Article(id=1221483617541346011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483606648734411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0598, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1587398400000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-21, revisedDate=1592323200000, revisedDateStr=2020-06-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769153988490, onlineDateStr=2026-01-23, pubDate=1607702400000, pubDateStr=2020-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769153988490, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769153988490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769153988490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1221483606648734411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='12', pageStart='2751', pageEnd='2998', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769153985893, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769154367876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1221485208856085269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483606648734411, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1221485208856085270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483606648734411, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2904, endPage=2910, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1221483618103382786, articleId=1221483617541346011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Anti-tumor activity screening and research on the primary mechanism of dicumarol in vitro, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the anti-tumor activities and the related mechanisms of dicumarol, the CCK-8 method was used to identify anti-tumor activities of dicumarol. HepG2 cells were used to explore the anti-tumor mechanisms by measuring several physiological and biochemical indexes. The results show that dicumarol can significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2, Hccc-9810 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, with HepG2 cells showing the greatest sensitivity to dicumarol (with an IC50 value of 3.19±0.68 µmol·L-1 at 48 h). Dicumarol arrested the cell cycle at S phase and down-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while promoting the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-9. Dicumarol significantly decreased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HepG2 cells, and increased the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dicumarol also down-regulated the protein levels of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α under hypoxic conditions. The above results show that dicumarol can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induce cycle arrest and apoptosis. Dicumarol may down-regulate the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting the activity of NQO1 and PDK1, which leads to the accumulation of ROS, thereby generating oxidative stress and inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

