Article(id=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1569168000000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-23, revisedDate=1574611200000, revisedDateStr=2019-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768887124785, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1583942400000, pubDateStr=2020-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768887124785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768887124785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768887124785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220364301731287745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='349', pageEnd='536', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768887122805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768957149580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220658015389270676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220658015389270677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364301731287745, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=473, endPage=477, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220364311051027313, articleId=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Kinetic study of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in rats after intragastric administration of Gynura japonica, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Recently, hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) induced by misuse of Gynura japonica has increased and gained global attention. Large amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in G. japonica; these PAs are metabolically activated to generate pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs). In this study, male SD rats were treated orally with a single dose of G. japonica extract (GJE) at 0.062 5, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g·kg-1. Blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h, and at 48 h after treatment the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and livers were collected for hematoxylin & eosin staining. The kinetics of PPAs at different doses were studied at 10, 20, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h, and 48 h, after a single gavage of GJE. The experimental scheme was approved by the ethics committee of animal experiments of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM190912019). The concentration of PPAs in serum was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Kinetic data were processed by using the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics data analysis software program PK solutions 2TM. The results demonstrate that the concentration of PPAs increased with the dose of GJE and positively correlated with the severity of liver injury. The elimination rate of PPAs in rats was significantly prolonged at higher doses. The level of PPAs and their clearance rate may serve as useful references for the detoxification of PAs-induced injuries.

, correspAuthors=Li YANG, Ai-zhen XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan CHEN, Xun-jiang WANG, Fen XIONG, Wei-qian WANG, Li YANG, Ai-zhen XIONG, Chang-hong WANG, Zheng-tao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1220364311768253361, articleId=1220364310036005706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=大鼠灌胃菊三七生成吡咯蛋白加合物的药代动力学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,误服菊三七引起肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,HSOS)的案例逐年增多,引起国内外的广泛关注。菊三七含大量吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs),经肝脏代谢活化生成吡咯-蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts,PPAs)。本文首先利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃不同剂量的菊三七醇提物(0.062 5、0.25、0.5、2.0和4.0 g·kg-1)后,于2、12、24和48 h眼眶静脉丛取血,并48 h后异氟烷麻醉取肝,用于苏木精-伊红染色,进行肝组织病理分析,考察不同剂量菊三七醇提物与PPAs生成量及菊三七肝毒性的关系。此外,利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃0.25和0.5 g·kg-1菊三七醇提物后,于不同的时间点(10、20和30 min、1、2、4、6、12、24和48 h)眼眶静脉丛取血,进行了不同剂量的PPAs的药代动力学研究。实验方案经上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(PZSHUTCM190912019)。采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)检测血清中PPAs含量,并用PK Solutions 2TM软件的非房室模型进行拟合求算药动学参数。结果表明,PPAs含量随菊三七给药剂量增加呈剂量依赖性,且与肝损伤程度相关;PPAs在大鼠体内的消除率随着给药剂量的增加明显减慢。PPAs可作为PAs毒性标志物,其含量的高低及清除的快慢可为PAs减毒策略的开发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=杨莉, 熊爱珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨莉, E-mail:
