Article(id=1208402592808415605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1750, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1605542400000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-17, revisedDate=1607011200000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035229158, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1615478400000, pubDateStr=2021-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035229158, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035229158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035229158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402587812999387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='3', pageStart='643', pageEnd='894', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035227968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137227354, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830404333794090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830404333794091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=879, endPage=889, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402593324315022, articleId=1208402592808415605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=DNA barcoding identification of commercial decoctions in traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Although the guiding principles for molecular identification of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) using DNA barcoding have been recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, there is still a lack of systematic research on its application to commercial TCM decoctions. In this study, a total of 212 commercial TCM decoctions derived from different medicinal parts such as root and rhizome, fruit and seed, herb, flower, leaf, cortex, and caulis were collected to verify applicability and accuracy of the method. DNA barcodes were successfully obtained from 75.9% (161/212) of the samples, while other samples failed to be amplified due to genomic DNA degradation. Among the 161 samples, 85.7% of them were identified as recorded species in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). In addition, 14 samples could be identified as species recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and their closely related species in the same genus. Morphological identification for the unconfirmed samples showed that eight were genuine species and three were adulterants, while the other three were unidentifiable due to lack of morphological characteristics. Furthermore, the DNA barcodes of seven samples accurately mapped to the sequences of adulterants. Remarkably, counterfeit products were detected in two samples. These results demonstrate that DNA barcoding is suitable for the identification of commercial TCM decoctions. The method can effectively detect adulterants and is appropriate for use throughout the industrial chain of TCM production and distribution, and by the supervisory agencies as well.

, correspAuthors=Jing-yuan SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tian-yi XIN, Qian LOU, Li-jun HAO, Ran-jun LI, Yu-lin LIN, Wen-jie XU, Ting-yu MA, Ye-xuan LIN, Yi-xin DONG, Cheng-yu JIANG, Jing-yuan SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402594351919581, articleId=1208402592808415605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=市售中药饮片DNA条形码鉴定研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定法指导原则已纳入《中国药典》，但目前尚缺乏应用于中药饮片的系统性研究。本研究共收集212份市售中药饮片，包含根及根茎、果实种子、全草、花、叶、皮、茎木等不同入药部位，验证中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定法对中药饮片基原物种鉴定的适用性和准确性。结果表明，共有161份样本成功获得DNA条形码序列，占收集中药饮片样本量的75.9%，其余样本基因组DNA降解，无法获得扩增产物。实验所得DNA条形码序列分析结果如下：138份饮片为《中国药典》（2020年版）收载相应药材的基原物种，占获得序列样本数的85.7%；14份样本分析结果中包含《中国药典》收载相应药材的基原物种以及同属近缘物种，经过形态学鉴定，其中8份为正品，3份掺有伪品，3份缺少鉴别特征，不能确定基原；7份样本为混伪品；另有2份样本检出掺伪现象。本研究证实中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定法能有效检出市售中药饮片的掺伪/混伪现象，可用于市售中药饮片的基原物种鉴定，值得在中药饮片加工生产企业及药品监督检验管理机构推广，同时有助于促进中药学研究的跨学科交流，共同挖掘中药作用靶点和药效机制，推动个性化精准医疗及“精准药物研发”。

