Article(id=1208402660152161072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1578, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1602086400000, receivedDateStr=2020-10-08, revisedDate=1606752000000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035245216, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1618156800000, pubDateStr=2021-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035245216, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035245216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035245216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402647258870040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='895', pageEnd='1200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035242142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137207216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=924, endPage=938, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402660609340254, articleId=1208402660152161072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Current status of treatment and drug discovery for epilepsy, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions, which is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Drug treatment is still the main method for the disease. Although remarkable progress has been made in the development of antiepileptic drugs in recent years, there is still a poor curative effect on patients with refractory epilepsy. This review will focus on the current status and pathogenesis of epilepsy, as well as the antiepileptic drugs (targeting sodium channels, calcium channels, potassium channels, and the balance of γ-aminobuyric acid/glutamate system, respectively) that have been developed based on classical epileptogenic mechanisms. Further the antiepileptic drugs acting on new targets (epigenetic interferers, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A modulators, mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cannabidiol and adenosine inhibitors) have also been discussed.
, correspAuthors=Hai-bo YU, Qing-fei KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying LIU, Hai-bo YU, Qing-fei KONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402661477561251, articleId=1208402660152161072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=癫痫的治疗和药物发现现状, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
癫痫是常见的神经系统疾病之一,以神经元异常放电导致短暂的脑功能障碍为特征,主要以药物治疗为主。尽管近年来抗癫痫药物开发有卓越的进展,但是对于难治性癫痫患者仍存在疗效差的现状。本综述主要阐述癫痫的发病机制、临床常用的经典抗癫痫药物(靶向钠离子通道、钙通道阻断剂、钾通道,以及调节γ-氨基丁酸/谷氨酸系统平衡),以及作用于新靶点的抗癫痫药物(突触囊泡糖蛋白2调节剂、雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路阻滞剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂、大麻二酚或腺苷抑制剂的药物)的作用和机制等。
, correspAuthors=于海波, 孔庆飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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1, 2, address=1. Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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1, 2, address=1.哈尔滨医科大学神经生物学教研室, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086
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Diagram for the pathogenesis of epilepsy, including imbalance of neurotransmitter secretion, abnormal ion channel function, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis, et al., which increased neuronal excitability and induced status epilepticus. GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylation; AMPAR: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor; NMDAR: N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor; GAT1: GABA transporter 1; GABA: γ-Aminobuyric acid; GABAR: γ-Aminobuyric acid receptor; Glu: Glutamate; SV2A: Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A; BBB: Blood brain barrier; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase enzyme-2; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; TGF-βR: Transforming growth factor-β receptor , figureFileSmall=jZcNVZss/a+GzaZJ45mU7A==, figureFileBig=RhZdndJKFfo6TWjO+wdeFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478666938495532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402660152161072, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Mechanism of action | Drug name | Clinical phase | Reference |
| Category | Target |
| Modulators of voltage-gated ion channels | Nav | Phenytoin sodium | Approved | [48] |
| Carbamazepine | Approved | [48] |
