Article(id=1208402593097822596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1511, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1600617600000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-21, revisedDate=1604332800000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035229228, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1615478400000, pubDateStr=2021-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035229228, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035229228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035229228, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402587812999387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='3', pageStart='643', pageEnd='894', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035227968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137227354, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830404333794090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830404333794091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402587812999387, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=799, endPage=807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402593466921370, articleId=1208402593097822596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=8-Azaguanine-induced autophagy contributes to its chemoresistance in hepatic cancer cells, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process by which components of the cell are degraded in lysosomes, may facilitate survival of cancer cells under stress conditions. 8-Azaguanine (8-AG), an inhibitor of purine nucleotide biosynthesis, shows antineoplastic activity in multiple tumor cells. However, chemoresistance has restricted its development as an anticancer agent, and the mechanism of 8-AG resistance is not fully understood. We report here that 8-AG induces a protective autophagy to eliminate its cytotoxicity, and inhibition of autophagy increases cellular sensitivity of cancer cells to 8-AG treatment. Using HepG2 or SMMC-7721 hepatic cancer cell lines, we found that 8-AG inhibited cell viability and induced intrinsic apoptosis, accompanied by the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BimS, one of Bim (also known as BCL-2-like protein 11, BCL2L11) isoforms. Furthermore, 8-AG treatment enhanced the autophagy flux by promoting the dephosphorylation and activation of Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) via Akt/mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) signaling inhibition. Depletion of autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) markedly enhanced the level of BimS, and promoted cell death in response to 8-AG. 8-AG in combination with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) or bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) promoted the 8-AG-induced apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that autophagy promotes chemoresistance of cancer cells for 8-AG, and blocking autophagy increases cellular sensitivity of cancer cells to 8-AG treatment.
, correspAuthors=Zhen-xing LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-ting XU, Dian-long LI, Xu WANG, Jie-ru LIN, Yan-fei HAO, Xin-peng ZHANG, Ai-po DIAO, Zhen-xing LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402594662298100, articleId=1208402593097822596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=8-氮鸟嘌呤通过Akt/mTORC1/ULK1诱导细胞自噬增强其在肝癌细胞中的耐药性, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
细胞自噬是真核生物中进化保守的对细胞内容物进行降解的生理过程,其利用溶酶体将细胞内物质降解再利用,在应激条件下可以促进癌细胞的存活。8-氮鸟嘌呤(8-azaguanine,8-AG)是一种嘌呤核苷酸生物合成的抑制剂,对多种肿瘤细胞具有抗肿瘤活性。然而,耐药性限制了8-AG作为抗癌药物的应用,其耐药性机制尚不清楚。本研究发现8-AG通过诱导细胞自噬减弱其细胞毒性而产生耐药性。利用HepG2和SMMC-7721肝癌细胞系进行药物处理,结果显示8-AG抑制肿瘤细胞活力,并且通过上调促凋亡蛋白BCL-2样蛋白11(BCL-2-like protein 11,Bim)中的BimS亚型水平来诱导内源性凋亡。此外,Western blot实验检测结果表明8-AG通过抑制Akt(protein kinase B)/mTORC1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1)信号通路激活ULK1(Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1)蛋白,从而诱导自噬发生。敲低自噬相关基因7(autophagy-related gene 7,ATG7)显著增加BimS的蛋白水平,促进8-AG引起的细胞死亡;联合使用自噬抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine,CQ)或巴弗洛霉素A1(bafilomycin A1,Baf A1)促进8-AG诱导的肝癌细胞凋亡。以上结果表明,8-AG诱导自噬导致肿瘤细胞产生耐药性,抑制自噬可增加癌细胞对其的敏感性。
, correspAuthors=刘振兴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bWYRSr/ZKG/RTAbCftOiRA==, magXml=qvP5MpcX2Af7tDluvQq18A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AEns23mqX+lb7BDNQpdtWQ==, pdfFileSize=1569643, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=u53GJmj7ArW7kls4GXYbFw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lymgqpMEzK3G+sfxE+VzkQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=
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8-Azaguanine (8-AG) treatment induces cell viability inhibition and apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells. A: Effects of 8-AG on the viability of cancer cells. HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were incubated with increasing doses of 8-AG (1-10 μmol·L-1) for 24 or 48 h. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The normalized value of cell viability from the untreated cells was arbitrarily set as 1.0. n = 3, x±s; B: Effects of 8-AG on cancer cells apoptosis. HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were incubated with or without 10 μmol·L-1 8-AG for 24 or 48 h. The percentage of cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry analysis; C: Cells treated with or without 10 μmol·L-1 8-AG for 12 or 24 h were used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The cells were stained with JC-1 and analyzed by fluorescence microscope. Mean JC-1 fluorescence intensity was measured by ImageJ software. Ratio of red/green fluorescence intensity from three view fields in three representative experiments is presented as x±s; D: Cells treated with or without 10 μmol·L-1 8-AG for indicated intervals were subjected to Western blot analysis using antibodies against the cleaved-caspase 9 (cle-cas 9), cleaved-caspase 3 (cle-cas 3), and BIM. β-Actin was used as a loading control. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; BIMEL: BCL-2-like protein 11 isoform BimEL; BIML: BCL-2-like protein 11 isoform BimL; BIMS: BCL-2-like protein 11 isoform BimS , figureFileSmall=2R1YPLr5Jknk7Ta+mWOgDQ==, figureFileBig=czZ+yzDw3wZn1BMik+/ekQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478662559641846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1xHt3bcvCUefrFL4YF646g==, figureFileBig=rcSANxEw00Vjqv/2wvwTmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478662672888063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