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Sample No.	Lable name	Medicinal part	Nearest match	ITS2	psbA-trnH
JCS059	Baizhu	Root and rhizome	Atractylodes macrocephala	√
JCS060	Baitouweng	Root and rhizome	Pulsatilla chinensis	√
JCS061	Baixianpi	Root and rhizome	Dictamnus dasycarpus	√
JCS066	Beidougen	Root and rhizome	Menispermum dauricum	√
JCS024	Beishashen	Root and rhizome	Glehnia littoralis	√
JCS037	Cangzhu	Root and rhizome	Atractylodes lancea	√
JCS072	Chaihu	Root and rhizome	Bupleurum chinense	√
JCS073	Changpu	Root and rhizome	Acorus tatarinowii	√
JCS075	Chishao	Root and rhizome	Paeonia lactiflora	√
JCS010	Danshen	Root and rhizome	Salvia miltiorrhiza	√
JCS043	Danggui	Root and rhizome	Angelica sinensis	√
JCS088	Duhuo	Root and rhizome	Angelica pubescens f. biserrata	√
JCS092	Fangfeng	Root and rhizome	Saposhnikovia divaricata	√
JCS093	Fangji	Root and rhizome	Stephania tetrandra	√
JCS052	Gancao	Root and rhizome	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	√
JCS098	Ganjiang	Root and rhizome	Zingiber officinale		√
JCS099	Gaoliangjiang	Root and rhizome	Alpinia officinarum	√
JCS001	Hongjingtian	Root and rhizome	Rhodiola crenulata	√
JCS115	Huzhang	Root and rhizome	Polygonum cuspidatum		√
JCS117	Huainiuxi	Root and rhizome	Achyranthes bidentata	√
JCS118	Huangqi	Root and rhizome	Astragalus membranaceus	√
JCS006	Huangqin	Root and rhizome	Scutellaria baicalensis	√
JCS139	Loulu	Root and rhizome	Rhaponticum uniflorum	√	√
JCS147	Maozhuacao	Root and rhizome	Ranunculus ternatus	√
JCS026	Muxiang	Root and rhizome	Aucklandia lappa	√
JCS025	Oujie	Root and rhizome	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS156	Qianghuo	Root and rhizome	Notopterygium incisum	√
JCS170	Shanyao	Root and rhizome	Dioscorea opposita		√
JCS173	Shegan	Root and rhizome	Belamcanda chinensis	√
JCS174	Shengma	Root and rhizome	Cimicifuga dahurica	√
JCS029	Shuifeiji	Root and rhizome	Silybum marianum	√
JCS183	Tiankuizi	Root and rhizome	Semiaquilegia adoxoides	√
JCS041	Tufuling	Root and rhizome	Smilax glabra		√
JCS194	Xiebai	Root and rhizome	Allium macrostemon	√
JCS195	Xuchangqing	Root and rhizome	Cynanchum paniculatum	√
JCS035	Xuduan	Root and rhizome	Dipsacus asper	√
JCS202	Yinchaihu	Root and rhizome	Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata	√
JCS038	Zexie	Root and rhizome	Alisma plantago-aquatica	√
JCS032	Zhebeimu	Root and rhizome	Fritillaria thunbergii	√
JCS036	Zhimu	Root and rhizome	Anemarrhena asphodeloides	√
JCS211	Zicao	Root and rhizome	Arnebia euchroma	√
JCS079	Ziwan	Root and rhizome	Aster tataricus	√
JCS062	Baizhi	Root and rhizome	Angelica dahurica Angelica dahurica var. formosana	√
JCS018	Baihe	Root and rhizome	Lilium pumilum Lilium lancifolium Ligusticum chuanxiong	√
JCS078	Chuanxiong	Root and rhizome	Ligusticum sinense Ligusticum jeholense Ligusticum acuminatum MI: Ligusticum chuanxiong		√
JCS084	Dangshen	Root and rhizome	Codonopsis tangshen Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta Codonopsis pilosula	√
JCS100	Gaoben	Root and rhizome	Ligusticum sinense Ligusticum jeholense	√
JCS051	Qianhu	Root and rhizome	Peucedanum rubricaule Ligusticum involucratum Ligusticum daucoides	√
JCS162	Quanshen	Root and rhizome	Bistorta vivipara	√
JCS054	Tianhuafen	Root and rhizome	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS209	Zhigancao	Root and rhizome	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa Glycyrrhiza aspera MI: unable to identify	√
JCS028	Baiqian	Root and rhizome	MI: Cynanchum glaucescens	/	/
JCS063	Baibu	Root and rhizome	MI: Stemona tuberosa	/	/
JCS027	Caowu	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS022	Chuanwu	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS039	Dancao	Root and rhizome	MI: Gentiana rigescens	/	/
JCS089	Ezhu	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma phaeocaulis Curcuma kwangsiensis Curcuma wenyujin	/	/
JCS097	Gansong	Root and rhizome	MI: Nardostachys jatamansi	/	/
JCS101	Gouji	Root and rhizome	MI: Cibotium barometz	/	/
