Article(id=1222469814115881270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222469808688451726, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0389, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1558022400000, receivedDateStr=2019-05-17, revisedDate=1561996800000, revisedDateStr=2019-07-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769389116075, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1576080000000, pubDateStr=2019-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769389116075, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769389116075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769389116075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222469808688451726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2019', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='2141', pageEnd='2352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1576080000000', pubDateStr='2019-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769389114782, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1769389604971, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222471864748859926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222469808688451726, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222471864748859927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222469808688451726, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2209, endPage=2213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222469814627586395, articleId=1222469814115881270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress in research of switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have been viewed as a target for successful treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, targeting conventional CAR-T cell has a series of side effects, such as cytokine storm, on-target off-tumor effect and neurotoxicity during treatment, and these side effects threatened patients' life. The extracellular domain of conventional CAR-T is a fixed single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that only targets one specific antigen, and once the tumor antigen is mutated or disappears, the CAR-T cell will fail. In recent years, a number of different switchable CAR-T cells have emerged. The design of switchable CAR-T cells is divided into two aspects:CAR-T cell and molecular switch respectively, and the activation of CAR-T is completely dependent on the switch. It is not only universal, but also decreases the side effect of conventional CAR-T through controlling the molecular switch. We summarized the existing sCAR-T to provide an idea for CAR-T design and optimization, and lay a foundation for entering sCAR-T into clinical practice.