8-AG promotes autophagy in hepatic cancer cells. A and B: Effects of 8-AG on the abundance of LC3 and p62. HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were treated with the indicated concentration of 8-AG for 24 h or with 5 μmol·L-1 8-AG for the indicated time points. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the abundance of LC3 and p62. β-Actin was used as a loading control; C and D: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells that were treated with or without 8-AG for 22 h were cultured in complete medium with or without 200 nmol·L-1 bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) for 2 h. Corresponding changes in LC3 protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. LC3-II or p62 levels were normalized to β-Actin. Densitometric analysis was performed using ImageJ. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group , figureFileSmall=1xHt3bcvCUefrFL4YF646g==, figureFileBig=rcSANxEw00Vjqv/2wvwTmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478662777745672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=J2SU8+gZCUZAs9ulpY0htQ==, figureFileBig=Lge+Czu7ly5NvxCq56HGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478662945517854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Effects of 8-AG on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. A: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were treated with or without 5 μmol·L-1 8-AG for indicated intervals. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis using the corresponding antibodies as shown in this figure. β-Actin was used as a loading control. p-Akt, p-ULK1, or p-p70S6K levels were quantified by densitometric analysis and normalized to total Akt, ULK1, or p70S6K, respectively. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group; B: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were treated with or without 8-AG for 12 h, or treated with 10 mmol·L-1 NAC for 1 h followed by 8-AG for 12 h. NAC treatment was used as a negative control. ROS levels were measured by DCFH-DA staining assay and shown by quantitative bar graph measured as the fold change over DMSO-treated levels; C and D: Cells were treated with the same means as B. Corresponding changes in LC3 and p62 protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. LC3 and p62 protein levels were normalized to β-actin. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=J2SU8+gZCUZAs9ulpY0htQ==, figureFileBig=Lge+Czu7ly5NvxCq56HGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478663092318506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=X3/i6fg6PhAOzh4iG0t4qw==, figureFileBig=8qxV/DWc1OlrAw865iPwhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478663184593205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Depletion of autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) promotes 8-AG-induced cell death. A: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells stably expressing ATG7 shRNA (shATG7) or negative control shRNA (NC) were treated with or without 8-AG (5 μmol·L-1, 24 h). The protein levels of ATG7 and LC3 were measured by Western blot analysis. β-Actin was used as a loading control; B: Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay at 24 and 48 h after 5 μmol·L-1 8-AG treatment; C: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells stably expressing shATG7 or NC were treated with or without 5 μmol·L-1 8-AG for 24 h. The percentage of apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/PI staining and flow cytometry analysis; D: The same cells treated as C were used to measure the levels of caspase 9, caspase 3, and BIM by Western blot. All protein values were normalized to β-actin. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=X3/i6fg6PhAOzh4iG0t4qw==, figureFileBig=8qxV/DWc1OlrAw865iPwhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478663302033729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yUQE1xvPLaD7mfXuOh9ILw==, figureFileBig=pCPf0t0QWY+WqZUlUZlP3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208478663440445770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402593097822596, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Combination treatment with 8-AG and autophagy inhibitors enhances the cytotoxicity of 8-AG. A: HepG2 or SMMC-7721 cells were treated with or without 5 μmol·L-1 8-AG for 24 or 48 h, with a combination of chloroquine (CQ, 10 μmol·L-1) or Baf A1 (200 nmol·L-1) treatment. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay; B: Cells were co-treated with 8-AG and CQ or Baf A1 for 24 h. The percentage of apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/PI staining and flow cytometry analysis; C: The same cells treated as B were used to detect the levels of caspase 9 and caspase 3 by Western blot. Protein expression was quantified by densitometric analysis and is represented as mean band intensity normalized to β-actin. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=yUQE1xvPLaD7mfXuOh9ILw==, figureFileBig=pCPf0t0QWY+WqZUlUZlP3g==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, 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