Article(id=1220655529991524402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655523473571972, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1580745600000, receivedDateStr=2020-02-04, revisedDate=1587052800000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768956557033, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1597161600000, pubDateStr=2020-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768956557033, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768956557033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768956557033, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220655523473571972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='8', pageStart='1707', pageEnd='1982', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768956555479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768986579152, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220781451944051235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655523473571972, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220781451944051236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655523473571972, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1889, endPage=1896, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220655530599698518, articleId=1220655529991524402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Analysis of polymer impurities in ceftazidime raw materials and preparations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To establish a method for the determination of polymer impurities in ceftazidime raw materials and preparations, a ceftazidime degradation solution containing polymer impurities was prepared by forced polymerization. Polymer impurities in the degradation solution were separated and identified by high performance gel chromatography and the column switching-LC-MSn method. A new RP-HPLC method for ceftazidime polymer was established and validated with a Phenomenex Gemini-C18 column using a mobile phase gradient elution of 0.02 mol·L-1 phosphate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. The results showed that when using this high performance gel chromatography method some small molecular weight impurities were co-eluted with the polymers, resulting in a poor specificity and poor quantitative accuracy. But when using the RP-HPLC method, four polymer impurities were detected in the 25-45 min time range with good specificity, sensitivity and robustness, including two ceftazidime dimers, trimers, and derivatives. Therefore, the described RP-HPLC method is suitable for the quality control of polymer impurities in ceftazidime, and ceftazidime degradation solution can be used as suitable solution for analysis of ceftazidime polymers.

, correspAuthors=Ming-zhe XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin LI, Shang-chen YAO, Li-hui YIN, Ming-zhe XU, Chang-qin HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1220655531589554328, articleId=1220655529991524402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=头孢他啶原料及制剂的聚合物杂质分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立头孢他啶原料及制剂中聚合物杂质的分析方法。通过强制聚合法制备富含聚合物杂质的头孢他啶降解溶液;然后采用高效凝胶色谱法和柱切换-LC-MSn法对降解溶液中的聚合物杂质进行分离和结构鉴定;采用Phenomenex Gemini-C18型色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇-乙腈为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,建立RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶聚合物,并进行方法学验证。结果表明高效凝胶排阻色谱法分离头孢他啶聚合物杂质时,部分小分子杂质与聚合物共出峰,方法专属性差、定量准确性差;RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶聚合物杂质时,在25~45 min内检出头孢他啶二聚体及其衍生物、三聚体等4种聚合物杂质峰,专属性好、灵敏度高、方法耐用性好,因此RP-HPLC法可用于头孢他啶的聚合物杂质质控。头孢他啶降解溶液可作为分析头孢他啶聚合物的系统适用性溶液。

, correspAuthors=许明哲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*许明哲, Tel:86-10-53852506, E-mail:
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Keyword(id=1220686651559428695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=高效凝胶排阻色谱), Keyword(id=1220686651714617945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=β-内酰胺抗生素)], refs=[Reference(id=1220686653262316175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=191, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Jin SH, journalName=World Notes Antibiot (国外药学•抗生素分册), refType=null, unstructuredReference= Jin SH . 