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiu-xia WANG, Li-li SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-li SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2019 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222469815156068735, articleId=1222469814115881270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=开关型嵌合抗原受体T细胞的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近两年,嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)在血液瘤治疗方面取得了巨大成就。但传统型CAR-T细胞治疗时伴随的不良反应如细胞因子风暴、脱靶效应及神经毒性,严重威胁患者生命安全。而且传统型CAR-T细胞胞外区为固定的某类单链抗体可变区(single-chain variable fragment,scFv),因此只能靶向一种固定的靶点,若肿瘤靶抗原突变或消失,CAR-T细胞也将失效。近年来,领域前沿涌现了一批开关型CAR-T(switchable CAR-T,sCAR-T)设计,用以解决上述问题。此类设计将传统的CAR-T细胞分解为CAR-T细胞和分子开关,使得CAR-T的激活完全依赖于分子开关,不仅拓展了CAR-T细胞的通用性,还可以通过开关控制CAR-T细胞生物学活性,从而降低传统型CAR-T细胞带来的不良反应。本文就现有报道的sCAR-T进行分类总结,目的是为更多的CAR-T设计及优化提供思路,为sCAR-T进入临床治疗奠定基础。

, authors=null, authorsList=王秋霞, 时丽丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=时丽丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*时丽丽, Tel:17397937671, E-mail:
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开关型嵌合抗原受体T细胞的研究进展
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王秋霞 1 , 时丽丽 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2019,54(12): 2209-2213
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药学学报 |综述 2019 , 54 (12) : 2209 -2213
开关型嵌合抗原受体T细胞的研究进展
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王秋霞1, 时丽丽2, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学医学部药学院, 陕西 西安 710061
  • 2.启德医药科技(苏州)有限公司, 江苏 苏州 215000
通讯作者:
*时丽丽, Tel:17397937671, E-mail:
Progress in research of switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells
Qiu-xia WANG1, Li-li SHI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
  • 2. GeneQuantum Healthcare(Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
出版时间: 2019-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0389
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近两年,嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)在血液瘤治疗方面取得了巨大成就。但传统型CAR-T细胞治疗时伴随的不良反应如细胞因子风暴、脱靶效应及神经毒性,严重威胁患者生命安全。而且传统型CAR-T细胞胞外区为固定的某类单链抗体可变区(single-chain variable fragment,scFv),因此只能靶向一种固定的靶点,若肿瘤靶抗原突变或消失,CAR-T细胞也将失效。近年来,领域前沿涌现了一批开关型CAR-T(switchable CAR-T,sCAR-T)设计,用以解决上述问题。此类设计将传统的CAR-T细胞分解为CAR-T细胞和分子开关,使得CAR-T的激活完全依赖于分子开关,不仅拓展了CAR-T细胞的通用性,还可以通过开关控制CAR-T细胞生物学活性,从而降低传统型CAR-T细胞带来的不良反应。本文就现有报道的sCAR-T进行分类总结,目的是为更多的CAR-T设计及优化提供思路,为sCAR-T进入临床治疗奠定基础。