JCS111	Hongshen	Root and rhizome	MI: Panax ginseng	/	/
JCS114	Huhuanglian	Root and rhizome	MI: Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora	/	/
JCS124	Jianghuang	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma longa	/	/
JCS030	Mingdangshen	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS153	Paojiang	Root and rhizome	MI: Zingiber officinale	/	/
JCS155	Qiannianjian	Root and rhizome	MI: Homalomena occulta	/	/
JCS157	Qinjiao	Root and rhizome	MI: Gentiana dahurica	/	/
JCS169	Shannai	Root and rhizome	MI: Kaempferia galanga	/	/
JCS179	Shouwu	Root and rhizome	MI: Fallopia aubertii	/	/
JCS055	Tianma	Root and rhizome	MI: Gastrodia elata	/	/
JCS190	Xianmao	Root and rhizome	MI: Curculigo orchioides	/	/
JCS205	Yujin	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma wenyujin Curcuma longa Curcuma kwangsiensis Curcuma phaeocaulis	/	/
JCS045	Yuanhu	Root and rhizome	MI: Corydalis yanhusuo	/	/
JCS210	Chonglou	Root and rhizome	MI: Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Paris polyphylla var. chinensis	/	/
JCS064	Baiziren	Fruit and seed	Platycladus orientalis	√
JCS069	Biandou	Fruit and seed	Dolichos lablab	√
JCS021	Buguzhi	Fruit and seed	Psoralea corylifolia	√
JCS071	Caokou	Fruit and seed	Alpinia hainanensis	√
JCS085	Difuzi	Fruit and seed	Kochia scoparia	√
JCS087	Dongguapi	Fruit and seed	Benincasa hispida	√
JCS046	Gouqizi	Fruit and seed	Lycium barbarum	√
JCS110	Heidou	Fruit and seed	Glycine max	√
JCS132	Lianqiao	Fruit and seed	Forsythia suspensa	√
JCS134	Lianrou	Fruit and seed	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS136	Lianzixin	Fruit and seed	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS151	Niubangzi	Fruit and seed	Arctium lappa	√
JCS159	Qingguo	Fruit and seed	Canarium album	√
JCS168	Shayuanzi	Fruit and seed	Astragalus complanatus	√
JCS172	Shechuangzi	Fruit and seed	Cnidium monnieri	√
JCS176	Shengmaiya	Fruit and seed	Hordeum vulgare	√
JCS177	Shengzaoren	Fruit and seed	Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa	√
JCS044	Suzi	Fruit and seed	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS212	Suzi	Fruit and seed	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS184	Tusizi	Fruit and seed	Cuscuta australis	√	√
JCS186	Wuzhuyu	Fruit and seed	Euodia rutaecarpa	√
JCS007	Xiakucao	Fruit and seed	Prunella vulgaris	√
JCS192	Xiaohuixiang	Fruit and seed	Foeniculum vulgare	√
JCS197	Yadanzi	Fruit and seed	Brucea javanica	√
JCS206	Yuzhizi	Fruit and seed	Akebia quinata	√
JCS208	Zhizi	Fruit and seed	Gardenia jasminoides	√
JCS074	Cheqianzi	Fruit and seed	Plantago asiatica Plantago major MI: Plantago asiatica	√
JCS076	Chixiaodou	Fruit and seed	Vigna umbeuata Vigna angularis	√
JCS077	Chongweizi	Fruit and seed	Leonurus sibiricus	√
JCS094	Foshou	Fruit and seed	Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis	√
JCS102	Gualou	Fruit and seed	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS103	Gualoupi	Fruit and seed	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS116	Huajuhong	Fruit and seed	Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa'	√
JCS166	Sangshen	Fruit and seed	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: unable to identify	√
JCS178	Shengzhiqiao	Fruit and seed	Citrus aurantium and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus aurantium	√
JCS057	Baiguo	Fruit and seed	MI: Ginkgo biloba	/	/
JCS070	Cangerzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Xanthium sibiricum	/	/
JCS050	Dafupi	Fruit and seed	MI: Areca catechu	/	/
JCS082	Dandouchi	Fruit and seed	MI: Glycine max	/	/
JCS096	Fupenzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Rubus chingii	/	/
JCS107	Hezi	Fruit and seed	MI: Terminalia chebula Terminalia chebula var. tomentella	/	/
JCS129	Juhe	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS130	Juemingzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Cassia tora	/	/
JCS138	Longyanrou	Fruit and seed	MI: Dimocarpus longan	/	/
JCS141	Lulutong	Fruit and seed	MI: Liquidambar formosana	/	/