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Chin J Pharm Anal (药物分析杂志), 2019, 39: 1279-1294, articleTitle=Analysis of polymer impurities in piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium for injection, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220686648745050583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220686648749244887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, companyId=1220686648745050583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijng 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220686648757633496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, companyId=1220686648745050583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1220686651962081892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nCfmT3k7uagVWgPk9mnKAw==, figureFileBig=j/aybohZHZKdnSCEbX4+Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652075328104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Chemical structures of poor retention impurities in degradation solution. 1, 2: HPSEC-4a, 4b; 3: HPSEC-3a; 4-6: HPSEC-3b; 7-9: HPSEC-3c, 3f; 10-12: HPSEC-3d, 3e; 13, 14: HPSEC-3g, 3h; 15-17: HPSEC-2a, 2c; 18-20: HPSEC-2b , figureFileSmall=nCfmT3k7uagVWgPk9mnKAw==, figureFileBig=j/aybohZHZKdnSCEbX4+Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652196962926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y2DYR4GXQqZCzqfD9CSElg==, figureFileBig=px72E7OYkmWjCAxwE0nKiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652310209139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Typical Chromatograms of ceftazidime degradation solution by EP9.0 and optimized method. A: EP9.0 method; B: Optimized method , figureFileSmall=y2DYR4GXQqZCzqfD9CSElg==, figureFileBig=px72E7OYkmWjCAxwE0nKiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652561867380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fCgoxOqqKa1mqDgYZFU3ZA==, figureFileBig=/t/pfu0CmDtS2EiKSgo5Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652628976246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Typical Chromatograms of ceftazidime degradation solution, raw material and product by RP-HPLC. A: Degradation solution; B: Raw material; C: Product , figureFileSmall=fCgoxOqqKa1mqDgYZFU3ZA==, figureFileBig=/t/pfu0CmDtS2EiKSgo5Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220686652729639547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Name HPSEC Experimental Mr TheoreticalMr Error(ppm) Formula Full scan mass spectrum Product ion (m/z)
4a, 4b 692.105 83 692.120 66 −14.8 C27H28N6O12S2 693.11 [M+H]+; 347.06 [M+2H]++ 614.07, 586.07, 570.07, 542.08, 511.03, 423.02, 195.03, 167.03, 141.05
4c 472.149 87 - - - 473.15 [M+H]+ 413.13, 312.01, 275.11, 201.10, 161.11, 127.12
3a 546.106 26 5 46.099 14 13.0 C22H22N6O7S2 547.11 [M+H]+ 468.06, 396.08, 277.02, 167.03
3b 1 031.173 83 1 031.166 64 7.0 C39H41N11O15S4 1 032.17 [M+H]+; 516.59 [M+2H]++ 953.13, 909.14, 892.12, 865.15, 848.13, 821.17, 804.14, 777.18, 486.07
3c, 3f 1 115.177 25 1 115.187 77 -9.4 C43H45N11O17S4 1 116.18 [M+H]+; 558.59 [M+2H]++ 1037.14, 993.15, 976.12, 965.15, 787.07
3d, 3e 1 013.163 15 1 013.156 08 7.0 C39H39N11O14S4 1 014.16 [M+H]+; 507.59 [M+2H]++ 935.12, 891.13, 874.11, 830.12, 780.12, 459.04
3g, 3h 1 541.255 49 7.0 C61H59N17O20S6 - 1 542.25 [M+H]+; 771.63 [M+2H]++ 1419.22, 1340.18, 1296.19, 1279.16, 1252.18, 1185.17, 847.14, 736.13
2a, 2c 1 159.167 60 1 159.177 60 -8.6 C44H45N11O19S4 1 160.17 [M+H]+; 580.59 [M+2H]++ 1081.13, 1037.14, 1020.11, 993.15, 614.07, 570.06, 424.07
2b 1 559.263 18 1 559.255 22 5.1 C61H61N17O21S6 1 560.26 [M+H]+; 780.64 [M+2H]++ 1481.22, 1437.23, 1358.19, 1314.20, 1297.18, 935.12, 891.13, 847.14, 830.12
), ArticleFig(id=1220686652813525630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectra data of polymer impurities in ceftazidime degradation solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Name HPSEC Experimental Mr TheoreticalMr Error(ppm) Formula Full scan mass spectrum Product ion (m/z)
4a, 4b 692.105 83 692.120 66 −14.8 C27H28N6O12S2 693.11 [M+H]+; 347.06 [M+2H]++ 614.07, 586.07, 570.07, 542.08, 511.03, 423.02, 195.03, 167.03, 141.05
4c 472.149 87 - - - 473.15 [M+H]+ 413.13, 312.01, 275.11, 201.10, 161.11, 127.12
3a 546.106 26 5 46.099 14 13.0 C22H22N6O7S2 547.11 [M+H]+ 468.06, 396.08, 277.02, 167.03
3b 1 031.173 83 1 031.166 64 7.0 C39H41N11O15S4 1 032.17 [M+H]+; 516.59 [M+2H]++ 953.13, 909.14, 892.12, 865.15, 848.13, 821.17, 804.14, 777.18, 486.07
3c, 3f 1 115.177 25 1 115.187 77 -9.4 C43H45N11O17S4 1 116.18 [M+H]+; 558.59 [M+2H]++ 1037.14, 993.15, 976.12, 965.15, 787.07
3d, 3e 1 013.163 15 1 013.156 08 7.0 C39H39N11O14S4 1 014.16 [M+H]+; 507.59 [M+2H]++ 935.12, 891.13, 874.11, 830.12, 780.12, 459.04
3g, 3h 1 541.255 49 7.0 C61H59N17O20S6 - 1 542.25 [M+H]+; 771.63 [M+2H]++ 1419.22, 1340.18, 1296.19, 1279.16, 1252.18, 1185.17, 847.14, 736.13
2a, 2c 1 159.167 60 1 159.177 60 -8.6 C44H45N11O19S4 1 160.17 [M+H]+; 580.59 [M+2H]++ 1081.13, 1037.14, 1020.11, 993.15, 614.07, 570.06, 424.07
