药学学报

Regiospeci-ficity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-3	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C3-oxidase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A14v2	Artemisia annua	KF309251	[5]
C-6β	Amyrin C-6β-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716E26	Solanum lycopersicum	XM_004241773	[44]
C-11	Oleanane C-11-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP88D6	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	AB433179	[45]
C-12, 13α	β-Amyrin C12, 13α-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, oleanolic acid	CYP716S5	Platycodon grandiflorus	KU878856	[46]
C-16β, C-12, 13β	β-Amyrin C12, 13β-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP51H10	Avena strigosa	DQ680852	[47]
C-16α	β-Amyrin C-16α-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP87D16	Maesa lanceolata	KF318735	[4]
α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716Y1	Bupleurum falcatum	KC963423	[48]
C-16β	β-Amyrin C16β-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP716A111	Aquilegia coerulea	KY047600	[46]
C-16β, C-28	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic acid	CYP716A141	P. grandiflorus	KU878855	[46]
C-16β, C-22α, C-28	β-Amyrin C-22α-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A2	Arabidopsis thaliana	LC106013	[49]
C-22α, C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A179	G. uralensis	LC157867	[50]
C-24	Oleanane C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, sophoradiol	CYP93E1	Glycine max	AF135485	[51, 52]
	β-Amyrin C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin	CYP93E2	Medicago truncatula	DQ335790	[53]
		β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP93E3	G. uralensis	AB437320	[45, 51]
			CYP93E4	Arachis hypogaea	KF906535	[51]
			CYP93E5	Cicer arietinum	KF906536	[51]
			CYP93E6	Glycyrrhiza glabra	KF906537	[51]
			CYP93E7	Lens culinaris	KF906538	[51]
			CYP93E8	Pisum sativum	KF906539	[51]
			CYP93E9	Phaseolus vulgaris	KF906540	[51]
C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin, oleanolic aldehyde, ursolic aldehyde	CYP716A12	M. truncatula	DQ335781	[53, 54]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A15	Vitis vinifera	AB619802	[53]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A17	V. vinifera	AB619803	[53]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A83	Centella asiatica	KU878849	[46]
		CYP716A86	C. asiatica	KU878848	[46]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxyoleanolic acid	CYP716A140	P. grandiflorus	KU878853	[46]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A52v2	Panax ginseng	JX036032	[55]
			CYP716A75	Maesa lanceolata	KF318733	[4]
			CYP716A78	Chenopodium quinoa	KX343075	[56]
			CYP716A79	C. quinoa	KX343076	[56]
			CYP716A110	A. coerulea	KU878864	[46]
			CYP716A244	Eleutherococcus senticosus	KX354739	[57]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A252	Ocimum basilicum	JQ958967	[58]
		CYP716A253	O. basilicum	JQ958968	[58]
		α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A175	Malus x domestica	XM_008392874	[59]
	Amyrin C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, ursolic aldehyde, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic aldehyde	CYP716A44	S. lycopersicum	AK329870	[44]
		CYP716A46	S. lycopersicum	XM_004243858	[44]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase (CYP716AL1)	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A154	Catharanthus roseus	JN565975	[60]
C-28, unknown	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A80	Barbarea vulgaris	KP795926	[61]
CYP716A81	B. vulgaris	KP795925	[61]
	Triterpenoid oxidase	Tirucalla-7, 24-dien-3β-ol, α-amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol	CYP716A1	A. thaliana	NM_123002	[49, 62]
C-30	β-Amyrin C30-oxidase	β-amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP72A63	M. truncatula	AB558146	[63]