熊爱珍, Tel:86-21-51322506, Fax:86-21-51322519, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2020, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ngRrpNB//7O7LYu8zCFvww==, magXml=UxTWkvz8TYiAWtjyfGVbPQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zD94Q9HtisUoDRuMIxDjGg==, pdfFileSize=380209, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=BBYUT2XgFe+6NIShrSdRvA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5gEFaMHFbQiD2QF58edRyQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=陈岩, 王汛江, 熊芬, 王蔚倩, 杨莉, 熊爱珍, 王长虹, 王峥涛)}, authors=[Author(id=1220394386601464583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1220394386714710803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, authorId=1220394386601464583, language=EN, stringName=Yan CHEN, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 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Arch Toxicol, 2018, 92: 3403-3414., articleTitle=The role of formation of pyrrole-ATP synthase subunit beta adduct in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220394398882386326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=1027, pageEnd=1039, url=http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=e3cf79dee8f254ea117e41ab7b6fbe7c&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Ma J, Ruan J, Chen X, journalName=Chem Res Toxicol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ma J , Ruan J , Chen X et al . Pyrrole-hemoglobin adducts, a more feasible potential biomarker of pyrrolizidine alkaloid exposure[J]. 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Rats were treated with a single administration of vehicle or 0.062 5, 0.25, 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 g·kg<sup>-1</sup> of GJE and sacrificed at 48 h for HE staining. Scale bar, 50 μm , figureFileSmall=1bxWAVpcHnzRbo2bO6sipg==, figureFileBig=7fy5s0qd754/XQ99QEntXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393459150994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=85sPSXVDVgAG3aFKXsLKtw==, figureFileBig=l4A7BD7Ok+4e5nwk5zQvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393538842774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The concentration versus time curves of PPAs in serum after a single exposure to different doses of GJE , figureFileSmall=85sPSXVDVgAG3aFKXsLKtw==, figureFileBig=l4A7BD7Ok+4e5nwk5zQvsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220394393652088987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364310036005706, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR
/min
m/z
([M+H]+)
PAs Content
/mg·g-1
1 4.4 336.2 Senecionine 21.6
2 5.3 334.2 Seneciphylline 27.8
3 7.8 352.2 Senecionine N-oxide 1.3
4 8.6 350.2 Seneciphylline N-oxide 0.1
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The contents of main pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in Gynura japonica extract (GJE)

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No. tR
/min
m/z
([M+H]+)
PAs Content
/mg·g-1
1 4.4 336.2 Senecionine 21.6
2 5.3 334.2 Seneciphylline 27.8
3 7.8 352.2 Senecionine N-oxide 1.3
4 8.6 350.2 Seneciphylline N-oxide 0.1
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Dose of GJE
/g·kg-1
PPA contents at different time points after treatment/nmol·mL-1
2 h 12 h 24 h 48 h
0.25 0.135 ± 0.027 0.036 ± 0.010 0.014 ± 0.006 0.002 ± 0.005
0.5 0.211 ± 0.032 0.146 ± 0.024 0.043 ± 0.013 0.024 ± 0.009
2 0.749 ± 0.215 0.626 ± 0.094 0.346 ± 0.101 0.263 ± 0.060
4 1.212 ± 0.318 1.283 ± 0.113 0.827 ± 0.111 0.660 ± 0.088
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The PPA contents in the serum after a single treatment of GJE. n=8, $\bar x \pm s$\end{document}

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dose of GJE
/g·kg-1
PPA contents at different time points after treatment/nmol·mL-1
2 h 12 h 24 h 48 h
0.25 0.135 ± 0.027 0.036 ± 0.010 0.014 ± 0.006 0.002 ± 0.005
0.5 0.211 ± 0.032 0.146 ± 0.024 0.043 ± 0.013 0.024 ± 0.009
2 0.749 ± 0.215 0.626 ± 0.094 0.346 ± 0.101 0.263 ± 0.060
4 1.212 ± 0.318 1.283 ± 0.113 0.827 ± 0.111 0.660 ± 0.088
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Parameter Value at different doses
0.25 g·kg-1 0.5 g·kg-1
tmax/min 153.8 ± 77.6 141.5 ± 102.1
Cmax/nmol·mL-1 0.136 ± 0.033 0.245 ± 0.083
AUC0-t/min·nmol·mL-1 99.6 ± 19.0 244.0 ± 54.5
MRT/min 795.2 ± 347.0 1 470.6± 383.1
Vd/mL·kg-1 1 962.3 ± 737.0 3 649.3 ± 927.2