, correspAuthors=Chun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing WEI, Yue-ping FENG, Xi ZHENG, Qin WANG, Chun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1221483619697218452, articleId=1221483617541346011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=双香豆素体外抗肿瘤活性筛选及相关机制初探, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为初步探讨双香豆素抗肿瘤活性及相关机制,采用CCK-8法检测双香豆素对几种肿瘤细胞株生长的影响。以HepG2为研究对象,通过对几种生理生化指标的检测初步探讨其抗肿瘤的相关机制。结果显示,双香豆素对HepG2、Hccc-9810及MDA-MB-231细胞株的生长均呈剂量和时间依赖性的抑制作用,其中HepG2对双香豆素的敏感性最高(IC50=3.19±0.68 μmol·L-1)。双香豆素可使HepG2细胞周期阻滞在S期,使Bcl-2蛋白的表达下调,cleaved caspase-9和Bax蛋白的表达升高。双香豆素可使HepG2细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量明显降低,丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平明显升高。在低氧诱导下,双香豆素能使HepG2细胞中NAD(P)H醌氧化还原酶1[NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1]、3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1(3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1,PDK1)及缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表达量下调。上述结果表明,双香豆素可有效抑制HepG2细胞增殖,促进其周期阻滞及细胞凋亡;双香豆素可能通过抑制HepG2细胞中PDK1和NQO1的表达,导致HIF-1α下调、ROS聚集,从而产生细胞氧化应激促使HepG2细胞凋亡。

, correspAuthors=张春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张春, Tel:15196088137, E-mail:
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The cells shown by the white arrow are apoptotic cells. The white bar shows 200 µm. <i>n </i>= 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=FdiS+QKw/Zd6GwiXC8vsWw==, figureFileBig=zUzvPuLbLNLzOtxYOaZjsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483623908298961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QGgOlZqhRAvzGE2AWy7F0g==, figureFileBig=XRJ54fnw97n6pC1H31Sscw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624000573655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of dicumarol on cells apoptosis in HepG2 cells determined by using the flow cytometric analysis. A: Characters (a: control group; b, c, d: 2, 4, 6 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup> dicumarol treated group) represent different concentrations of dicumarol; B: Statistical analysis of the total apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells treated with dicumarol for 48 h. <i>n </i>= 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=QGgOlZqhRAvzGE2AWy7F0g==, figureFileBig=XRJ54fnw97n6pC1H31Sscw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624092848348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AGmK7trNXRQnHpop+WHOWA==, figureFileBig=+i7g7fxFJqA2MqPLpZ1Pgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624222871778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of dicumarol on cell cycle in HepG2 cells determined by using the flow cytometric analysis. A: Characters (a: control group; b, c, d: 2, 4, 6 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup> dicumarol treated group) represent different concentrations of dicumarol; B: Statistical analysis of cell cycle distribution of HepG2 cells treated with dicumarol for 48 h. <i>n </i>= 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=AGmK7trNXRQnHpop+WHOWA==, figureFileBig=+i7g7fxFJqA2MqPLpZ1Pgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624331923691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AopgDWKU6RBQ5fFbdYpazQ==, figureFileBig=OnvpXYprXAoz68q//yko3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624457752816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of