嵌合抗原受体T细胞  /  开关型嵌合抗原受体T细胞  /  抗体偶联物型开关  /  药物偶联物型开关  /  药物型开关

In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have been viewed as a target for successful treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, targeting conventional CAR-T cell has a series of side effects, such as cytokine storm, on-target off-tumor effect and neurotoxicity during treatment, and these side effects threatened patients' life. The extracellular domain of conventional CAR-T is a fixed single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that only targets one specific antigen, and once the tumor antigen is mutated or disappears, the CAR-T cell will fail. In recent years, a number of different switchable CAR-T cells have emerged. The design of switchable CAR-T cells is divided into two aspects:CAR-T cell and molecular switch respectively, and the activation of CAR-T is completely dependent on the switch. It is not only universal, but also decreases the side effect of conventional CAR-T through controlling the molecular switch. We summarized the existing sCAR-T to provide an idea for CAR-T design and optimization, and lay a foundation for entering sCAR-T into clinical practice.

conventional chimeric antigen receptor T cell  /  switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cell  /  Ab-tag switch  /  drug-tag switch  /  drug switch
王秋霞, 时丽丽. 开关型嵌合抗原受体T细胞的研究进展. 药学学报, 2019 , 54 (12) : 2209 -2213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0389
Qiu-xia WANG, Li-li SHI. Progress in research of switchable chimeric antigen receptor T cells[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2019 , 54 (12) : 2209 -2213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0389
近两年, 嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell, CAR-T)在治疗血液瘤方面取得了巨大成就。2017年, 美国食品药品监督管理局FDA批准了两个CAR-T药物, 分别是Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel)、Yescarta。前者用于治疗25岁以下患有难治性或复发两次以上的急性B淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)的患者, 后者用于治疗经过2线以上系统治疗后复发性、难治性成人大B细胞淋巴瘤患者, 两款CAR-T药物的上市激励了更多CAR-T药物相关研究。