| Oxcarbazepine | Approved | [48] |
| Cenobamate | Approved | [49] |
| Capsaicin | Approved | [50] |
| Lacosamide | Approved | [51] |
| Rufinamide | Approved | [52] |
| KCNQ2 | Retigabine | Approved | [53] |
| Cav | Dehydroepiandrosterone | Approved | [54] |
| Ethosuximide | Approved | [55] |
| Enhancers of GABAergic transmission | GABA PAM | Benzodiazepines | Approved | [56] |
| Barbiturates | Approved | [56] |
| Ganaxolone | Approved | [57] |
| Cenobamate | Approved | [58] |
| Stiripentol | Approved | [59] |
| Inhibitor of GABA transporter | Tiagabine | Approved | [60, 61] |
| Inhibitor of GABA transaminase | Vigabatrin | Approved | [60-62] |
| Selective postsynaptic inhibitors of excitatory neurotransmission | Non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist | Perampanel | Approved | [63] |
| NMDA receptor antagonist | Ketamine | Approved | [64] |
| Modulators of presynaptic machinery | SV2 modulators | Levetiracetam | Approved | [65, 66] |
| Brivaracam | Approved | [67] |
| Padsevonil | Phase 2/3 | [68] |
| Other targets | Carbonic anhydrase | Acetazolamide | Approved | [69] |
| Sulthiame | Approved | [70] |
| Adenosine kinase | GP-3269 | Approved | [71] |
| mTOR | Everolimus | Approved | [72] |
| Sirolimus | Approved | [73] |
| Vigabatrin | Approved | [62] |
| IL-1 receptors | Anakinra | Approved | [74] |
| COX-1 and COX-2 | Aspirin | Approved | [75] |
| Multiple modes of action | Nav | Valproic acid | Approved | [76, 77] |
| GABA and glutamate receptors | Topiramate | Approved | [78, 79] |
| Nav; Cav2.3; 5-HT3 | Lamotrigine | Approved | [80, 81] |
| CB1R and CB2R; TRPA1, TRPV1-3, TRPV4, VDAC1, Nav, and Kv | Epidiolex | Approved | [82] |
), ArticleFig(id=1208478667047547441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402660152161072, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Molecular targets of clinically used antiepileptic drugs. GABA: γ-Aminobuyric acid; AMPA: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor; NMDA: N-Mmethyl-D-aspartate receptor; SV2A: Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; COX: Cyclooxygenase; CB1R: Cannabinoid type 1 receptor; TRP: Transient receptor potential cation; VDAC1: Voltage-dependent anion channel 1; Nav: Voltage-activated sodium channel; Cav: Voltage-activated calcium channel; Kv: Voltage-activated potassium channel
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Mechanism of action | Drug name | Clinical phase | Reference |
| Category | Target |
| Modulators of voltage-gated ion channels | Nav | Phenytoin sodium | Approved | [48] |
| Carbamazepine | Approved | [48] |
| Oxcarbazepine | Approved | [48] |
| Cenobamate | Approved | [49] |
| Capsaicin | Approved | [50] |
| Lacosamide | Approved | [51] |
| Rufinamide | Approved | [52] |
| KCNQ2 | Retigabine | Approved | [53] |
| Cav | Dehydroepiandrosterone | Approved | [54] |
| Ethosuximide | Approved | [55] |
| Enhancers of GABAergic transmission | GABA PAM | Benzodiazepines | Approved | [56] |
| Barbiturates | Approved | [56] |
| Ganaxolone | Approved | [57] |
| Cenobamate | Approved | [58] |
| Stiripentol | Approved | [59] |
| Inhibitor of GABA transporter | Tiagabine | Approved | [60, 61] |
| Inhibitor of GABA transaminase | Vigabatrin | Approved | [60-62] |
| Selective postsynaptic inhibitors of excitatory neurotransmission | Non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist | Perampanel | Approved | [63] |
| NMDA receptor antagonist | Ketamine | Approved | [64] |
| Modulators of presynaptic machinery | SV2 modulators | Levetiracetam | Approved | [65, 66] |
| Brivaracam | Approved | [67] |
| Padsevonil | Phase 2/3 | [68] |
| Other targets | Carbonic anhydrase | Acetazolamide | Approved | [69] |
| Sulthiame | Approved | [70] |
| Adenosine kinase | GP-3269 | Approved | [71] |
| mTOR | Everolimus | Approved | [72] |
| Sirolimus | Approved | [73] |
| Vigabatrin | Approved | [62] |
| IL-1 receptors | Anakinra | Approved | [74] |
| COX-1 and COX-2 | Aspirin | Approved | [75] |
| Multiple modes of action | Nav | Valproic acid | Approved | [76, 77] |
| GABA and glutamate receptors | Topiramate | Approved | [78, 79] |
| Nav; Cav2.3; 5-HT3 | Lamotrigine | Approved | [80, 81] |
| CB1R and CB2R; TRPA1, TRPV1-3, TRPV4, VDAC1, Nav, and Kv | Epidiolex | Approved | [82] |
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