dicumarol on the ROS level in HepG2 cells determined by flow cytometry. A: Characters (a: control group; b, c, d: 2, 4, 6 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup> dicumarol treated group) represent different concentrations of dicumarol; B: Statistical analysis of ROS production of HepG2 cells treated with dicumarol for 48 h. <i>n </i>= 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=AopgDWKU6RBQ5fFbdYpazQ==, figureFileBig=OnvpXYprXAoz68q//yko3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624570999028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Or1WCnhs4/CNSsQXQrC3Hg==, figureFileBig=15MDizaJVSdVpoY0/3Pv1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624675856632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of dicumarol on the levels of apoptosis-related proteins and oxidative stress-related proteins. A: The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were measured by Western blot; C: Cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) of dicumarol for 48 h, and treated with 200 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup> CoCl<sub>2</sub> for 24 h, then measured by Western blot; B, D: Quantification of protein levels relative to <i>β</i>-actin. <i>n </i>= 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=Or1WCnhs4/CNSsQXQrC3Hg==, figureFileBig=15MDizaJVSdVpoY0/3Pv1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1221483624755548412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group GSH/% MDA/% SOD/%
Control 100.00 ± 8.20 100.00 ± 0.80 100.00 ± 0.80
2 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 81.39 ± 15.78 124.97 ± 9.41 71.22 ± 2.44*
4 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 73.50 ± 13.45 149.62 ± 19.93** 68.23 ± 2.29*
6 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 64.90 ± 8.85* 189.89 ± 25.30** 66.87 ± 1.92*
), ArticleFig(id=1221483624860406018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483617541346011, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of dicumarol on glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in HepG2 cells. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group GSH/% MDA/% SOD/%
Control 100.00 ± 8.20 100.00 ± 0.80 100.00 ± 0.80
2 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 81.39 ± 15.78 124.97 ± 9.41 71.22 ± 2.44*
4 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 73.50 ± 13.45 149.62 ± 19.93** 68.23 ± 2.29*
6 μmol·L-1 dicumarol 64.90 ± 8.85* 189.89 ± 25.30** 66.87 ± 1.92*
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双香豆素体外抗肿瘤活性筛选及相关机制初探
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魏静 1 , 冯跃平 1 , 郑茜 2 , 王钦 1 , 张春 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2020,55(12): 2904-2910
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2020, 55(12): 2904-2910
双香豆素体外抗肿瘤活性筛选及相关机制初探
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魏静1, 冯跃平1, 郑茜2, 王钦1, 张春1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南医科大学药学院, 四川 泸州 646000
  • 2.四川卫生康复职业学院, 四川 自贡 643000

通讯作者:

*张春, Tel:15196088137, E-mail:
Anti-tumor activity screening and research on the primary mechanism of dicumarol in vitro