CL/mL·min-1·kg-1 2.5 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.4
t1/2a/min 79.3 ± 32.6 108.5 ± 63.8
ka/min-1 0.010 0 ± 0.003 3 0.009 4 ± 0.009 0
t1/2e/min 591.3 ± 361.0 1 441.5 ± 422.2
ke/min-1 0.001 6 ± 0.000 7 0.000 6 ± 0.000 2
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Kinetic parameters of PPAs in serum after a single exposure to different doses of GJE. n=8, $\bar x \pm s$

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Parameter Value at different doses
0.25 g·kg-1 0.5 g·kg-1
tmax/min 153.8 ± 77.6 141.5 ± 102.1
Cmax/nmol·mL-1 0.136 ± 0.033 0.245 ± 0.083
AUC0-t/min·nmol·mL-1 99.6 ± 19.0 244.0 ± 54.5
MRT/min 795.2 ± 347.0 1 470.6± 383.1
Vd/mL·kg-1 1 962.3 ± 737.0 3 649.3 ± 927.2
CL/mL·min-1·kg-1 2.5 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.4
t1/2a/min 79.3 ± 32.6 108.5 ± 63.8
ka/min-1 0.010 0 ± 0.003 3 0.009 4 ± 0.009 0
t1/2e/min 591.3 ± 361.0 1 441.5 ± 422.2
ke/min-1 0.001 6 ± 0.000 7 0.000 6 ± 0.000 2
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大鼠灌胃菊三七生成吡咯蛋白加合物的药代动力学研究
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陈岩 1 , 王汛江 1 , 熊芬 1 , 王蔚倩 1 , 杨莉 1, 2, * , 熊爱珍 1, * , 王长虹 1 , 王峥涛 1, 2
药学学报 | 研究论文 2020,55(3): 473-477
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2020, 55(3): 473-477
大鼠灌胃菊三七生成吡咯蛋白加合物的药代动力学研究
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陈岩1, 王汛江1, 熊芬1, 王蔚倩1, 杨莉1, 2, * , 熊爱珍1, * , 王长虹1, 王峥涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*杨莉, E-mail:
熊爱珍, Tel:86-21-51322506, Fax:86-21-51322519, E-mail:
Kinetic study of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in rats after intragastric administration of Gynura japonica
Yan CHEN1, Xun-jiang WANG1, Fen XIONG1, Wei-qian WANG1, Li YANG1, 2, * , Ai-zhen XIONG1, * , Chang-hong WANG1, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2020-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772
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近年来,误服菊三七引起肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,HSOS)的案例逐年增多,引起国内外的广泛关注。菊三七含大量吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs),经肝脏代谢活化生成吡咯-蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts,PPAs)。本文首先利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃不同剂量的菊三七醇提物(0.062 5、0.25、0.5、2.0和4.0 g·kg-1)后,于2、12、24和48 h眼眶静脉丛取血,并48 h后异氟烷麻醉取肝,用于苏木精-伊红染色,进行肝组织病理分析,考察不同剂量菊三七醇提物与PPAs生成量及菊三七肝毒性的关系。此外,利用SD雄性大鼠单次灌胃0.25和0.5 g·kg-1菊三七醇提物后,于不同的时间点(10、20和30 min、1、2、4、6、12、24和48 h)眼眶静脉丛取血,进行了不同剂量的PPAs的药代动力学研究。实验方案经上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(PZSHUTCM190912019)。采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)检测血清中PPAs含量,并用PK Solutions 2TM软件的非房室模型进行拟合求算药动学参数。结果表明,PPAs含量随菊三七给药剂量增加呈剂量依赖性,且与肝损伤程度相关;PPAs在大鼠体内的消除率随着给药剂量的增加明显减慢。PPAs可作为PAs毒性标志物,其含量的高低及清除的快慢可为PAs减毒策略的开发提供参考。

菊三七  /  吡咯里西啶生物碱  /  肝窦阻塞综合征  /  吡咯蛋白加合物  /  药代动力学

Recently, hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) induced by misuse of Gynura japonica has increased and gained global attention. Large amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in G. japonica; these PAs are metabolically activated to generate pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs). In this study, male SD rats were treated orally with a single dose of G. japonica extract (GJE) at 0.062 5, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g·kg-1. Blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h, and at 48 h after treatment the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and livers were collected for hematoxylin & eosin staining. The kinetics of PPAs at different doses were studied at 10, 20, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h, and 48 h, after a single gavage of GJE. The experimental scheme was approved by the ethics committee of animal experiments of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM190912019). The concentration of PPAs in serum was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Kinetic data were processed by using the non-compartmental pharmacokinetics data analysis software program PK solutions 2TM. The results demonstrate that the concentration of PPAs increased with the dose of GJE and positively correlated with the severity of liver injury. The elimination rate of PPAs in rats was significantly prolonged at higher doses. The level of PPAs and their clearance rate may serve as useful references for the detoxification of PAs-induced injuries.