Regiospeci-ficity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-3	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C3-oxidase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A14v2	Artemisia annua	KF309251	[5]
C-6β	Amyrin C-6β-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716E26	Solanum lycopersicum	XM_004241773	[44]
C-11	Oleanane C-11-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP88D6	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	AB433179	[45]
C-12, 13α	β-Amyrin C12, 13α-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, oleanolic acid	CYP716S5	Platycodon grandiflorus	KU878856	[46]
C-16β, C-12, 13β	β-Amyrin C12, 13β-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP51H10	Avena strigosa	DQ680852	[47]
C-16α	β-Amyrin C-16α-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP87D16	Maesa lanceolata	KF318735	[4]
α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716Y1	Bupleurum falcatum	KC963423	[48]
C-16β	β-Amyrin C16β-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP716A111	Aquilegia coerulea	KY047600	[46]
C-16β, C-28	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic acid	CYP716A141	P. grandiflorus	KU878855	[46]
C-16β, C-22α, C-28	β-Amyrin C-22α-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A2	Arabidopsis thaliana	LC106013	[49]
C-22α, C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A179	G. uralensis	LC157867	[50]
C-24	Oleanane C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, sophoradiol	CYP93E1	Glycine max	AF135485	[51, 52]
	β-Amyrin C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin	CYP93E2	Medicago truncatula	DQ335790	[53]
		β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP93E3	G. uralensis	AB437320	[45, 51]
			CYP93E4	Arachis hypogaea	KF906535	[51]
			CYP93E5	Cicer arietinum	KF906536	[51]
			CYP93E6	Glycyrrhiza glabra	KF906537	[51]
			CYP93E7	Lens culinaris	KF906538	[51]
			CYP93E8	Pisum sativum	KF906539	[51]
			CYP93E9	Phaseolus vulgaris	KF906540	[51]
C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin, oleanolic aldehyde, ursolic aldehyde	CYP716A12	M. truncatula	DQ335781	[53, 54]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A15	Vitis vinifera	AB619802	[53]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A17	V. vinifera	AB619803	[53]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A83	Centella asiatica	KU878849	[46]
		CYP716A86	C. asiatica	KU878848	[46]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxyoleanolic acid	CYP716A140	P. grandiflorus	KU878853	[46]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A52v2	Panax ginseng	JX036032	[55]
			CYP716A75	Maesa lanceolata	KF318733	[4]
			CYP716A78	Chenopodium quinoa	KX343075	[56]
			CYP716A79	C. quinoa	KX343076	[56]
			CYP716A110	A. coerulea	KU878864	[46]
			CYP716A244	Eleutherococcus senticosus	KX354739	[57]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A252	Ocimum basilicum	JQ958967	[58]
		CYP716A253	O. basilicum	JQ958968	[58]
		α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A175	Malus x domestica	XM_008392874	[59]
	Amyrin C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, ursolic aldehyde, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic aldehyde	CYP716A44	S. lycopersicum	AK329870	[44]
		CYP716A46	S. lycopersicum	XM_004243858	[44]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase (CYP716AL1)	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A154	Catharanthus roseus	JN565975	[60]
C-28, unknown	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A80	Barbarea vulgaris	KP795926	[61]
CYP716A81	B. vulgaris	KP795925	[61]
	Triterpenoid oxidase	Tirucalla-7, 24-dien-3β-ol, α-amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol	CYP716A1	A. thaliana	NM_123002	[49, 62]
C-30	β-Amyrin C30-oxidase	β-amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP72A63	M. truncatula	AB558146	[63]

Regiospe-cificity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-2α	Oleanolic acid C2α-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid	CYP716C11	C. asiatica	KU878852	[46]
C-2β	Oleanolic acid C-2β-hydroxylase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin, gypsogenic acid, echinocystic acid, caulophyllogenin	CYP72A67	M. truncatula	DQ335780	[74]
C-6β	Maslinic acid C6β-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid	CYP716E41	C. asiatica	KU878851	[46]
C-23	Oleanane C-23-oxidase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid	CYP72A68v1	M. truncatula	XM_013608494	[74, 75]
CYP72A68v2	DQ335782

Regiospe-cificity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-2α	Oleanolic acid C2α-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid	CYP716C11	C. asiatica	KU878852	[46]
C-2β	Oleanolic acid C-2β-hydroxylase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin, gypsogenic acid, echinocystic acid, caulophyllogenin	CYP72A67	M. truncatula	DQ335780	[74]
C-6β	Maslinic acid C6β-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid	CYP716E41	C. asiatica	KU878851	[46]
C-23	Oleanane C-23-oxidase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid	CYP72A68v1	M. truncatula	XM_013608494	[74, 75]
CYP72A68v2	DQ335782