Jing WEI1, Yue-ping FENG1, Xi ZHENG2, Qin WANG1, Chun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
  • 2. Sichuan Vacotional College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong 643000, China
出版时间: 2020-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0598
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为初步探讨双香豆素抗肿瘤活性及相关机制,采用CCK-8法检测双香豆素对几种肿瘤细胞株生长的影响。以HepG2为研究对象,通过对几种生理生化指标的检测初步探讨其抗肿瘤的相关机制。结果显示,双香豆素对HepG2、Hccc-9810及MDA-MB-231细胞株的生长均呈剂量和时间依赖性的抑制作用,其中HepG2对双香豆素的敏感性最高(IC50=3.19±0.68 μmol·L-1)。双香豆素可使HepG2细胞周期阻滞在S期,使Bcl-2蛋白的表达下调,cleaved caspase-9和Bax蛋白的表达升高。双香豆素可使HepG2细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量明显降低,丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平明显升高。在低氧诱导下,双香豆素能使HepG2细胞中NAD(P)H醌氧化还原酶1[NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1]、3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1(3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1,PDK1)及缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表达量下调。上述结果表明,双香豆素可有效抑制HepG2细胞增殖,促进其周期阻滞及细胞凋亡;双香豆素可能通过抑制HepG2细胞中PDK1和NQO1的表达,导致HIF-1α下调、ROS聚集,从而产生细胞氧化应激促使HepG2细胞凋亡。

双香豆素  /  HepG2  /  凋亡  /  细胞周期  /  氧化应激

To study the anti-tumor activities and the related mechanisms of dicumarol, the CCK-8 method was used to identify anti-tumor activities of dicumarol. HepG2 cells were used to explore the anti-tumor mechanisms by measuring several physiological and biochemical indexes. The results show that dicumarol can significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2, Hccc-9810 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, with HepG2 cells showing the greatest sensitivity to dicumarol (with an IC50 value of 3.19±0.68 µmol·L-1 at 48 h). Dicumarol arrested the cell cycle at S phase and down-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while promoting the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-9. Dicumarol significantly decreased the levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HepG2 cells, and increased the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dicumarol also down-regulated the protein levels of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α under hypoxic conditions. The above results show that dicumarol can inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induce cycle arrest and apoptosis. Dicumarol may down-regulate the expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting the activity of NQO1 and PDK1, which leads to the accumulation of ROS, thereby generating oxidative stress and inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

dicumarol  /  HepG2  /  apoptosis  /  cell cycle  /  oxidative stress
魏静, 冯跃平, 郑茜, 王钦, 张春. 双香豆素体外抗肿瘤活性筛选及相关机制初探. 药学学报, 2020 , 55 (12) : 2904 -2910 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0598
Jing WEI, Yue-ping FENG, Xi ZHENG, Qin WANG, Chun ZHANG. Anti-tumor activity screening and research on the primary mechanism of dicumarol in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020 , 55 (12) : 2904 -2910 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0598