Gynura japonica  /  pyrrolizidine alkaloid  /  hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome  /  pyrrole-protein adduct  /  kinetic study
陈岩, 王汛江, 熊芬, 王蔚倩, 杨莉, 熊爱珍, 王长虹, 王峥涛. 大鼠灌胃菊三七生成吡咯蛋白加合物的药代动力学研究. 药学学报, 2020 , 55 (3) : 473 -477 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772
Yan CHEN, Xun-jiang WANG, Fen XIONG, Wei-qian WANG, Li YANG, Ai-zhen XIONG, Chang-hong WANG, Zheng-tao WANG. Kinetic study of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in rats after intragastric administration of Gynura japonica[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020 , 55 (3) : 473 -477 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772
菊三七(Gynura japonica)又称土三七, 是一种来源于菊科的民间植物药, 用于治疗跌打损伤及外伤出血症[1, 2]。然而, 大量研究表明菊三七中含有多种吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), 主要包括千里光碱(senecionine)、千里光菲林碱(seneciphylline)、千里光碱氮氧化物(senecionine N-oxide)、千里光菲林碱氮氧化物(seneciphylline N-oxide)[1, 3, 4]。PAs是一种天然的毒性成分, 大部分PAs经细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450, CYP450)代谢活化产生活性中间体脱氢吡咯(dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids, DHPAs)。DHPAs不稳定, 具有高度亲电活性, 可与体内大分子物质如蛋白结合产生吡咯蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts, PPAs), 进一步诱导肝毒性、肺毒性、基因毒性等[5-8]。PAs毒性最典型的为肝毒性, 急性肝毒性引起肝肿大、腹水、肝细胞坏死, 临床上表现为肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, HSOS); 慢性毒性表现为肝纤维化和肝巨红细胞血症[9, 10]
近年来, 因服用菊三七所导致HSOS的临床报道逐渐增多[11, 12], 已成为目前我国HSOS发病的主要原因[13-15]。然而, 临床尚无有效的治疗方法[16]。为更有效的诊断及治疗该疾病, 中华医学会消化病学分会肝胆疾病协作组建议将血液PPAs作为PAs致HSOS的诊断依据[17], 并已有研究初步证实了其用于临床PAs所致HSOS诊断的可行性[18-21]。课题组前期初步研究表明PPAs含量高低与菊三七PAs服用量有关, 但其动力学特征尚未有报道。因此, 本研究采用大鼠单次给药不同剂量的菊三七生成PPAs的药代动力学特征, 为其减毒/解毒策略的开发提供实验基础和理论依据。
仪器与试剂  Shimadzu CBM-30A高效液相色谱系统(Shimadzu Co, Kyoto, Japan), 连接ABSCIEX QTRAP6500质谱系统(AB SCIEX Co, CA, USA)。化学纯三氟化硼乙醚、氯仿、无水乙醇、硝酸银、丙酮均购自国药控股化学试剂有限公司(中国, 上海)。分析纯邻四氯苯醌、4-二甲氨基苯甲醛、野百合碱均购自Sigma公司(St. Louis, MO, USA)。色谱纯甲醇、乙腈、甲酸均购自Fisher公司(Santa Clara, CA, USA)。千里光碱购自成都普瑞法科技开发有限公司(纯度>98%)。Ehrlich试剂根据课题组前期报道方法配制[22]。菊三七采集自江苏省扬州市, 经作者鉴定为菊科菊三七属植物菊三七[Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel.], 去除泥沙等异物晾干, 临用前60 ℃烘干打粗粉。参考文献方法[4], 以95%乙醇回流提取3次, 得到菊三七提取物(GJE), 提取率为6.0%, 并根据课题组前期报道的含量测定方法[14]采用LC-MS分析GJE中主要PAs的含量。