2b 1 559.263 18 1 559.255 22 5.1 C61H61N17O21S6 1 560.26 [M+H]+; 780.64 [M+2H]++ 1481.22, 1437.23, 1358.19, 1314.20, 1297.18, 935.12, 891.13, 847.14, 830.12
), ArticleFig(id=1220686652897411714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR/min HPSEC identification Experimental Mr Theoretical Mr Error(ppm) Formula Chemical structure
UNK-1 29.47 HPSEC-2 1 159.165 65 1 159.177 60 -9.8 C44 H45N11O19S4 Dimer derivative I (Figure 2: 15-17)
UNK-2 37.33 HPSEC-3 1 013.162 84 1 013.163 09 -0.5 C39H39N11O14S4 Dimer (Figure 2: 10-12)
UNK-3 37.99 HPSEC-2 1 159.167 11 1 159.177 60 -8.9 C44H45N11O19S4 Dimer derivative I isomer (Figure 2: 15-17)
UNK-4 39.23 HPSEC-3 1 115.177 61 1 115.187 77 -9.0 C43H45N11O17S4 Dimer derivative II (Figure 2: 7-9)
UNK-5 39.49 HPSEC-3 1 115.176 51 1 115.187 77 -10.0 C43H45N11O17S4 Dimer derivative II isomer (Figure 2: 7-9)
UNK-6 40.25 HPSEC-2 1 559.262 33 1 559.255 22 4.6 C61H61N17O21S6 Trimer (Figure 2: 18-20)
), ArticleFig(id=1220686652985492102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655529991524402, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Polymer impurities separated by RP-HPLC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR/min HPSEC identification Experimental Mr Theoretical Mr Error(ppm) Formula Chemical structure
UNK-1 29.47 HPSEC-2 1 159.165 65 1 159.177 60 -9.8 C44 H45N11O19S4 Dimer derivative I (Figure 2: 15-17)
UNK-2 37.33 HPSEC-3 1 013.162 84 1 013.163 09 -0.5 C39H39N11O14S4 Dimer (Figure 2: 10-12)
UNK-3 37.99 HPSEC-2 1 159.167 11 1 159.177 60 -8.9 C44H45N11O19S4 Dimer derivative I isomer (Figure 2: 15-17)
UNK-4 39.23 HPSEC-3 1 115.177 61 1 115.187 77 -9.0 C43H45N11O17S4 Dimer derivative II (Figure 2: 7-9)
UNK-5 39.49 HPSEC-3 1 115.176 51 1 115.187 77 -10.0 C43H45N11O17S4 Dimer derivative II isomer (Figure 2: 7-9)
UNK-6 40.25 HPSEC-2 1 559.262 33 1 559.255 22 4.6 C61H61N17O21S6 Trimer (Figure 2: 18-20)
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头孢他啶原料及制剂的聚合物杂质分析
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李进 , 姚尚辰 , 尹利辉 , 许明哲 * , 胡昌勤
药学学报 | 研究论文 2020,55(8): 1889-1896
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2020, 55(8): 1889-1896
头孢他啶原料及制剂的聚合物杂质分析
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李进, 姚尚辰, 尹利辉, 许明哲* , 胡昌勤
作者信息
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

通讯作者:

*许明哲, Tel:86-10-53852506, E-mail:
Analysis of polymer impurities in ceftazidime raw materials and preparations
Jin LI, Shang-chen YAO, Li-hui YIN, Ming-zhe XU* , Chang-qin HU
Affiliations
  • National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijng 102629, China
出版时间: 2020-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0084
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建立头孢他啶原料及制剂中聚合物杂质的分析方法。通过强制聚合法制备富含聚合物杂质的头孢他啶降解溶液;然后采用高效凝胶色谱法和柱切换-LC-MSn法对降解溶液中的聚合物杂质进行分离和结构鉴定;采用Phenomenex Gemini-C18型色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇-乙腈为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,建立RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶聚合物,并进行方法学验证。结果表明高效凝胶排阻色谱法分离头孢他啶聚合物杂质时,部分小分子杂质与聚合物共出峰,方法专属性差、定量准确性差;RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶聚合物杂质时,在25~45 min内检出头孢他啶二聚体及其衍生物、三聚体等4种聚合物杂质峰,专属性好、灵敏度高、方法耐用性好,因此RP-HPLC法可用于头孢他啶的聚合物杂质质控。头孢他啶降解溶液可作为分析头孢他啶聚合物的系统适用性溶液。

头孢他啶  /  聚合物  /  杂质  /  柱切换-LC-MSn  /  高效凝胶排阻色谱  /  β-内酰胺抗生素

To establish a method for the determination of polymer impurities in ceftazidime raw materials and preparations, a ceftazidime degradation solution containing polymer impurities was prepared by forced polymerization. Polymer impurities in the degradation solution were separated and identified by high performance gel chromatography and the column switching-LC-MSn method. A new RP-HPLC method for ceftazidime polymer was established and validated with a Phenomenex Gemini-C18 column using a mobile phase gradient elution of 0.02 mol·L-1 phosphate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. The results showed that when using this high performance gel chromatography method some small molecular weight impurities were co-eluted with the polymers, resulting in a poor specificity and poor quantitative accuracy. But when using the RP-HPLC method, four polymer impurities were detected in the 25-45 min time range with good specificity, sensitivity and robustness, including two ceftazidime dimers, trimers, and derivatives. Therefore, the described RP-HPLC method is suitable for the quality control of polymer impurities in ceftazidime, and ceftazidime degradation solution can be used as suitable solution for analysis of ceftazidime polymers.