CAR-T细胞发挥功能的依据是抗原-抗体特异性识别并结合后再激活相关生物学功能。传统型CAR-T细胞[指具有固定的单链抗体可变区(single-chain variable fragment, scFv)的CAR-T细胞]包括能够靶向抗原的scFv、铰链区、跨膜区、信号传导区域。目前已上市的两种CAR-T细胞均属于传统型, 一方面, 此类CAR-T细胞在使用时会伴随严重的细胞因子风暴、脱靶效应及神经毒性等不良反应, 严重威胁患者生命。另一方面, 传统型CAR-T细胞需要先获取患者的T细胞, 经改造后再回输至自身体内发挥作用, 这一过程不仅耗时长, 而且易受患者自身T细胞的状态影响, 由于大部分患者在经历化疗后, T细胞数量和质量会显著下降, 因此增加了制备CAR-T细胞失败的风险。为使CAR-T细胞制备过程更加稳定, 有研究认为可以利用健康志愿者的T细胞制备CAR-T细胞进行回输, 实现同种异体通用治疗[1-3]。第三方面, 由于传统型CAR-T细胞胞外区为固定的scFv, 因此只能靶向一种固定的靶点, 当肿瘤靶抗原突变或消失时, CAR-T细胞也将失效。针对这一情况, 可以考虑采用开关型CAR-T, 即CAR-T细胞的激活完全依赖于一种分子开关, 当肿瘤抗原突变或消失时只需要更换开关, 无需重复制备CAR-T细胞, 实现CAR-T细胞的通用。本文就目前已有报道的开关型通用CAR-T细胞作一综述。
生理状态下, T细胞被激活需要双重信号, T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR)对主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)/抗原肽的识别为第一信号, 初始T细胞是否能够就此进入活化程序取决于它们是否能够同时获得抗原递呈细胞(antigen-presenting cell, APC)所表达共刺激因子所提供的第二信号。TCR与MHC/抗原肽紧密结合形成免疫突触(immunological synapse, IS)后导致TCR-CD3复合物中CD3分子胞浆区免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, ITAM)的磷酸化。Springer[4]最先提出了免疫突触的概念, 随后Monks等[5]首次发现了T细胞和抗原递呈细胞之间相互作用时受体和细胞内蛋白聚集的三维结构, 即免疫突触的三维结构。此三维结构是由3个同心的环组成, TCR-MHC抗原肽复合物、PKCθ在最内层环, 称为中心超分子激活簇(central supramolecular activation cluster, cSMAC), 而整合素和其受体如淋巴细胞功能相关分子1和细胞间黏附分子1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1/intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, LFA-1/ICAM1)则位于中间环, 称为周边超分子激活簇(peripheral SMAC, pSMAC), 最外层为末端超分子激活簇(distal SMAC, dSMAC)[6]。CD3分子由γεδζη 5种肽链组成, 5种肽链有3种二聚体形式: CD3ζε、CD3δε异二聚体和CD3ζζ二聚体[7], γεδ胞内区含1个ITAM序列, ζη分别含有3个和2个ITAM。
相较于TCR, CAR拥有的scFv可以直接靶向抗原, 不需要MHC的递呈, 因此在肿瘤发生时MHC表达降低的情况下CAR仍然能发挥作用, 而且可以使用CD4+、CD8+ T细胞同时制备CAR-T细胞。CAR免疫突触的形成与TCR不同, CAR IS不形成明显的同心圆结构, 其没有明显的肌动蛋白环, 但在IS中心肌动蛋白也没有完全消失, LFA-1同样杂乱的分布, CAR-肿瘤抗原复合物形成聚集体随机地分布在免疫突触中[8]。当TCR需要5~10 min形成稳定的靶眼结构时, CAR在不足2 min内就形成了能够快速传递近端信号的多焦点CAR免疫突触。免疫突触的另一重要功能就是通过微管组织中心(microtubule organizing center, MTOC)传递细胞毒颗粒至免疫突触, CAR免疫突触快速短暂的近端信号诱导MTOC向免疫突触移动并加速释放细胞毒颗粒[8]。开关型CAR-T的免疫突触结构及其作用机制尚不清楚。免疫突触的形成对CAR-T细胞发挥功能起到了关键性的作用。CAR的信号传导区域通常由协同共刺激因子(如CD28)和CD3ζ组成。
开关型CAR-T通常由开关和CAR-T细胞两部分组成, CAR-T自身失活, 只有开关存在时才能激活CAR-T细胞发挥作用, 而且抗肿瘤效果与开关的剂量呈现明显的依赖关系, 此为开关型CAR-T与传统型CAR-T最主要的结构区别。开关型CAR-T细胞能根据肿瘤发生及毒性及时给药或终止给药, 降低了细胞因子风暴等不良反应的发生率。简而言之, 即更高的疗效, 更低的不良反应。
本文将依据CAR-T细胞的开关结构将开关型CAR-T细胞分为以下3类:第一类为抗体和小分子标签偶联而成的开关控制的类型, 即Ab-tag型; 第二类为小分子药物和小分子标签偶联而成的开关控制的类型, 即drug-tag型; 第三类为小分子药物开关控制的类型, 即drug型。
该类型CAR-T细胞结构由靶向CAR的tag偶联在抗体上, 并且根据偶联tag的数量或者与tag结合的抗体数量, 将开关分为不同的价位。如图 1a所示, 二价开关可识别2个相同的或不同的抗原或者识别2个CAR-T细胞, 相同条件下二价开关比一价开关具有更高的亲和力和杀伤靶细胞能力。
Cartellieri等[9]将传统CAR的信号传导和抗原结合区域分成2个独立部分, 如图 2a所示, 细胞内区域和传统第二代CAR相似, 与传统CAR不同的是此CAR细胞外部scFv不识别抗原, 而是识别一个由10个氨基酸组成的无免疫原性的短肽(5B9 Tag), 此短肽来自人源自身抗原La/SS-B, 在生理状态下CAR scFv的靶点5B9 Tag不会暴露在细胞表面。因此, 将此种CAR-T单独注射至体内后不会有活性, 只有在靶向模块(target modular, TM)注射后, TM同时和UniCAR scFv以及抗原结合后才能发挥作用。他们首先设计CD33 TM和CD123 TM, 在验证其能够有效杀伤靶细胞后, 进而设计了同时靶向CD33和CD123的双特异性TM, 由于同时使用CD33 TM和CD123 TM时, 两种独立的TM竞争结合UniCAR scFv表位, 因此同时使用2个TM杀伤靶细胞的效果不如双特异性TM。文章同时验证了UniCAR-T cells的毒性问题, 在给NSG小鼠静脉注射UniCAR-T cells后, 发现UniCAR-T cells并不能识别鼠内源性的5B9 Tag, 实验组小鼠和对照组小鼠均未发生移植物抗宿主反应和其他的毒性。由于5B9 Tag在人和小鼠中高度保守, 因此这一动物实验对临床试验具有巨大的参考价值。