JCS146	Manjingzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Vitex trifolia Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia	/	/
JCS150	Mugua	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS152	Nvzhenzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Ligustrum lucidum	/	/
JCS161	Qingpi	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS171	Shanzhuyu	Fruit and seed	MI: Cornus officinalis	/	/
JCS187	Xiqingguo	Fruit and seed	MI: Terminalia chebula	/	/
JCS200	Yizhiren	Fruit and seed	MI: Alpinia oxyphylla	/	/
JCS058	Baihuasheshecao	Herb	Oldenlandia diffusa	√
JCS019	Banbianlian	Herb	Lobelia chinensis	√
JCS004	Banzhilian	Herb	Scutellaria barbata	√
JCS065	Bohe	Herb	Mentha haplocalyx	√
JCS067	Beiliujinu	Herb	Siphonostegia chinensis	√
JCS068	Bianxu	Herb	Polygonum aviculare	√
JCS003	Chuanxinlian	Herb	Andrographis paniculata	√
JCS048	Daji	Herb	Cirsium japonicum	√
JCS005	Diding	Herb	Corydalis bungeana	√
JCS090	Ebushicao	Herb	Centipeda minima	√
JCS095	Fuping	Herb	Spirodela polyrrhiza		√
JCS104	Guanghuoxiang	Herb	Desmodium styracifolium	√
JCS119	Huoxiang	Herb	Pogostemon cablin	√
JCS123	Jixuecao	Herb	Centella asiatica	√
JCS127	Jingjie	Herb	Schizonepeta tenuifolia	√
JCS131	Laoguancao	Herb	Geranium carolinianum	√
JCS031	Mabiancao	Herb	Verbena officinalis	√
JCS145	Machixian	Herb	Portulaca oleracea	√
JCS148	Mohanlian	Herb	Eclipta prostrata	√
JCS002	Pugongying	Herb	Taraxacum mongolicum	√
JCS160	Qinghao	Herb	Artemisia annua	√
JCS009	Qumai	Herb	Dianthus chinensis	√
JCS015	Shenjincao	Herb	Lycopodium japonicum		√
JCS181	Sugeng	Herb	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS182	Suoyang	Herb	Cynomorium songaricum	√
JCS049	Weilingcai	Herb	Potentilla chinensis	√
JCS189	Xianhecao	Herb	Agrimonia pilosa	√
JCS193	Xiaoji	Herb	Cirsium setosum	√
JCS020	Yazhicao	Herb	Commelina communis	√
JCS199	Yimucao	Herb	Leonurus japonicus	√
JCS034	Yinyanghuo	Herb	Epimedium koreanum	√
JCS204	Yuxingcao	Herb	Houttuynia cordata	√
JCS047	Zelan	Herb	Lycopus lucidus	√
JCS086	Dijincao	Herb	Euphorbia humifusa Polygonum aviculare	√
JCS120	Jigucao	Herb	Abrus cantoniensis Abrus mollis MI: above two species	√
JCS008	Jinqiancao	Herb	Desmodium styracifolium	√
JCS128	Juju	Herb	Sonchus arvensis Lactuca indica MI: adulterant	√
JCS140	Luxiancao	Herb	Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrola incarnata Pyrola grandiflora	√
JCS154	Peilan	Herb	Eupatorium fortune Eupatorium lindleyanum MI: above two species	√
JCS188	Xixiancao	Herb	Siegesbeckia orientalis Xanthium sibiricum	√
JCS201	Yinchen	Herb	Artemisia scoparia Artemisia capillaris	√
JCS125	Jinfeicao	Herb	MI: adulterant	/	/
JCS163	Roucongrong	Herb	MI: Cistanche deserticola Cistanche tubulosa	/	/
JCS185	Wasong	Herb	MI: Orostachys fimbriata	/	/
JCS191	Xiangru	Herb	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS108	Hehuanhua	Flower	Albizia julibrissin	√
JCS053	Huaihua	Flower	Sophora japonica		√
JCS121	Jiguanhua	Flower	Celosia cristata	√
JCS126	Jinyinhua	Flower	Lonicera japonica	√
JCS042	Jingjiesui	Flower	Schizonepeta tenuifolia	√
JCS011	Kuandonghua	Flower	Tussilago farfara	√
JCS135	Lianxu	Flower	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS012	Meihua	Flower	Prunus mume	√
JCS016	Juhua	Flower	Chrysanthemum morifolium and multiple species in the same genus MI: Chrysanthemum morifolium	√
JCS013	Puhuang	Flower	Typha sp.	√
JCS196	Xuanfuhua	Flower	Inula linariifolia	√
JCS198	Yejuhua	Flower	Chrysanthemum indicum Chrysanthemum vestitum MI: Chrysanthemum indicum	√
JCS113	Houpohua	Flower	MI: Magnolia officinalis Magnolia officinalis var. biloba	/	/
JCS133	Lianfang	Flower	MI: Nelumbo nucifera	/	/
JCS014	Lingxiaohua	Flower	MI: Campsis radicans	/	/
JCS056	Aiye	Leaf	Artemisia argyi	√
JCS083	Danzhuye	Leaf	Lophatherum gracile		√
JCS109	Heye	Leaf	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS137	Liaodaqingye	Leaf	Polygonum tinctorium	√
JCS142	Luobumaye	Leaf	Apocynum venetum	√
JCS149	Mufurongye	Leaf	Hibiscus mutabilis	√
JCS017	Pipaye	Leaf	Eriobotrya japonica	√