ceftazidime  /  polymer  /  impurity  /  column-switch LC-MSn  /  high performance size exclusion chromatography  /  β-lactam antibiotics
李进, 姚尚辰, 尹利辉, 许明哲, 胡昌勤. 头孢他啶原料及制剂的聚合物杂质分析. 药学学报, 2020 , 55 (8) : 1889 -1896 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0084
Jin LI, Shang-chen YAO, Li-hui YIN, Ming-zhe XU, Chang-qin HU. Analysis of polymer impurities in ceftazidime raw materials and preparations[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020 , 55 (8) : 1889 -1896 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0084
β-内酰胺类抗生素易发生自身聚合反应, 生成聚合物杂质从而诱发过敏反应, 威胁人民用药安全, 应进行严格控制[1-4]。聚合物杂质可在药品原料与制剂生产、运输、存储过程中产生, 目前已成为影响抗生素药品用药安全的重要因素之一。
目前, 聚合物的质控方法主要包括葡聚糖凝胶G10色谱法(Sephadex G10)、高效凝胶色谱法(HPSEC)、反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)、高效毛细管电泳法(HPCE)、阴离子交换色谱法等[5-8]。聚合物质控的理念由总量控制发展为对指针式聚合物杂质进行精准控制[9]。为保证类药品的安全性, 中国药典从2005年版开始, 逐渐对β-内酰胺类抗生素中的聚合物设定了质控项目。
头孢他啶为半合成第3代头孢菌素, 临床主要用于治疗下呼吸道感染、腹腔胆系感染及复杂性尿路感染和严重皮肤软组织感染等。中国药典2015年版仍然采用G10凝胶色谱系统进行聚合物的质控[10]。EP9.0版和USP41版均未对头孢他啶原料及制剂进行聚合物质控[11, 12]。有文献[13]报道对G10凝胶色谱法的流动相系统进行了优化, 以及采用HPSEC法分析注射用头孢他啶的聚合物杂质[14]。但是, G10凝胶系统和高效凝胶色谱法(high performance size exclusion chromatography, HPSEC)分析聚合物杂质时均存在较为明显的缺点, 聚合物色谱峰易受到药物中其他极性较大的小分子杂质的共出峰干扰, 从而影响聚合物杂质的定量准确性。前期研究已对部分β-内酰胺类抗感染药物聚合物杂质做过研究工作, 证明RP-HPLC方法可对指针性聚合物杂质进行精准控制[15-18], 本研究分别建立HPSEC法和RP-HPLC法, 对头孢他啶原料及制剂中的聚合物杂质进行研究, 建立头孢他啶聚合物的分析方法。
仪器  二维色谱系统为Summit 100型, 包括P680型双三元低压梯度泵、ACI-100型自动进样器、Tcc-100型柱温箱及PDA-100型二极管阵列检测器组成, 工作站为Chromeleon 7.2 SR5版(美国DIONEX公司); 柱切-LC-MSn系统由Thermo HPLC色谱系统(包括U3000四元低压梯度泵、自动进样器、柱温箱、切换阀和四波长检测器)和Q Exactive Focus型MS/MS质谱仪(美国Thermo公司)组成, 工作站为Xcalibur1.0版; BUCHI旋转蒸发仪R-215V。
样品与试剂  头孢他啶原料(含碳酸钠) (批号802LJ81JD2)和注射用头孢他啶(批号: 18112231)由中国食品药品检定研究院提供。乙腈(色谱纯)购自美国Fisher公司, 其他化学试剂(分析纯), 均购自国药集团化学试剂公司, 水为实验室自制双蒸水。
高效凝胶排阻色(HPSEC)法  色谱柱TSK-gel G2000SWxl (填料, 刚性、球形、亲水硅胶; 7.8 mm×30 cm, 5 µm); 流动相, A相为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0)[0.005 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钠溶液-0.005 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(61:39)]; B相为乙腈; A:B=85:15。流速, 0.7 mL·min-1; 检测波长, 254 nm; 柱温, 30 ℃; 进样量, 20 μL (色谱系统I)。稀释溶剂, 水; 样品浓度, 1.0 mg·mL-1。用于HPSEC法分析聚合物杂质。