癌症已经成为全世界范围内致死率第一的疾病, 对人类的生活质量、健康及生命造成严重威胁。化学抗肿瘤药物具有严重毒副作用, 因而从天然药物中寻找抗癌有效成分是目前抗癌药物研发的热点。香豆素类化合物是自然界中一类重要天然有机化合物, 存在于多种科属植物中, 包括芸香科、伞形科、菊科和豆科等高等植物[1]。同时, 也是许多常用中药材, 如白芷、蛇床子、补骨脂、秦皮、马齿苋和独活等的有效成分[2]。研究表明, 一些天然的香豆素类化合物能够选择性作用于肿瘤细胞而对正常细胞毒性低, 如补骨脂素、蛇床子素、瑞香素、东莨菪素和新生霉素等[3]。双香豆素(dicumarol, DIC), 为天然香豆素的衍生物之一, 由于具有特殊的分子结构(两个分子内羟基形成分子内氢键)以及化学修饰(中心连接子亚甲基上的不同取代基), 而具备多种生物学特性, 此外, 因其具有干扰维生素K代谢循环作用, 在临床被广泛用作抗凝血剂[4]。最近的研究也揭示了双香豆素具有抗肿瘤作用, 研究显示, 双香豆素可协同多柔比星、顺铂等抗肿瘤药物, 抑制泌尿生殖系统等癌细胞生长[5-7]。本研究拟使用双香豆素对3种肿瘤细胞株进行筛选, 并根据筛选结果选择对双香豆素敏感度最高的肿瘤细胞株进行进一步实验, 并初步探讨双香豆素诱导该细胞株凋亡的可能分子机制。
试剂  人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞株、人肝内胆管癌细胞株Hccc-9810和人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231购自中国科学院细胞库(上海)。双香豆素(66-76-2) (上海陶素生化科技有限公司); DMEM高糖培养基、RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco公司); CCK-8检测试剂盒(日本同仁); 青霉素-链霉素溶液、Western一抗稀释液、Western二抗稀释液、Hoechst 33258、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)检测试剂盒(碧云天生物技术有限公司); 胎牛血清(杭州四季青公司); 胰蛋白酶(Bioder公司); FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I、PI/R Nase Staining Buffer (BD PharmingenTM); β-actin抗体、Bax抗体、cleaved caspased-9抗体、Bcl-2抗体(Cell Signaling Technology公司); NAD(P)H醌氧化还原酶1 [NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, NQO1]、3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, PDK1)及缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α)抗体(美国Abcam公司); 羊抗兔荧光二抗(Bioss公司); ECL发光液(Wandao公司); 丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA)测定试剂盒、总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)测定试剂盒、微量还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)测定试剂盒(南京建成生物研究所); 氯化钴(Ⅱ)无水、CoCl2 (7646-79-9) (Adamas公司)。
仪器  CKX53-SLP倒置相差显微镜、荧光倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Spectra Max M3多功能酶标分析仪(美国Molecular Devices公司); TSX60086D -80 ℃冰箱、HERACELL-150i CO2恒温培养箱、481HP恒温摇床(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司) Milli-Q纯水仪(美国Millipore公司); FASCverse流式细胞仪美国(BD PharmingenTM公司)。
细胞培养  HepG2、MDA-MB-231细胞株用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的DMEM高糖完全培养基培养; Hccc-9810细胞株用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的RPMI 1640完全培养基培养。均于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中常规培养。
CCK8法测细胞增殖抑制率  取对数生长期的3种肿瘤细胞, 分别进行消化离心, 重悬后, 调整细胞悬液密度为每毫升1×105个, 接种于96孔板中, 每孔加入细胞悬液100 µL, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养过夜后, 各组给药培养。实验分为对照组(未经处理的肿瘤细胞和含1‰ DMSO的培养液)、药物处理组(双香豆素药物浓度1、5、10、20、40、60、80和100 µmol·L-1)、空白组(无细胞、等量细胞培养液), 每组设置3个复孔, 分别培养24/48 h后, 每孔加入10 µL的CCK-8溶液, 培养箱内孵育40 min。使用酶标仪于450 nm处检测各孔的吸光度(A)值, 计算细胞增殖抑制率, 绘制增殖曲线。细胞增殖抑制率= 1-[(A药物处理组-A空白对照组)/(A正常对照组-A空白对照组)]×100%。
Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化  取对数生长期的HepG2细胞, 以每孔约105个细胞的密度接种于6孔培养板中, 37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养过夜后, 弃培养基, 按双香豆素浓度2、4和6 µmol·L-1分组给药处理48 h, 培养完成; 吸尽各孔培养液, 加入1 mL的固定液, 固定10 min; 去除固定液, 用PBS清洗两遍, 每次3 min, 吸尽液体; 每孔加入1 mL Hoechst 33258染色液, 染色5 min, 吸除染色液, 用PBS清洗2~3次, 每次3~5 min, 于荧光显微镜下观察并拍照检测每孔细胞凋亡形态学的改变。
流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况  HepG2细胞按“Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化”项下分组给药处理完成后, PBS洗涤细胞、离心收集细胞。加入200 μL的1×Annexin V Binding Buffer, 重悬细胞。随机取100 μL细胞悬液, 移入新的5 mL离心管中, 向细胞悬液中加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC结合物, 5 μL的PI混匀, 室温下避光染色15 min, 每管加入400 μL的1×Annexin V Binding Buffer 1 h内流式细胞仪检测。