随后Albert等[10]进一步将TM基于纳米抗体设计靶向实体瘤, 其设计的靶向表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor, EGFR)单价和二价靶向模块TM在亲和力、杀伤力方面均具有较大差别, 单价TM与A431细胞的亲和力常数Kd为77 nmol·L-1, 而二价TM为24 nmol·L-1, 单价与二价TM与FaDu的亲和力差异较大, 相差约34倍(分别为2 084 nmol·L-1和64 nmol·L-1)。靶细胞杀伤实验结果表明, 肿瘤杀伤程度与靶细胞表面抗原的表达密度呈密切关系, 抗原表达密度越高, 肿瘤杀伤程度越高, 而单价TM只能杀伤抗原密度较高的靶细胞。相同靶细胞保持抗原表达时, 单价TM的EC50 (1.8 nmol·L-1)是双价TM (0.007 nmol·L-1)的250多倍。药代动力学研究表明, 单价TM在注射1.5 h后在肿瘤部位已经开始减少, 而二价TM在1.5 h时在肿瘤部位尚未达最大浓度, 且可以在接下来的22.5 h内在肿瘤部位进一步富集。因此Albert等提出联合使用单价和双价TM进行两步法治疗, 即在治疗初期首先使用单价TM, 以降低首先使用高亲和力、杀伤力强的二价TM可能带来的细胞因子风暴或肿瘤杀伤综合症的风险, 待治疗后肿瘤负荷下降时, 再使用能够在肿瘤部位聚集时间更长且亲和力更高的二价TM以保证能杀伤抗原表达水平较低的肿瘤细胞。
Cao等[11]进一步利用FITC tag和PNE tag设计了靶向HER2的CAR-T细胞开关, 同时考察了将FITC tag与抗HER2抗体曲妥珠单抗的Fab片段定点偶联至Fab轻链或重链不同的位点以及不同价位对其生物学功能的影响, 对比铰链区长短不同(IgG4m和CD8)的CAR-T的抗肿瘤效果。结果表明, 在LS202X/HK136X位点的二价Anti-FITC scFv和在C末端偶联的二价Anti-PNE scFv (CTBV)分别与CD8和IgG4m铰链结合时T细胞激活程度更高, 而且在N末端偶联的二价Anti-PNE scFv (NTBV)与CD8铰链区结合时激活程度比与IgG4m铰链区结合时激活显著。但即使如此, 该组合仍然不如CTBV与IgG4m组合激活程度高, 因为只有当开关和CAR之间拥有最佳的距离以及方向时才能进一步形成与生理上TCR-MHC复合物最相似的假免疫突触[12], T细胞激活程度才能更高。此结果被Rodgers等[13]在分别靶向CD19和CD20的CAR-T细胞杀伤血液瘤细胞实验中证明。Raj等[14]将PNE tag定点偶联至抗HER2抗体4D5 Fab片段的C末端, 得到了靶向PNE tag和Her 2抗原的开关。其同时构建了Anti-PNE的CAR-T细胞, 继而利用此开关型CAR-T细胞进行了细胞毒性实验和动物体内实验。结果表明, 开关型CAR-T和开关联合与HER2阳性的胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC)靶细胞共培养, 能够有效杀伤PDAC细胞, 同时不含PNE tag的开关对靶细胞几乎杀伤效果极微弱。在利用胰腺导管腺癌4期PDAC细胞构建的动物模型中, 分别注射5×106个开关型CAR-T细胞和传统型CAR-T细胞, 直到64天两种CAR-T细胞对肿瘤杀伤效果相当。更重要的是, 在转移性PDAC模型中, 开关型CAR-T细胞在146天时仍然能与传统型CAR-T细胞具有相当的肿瘤杀伤效果。
由于二价开关具有更高的亲和力, 因此有效地防止了肿瘤抗原表达量低导致的治疗失效。又因其可以设计同时靶向不同抗原的二价开关, 防止了因抗原突变发生的肿瘤逃逸。但是由于二价开关在肿瘤部位富集时间更长可能会提高细胞因子风暴发生的概率。
Lohmueller等[15]将生物素-亲和素系统引入开关型CAR-T的设计。CAR-T细胞胞外区由单链链霉亲和素(monomeric streptavidin, mSA2)组成, 可被已结合生物素化抗体的肿瘤抗原或生物素化抗体包被的微孔板有效激活。在靶细胞存在的情况下, 只有当生物素化抗体固定在靶细胞表面才能将CAR-T细胞激活, 游离的生物素化抗体不能激活CAR-T细胞。Lohmueller等同时验证了mSA2-CD28 ζ比mSA2-41BB ζ产生更多的IFNγ, 但两者杀伤靶细胞的性能相当, 这与传统CAR-T细胞中CD28 ζ与4-1BB ζ的实验结果相同。文中使用同一AT-CARs, 加入生物素化FMC63和利妥昔单抗从而同时靶向CD19和CD20的抗原, 实现了CAR-T细胞的通用。此AT-CARs不仅使用的抗体均为FDA批准的或临床使用的抗体, 而且患者对使用的生物素Tag较于FITC或PNE也有较高的耐受性。但在转化为临床使用时仍然需要考虑mSA2蛋白的免疫原性, 因为四聚体的亲和素能引起抗体和细胞反应, 因此有必要进一步研究单聚体亲和素的影响。Urbanska等[16]利用亲和素-生物素系统设计了通用型CAR-T, 验证了鸡卵白单链亲和素可能由于与生物素的亲和力较双链亲和素低, 因此双链亲和素与铰链区组合的胞外区免疫识别活性更高, 而且CD28共刺激因子的插入能够分泌更多的IFN-γ。更为重要的是, 人血浆中游离的生物素不能使CAR-T细胞产生IFN-γ, 证明游离的生物素不能激活CAR-T细胞。