RP-HPLC法  色谱柱, Phenomenex Gemini-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm); 流动相, 0.02 mol·L-1磷酸盐溶液(取无水磷酸氢二钠1.4 g和无水磷酸二氢钾1.4 g, 加水溶解并稀释至1 000 mL, 用磷酸调至pH 3.4) (A)-甲醇-乙腈(1:1) (B)。梯度洗脱, 0~4.0 min, 4.0%~11.0% B; 4.0~5.0 min, 11.0% B; 5.0~11.0 min, 11.0%~13.0% B; 11.0~15.0 min, 13.0%~16.0% B; 15.0~30.0 min, 16.0%~20.0% B; 30.0~45.0 min, 20.0%~50.0% B; 45.0~46.0 min, 50.0%~4.0% B; 46.0~60.0 min, 4.0% B。流速, 1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温, 30 ℃; 检测波长, 254 nm (色谱系统II)。用于分析头孢他啶原料及制剂的指针性聚合物杂质。
柱切换-LC-MS-I法  一维色谱系统, 同色谱系统I, 进样体积增加至100 μL, 用于弱保留值杂质的分离。二维色谱系统, 色谱柱, Agilent, SB-C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm)。流动相, 0.5%冰醋酸水溶液(A)-0.5%冰醋酸的乙腈溶液(B); 梯度洗脱, 0~7 min, 100% A (脱盐处理); 7~27 min, 0~90.0% B; 27~37 min, 90.0% B; 37~38 min, 90.0%~0 B; 38~40 min, 100% A。柱温, 室温; 流速, 0.7 mL·min-1。切换阀, 六通阀A和B; 用于对HPSEC法分离的聚合物杂质进行脱盐处理、质谱定性研究。
柱切换-LC-MS-II法  一维色谱系统, 同色谱系统II, 进样体积增加至40 μL, 用于杂质的分离。二维色谱系统, 同柱切换-LC-MS-I的二维色谱系统。用于对RP-HPLC色谱系统分离的聚合物杂质进行质谱研究。
质谱条件(柱切换-LC-MS-I, II的质谱方法)  扫描电压(+) 3 000.0 V, 毛细管温度(+) 350.0 ℃, 鞘气(+) 35 L·h-1, 辅助气(+) 10.00 L·h-1, 最大喷雾电流(+) 100.00, 探针加热器温度(+) 350.00 ℃, S-棱镜RF水平50.00, 离子源为HESI; 一级质谱方法, 正离子模式, 分辨率70 000, 扫描范围m/z 200~2 000;二级质谱方法, 分辨率17 500, 分离窗口m/z 3.0, (N) CE 13 V, 缺省电荷状态1。
溶液配制
头孢他啶降解浓溶液  取头孢他啶原料适量, 加蒸馏水溶解并稀释成浓度约为10.0 mg·mL-1的溶液(以头孢他啶计), 在室温下放置4天后, 作为降解浓溶液储备液。然后量取1.0 mL上述溶液置于10 mL量瓶中, 加水稀释至刻度, 制成浓度约为1 mg·mL-1的溶液。
头孢他啶原料溶液  取头孢他啶原料适量, 置于10 mL量瓶中, 加水溶解并稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 制成浓度约为1 mg·mL-1的溶液(以头孢他啶计)。
注射用头孢他啶溶液  取注射用头孢他啶适量, 置于10 mL量瓶中, 加水溶解并稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 制成浓度约为1 mg·mL-1的溶液(以头孢他啶计)。
方法学验证
检测限与定量限  精密量取方法学验证溶液, 用水进行倍比稀释, 得到不同浓度的系列溶液, 量取20 μL注入液相色谱仪。以头孢他啶对照品为外标, 得到方法的最低定量限(LOQ)和最低检测限(LOD)。
重复性  精密量取方法学验证溶液20 μL, 注入液相色谱仪, 连续进样3针, 计算主要二聚体杂质的峰面积, 以相对标准偏差RSD%表示。
耐用性  精密量取方法学验证溶液20 μL, 注入液相色谱仪, 考察在不同柱温、流动相pH值和不同色谱柱条件下, 聚合物杂质的分离情况。
本研究首先参照《中国药典》2015年版二部中头孢地嗪有关物质Ⅱ的方法, 对流动相的pH、缓冲盐的浓度、强溶剂比例与检测波长等因素进行了优化, 最后建立了HPSEC法。然后采用该方法对头孢他啶降解浓溶液、头孢他啶原料和注射用头孢他啶进行了分析。结果显示, 在头孢他啶降解浓溶液中检出5个弱保留值杂质HPSEC-1~5, 其中弱保留值杂质HPSEC-1~4在头孢他啶主峰之前, HPSEC-5在主峰之后。按主成分自身对照法计算, 在头孢他啶原料检出HPSEC-2~4, 含量为0.40%;注射用头孢他啶制剂中检出HPSEC-2~4, 含量为0.45%。