流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布  HepG2细胞按“Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化”项下分组给药处理完成后, 收集细胞, PBS调整细胞浓度至每毫升106个。取1 mL单细胞悬液离心, 去上清, 加入500 μL 70%乙醇4 ℃固定(过夜)。PBS洗去固定液, 1 000 r·min-1离心3 min, 加入500 μL PI/RNase A染液, 室温避光染色15 min。采用流式细胞仪检测和分析细胞周期分布情况。
酶标法检测细胞GSH、MDA、SOD含量的变化  细胞按“Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化”项下分组给药处理完成后, 0.25%胰蛋白酶消化、洗涤、收集细胞, PBS重悬细胞, 超声破碎(功率300 W, 冰水浴, 3 s每次, 间隔4次, 间隔30 s)。采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度, 按照GSH试剂盒、MDA试剂盒、SOD试剂盒操作说明测定细胞内GSH、MDA、SOD含量。
检测结果按下列公式进行计算: GSH含量(µmol·g-1) = (A测定-A空白)/(A标准-A空白)×标准管浓度(20 µmol·L-1)×样本前处理稀释倍数(2倍)×待测匀浆蛋白浓度(g·L-1); MDA含量(nmol·mg-1) = (A测定-A对照)/(A标准-A空白)×标准品浓度(10 nmol·mL-1)/待测样本蛋白浓度(mg·mL-1); SOD抑制率(%) = [(A对照-A对照空白)-(A测定-A测定空白)]/ (A对照-A对照空白)×100%; SOD活力(U·mg-1) = SOD抑制率/50%×反应体系稀释倍数(0.24 mL/0.02 mL)/待测样本蛋白浓度(mg·mL-1)。
流式细胞术检测细胞ROS水平  细胞按“Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化”项下分组, 种板、给药处理48 h, 细胞处理时间完成后, 0.25%胰蛋白酶消化收集细胞。用无血清培养液按照1:1 000稀释DCFH-DA探针, 使其终浓度为10 µmol·L-1。将收集到的细胞悬浮于稀释好的DCFH-DA中, 调整细胞浓度为每毫升2×107个, 37 ℃细胞培养箱内孵育20 min。每隔3~5 min颠倒混匀一次, 使探针和细胞充分接触; 探针装载完成后, 用无血清细胞培养液洗涤细胞3次, 以充分去除未进入细胞内的DCFH-DA。实验分为阴性组(control组未装载探针)、control组、给药组(2、4和8 µmol·L-1), 将细胞洗涤完成后, 加入PBS重悬检测。采用流式细胞仪检测和分析细胞ROS含量。
Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达  细胞按“Hoechst 33258荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态学变化”项下分组, 种板、给药处理48 h后, 分别用全蛋白裂解液抽提试剂盒提取全蛋白。采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定各组蛋白浓度, 每组样品取40 µg蛋白上样, SDS-PAGE分离蛋白, 电转移至PVDF膜上; 用5%脱脂奶粉室温摇床封闭1 h, 4 ℃孵育一抗(用一抗稀释液按抗体说明书稀释cleaved caspase-9、Bcl-2和Bax), 孵育过夜; 孵育完成后PBST洗膜3次, 每次5 min, 室温孵育二抗(二抗稀释液1:2 000稀释) 1 h, 孵育完成后PBST洗3次, 每次5 min。采用底物化学发光法检测蛋白表达情况, 利用Image J软件进行蛋白灰度分析。
Western blot法检测缺氧诱导蛋白的表达  实验分为正常对照组、CoCl2诱导模型组及CoCl2诱导条件下不同浓度双香豆素处理组(CoCl2+2、4、6 µmol·L-1双香豆素)。实验时, 正常对照组、CoCl2诱导模型组均加入与给药组等量的不含血清的培养液, 药物组分别为2、4和6 µmol·L-1的双香豆素, 处理48 h, 每组设3复孔。药物处理完成后, 弃培养液, 用PBS洗涤1~2次, 按实验分组在CoCl2诱导模型组以及不同浓度药物组均加入200 μmol·L-1 CoCl2[8], 正常对照组加入等量不含血清的培养液, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中处理24 h。处理完成后, 后续蛋白样品制备、蛋白浓度测定、蛋白变性、SDS-PAGE电泳、转膜、封闭、一抗孵育(用一抗稀释液按抗体说明书稀释NQO1、PDK1、HIF-1α)、二抗孵育、显影等按照“Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达”项下进行。
统计学分析  实验数据用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据统计、分析、作图。计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, one-way ANOVA), 以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK-8结果如图 1所示, 不同浓度(1、5、10、20、40、60、80和100 µmol·L-1)的双香豆素作用于HepG2、Hccc-9810和MDA-MB-231细胞24、48 h后, 与对照组相比, 各药物组的细胞增殖均受到明显的抑制作用(P < 0.01), 且随着药物浓度的增大, 以及给药时间的延长, 其相应的增殖抑制率明显增强。表明双香豆素对HepG2、Hccc-9810和MDA-MB-231三种细胞的增殖抑制作用呈浓度和时间依赖性, 其中HepG2细胞对双香豆素最为敏感。计算药物处理24 h的HepG2、Hccc-9810和MDA-MB-231细胞的半数抑制率(IC50)分别为11.33 ± 2.78、8.90 ± 0.85、96.13 ± 9.81 µmol·L-1; 48 h的IC50分别为3.19 ± 0.68、5.18 ± 0.22、61.76 ± 4.66 µmol·L-1
Hoechst 33258荧光染色结果如图 2所示, 空白组细胞形态呈近椭圆形, 染色均匀, 细胞核普遍淡染, 随着药物浓度的增高, 细胞数量逐渐减少, 细胞核开始出现明显的固缩或分裂, 多数细胞核呈现出较强的蓝白色碎块状荧光, 即典型的凋亡细胞核特征。香豆素处理浓度越高, 细胞凋亡现象越明显。
Annexin V-FITC/PI双标记法检测细胞凋亡结果如图 3所示, 与对照组相比, 不同浓度的双香豆素(2、4和6 µmol·L-1)处理HepG2细胞48 h后, 可明显诱导细胞凋亡, 且其总凋亡率(早期凋亡+晚期凋亡)呈剂量依赖性增加, 随着给药浓度的增大, 细胞凋亡率从6.37% ± 1.30%增加到了38.63% ± 3.88%。进一步提示了双香豆素抑制HepG2细胞生长可能与诱导其细胞凋亡有关。
