Article(id=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1569168000000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-23, revisedDate=1574611200000, revisedDateStr=2019-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768887124785, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1583942400000, pubDateStr=2020-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768887124785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768887124785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768887124785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220364301731287745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='349', pageEnd='536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768887122805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768957149580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220658015389270676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220658015389270677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=473, endPage=477, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220364311051027313, articleId=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Kinetic study of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in rats after intragastric administration of
Gynura japonica, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Recently, hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) induced by misuse of Gynura japonica has increased and gained global attention. Large amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in G. japonica; these PAs are metabolically activated to generate pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs). In this study, male SD rats were treated orally with a single dose of G. japonica extract (GJE) at 0.062 5, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g·kg-1. Blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h, and at 48 h after treatment the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and livers were collected for hematoxylin & eosin staining. The kinetics of PPAs at different doses were studied at 10, 20, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h, and 48 h, after a single gavage of GJE. The experimental scheme was approved by the ethics committee of animal experiments of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM190912019). The concentration of PPAs in serum was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Kinetic data were processed by using the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics data analysis software program PK solutions 2TM. The results demonstrate that the concentration of PPAs increased with the dose of GJE and positively correlated with the severity of liver injury. The elimination rate of PPAs in rats was significantly prolonged at higher doses. The level of PPAs and their clearance rate may serve as useful references for the detoxification of PAs-induced injuries.
, correspAuthors=Li YANG, Ai-zhen XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan CHEN, Xun-jiang WANG, Fen XIONG, Wei-qian WANG, Li YANG, Ai-zhen XIONG, Chang-hong WANG, Zheng-tao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1220364311768253361, articleId=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=大鼠灌胃菊三七生成吡咯蛋白加合物的药代动力学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
近年来,误服菊三七引起肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,HSOS)的案例逐年增多,引起国内外的广泛关注。菊三七含大量吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs),经肝脏代谢活化生成吡咯-蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts,PPAs)。本文首先利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃不同剂量的菊三七醇提物(0.062 5、0.25、0.5、2.0和4.0 g·kg-1)后,于2、12、24和48 h眼眶静脉丛取血,并48 h后异氟烷麻醉取肝,用于苏木精-伊红染色,进行肝组织病理分析,考察不同剂量菊三七醇提物与PPAs生成量及菊三七肝毒性的关系。此外,利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃0.25和0.5 g·kg-1菊三七醇提物后,于不同的时间点(10、20和30 min、1、2、4、6、12、24和48 h)眼眶静脉丛取血,进行了不同剂量的PPAs的药代动力学研究。实验方案经上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(PZSHUTCM190912019)。采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)检测血清中PPAs含量,并用PK Solutions 2TM软件的非房室模型进行拟合求算药动学参数。结果表明,PPAs含量随菊三七给药剂量增加呈剂量依赖性,且与肝损伤程度相关;PPAs在大鼠体内的消除率随着给药剂量的增加明显减慢。PPAs可作为PAs毒性标志物,其含量的高低及清除的快慢可为PAs减毒策略的开发提供参考。
, correspAuthors=杨莉, 熊爱珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2020, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ngRrpNB//7O7LYu8zCFvww==, magXml=UxTWkvz8TYiAWtjyfGVbPQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zD94Q9HtisUoDRuMIxDjGg==, pdfFileSize=380209, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=BBYUT2XgFe+6NIShrSdRvA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5gEFaMHFbQiD2QF58edRyQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=陈岩, 王汛江, 熊芬, 王蔚倩, 杨莉, 熊爱珍, 王长虹, 王峥涛)}, authors=[Author(id=1220394386601464583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394386714710803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394386601464583, language=EN, stringName=Yan CHEN, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220394386257531628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386265920237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386278503150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1220394386937008929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394387079615278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394386937008929, language=EN, stringName=Xun-jiang WANG, firstName=Xun-jiang, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220394386257531628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386265920237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386278503150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1220394387259970364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394387398382406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394387259970364, language=EN, stringName=Fen