以头孢他啶降解浓溶液为供试品, 采用柱切换-LC-MS-I法推定弱保留值杂质HPSEC-1~5的化学结构, 杂质结构式见图 1
在弱保留值杂质HPSEC-4中检出了3个共流出杂质峰, 按照色谱出峰顺序, 分别命名为HPSEC-4a, 4b, 4c, 质谱数据见表 1
在HPSEC-4a, 4b的全扫描质谱图中均存在m/z693.11 (z=1)、m/z347.06 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 为[M+H]+峰和[M+2H]++峰, 因此HPSEC-4a, 4b的分子质量为692 Da, 比头孢他啶的分子质量多146 Da, 初步推定为头孢他啶分子上取代了一个146 Da的取代基, 上述两个杂质不属于聚合物杂质。二级质谱显示中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z614 (m/z693-79 Da)、中性丢失CO2的子离子m/z570 (m/z 614-44 Da)、中性丢失CO的子离子m/z586 (m/z614-28 Da), 说明该两个杂质的3位侧链、四元内酰胺环、2位羧基未发生取代, 因此推定取代位点在7位侧链上, 确切化学结构还需要采用NMR等技术进行进一步研究。HPSEC-4a, 4b的化学结构式见图 1
在HPSEC-4c的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z473.15 (z=1)的准分子离子, 为[M+H]+峰, 因此HPSEC-4c的分子质量为472 Da, 比头孢他啶分子质量少74 Da, 化学结构杂质有待于进一步研究, 该杂质属于小分子杂质, 不属于聚合物杂质。
在弱保留值杂质HPSEC-3中检出了8个共流出杂质峰, 按照色谱出峰顺序, 分别命名为HPSEC-3a~3h, 质谱数据见表 1
在HPSEC-3a的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 547.11 (z=1)的加合离子峰, 为[M+H]+峰, 因此HPSEC-3a的分子质量为546 Da, 与头孢他啶的分子质量相同, 初步推断为头孢他啶同分异构体, 参照EP9.0中收载的异构体杂质, 推定为头孢他啶Δ2异构体, 化学结构式见图 1, 为小分子杂质, 不属于聚合物杂质。
在HPSEC-3b的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 1 032.17 (z=1)、m/z516.6 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+、[M+2H]++峰, 因此HPSEC-3b的分子质量为1 031 Da, 比头孢他啶二聚体的分子质量1 013 Da多18 Da, 初步推定为头孢他啶二聚体水解物, 属于聚合物杂质。在HPSEC-3b的二级质谱图中, 存在中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z953 ([M+H]+-79 Da), m/z909 (m/z953.1-44 Da)、m/z865 (m/z909-44 Da)、m/z821 (m/z865-44 Da)、m/z777 (m/z821-44 Da)等4个中性丢失CO2的子离子, 说明分子中存在一个吡啶取代基、多个游离羧基, m/z892 (m/z909-17 Da)、m/z848 (m/z865-17 Da)、804 (m/z821-17 Da)等中性丢失NH3的子离子说明聚合物分子中存在一个伯氨基。基于头孢他啶二聚体的结构研究, 结合头孢菌素类抗生素的一般水解规律, 推定水解位点为四元内酰胺环, HPSEC-3b的化学结构式见图 1
在HPSEC-3c, 3f的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 1 116.18 (z=1)、m/z 558.59 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+、[M+2H]++峰, 因此推测HPSEC-3c, 3f的相对分子质量为1 115 Da, 比头孢他啶二聚体的分子质量1 013 Da多102 Da, 二者互为同分异构体。二级质谱图中存在中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z1 037 (m/z1 116-79 Da), 中性丢失CO2的子离子m/z993 (m/z1 037-44 Da), 中性丢失NH3的子离子m/z976 (m/z993-17 Da)。初步推定为头孢他啶二聚体的α羟基异丁酸取代产物, 属于聚合物杂质, 命名为头孢他啶二聚体衍生物II。化学结构式见图 1