动物实验  实验方案经上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(PZSHUTCM190912019), 所有程序均严格按照动物使用和护理的伦理原则进行。雄性Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠(200 ± 20 g)购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司(合格证号:SCXK (沪) 2017-0005)。
单次灌胃不同剂量GJE与PPAs生成量及菊三七肝毒性的关系   实验动物适应性喂养3天后随机分为6组, 即空白对照组和不同剂量GJE给药组(0.062 5、0.25、0.5、2.0和4.0 g·kg-1), 每组8只。给药前禁食8 h, 自由饮水。大鼠单次灌胃给药后, 分别于2、12、24和48 h异氟烷麻醉, 眼眶静脉丛取血0.25 mL于1.5 mL离心管中, 室温静置2 h后800 ×g离心15 min分离血清并保存于-80 ℃。给药48 h后异氟烷麻醉大鼠, 并取肝脏置于组织固定液中, 用于苏木精-伊红染色(HE staining)。
单次灌胃不同剂量GJE生成PPAs的药代动力学研究  实验动物适应性喂养3天后随机分为2组, 即不同剂量GJE给药组(0.25和0.5 g·kg-1), 每组8只。大鼠单次灌胃给药后, 分别于10、20、30 min、1、2、4、6、12、24和48 h异氟烷麻醉, 眼眶静脉丛取血0.25 mL于1.5 mL离心管中, 室温静置2 h后800 ×g离心15 min分离血清并保存于-80 ℃。
样本制备  PPAs测定参考文献方法进行[15, 22]。取血清50 μL于1.5 mL离心管中, 加冰丙酮250 μL涡旋, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 沉淀蛋白; 残渣(蛋白)用无水乙醇洗涤两次后加2% AgNO3的无水乙醇溶液200 μL, 室温振摇30 min, 4℃下、1 000 ×g离心5 min, 取上清与Ehrlich试剂(上清液:试剂=4:1, v/v)于55℃反应10 min, 置冰上中止反应。反应混合物于4℃下、15 000 ×g离心15 min, 取上清液进样分析。
LC-MS分析条件  色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm); 流动相为0.1%甲酸水-乙腈, 采用梯度洗脱:0~1 min, 10%乙腈; 1~6 min, 40%乙腈; 6~7 min, 95%乙腈; 7~10 min, 10%乙腈; 流速:0.4 mL·min-1; 柱温:45℃; 进样体积:2 μL。质谱条件:电喷雾离子源(ESI), 正离子模式采集, 喷雾电压5 500 V, 离子源温度550℃; 气帘气35 psi; 去簇电压160 V; 碰撞能46 V。以多反应检测(MRM)检测, 离子通道为:341>252 (定量离子对), 341>296 (定性离子对)。
数据分析  所有药代动力学参数由PK Solutions 2™软件的非房室模型进行拟合求算, 吸收速率常数(ka)、吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)、消除速率常数(ke)、消除半衰期(t1/2ke)、表观分布容积(Vd)、清除率(CL)、平均滞留时间(MRT)、达峰值浓度(Cmax)、达峰时间(tmax)。实验结果均以$\bar x \pm s$表示。
参考课题组前期报道的菊三七中PAs含量测定方法[14], 对本研究制备GJE中主要PAs进行含量分析。结果表明, GJE中主要含千里光碱、千里光菲林碱及其氮氧化物(表 1), 总含量为50.8 mg·g-1
大鼠单次灌胃不同剂量GJE (0.062 5~4.0 g·kg-1, 折合药材1.04~66.7 g·kg-1, PAs 3.18~203.2 mg·kg-1), 随着剂量的升高, 引起不同程度的损伤。如图 1所示, 与空白组相比, 给药0.062 5 g·kg-1剂量组大鼠无明显肝损伤, 0.25 g·kg-1开始出现肝窦扩张; 给药4.0 g·kg-1后, 肝窦扩张显著增大, 并且伴随着严重的肝窦出血、肝细胞点状坏死、脂肪空泡化及炎症。
大鼠单次给药不同剂量GJE后2、12、24和48 h, 分别测定血清中PPAs的含量。由表 2可知, 同一时间点PPAs含量随着给药GJE剂量的升高而升高, 且呈剂量依赖性(r =0.994 0~0.999 6)。给药后2~48 h, PPAs含量随采样时间而降低。
大鼠分别单次灌胃给药GJE 0.25和0.5 g·kg-1, 测定给药后10 min~48 h内不同时间点血清PPAs含量, 绘制血药浓度-时间曲线(图 2)并计算其药代动力学参数(表 3)。可知大鼠灌胃GJE后PPAs符合非房室模型, 进行拟合求算药动学参数。结果PPAs在体内的消除率随着给药剂量的增加明显减慢(t1/2e为591.3 ± 361.0 min, 约9.9 h; t1/2e为1 441.5 ± 422.2 min, 约24.0 h), 表明PPAs在大鼠体内的药代动力学受剂量的影响。