此类开关为靶向抗原的小分子药物与CAR-T细胞结合的小分子偶联组成。Kim等[17]为了在实体瘤中实现更好的肿瘤浸润, 设计了双功能的小分子开关Folate-FITC靶向叶酸高表达的肿瘤细胞, 如图 1b所示。当Folate-FITC存在时, anti-FITC CAR-T细胞能够杀伤80%叶酸高表达的KB细胞, 且Folate-FITC浓度较低时即可有效杀伤(EC50为8.7 pmol·L-1), 而对叶酸阴性的细胞株无杀伤。通过细胞因子检测发现, IFN-γ和IL-2的浓度随着Folate-FITC开关的浓度升高而升高。因此可以表明, Folate-FITC开关可以使anti-FITC CAR-T细胞特异性杀伤靶细胞并且呈现剂量依赖性。由于生理状态下, 血液中存在叶酸, 因此考察了在人和啮齿动物血液中存在叶酸(浓度分别为20和200 nmol·L-1)时, Folate-FITC的EC50值分别9.3和66.9 pmol·L-1, 仍然具有足够的亲和力克服生理水平叶酸的竞争。
双功能的小分子开关更有利于肿瘤浸润, 而且Folate-FITC开关偶联物在临床上已有应用[18, 19], 为此种开关型CAR-T进入临床提供了有利的支持。然而文章缺少动物实验数据的支持, 虽然有较好的体外抗肿瘤效果, 但缺少动物体内抗肿瘤效果, 因此尚不能评判其是否具有较大的临床价值。
Juillerat等[20]设计一种依赖于FcεRI结构的新型CAR, 此种结构模拟了TCR-CD3复合物的生理状态, 将CAR中行使不同功能(比如激活和共刺激功能)的结构分布在不同的链上:将FcεRI三聚体的γβ区域分别替换成CD3ζ和4-1BB, α胞外区替换成靶向CD19的scFv以及CD8铰链区。同时利用大环内酯类药物雷帕霉素与FKBP12蛋白结合形成复合物FRB, FRB会影响mTOR信号通路, 利用此原理筛选出能够通过加入雷帕霉素来控制T细胞表面表达scFv的最佳CAR结构为FKBP/FRB, 最终形成瞬时性CAR-T细胞, 检测到其平均荧光强度为不加雷帕霉素对照组的15倍多。由于雷帕霉素具有免疫抑制性, 因此将雷帕霉素替换成其类似物AP21967, AP21967能够和FKBP12结合但是不影响mTOR信号通路。AP21967引起scFv表达的EC50值约为10 nmol·L-1, 100 nmol·L-1时scFv的表达量不再升高。当使用100 nmol·L-1 AP21967与CD19阳性CAR-T细胞和靶细胞共孵育5 h时, CAR-T细胞杀伤率能达到约70%。而且CAR-T杀伤靶细胞的程度依赖于AP21967的剂量, 剂量越高, 杀伤程度越高。利用小分子药物即能控制CAR-T表达并发挥细胞毒性, 这相对大分子给药更简便易行。但相对于传统CAR-T的结构, 此类型的结构较为复杂, 需要着重考虑其在细胞基因组中的稳定性。此外, 雷帕霉素类似物AP21967目前尚未在临床上使用, 因此将可能存在一定的风险。
开关型CAR-T通过将传统型CAR-T细胞分解为开关和CAR-T细胞两部分, 实现了靶向快速切换功能, 而无需重复制备CAR-T细胞, 这将大幅改善其效果和功能, 并同时降低治疗成本, 提高患者依从性。此外, 开关型CAR-T可以通过简单给药就能够有效控制CAR-T细胞的活性与功能, 克服了传统CAR-T严重的脱靶效应, 进一步提升了CAR-T细胞的安全性。未来若将基因编辑技术与开关型CAR-T结合, 可制备同种异体开关型CAR-T细胞[21, 22], 即可利用健康志愿者的T细胞制备sCAR-T细胞, 不受患者自身T细胞数量和质量的影响, 从而扩大CAR-T技术的应用。但是开关型CAR-T仍然存在一些问题:有些开关是外源性组分(如PNE)[11, 16, 23], 注入人体后可能存在免疫原性问题; 由于部分开关型CAR-T进行体外杀伤实验时需要首先将靶细胞与开关药物进行孵育[15], 因此其运用到临床上仍需要进一步优化给药方式。但是由于开关型CAR-T能够有效控制细胞因子风暴等不良作用, 而且能够靶向不同的肿瘤, 因此其在临床上仍然具有巨大的潜力。
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20160367)
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2019年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0389
  • 接收时间:2019-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2019-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2019-05-17
  • 修回日期:2019-07-02
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江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20160367)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学医学部药学院, 陕西 西安 710061
    2.启德医药科技(苏州)有限公司, 江苏 苏州 215000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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