P450s介导远志皂苷等齐墩果烷型植物三萜生物合成的研究进展

PDF下载

张福生 ¹^,^* , 孔冉冉 ¹^,² , 陈彤垚 ¹ , 王倩玉 ¹^,² , 秦雪梅 ¹ , 杜晨晖 ³ , 马存根 ³^,^*

药学学报 | 综述 2019,54(6): 1000-1009

收起

药学学报 | 综述 2019, 54(6): 1000-1009

P450s介导远志皂苷等齐墩果烷型植物三萜生物合成的研究进展

全屏

张福生¹^,^*, 孔冉冉¹^,², 陈彤垚¹, 王倩玉¹^,², 秦雪梅¹, 杜晨晖³, 马存根³^,^*

作者信息

1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西太原 030006

2.山西大学化学化工学院, 山西太原 030006

3.山西中医药大学, 山西太原 030024

通讯作者:

*张福生, Tel: 86-351-7019178, E-mail: ample1007@sxu.edu.cn;

马存根, Tel: 86-351-3179809, E-mail: macungen2001@163.com

Advance in biosynthesis of plant-derived oleanane type triterpenoids such as Polygala saponins with catalysis by cytochrome P450s

Fu-sheng ZHANG¹^,^*, Ran-ran KONG¹^,², Tong-yao CHEN¹, Qian-yu WANG¹^,², Xue-mei QIN¹, Chen-hui DU³, Cun-gen MA³^,^*

Affiliations

1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

3. Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, China

出版时间: 2019-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0187

文章导航

摘要

收起

植物三萜是一大类结构多样、具有广泛工业及药用价值的天然产物。齐墩果烷型三萜因拥有良好的药理/生物活性而被广泛熟知，其生物合成历经了前体供应、骨架合成、萜类合成等3个阶段。在齐墩果烷型三萜骨架糖基化之前，细胞色素P450单加氧酶（cytochrome P450 monooxygenase，P450s）会先行对该骨架进行许多结构修饰，而这些修饰对三萜骨架的结构多样性与功能性至关重要。本文综述了齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷生物合成中P450s对β-香树脂醇（β-amyrin）、齐墩果酸（oleanolic acid）的催化作用，探讨了远志皂苷的主要苷元母核——原远志皂苷元的可能生物合成途径，并简要概述了远志（Polygala tenuifolia）中CYP716A249的发现，为齐墩果烷型植物三萜的生物合成途径解析提供一些借鉴。

关键词

细胞色素P450单加氧酶 / 植物三萜 / 齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷 / 远志皂苷 / 生物合成

Abstract

收起

Plant-derived triterpenoids constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various implications in industrial and pharmaceutical uses. The oleanane type triterpenoids are widely known for their pharmacological and/or biological activities. The biosynthesis pathway of oleanane triterpenoids is divided into three stages:precursor supply, skeleton synthesis, and terpenoids synthesis. Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases enzymes (P450s) are involved in the synthesis and diversification of natural products, and are responsible for other modifications of terpenoids, such as formation of triterpenoids. P450s-catalyzed structural modification prior to glycosylation is crucial for diversification and functionalization of triterpenoid scaffolds. In this paper, the catalyses of P450s on β-amyrin and oleanolic acid in oleanane type triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis were reviewed. Presenegenin is a major aglycon of Polygala saponins. The CYP716A249 in Polygala tenuifolia was used as an example to other P450s participating in the possible biosynthetic pathways of presenegenin. These results provide references for elucidation of the biosynthesis pathways of plant-derived oleanane type triterpenoids.

Key words

cytochrome P450 monooxygenase / plant-derived triterpenoid / oleanane type triterpenoid saponin / Polygala saponin / biosynthesis

引用本文

张福生, 孔冉冉, 陈彤垚, 王倩玉, 秦雪梅, 杜晨晖, 马存根. P450s介导远志皂苷等齐墩果烷型植物三萜生物合成的研究进展. 药学学报, 2019 , 54 (6) : 1000 -1009 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0187

Fu-sheng ZHANG, Ran-ran KONG, Tong-yao CHEN, Qian-yu WANG, Xue-mei QIN, Chen-hui DU, Cun-gen MA. Advance in biosynthesis of plant-derived oleanane type triterpenoids such as Polygala saponins with catalysis by cytochrome P450s[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2019 , 54 (6) : 1000 -1009 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0187