JCS175	Shengcebai	Leaf	Platycladus orientalis	√
JCS040	Suye	Leaf	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS203	Yinxingye	Leaf	Ginkgo biloba	√
JCS167	Sangye	Leaf	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: Morus alba	√
JCS080	Chunpi	Cortex	Ailanthus altissima	√
JCS112	Houpo	Cortex	Magnolia officinalis		√
JCS081	Danpi	Cortex	Paeonia suffruticosa Paeonia ostii Paeonia rockii subsp. rockii MI: Paeonia suffruticosa Paeonia ostii	√
JCS165	Sangbaipi	Cortex	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: unable to identify	√
JCS158	Qinpi	Cortex	MI: Fraxinus rhynchophylla Fraxinus chinensis Fraxinus szaboana Fraxinus stylosa	/	/
JCS023	Sangpi	Cortex	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS105	Guizhi	Caulis	Cinnamomum cassia		√
JCS122	Jixueteng	Caulis	Spatholobus suberectus	√
JCS143	Luoshiteng	Caulis	Trachelospermum jasminoides	√
JCS180	Shouwuteng	Caulis	Fallopia multiflora	√
JCS106	Haijinsha	Other	Lygodium japonicum		√
JCS207	Zaojiaoci	Other	Gleditsia sinensis	√
JCS033	Haizao	Other	Sargassum fusiforme	√
JCS091	Ercha	Other	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS144	Mabo	Other	MI: Lasiosphaera fenzlii Calvatia gigantea Calvatia lilacina	/	/
JCS164	Ruxiang	Other	MI: unable to identify	/	/

), ArticleFig(id=1208478663385919814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402592808415605, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample list and DNA barcoding identification results. "/" referred to genomic DNA degradation and no PCR product; "MI" referred to morphological identification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Sample No.	Lable name	Medicinal part	Nearest match	ITS2	psbA-trnH
JCS059	Baizhu	Root and rhizome	Atractylodes macrocephala	√
JCS060	Baitouweng	Root and rhizome	Pulsatilla chinensis	√
JCS061	Baixianpi	Root and rhizome	Dictamnus dasycarpus	√
JCS066	Beidougen	Root and rhizome	Menispermum dauricum	√
JCS024	Beishashen	Root and rhizome	Glehnia littoralis	√
JCS037	Cangzhu	Root and rhizome	Atractylodes lancea	√
JCS072	Chaihu	Root and rhizome	Bupleurum chinense	√
JCS073	Changpu	Root and rhizome	Acorus tatarinowii	√
JCS075	Chishao	Root and rhizome	Paeonia lactiflora	√
JCS010	Danshen	Root and rhizome	Salvia miltiorrhiza	√
JCS043	Danggui	Root and rhizome	Angelica sinensis	√
JCS088	Duhuo	Root and rhizome	Angelica pubescens f. biserrata	√
JCS092	Fangfeng	Root and rhizome	Saposhnikovia divaricata	√
JCS093	Fangji	Root and rhizome	Stephania tetrandra	√
JCS052	Gancao	Root and rhizome	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	√
JCS098	Ganjiang	Root and rhizome	Zingiber officinale		√
JCS099	Gaoliangjiang	Root and rhizome	Alpinia officinarum	√
JCS001	Hongjingtian	Root and rhizome	Rhodiola crenulata	√
JCS115	Huzhang	Root and rhizome	Polygonum cuspidatum		√
JCS117	Huainiuxi	Root and rhizome	Achyranthes bidentata	√
JCS118	Huangqi	Root and rhizome	Astragalus membranaceus	√
JCS006	Huangqin	Root and rhizome	Scutellaria baicalensis	√
JCS139	Loulu	Root and rhizome	Rhaponticum uniflorum	√	√
JCS147	Maozhuacao	Root and rhizome	Ranunculus ternatus	√
JCS026	Muxiang	Root and rhizome	Aucklandia lappa	√
JCS025	Oujie	Root and rhizome	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS156	Qianghuo	Root and rhizome	Notopterygium incisum	√
JCS170	Shanyao	Root and rhizome	Dioscorea opposita		√
JCS173	Shegan	Root and rhizome	Belamcanda chinensis	√
JCS174	Shengma	Root and rhizome	Cimicifuga dahurica	√
JCS029	Shuifeiji	Root and rhizome	Silybum marianum	√
JCS183	Tiankuizi	Root and rhizome	Semiaquilegia adoxoides	√
JCS041	Tufuling	Root and rhizome	Smilax glabra		√
JCS194	Xiebai	Root and rhizome	Allium macrostemon	√
JCS195	Xuchangqing	Root and rhizome	Cynanchum paniculatum	√
JCS035	Xuduan	Root and rhizome	Dipsacus asper	√
JCS202	Yinchaihu	Root and rhizome	Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata	√
JCS038	Zexie	Root and rhizome	Alisma plantago-aquatica	√
JCS032	Zhebeimu	Root and rhizome	Fritillaria thunbergii	√
