 126.98, 126.18, 123.95, 118.06, 116.40, 105.98, 40.62, 21.16; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 292.155 8 [M+H]+
收率73%; 温度-20 ℃, 时间1.5 h。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.32 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05~6.90 (m, 3H), 6.42 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.46~2.32 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.68, 164.94, 151.93, 147.69, 138.06, 133.61, 132.36, 131.36, 127.76, 125.82, 125.47, 118.25, 117.12, 111.28, 52.20, 21.14, 16.82; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 362.143 8 [M+H]+
在氩气保护下, 于50 mL圆底烧瓶中, 先后加入化合物3a[39] (201.2 mg, 1.1 mmol)、5-甲酰基噻吩-2-腈(93.9 mg, 1 mmol)、四氢呋喃(2 mL)。降温至0 ℃, 滴加叔丁醇钾KOt-Bu (145.6 mg, 1.3 mmol) 在四氢呋喃溶液(4 mL), 0 ℃搅拌反应1.5 h, TLC (PE∶DCM = 1∶2) 监测反应进程。反应结束后加入水(20 mL) 稀释反应, 加入EA (20 mL×3) 萃取。收集有机相, 用饱和氯化钠(20 mL) 洗涤一次, 无水硫酸钠干燥并真空浓缩, 经硅胶板纯化分离(PE∶DCM = 1∶1), 减压浓缩, 得到红色油状物45.43 mg, 收率17.89%。
在氩气保护下, 于50 mL圆底烧瓶中先后加入化合物3c (25.4 mg, 0.1 mmol)、乙腈(80 µL, 1 mmol)、Zn(OTf)2 (4.6 mg, 0.01 mmol)、1, 4-二氧六环(200 µL), 最后滴加无水肼(150 µL, 3 mmol), 70 ℃加热搅拌反应20 h。反应结束后冰水冷却, 加入亚硝酸钠(1.04 g, 1.5 mmol), 再加入1 mol·L-1盐酸调节pH值为3~4。TLC (PE∶DCM = 1∶2) 监测反应进程, 待反应完全后, 加入DCM (20 mL×3) 萃取。收集有机相, 用饱和氯化钠(20 mL) 洗涤一次, 无水硫酸钠干燥并真空浓缩, 经硅胶板纯化分离(PE∶DCM = 1∶2), 减压浓缩, 得到红色油状物9.2 mg, 收率11%。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.14 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44~7.38 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 2H), 6.74~6.68 (m, 2H), 3.02 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 9H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.94, 162.09, 151.36, 132.19, 132.01, 128.08, 125.93, 124.32, 116.58, 112.26, 40.32, 21.13; ESI-HR-MS (m/z): 324.128 4 [M+H]+
进行测试实验前, 所有化合物经过PTLC纯化。四嗪探针(200 µmol·L-1) 与BCN (3 mmol·L-1, 15倍当量) 反应, 获得生物正交产物母液。采用HPLC-MS监测反应情况, 时间从0 h至3 h, 选取反应未开始以及反应结束时间点作图呈现(图 3)。UV-Vis测量, EtOH直接稀释母液至最终浓度为10 µmol·L-1的测试溶液(图 45)。荧光光谱测定, 将母液直接稀释至终浓度为4 µmol·L-1的EtOH测试溶液。从反应产物与四嗪探针的峰值发射强度减去溶剂本底后的比值计算荧光增强倍数(图 45)。量子产率测定: 储备母液直接稀释至终浓度为4 µmol·L-1的EtOH测试溶液, 用积分球测量绝对量子产率, 测试3次, 取平均值(图 2)。
将BCN-NHS (2 μL, 50 mmol) 与BSA的水溶液(2 μL, 2.5 mmol) 在含有DMF (7.2 μL) 的NaHCO3缓冲液(28.8 μL, pH 8.3) 中混合。在室温下反应1 h, 然后使用Zeba脱盐旋转柱(0.5 mL) 除去过量的BCN-NHS。获得的BSA-BCN用Quawell Q6000 + UV-Vis在280 nm处测定浓度。
将以下3组样品在含40% DMF的缓冲溶液中于37 ℃下孵育1 h: ①阳性组为探针11和BSA-BCN的混合溶液(最终染料浓度为20 μmol); ②阴性组为探针11和BSA的混合溶液(最终染料浓度为20 μmol); ③空白组为BSA溶液。孵育1 h后, 在365 nm紫外灯下拍照(图 6C), 取适量样品经SDS-PAGE凝胶分离。使用ChemiDoc™MP成像系统(Bio-Rad) 对凝胶进行荧光成像(图 6B), 然后用考马斯蓝染色(图 6A)。
作者贡献: 毛梧宇、吴昊星提出研究思路, 设计研究方案; 粟敦妍、李杰、潘立立负责进行实验; 粟敦妍负责采集、分析数据, 论文起草; 吴昊星、毛梧宇、粟敦妍负责最终修订版本。
利益冲突: 作者声明无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21807075)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2018M643464)
  • 四川大学华西医院学科卓越发展1·3·5工程项目(ZYYC08004)
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2021年第56卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1897
  • 接收时间:2020-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-10
  • 修回日期:2021-01-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21807075)
中国博士后科学基金(2018M643464)
四川大学华西医院学科卓越发展1·3·5工程项目(ZYYC08004)
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西医院核医学科, 四川 成都 610041
    2.四川理工技师学院, 四川 成都 611130

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*毛梧宇, Tel: 86-28-65261615, Fax: 86-28-65261615, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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