菊三七又名土三七, 为民间常用药, 因其名与五加科药用三七(Panax notoginseng)相似, 也同样具有止血、活血化瘀的功效[23], 被当作三七混淆使用, 是我国造成临床HSOS的主要原因。目前, 吡咯蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts, PPAs)已作为临床诊断PAs诱导HSOS的指标[15, 17-22, 24], 然而PPAs的含量受药物的用量、服药时间及采血时间的影响较大[20]。本研究利用大鼠研究不同剂量菊三七灌胃后生成PPAs的药代动力学特征。
药用三七的推荐服用量为每日不超过9 g[25], 折合大鼠等效剂量为1.05 g·kg-1。本研究中大鼠单次灌胃GJE提取物0.062 5~4.0 g·kg-1, 折合菊三七药材1.04~66.7 g·kg-1, 相当于临床等效剂量的1~64倍。在等效剂量, 菊三七未对大鼠造成明显肝损伤, 但4倍人临床等效剂量下可见显著的肝窦损伤(图 1), 且损伤程度随剂量增加而严重, 然而在最高剂量即64倍人临床等效剂量下未见大鼠死亡。患者服用菊三七的时间、剂量均会对其是否发病及发病的严重程度有所影响, 服用菊三七的剂量越大、时间越长, 其发病的几率及严重程度都更高[11]。本实验的结果也证明, 大鼠单次灌胃小剂量(即人等效剂量)的菊三七不会造成肝损伤, 与临床相符。此外, 血清PPAs生成量也随给药GJE剂量的升高而升高, 且呈剂量依赖性(r>0.99)。进一步研究了大鼠给药0.25和0.5 g·kg-1剂量GJE后生成PPAs的药代动力学特征。结果表明, 不同给药剂量下AUC0-t、MRT、Vd随剂量而明显增大, 而tmax和CL未见明显剂量依赖性。此外, 不同给药剂量t1/2a无明显差异, 但t1/2e随剂量而明显增大, 即PPAs在体内的消除率随着给药剂量的增加明显减慢(t1/2e0.25~591.3 min, 约9.9 h; t1/2e0.5~1441.5 min, 约24.0 h)。高剂量下肝损伤较为严重, 可能与PPAs清除较慢相关。
本研究也存在一定的缺陷。首先, PAs经CYP450酶代谢活化生成DHPAs, 并进一步与蛋白结合生成PPAs从而导致肝毒性[8]。然而目前明确报道可与DHPAs结合的蛋白结构仅有氢离子转运ATP酶线粒体F1复合体Β肽(ATP5B)[26]和血红素蛋白(hemoglobin)[27], 是否有其他蛋白以及其具体种类仍未明确。然而, 目前已有文献均采用AgNO3水解蛋白再与Ehrlich试剂进行衍生化反应, 以生成的衍生化产物来表征总PPAs的含量[15, 18-21, 26, 27]。采用本方法来测定大鼠灌胃菊三七提取物后生成PPAs的含量仍具有一定的代表性。其次, 根据菊三七致HSOS流行病学研究表明, 患者服用菊三七的方式多样, 包括水煮、泡酒、打粉吞服、切片泡茶等。由于提取方法的不同, 可能会影响提取物中PAs的种类和含量及其他非PAs成分如有机酸、黄酮类成分的含量, 不同成分之间亦可能产生代谢性相互作用, 从而影响到其各自及PPAs的药代动力学, 这将是本课题组后续工作的重点之一。因此, 本研究参考Lin等[15]报道, 以醇提物初步考察并了解大鼠灌胃菊三七生成PPAs的动力学特征。以本研究为基础, 进一步开展深入研究, 一方面丰富以PPAs含量作为PAs毒性的标识物, 另一方面将其作为药物干预是否有效的依据, 为PAs减毒及解毒策略的开发提供方法和理论参考, 以期有利于临床HSOS患者的预后和治疗。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81603384)
  • 上海市自然科学基金资助项目(16ZR1434200)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星计划(17QA1403600)
  • 上海市优秀学科带头人计划(17XD1403500)
  • 上海市进一步加快中医药事业发展三年行动计划(2018年-2020年,ZY(2018-2020)-CCCX-5002)
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2020年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0772
  • 接收时间:2019-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2020-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-23
  • 修回日期:2019-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81603384)
上海市自然科学基金资助项目(16ZR1434200)
上海市青年科技启明星计划(17QA1403600)
上海市优秀学科带头人计划(17XD1403500)
上海市进一步加快中医药事业发展三年行动计划(2018年-2020年,ZY(2018-2020)-CCCX-5002)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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