在HPSEC-3d, 3e的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 1 014.16 (z=1)、m/z 507.59 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+、[M+2H]++峰, 因此HPSEC-3d, 3e的分子质量为1 013 Da, 比头孢他啶的分子质量2倍少79 Da, 初步推断为头孢他啶脱三位侧链形成的二聚体杂质, 二者互为同分异构体。在二级质谱图中可见, 中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z935 (m/z1 014-79 Da)、中性丢失CO2的子离子m/z891 (m/z935-44 Da)、中性丢失NH3的子离子m/z874 (m/z891-17 Da), 说明该杂质为头孢他啶聚合物, 分子中含有1个吡啶取代基、多个游离羧基和1个游离伯氨基。根据头孢菌素类抗生素发生聚合反应的机制, 初步推测聚合位点包括两种可能, ① 7位的氨噻肟氨基进攻另一分子的三位侧链, 脱掉一分子吡啶取代基, 产生聚合; ② 7位的氨噻肟氨基进攻另一分子的四元内酰胺环, 产生聚合, 然后脱掉一分子吡啶取代基。该杂质的化学结构式见图 1
在HPSEC-3g, 3h的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 1 542.25 (z=1)、m/z 771.63 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+、[M+2H]++峰, 因此HPSEC-3g, 3h的分子质量为1 541 Da, 比头孢他啶三聚体的分子质量(1 559 Da)少18 Da, 二者互为同分异构体。二级质谱图中存在两个中性丢失吡啶子离子m/z1 463 (m/z1 542-79 Da)和m/z1 340 (m/z1 419-79 Da), 存在m/z1 296等多个中性丢失CO2的子离子以及m/z1 279等中性丢失NH3的子离子, 说明杂质分子中含有两个吡啶取代基, 含有游离羧基和氨基。基于头孢他啶二聚体化学结构, 推定HPSEC-3g, 3h为头孢他啶三聚体脱水物, 化学结构式见图 1
在弱保留值杂质HPSEC-2中检出了3个杂质峰, 按照色谱出峰顺序, 分别命名为HPSEC-2a~2c, 质谱数据见表 1
在HPSEC-2a, 2c的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z 1 160.17 (z=1)、m/z580.59 (z=2)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+峰和[M+2H]++峰, 因此HPSEC-2a和HPSEC-2c的分子质量为1 159 Da, 比头孢他啶二聚体(1 013 Da)的分子质量多146 Da, 初步推定为头孢他啶二聚体分子上取代了一个146 Da的取代基, 命名为头孢他啶二聚体衍生物I。这两个杂质的二级质谱图中均存在中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z1 081 (m/z 1 160-79 Da)、中性丢失CO2的子离子m/z1 037 (m/z 1 081-44 Da)、中性丢失NH3的子离子m/z1 020 (m/z 1 037-17 Da), m/z1 009 (m/z1 037-28 Da)说明该两个杂质的3位侧链、四元内酰胺环、2位羧基未发生取代, 因此146 Da取代基的取代位点在7位侧链上, 聚合位点可能在三位侧链上, 或者在4元内酰胺环上。确切化学结构还需要采用NMR等技术进行进一步研究。HPSEC-2a和2c的化学结构式见图 1
在HPSEC-2b的全扫描质谱图中存在m/z1 560.26 (z=1)、m/z780.64 (z=2)、m/z 520.8 (z=3)的加合离子峰, 分别为[M+H]+峰、[M+2H]++峰、[M+3H]+++峰, 因此HPSEC-2b的分子质量为1 559 Da, 比头孢他啶二聚体(1 013 Da)的分子质量多546 Da, 初步推定为头孢他啶三聚体。二级质谱图中存在中性丢失吡啶的子离子m/z1 481 (m/z1 560-79 Da)、m/z1 358 (m/z1 437-79 Da); 中性丢失CO2的子离子m/z1 437 (m/z1 481-44 Da)、中性丢失NH3的子离子m/z1 297 (m/z1 314-17 Da), 说明该杂质分子中含有两个吡啶取代基, 多个羧基。基于头孢他啶二聚体的化学结构, 推定出该杂质的化学结构式, 见图 1, 确切化学结构还需要采用NMR等技术进行进一步研究。