JCS036	Zhimu	Root and rhizome	Anemarrhena asphodeloides	√
JCS211	Zicao	Root and rhizome	Arnebia euchroma	√
JCS079	Ziwan	Root and rhizome	Aster tataricus	√
JCS062	Baizhi	Root and rhizome	Angelica dahurica Angelica dahurica var. formosana	√
JCS018	Baihe	Root and rhizome	Lilium pumilum Lilium lancifolium Ligusticum chuanxiong	√
JCS078	Chuanxiong	Root and rhizome	Ligusticum sinense Ligusticum jeholense Ligusticum acuminatum MI: Ligusticum chuanxiong		√
JCS084	Dangshen	Root and rhizome	Codonopsis tangshen Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta Codonopsis pilosula	√
JCS100	Gaoben	Root and rhizome	Ligusticum sinense Ligusticum jeholense	√
JCS051	Qianhu	Root and rhizome	Peucedanum rubricaule Ligusticum involucratum Ligusticum daucoides	√
JCS162	Quanshen	Root and rhizome	Bistorta vivipara	√
JCS054	Tianhuafen	Root and rhizome	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS209	Zhigancao	Root and rhizome	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa Glycyrrhiza aspera MI: unable to identify	√
JCS028	Baiqian	Root and rhizome	MI: Cynanchum glaucescens	/	/
JCS063	Baibu	Root and rhizome	MI: Stemona tuberosa	/	/
JCS027	Caowu	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS022	Chuanwu	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS039	Dancao	Root and rhizome	MI: Gentiana rigescens	/	/
JCS089	Ezhu	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma phaeocaulis Curcuma kwangsiensis Curcuma wenyujin	/	/
JCS097	Gansong	Root and rhizome	MI: Nardostachys jatamansi	/	/
JCS101	Gouji	Root and rhizome	MI: Cibotium barometz	/	/
JCS111	Hongshen	Root and rhizome	MI: Panax ginseng	/	/
JCS114	Huhuanglian	Root and rhizome	MI: Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora	/	/
JCS124	Jianghuang	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma longa	/	/
JCS030	Mingdangshen	Root and rhizome	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS153	Paojiang	Root and rhizome	MI: Zingiber officinale	/	/
JCS155	Qiannianjian	Root and rhizome	MI: Homalomena occulta	/	/
JCS157	Qinjiao	Root and rhizome	MI: Gentiana dahurica	/	/
JCS169	Shannai	Root and rhizome	MI: Kaempferia galanga	/	/
JCS179	Shouwu	Root and rhizome	MI: Fallopia aubertii	/	/
JCS055	Tianma	Root and rhizome	MI: Gastrodia elata	/	/
JCS190	Xianmao	Root and rhizome	MI: Curculigo orchioides	/	/
JCS205	Yujin	Root and rhizome	MI: Curcuma wenyujin Curcuma longa Curcuma kwangsiensis Curcuma phaeocaulis	/	/
JCS045	Yuanhu	Root and rhizome	MI: Corydalis yanhusuo	/	/
JCS210	Chonglou	Root and rhizome	MI: Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis Paris polyphylla var. chinensis	/	/
JCS064	Baiziren	Fruit and seed	Platycladus orientalis	√
JCS069	Biandou	Fruit and seed	Dolichos lablab	√
JCS021	Buguzhi	Fruit and seed	Psoralea corylifolia	√
JCS071	Caokou	Fruit and seed	Alpinia hainanensis	√
JCS085	Difuzi	Fruit and seed	Kochia scoparia	√
JCS087	Dongguapi	Fruit and seed	Benincasa hispida	√
JCS046	Gouqizi	Fruit and seed	Lycium barbarum	√
JCS110	Heidou	Fruit and seed	Glycine max	√
JCS132	Lianqiao	Fruit and seed	Forsythia suspensa	√
JCS134	Lianrou	Fruit and seed	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS136	Lianzixin	Fruit and seed	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS151	Niubangzi	Fruit and seed	Arctium lappa	√
JCS159	Qingguo	Fruit and seed	Canarium album	√
JCS168	Shayuanzi	Fruit and seed	Astragalus complanatus	√
JCS172	Shechuangzi	Fruit and seed	Cnidium monnieri	√
JCS176	Shengmaiya	Fruit and seed	Hordeum vulgare	√
JCS177	Shengzaoren	Fruit and seed	Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa	√
JCS044	Suzi	Fruit and seed	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS212	Suzi	Fruit and seed	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS184	Tusizi	Fruit and seed	Cuscuta australis	√	√
JCS186	Wuzhuyu	Fruit and seed	Euodia rutaecarpa	√
JCS007	Xiakucao	Fruit and seed	Prunella vulgaris	√
JCS192	Xiaohuixiang	Fruit and seed	Foeniculum vulgare	√
JCS197	Yadanzi	Fruit and seed	Brucea javanica	√