流式细胞术检测细胞周期结果如图 4所示, 与空白对照组相比, 不同浓度的双香豆素(2、4和6 µmol·L-1)处理HepG2细胞48 h后, 细胞周期G2期细胞比例明显减少, S期细胞明显增加, 并且由30.22%增加到47.69%。当药物浓度增加到6 µmol·L-1时, S期细胞比例虽相对于4 μmol·L-1略减少, 但与对照组相比均增加, 表明双香豆素可诱导HepG2细胞发生S期阻滞, 阻止了其细胞周期进入G2期。
结果如表 1所示, 与正常对照组相比, 高浓度的双香豆素能明显降低HepG2细胞内GSH的含量及SOD含量, 同时显著升高HepG2细胞内MDA含量。
结果如图 5所示, 经不同浓度的双香豆素处理后, 高浓度的双香豆素(6 µmol·L-1)可使HepG2细胞内ROS水平显著升高。
Western blot结果如图 6所示, 与空白对照组相比, 不同浓度的双香豆素(2、4和6 µmol·L-1)处理HepG2细胞48 h后, 抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达量减少, 促凋亡蛋白Bax、cleaved caspase-9表达量增加, 结果提示, 双香豆素可能通过调控Bcl-2家族蛋白以及cleaved caspase-9蛋白的表达, 从而促使细胞凋亡。
在CoCl2诱导缺氧模型的建立下, 检测了NQO1、PDK1、HIF-1α蛋白的表达情况。发现在正常处理组细胞中HIF-1α表达量极低。在CoCl2诱导缺氧条件下HIF-1α被激活表达。双香豆素能降低HIF-1α的表达量, 且呈明显的浓度依赖性。在双香豆素作用下, NQO1和PDK1表达量也逐渐降低, 呈明显的浓度依赖性。
肿瘤细胞发生发展的重要标志是肿瘤细胞不受正常机体调控, 而具有的无限增殖能力, 因此抑制肿瘤细胞的生长或者促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡, 是预防肿瘤发展的重要手段。本研究显示双香豆素可诱导HepG2细胞凋亡, 并且这种诱导作用呈浓度依赖性。Zhang等[5]研究表明, 双香豆素能诱导caspase依赖的凋亡途径, 最终促进卵巢癌细胞凋亡的发生。本研究中, 双香豆素能够使HepG2细胞中抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达下降, 同时上调促凋亡蛋白Bax、cleaved caspase-9的表达, 这提示双香豆素可能通过线粒体凋亡途径激活凋亡相关因子的表达, 促使HepG2细胞凋亡。过去研究表明, 细胞周期分布失调是肿瘤发生发展的另一个特征, 通常药物诱导细胞凋亡的同时, 总是与细胞周期阻滞共同发生[9]。双香豆素在控制细胞周期方面研究较少, 本实验结果显示, 双香豆素可诱导HepG2细胞发生S期周期阻滞, 阻止了其细胞周期进入G2期。
ROS在细胞生长、分化、凋亡和自噬等各种细胞反应中均有重要作用, SOD、GSH和MDA均是氧化还原系统的重要组成部分, 其水平可反映机体清除氧自由基的能力、机体内脂质过氧化物程度及机体氧化损伤程度等[10]。Lewis等[11]报道, 双香豆素可能通过抑制NQO1诱导胰腺癌细胞发生氧化应激, 并呈时间和剂量依赖性方式诱导其细胞凋亡。Du等[12]研究表明, 双香豆素可增加人胰腺癌细胞中超氧化物水平, 并且线粒体产生的活性氧增加了癌细胞对双香豆素诱导的细胞毒性的敏感性。本研究中双香豆素处理后, 使得HepG2细胞内SOD及GSH水平降低, MDA水平升高, 从而导致细胞氧化还原反应失衡, ROS水平检测结果也提示, 双香豆素处理后HepG2细胞内ROS水平显著升高, 这进一步表明双香豆素可能通过破坏HepG2细胞氧化还原平衡, 从而激活ROS通路, 引起细胞凋亡。
PDK1与NQO1在多种肿瘤细胞中高表达, 其在肿瘤的生长、凋亡、转移甚至耐药机制中都扮演了重要角色[13, 14]。NQO1与HIF-1α间有着密切的联系。最近研究表明, NQO1能与HIF-1α形成复合物, 从而阻止HIF-1α的降解[15]。肿瘤细胞在缺氧条件下, HIF-1α被诱导, 高水平的HIF-1α可以抑制ROS的过度释放, 逃逸其损伤。PDK1是HIF-1α调控的重要下游蛋白, 其通常作用于PI3K/PDK1/AKT通路。该通路的异常激活, 可以抑制肿瘤细胞的葡萄糖代谢水平, 使肿瘤通过有氧糖酵解过程获取能量, 逃逸ROS对其造成的损伤。有研究报道, 双香豆素可通过抑制PDK1激酶活性, 引发卵巢癌细胞SKOV3和A2780多种表型级联改变, 包括拮抗Warburg效应、增加ROS产生和诱导细胞凋亡等, 从而有效抑制体内肿瘤生长[5]。本实验研究发现, 双香豆素一方面可能通过抑制PDK1, 使得人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞中糖酵解途径抑制, “Warburg效应”逆转, 导致HepG2细胞ROS升高。另一方面, 双香豆素可能通过抑制NQO1, 从而抑制HIF-1α的表达, 导致无法激活PDK1。综上, 由于NQO1酶的抑制、SOD和GSH等抗氧化酶活性降低, 使得细胞中大量的ROS聚集, 导致MDA含量增多, 可能导致线粒体受损, 激活了线粒体凋亡信号通路, 从而引起HepG2细胞凋亡。因此, 推测双香豆素诱导HepG2细胞凋亡很可能是双靶向抑制作用。本研究结果为双香豆素类药物的结构改造和用于抗肿瘤药物研发提供了研究基础, 在该类药物的进一步开发和老药新用中具有重要的意义。
作者贡献:魏静和张春对本文进行实验设计, 魏静为实验实施者, 冯跃平和郑茜进行实验评估, 魏静执笔, 张春审校。
利益冲突:文章内容不涉及相关利益冲突, 无作者署名争议。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81001700)
  • 四川省青年科技创新研究团队研究项目(2019JDTD0016)
  • 泸州市-西南医科大学联合项目(2019LZXNYDJ49)
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2020年第55卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0598
  • 接收时间:2020-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-23
  • 出版时间:2020-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-21
  • 修回日期:2020-06-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81001700)
四川省青年科技创新研究团队研究项目(2019JDTD0016)
泸州市-西南医科大学联合项目(2019LZXNYDJ49)
作者信息
    1.西南医科大学药学院, 四川 泸州 646000
    2.四川卫生康复职业学院, 四川 自贡 643000

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*张春, Tel:15196088137, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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