在HPSEC-1中检出了1个杂质峰, 质谱数据显示该杂质的分子质量为472 Da, 属于小分子杂质, 不属于聚合物杂质, 具体化学结构暂无法确定。
该杂质经质谱分析, 未得到明显的质谱峰, 说明不是聚合物杂质, 推测为头孢他啶自身降解产生的小分子杂质吡啶。
在头孢他啶主峰前的4个弱保留值杂质峰HPSEC-2, 3中, 检出了头孢他啶二聚体、三聚体以及相关的降解产物。在HPSEC-1, 4中检出其他小分子杂质。HPSEC法分析聚合物时, 能够检出聚合物杂质, 但是受到小分子杂质的共出峰干扰, 导致方法专属性较差, 定量不准确, 因此不适合用于头孢他啶原料与制剂的聚合物质控。HPSEC分析头孢他啶聚合物杂质的方法专属性较差, 因此本文建立了RP-HPLC法, 并采用柱切换-LC-MS-II法对RP-HPLC的专属性进行研究。
在EP9.0年版头孢他啶有关物质测定方法的基础上, 将有机相由100%乙腈优化为乙腈-甲醇(1:1), 并通过调整梯度洗脱梯度的方法, 增强对聚合物杂质的洗脱和分离能力, 在此基础上建立了分析聚合物的RP-HPLC法, 见RP-HPLC法, 优化后的RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶降解浓溶液的典型色谱图见图 2, 采用优化后方法可以分离出UNK-1~6等6个未知杂质峰。
采用柱切换-LC-MS-II法对优化后RP-HPLC系统分离的UNK-1~6等6个疑似聚合物杂质进行了质谱分析, 从而实现对聚合物杂质进行精确定位, 见表 2。结果表明, 6个杂质均为头孢他啶聚合物杂质及其衍生物, 其中杂质UNK-1、2、3、6的含量较高, 分别为头孢他啶二聚体衍生物I、二聚体、二聚体衍生物I异构体和头孢他啶三聚体, 可作为质量控制的指针性聚合物杂质, 杂质UNK-5、6含量较低, 为头孢他啶二聚体衍生物II及其异构体。上述聚合物杂质的化学结构为初步推测结构, 因为存在多个聚合位点和取代位点, 导致聚合物杂质存在多种异构体, 仅通过质谱法无法确证其化学结构, 需要进一步通过NMR法加以确证, 但是质谱法提供的分子质量信息能够确定这些杂质均是头孢他啶聚合物杂质。在头孢他啶原料与制剂的典型色谱图中发现在头孢他啶三聚体后出现1个未知杂质峰(tR=42.05 min), 见图 3。经质谱分析其分子质量为602 Da, 为小分子工艺杂质, 归属为EP 9.0的杂质E。因此, RP-HPLC法能够检出头孢他啶二聚体、二聚体衍生物, 头孢他啶三聚体, 各个杂质分离度良好, 方法专属性良好。
头孢他啶二聚体的LOQ为3.0×10-3 μg; LOD为1.2×10-3 μg。
头孢他啶二聚体衍生物I、二聚体、二聚体衍生物I异构体、三聚体的3次重复进样的RSD分别为0.97%、0.57%、0.74%、0.84%。
当柱温、流动相pH值改变时, RP-HPLC法均可有效分离样品中的头孢他啶聚合物杂质。不同型号的色谱柱对聚合物杂质的分离能力不尽相同, Phenomenex Gemini色谱柱的分离效果较好。
采用RP-HPLC法对头孢他啶原料和注射用头孢他啶进行聚合物分析, 见图 3。结果显示, 头孢他啶原料和制剂中仅检出头孢他啶二聚体, 含量均为0.01%。RP-HPLC法测得的聚合物含量明显低于HPSEC法, 进一步说明RP-HPLC法准确和专属性良好。
本文综合运用高效凝胶色谱法(HPSEC)、柱切换-LC-MSn法等现代色谱分析技术, 证明了HPSEC法分析头孢他啶原料聚合物杂质的方法专属性差, 新建立的RP-HPLC法分析头孢他啶聚合物杂质灵敏度高、专属性强, 可用于头孢他啶原料和制剂的聚合物质控; 头孢他啶降解溶液可作为头孢他啶聚合物分析的系统适用性溶液。
作者贡献:李进完成本文的实验和论文撰写; 姚尚辰和尹利辉协助完成本文实验; 许明哲对本文进行了修改, 并为本文的通讯人; 胡昌勤提出并指导本文实验思路与理念。
利益冲突:无任何利益冲突。
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2020年第55卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0084
  • 接收时间:2020-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2020-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-04
  • 修回日期:2020-04-17
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    中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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