JCS206	Yuzhizi	Fruit and seed	Akebia quinata	√
JCS208	Zhizi	Fruit and seed	Gardenia jasminoides	√
JCS074	Cheqianzi	Fruit and seed	Plantago asiatica Plantago major MI: Plantago asiatica	√
JCS076	Chixiaodou	Fruit and seed	Vigna umbeuata Vigna angularis	√
JCS077	Chongweizi	Fruit and seed	Leonurus sibiricus	√
JCS094	Foshou	Fruit and seed	Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis	√
JCS102	Gualou	Fruit and seed	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS103	Gualoupi	Fruit and seed	Trichosanthes rosthornii Trichosanthes kirilowii	√
JCS116	Huajuhong	Fruit and seed	Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa'	√
JCS166	Sangshen	Fruit and seed	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: unable to identify	√
JCS178	Shengzhiqiao	Fruit and seed	Citrus aurantium and multiple species in the same genus MI: Citrus aurantium	√
JCS057	Baiguo	Fruit and seed	MI: Ginkgo biloba	/	/
JCS070	Cangerzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Xanthium sibiricum	/	/
JCS050	Dafupi	Fruit and seed	MI: Areca catechu	/	/
JCS082	Dandouchi	Fruit and seed	MI: Glycine max	/	/
JCS096	Fupenzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Rubus chingii	/	/
JCS107	Hezi	Fruit and seed	MI: Terminalia chebula Terminalia chebula var. tomentella	/	/
JCS129	Juhe	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS130	Juemingzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Cassia tora	/	/
JCS138	Longyanrou	Fruit and seed	MI: Dimocarpus longan	/	/
JCS141	Lulutong	Fruit and seed	MI: Liquidambar formosana	/	/
JCS146	Manjingzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Vitex trifolia Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia	/	/
JCS150	Mugua	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS152	Nvzhenzi	Fruit and seed	MI: Ligustrum lucidum	/	/
JCS161	Qingpi	Fruit and seed	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS171	Shanzhuyu	Fruit and seed	MI: Cornus officinalis	/	/
JCS187	Xiqingguo	Fruit and seed	MI: Terminalia chebula	/	/
JCS200	Yizhiren	Fruit and seed	MI: Alpinia oxyphylla	/	/
JCS058	Baihuasheshecao	Herb	Oldenlandia diffusa	√
JCS019	Banbianlian	Herb	Lobelia chinensis	√
JCS004	Banzhilian	Herb	Scutellaria barbata	√
JCS065	Bohe	Herb	Mentha haplocalyx	√
JCS067	Beiliujinu	Herb	Siphonostegia chinensis	√
JCS068	Bianxu	Herb	Polygonum aviculare	√
JCS003	Chuanxinlian	Herb	Andrographis paniculata	√
JCS048	Daji	Herb	Cirsium japonicum	√
JCS005	Diding	Herb	Corydalis bungeana	√
JCS090	Ebushicao	Herb	Centipeda minima	√
JCS095	Fuping	Herb	Spirodela polyrrhiza		√
JCS104	Guanghuoxiang	Herb	Desmodium styracifolium	√
JCS119	Huoxiang	Herb	Pogostemon cablin	√
JCS123	Jixuecao	Herb	Centella asiatica	√
JCS127	Jingjie	Herb	Schizonepeta tenuifolia	√
JCS131	Laoguancao	Herb	Geranium carolinianum	√
JCS031	Mabiancao	Herb	Verbena officinalis	√
JCS145	Machixian	Herb	Portulaca oleracea	√
JCS148	Mohanlian	Herb	Eclipta prostrata	√
JCS002	Pugongying	Herb	Taraxacum mongolicum	√
JCS160	Qinghao	Herb	Artemisia annua	√
JCS009	Qumai	Herb	Dianthus chinensis	√
JCS015	Shenjincao	Herb	Lycopodium japonicum		√
JCS181	Sugeng	Herb	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS182	Suoyang	Herb	Cynomorium songaricum	√
JCS049	Weilingcai	Herb	Potentilla chinensis	√
JCS189	Xianhecao	Herb	Agrimonia pilosa	√
JCS193	Xiaoji	Herb	Cirsium setosum	√
JCS020	Yazhicao	Herb	Commelina communis	√
JCS199	Yimucao	Herb	Leonurus japonicus	√
JCS034	Yinyanghuo	Herb	Epimedium koreanum	√
JCS204	Yuxingcao	Herb	Houttuynia cordata	√
JCS047	Zelan	Herb	Lycopus lucidus	√
JCS086	Dijincao	Herb	Euphorbia humifusa Polygonum aviculare	√
JCS120	Jigucao	Herb	Abrus cantoniensis Abrus mollis MI: above two species	√
JCS008	Jinqiancao	Herb	Desmodium styracifolium	√
JCS128	Juju	Herb	Sonchus arvensis Lactuca indica MI: adulterant	√
JCS140	Luxiancao	Herb	Pyrola rotundifolia Pyrola incarnata Pyrola grandiflora	√
JCS154	Peilan	Herb	Eupatorium fortune Eupatorium lindleyanum MI: above two species	√
JCS188	Xixiancao	Herb	Siegesbeckia orientalis Xanthium sibiricum	√