XIONG, firstName=Fen, middleName=null, lastName=XIONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1220394387499045712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394387259970364, language=CN, stringName=熊芬, firstName=芬, middleName=null, lastName=熊, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220394386257531628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386265920237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386278503150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1220394387608097626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394387721343843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394387608097626, language=EN, stringName=Wei-qian WANG, firstName=Wei-qian, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1220394387813618539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394387608097626, language=CN, stringName=王蔚倩, firstName=蔚倩, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1220394386257531628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386265920237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1220394386278503150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, companyId=1220394386257531628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1220394389092881268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangli7951@hotmail.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394389260653440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394389092881268, language=EN, stringName=Li YANG, firstName=Li, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1220394389461980044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394389092881268, language=CN, stringName=杨莉, firstName=莉, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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Histological changes in livers of rats. Rats were treated with a single administration of vehicle or 0.062 5, 0.25, 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 g·kg-1 of GJE and sacrificed at 48 h for HE staining. Scale bar, 50 μm , figureFileSmall=1bxWAVpcHnzRbo2bO6sipg==, figureFileBig=7fy5s0qd754/XQ99QEntXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393459150994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=85sPSXVDVgAG3aFKXsLKtw==, figureFileBig=l4A7BD7Ok+4e5nwk5zQvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393538842774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
The concentration versus time curves of PPAs in serum after a single exposure to different doses of GJE , figureFileSmall=85sPSXVDVgAG3aFKXsLKtw==, figureFileBig=l4A7BD7Ok+4e5nwk5zQvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393652088987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | tR /min | m/z ([M+H]+) | PAs | Content /mg·g-1 |
| 1 | 4.4 | 336.2 | Senecionine | 21.6 |
| 2 | 5.3 | 334.2 | Seneciphylline | 27.8 |
| 3 | 7.8 | 352.2 | Senecionine N-oxide | 1.3 |
| 4 | 8.6 | 350.2 | Seneciphylline N-oxide | 0.1 |
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The contents of main pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Gynura japonica extract (GJE)
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| No. | tR /min | m/z ([M+H]+) | PAs | Content /mg·g-1 |
| 1 | 4.4 | 336.2 | Senecionine | 21.6 |
| 2 | 5.3 | 334.2 | Seneciphylline | 27.8 |
| 3 | 7.8 | 352.2 | Senecionine N-oxide | 1.3 |
| 4 | 8.6 | 350.2 | Seneciphylline N-oxide | 0.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1220394393865998504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dose of GJE /g·kg-1 | PPA contents at different time points after treatment/nmol·mL-1 |
| 2 h | 12 h | 24 h | 48 h |
| 0.25 | 0.135 ± 0.027 | 0.036 ± 0.010 | 0.014 ± 0.006 | 0.002 ± 0.005 |
| 0.5 | 0.211 ± 0.032 | 0.146 ± 0.024 | 0.043 ± 0.013 | 0.024 ± 0.009 |
| 2 | 0.749 ± 0.215 | 0.626 ± 0.094 | 0.346 ± 0.101 | 0.263 ± 0.060 |
| 4 | 1.212 ± 0.318 | 1.283 ± 0.113 | 0.827 ± 0.111 | 0.660 ± 0.088 |
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The PPA contents in the serum after a single treatment of GJE. n=8, $\bar x \pm s$\end{document}
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Dose of GJE /g·kg-1 | PPA contents at different time points after treatment/nmol·mL-1 |
| 2 h | 12 h | 24 h | 48 h |
| 0.25 | 0.135 ± 0.027 | 0.036 ± 0.010 | 0.014 ± 0.006 | 0.002 ± 0.005 |
| 0.5 | 0.211 ± 0.032 | 0.146 ± 0.024 | 0.043 ± 0.013 | 0.024 ± 0.009 |
| 2 | 0.749 ± 0.215 | 0.626 ± 0.094 | 0.346 ± 0.101 | 0.263 ± 0.060 |
| 4 | 1.212 ± 0.318 | 1.283 ± 0.113 | 0.827 ± 0.111 | 0.660 ± 0.088 |
), ArticleFig(id=1220394394046353592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameter | Value at different doses |
| 0.25 g·kg-1 | 0.5 g·kg-1 |
| tmax/min | 153.8 ± 77.6 | 141.5 ± 102.1 |
| Cmax/nmol·mL-1 | 0.136 ± 0.033 | 0.245 ± 0.083 |
| AUC0-t/min·nmol·mL-1 | 99.6 ± 19.0 | 244.0 ± 54.5 |
| MRT/min | 795.2 ± 347.0 | 1 470.6± 383.1 |
| Vd/mL·kg-1 | 1 962.3 ± 737.0 | 3 649.3 ± 927.2 |
| CL/mL·min-1·kg-1 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
| t1/2a/min | 79.3 ± 32.6 | 108.5 ± 63.8 |
| ka/min-1 | 0.010 0 ± 0.003 3 | 0.009 4 ± 0.009 0 |
| t1/2e/min | 591.3 ± 361.0 | 1 441.5 ± 422.2 |
| ke/min-1 | 0.001 6 ± 0.000 7 | 0.000 6 ± 0.000 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1220394394121851072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
Kinetic parameters of PPAs in serum after a single exposure to different doses of GJE. n=8, $\bar x \pm s$
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Parameter | Value at different doses |
| 0.25 g·kg-1 | 0.5 g·kg-1 |
| tmax/min | 153.8 ± 77.6 | 141.5 ± 102.1 |
| Cmax/nmol·mL-1 | 0.136 ± 0.033 | 0.245 ± 0.083 |
| AUC0-t/min·nmol·mL-1 | 99.6 ± 19.0 | 244.0 ± 54.5 |
| MRT/min | 795.2 ± 347.0 | 1 470.6± 383.1 |
| Vd/mL·kg-1 | 1 962.3 ± 737.0 | 3 649.3 ± 927.2 |
| CL/mL·min-1·kg-1 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
| t1/2a/min | 79.3 ± 32.6 | 108.5 ± 63.8 |
| ka/min-1 | 0.010 0 ± 0.003 3 | 0.009 4 ± 0.009 0 |
| t1/2e/min | 591.3 ± 361.0 | 1 441.5 ± 422.2 |
| ke/min-1 | 0.001 6 ± 0.000 7 | 0.000 6 ± 0.000 2 |
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