JCS201	Yinchen	Herb	Artemisia scoparia Artemisia capillaris	√
JCS125	Jinfeicao	Herb	MI: adulterant	/	/
JCS163	Roucongrong	Herb	MI: Cistanche deserticola Cistanche tubulosa	/	/
JCS185	Wasong	Herb	MI: Orostachys fimbriata	/	/
JCS191	Xiangru	Herb	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS108	Hehuanhua	Flower	Albizia julibrissin	√
JCS053	Huaihua	Flower	Sophora japonica		√
JCS121	Jiguanhua	Flower	Celosia cristata	√
JCS126	Jinyinhua	Flower	Lonicera japonica	√
JCS042	Jingjiesui	Flower	Schizonepeta tenuifolia	√
JCS011	Kuandonghua	Flower	Tussilago farfara	√
JCS135	Lianxu	Flower	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS012	Meihua	Flower	Prunus mume	√
JCS016	Juhua	Flower	Chrysanthemum morifolium and multiple species in the same genus MI: Chrysanthemum morifolium	√
JCS013	Puhuang	Flower	Typha sp.	√
JCS196	Xuanfuhua	Flower	Inula linariifolia	√
JCS198	Yejuhua	Flower	Chrysanthemum indicum Chrysanthemum vestitum MI: Chrysanthemum indicum	√
JCS113	Houpohua	Flower	MI: Magnolia officinalis Magnolia officinalis var. biloba	/	/
JCS133	Lianfang	Flower	MI: Nelumbo nucifera	/	/
JCS014	Lingxiaohua	Flower	MI: Campsis radicans	/	/
JCS056	Aiye	Leaf	Artemisia argyi	√
JCS083	Danzhuye	Leaf	Lophatherum gracile		√
JCS109	Heye	Leaf	Nelumbo nucifera	√
JCS137	Liaodaqingye	Leaf	Polygonum tinctorium	√
JCS142	Luobumaye	Leaf	Apocynum venetum	√
JCS149	Mufurongye	Leaf	Hibiscus mutabilis	√
JCS017	Pipaye	Leaf	Eriobotrya japonica	√
JCS175	Shengcebai	Leaf	Platycladus orientalis	√
JCS040	Suye	Leaf	Perilla frutescens	√
JCS203	Yinxingye	Leaf	Ginkgo biloba	√
JCS167	Sangye	Leaf	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: Morus alba	√
JCS080	Chunpi	Cortex	Ailanthus altissima	√
JCS112	Houpo	Cortex	Magnolia officinalis		√
JCS081	Danpi	Cortex	Paeonia suffruticosa Paeonia ostii Paeonia rockii subsp. rockii MI: Paeonia suffruticosa Paeonia ostii	√
JCS165	Sangbaipi	Cortex	Morus alba and multiple species in the same genus MI: unable to identify	√
JCS158	Qinpi	Cortex	MI: Fraxinus rhynchophylla Fraxinus chinensis Fraxinus szaboana Fraxinus stylosa	/	/
JCS023	Sangpi	Cortex	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS105	Guizhi	Caulis	Cinnamomum cassia		√
JCS122	Jixueteng	Caulis	Spatholobus suberectus	√
JCS143	Luoshiteng	Caulis	Trachelospermum jasminoides	√
JCS180	Shouwuteng	Caulis	Fallopia multiflora	√
JCS106	Haijinsha	Other	Lygodium japonicum		√
JCS207	Zaojiaoci	Other	Gleditsia sinensis	√
JCS033	Haizao	Other	Sargassum fusiforme	√
JCS091	Ercha	Other	MI: unable to identify	/	/
JCS144	Mabo	Other	MI: Lasiosphaera fenzlii Calvatia gigantea Calvatia lilacina	/	/
JCS164	Ruxiang	Other	MI: unable to identify	/	/

), ArticleFig(id=1208478663499166035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402592808415605, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Locus	Primer name	Sequences (5′-3′)	PCR conditions
ITS2	S2F	ATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAAT	94 ℃ 5 min
	S3R	GACGCTTCTCCAGACTACAAT	94 ℃ 30 s, 56 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 45 s, 40 cycles
			72 ℃ 10 min
psbA-trnH	fwd	GTTATGCATGAACGTAATGCTC	95 ℃ 4 min
	rev	CGCGCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC	94 ℃ 30 s, 55 ℃ 1 min, 72 ℃ 1 min, 35 cycles
			72 ℃ 10 min

), ArticleFig(id=1208478663633383778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402592808415605, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers and PCR conditions used in the experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Locus	Primer name	Sequences (5′-3′)	PCR conditions
ITS2	S2F	ATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAAT	94 ℃ 5 min
	S3R	GACGCTTCTCCAGACTACAAT	94 ℃ 30 s, 56 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 45 s, 40 cycles
			72 ℃ 10 min
psbA-trnH	fwd	GTTATGCATGAACGTAATGCTC	95 ℃ 4 min
	rev	CGCGCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC	94 ℃ 30 s, 55 ℃ 1 min, 72 ℃ 1 min, 35 cycles
			72 ℃ 10 min

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