正文

收起

三萜是一大类结构多样、具有广泛工业及药用价值的天然产物^[1]。植物通常会合成三萜来回应自身的发育信号和来自外部环境的刺激^[2-5]。一方面, 三萜可以在植物的防御反应中发挥作用, 如燕麦植物根部所蓄积的抗菌类三萜糖苷(avenacins), 可防御根部感染病原真菌^[6]。另一方面, 也有研究表明部分三萜与植物生长及器官发育密切相关, 如羽扇豆醇(lupeol)参与结瘤形成^[7], β-香树脂醇(β-amyrin)参与结瘤形成^[8]、根发育^[9], thalianol参与植物生长与发育^[10], β-amyrin/二氢-羽扇豆醇(dihydro-lupeol)参与根生长和开花^[11], marneral参与发芽及根发育、开花、胚胎形成^[12]等。

由于潜在的生物活性, 三萜已被广泛用于药物、食品、化妆品等领域^[13-16], 如一些植物来源的三萜已被用于膳食补充剂、OTC非处方药物, 而另一些半合成的三萜衍生物则正在进行临床试验研究^{[16, 17]}。基于上述原因, 植物三萜的生物合成和蓄积过程正被广泛研究, 力求生产出一种替代资源, 以便于可持续的工业化生产^{[16, 18-21]}。植物三萜的生物合成历经前体供应、骨架合成、萜类合成等三个阶段(图 1), 起源于异戊二烯(C5), 形成共同的底物2, 3-环氧角鲨烯(C30), 经由氧化角鲨烯环化酶催化, 环化成不同的三萜骨架(C30)^[22]。三萜骨架可被多种功能基团, 诸如羟基、羰基、羧基、环氧、烷基、酰基、丙二酰基以及糖基等修饰^[23-25], 而上述修饰最终决定了三萜结构的多样性。迄今为止, 已从天然资源中发现了超过23 000多种的三萜结构, 包含从无环到六环的100多种结构骨架^[1]; 而四环和五环结构在三萜中则占主要构成比例^[26]。

三萜皂苷由三萜皂苷苷元与糖苷配基组成, 是三萜中的一类重要化合物, 具有抗炎^{[27, 28]}、抗癌^[29]、抗病毒^{[30, 31]}等许多重要生物学特性^[32-34], 其中尤以齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷的生物活性被广泛熟知。在三萜骨架糖基化之前, P450s会先行对该骨架进行许多结构修饰^[35]。本文综述了齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷生物合成中P450s对β-amyrin、oleanolic acid的催化作用, 探讨了远志皂苷的主要苷元母核——原远志皂苷元的可能生物合成途径, 并简要概述了远志(Polygala tenuifolia)中OAS (oleanolic acid synthase, 齐墩果酸合成酶) (PtOAS): CYP716A249的发现, 为齐墩果烷型植物三萜的生物合成途径解析提供一些借鉴。

1 植物三萜生物合成相关P450s的研究进展

收起

P450s是植物新陈代谢相关酶中最大的一类酶家族, 其编码蛋白的基因约占植物基因组的1%^[36]。P450s是一类包含亚铁血红素b的酶, 可以催化氧分子进行还原性分离, 其中一个氧原子被加入到底物中, 另一个氧原子则被变成了水。P450s在自然界中广泛分布, 可以催化的底物范围较广, 包括萜类、抗生素、脂肪酸、维生素、烷烃类等多种底物^{[37, 38]}。在植物中, P450s通常经由N端锚定结构结合在细胞膜上, 并与细胞膜上锚定的细胞色素P450还原酶(cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR)相互作用。CPR可以为P450s提供来源于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)辅酶因子的电子, 而这些电子是P450s发挥氧化催化反应所必需的。

P450s通常依据基因的序列同源性和系统发育标准, 分为不同的家族与亚家族。该命名原则依据P450s基因序列提交到命名委员会(David Nelson: dnelson@ uthsc.edu)的时间先后次序(年月日)而定, 规定:氨基酸序列同源性 > 40%的P450s, 命名为家族; > 55%的P450s, 则命名为亚家族。目前, 已从植物中发现了127个P450s家族, 而从脊椎动物、昆虫、细菌、真菌中则分别发现了19、67、333和399个P450s家族^[39]。陆生植物的P450s家族在系统发生树上分为11个具有明显进化枝的簇^[36]; 其中CYP51、CYP74、CYP97、CYP710、CYP711、CYP727、CYP746等簇只包含单一的P450s家族, 而CYP71、CYP72、CYP85、CYP86等簇则包括了多个P450s家族。

P450s的催化作用对三萜的结构多样性与功能性至关重要。迄今为止, 在70个不同种属植物中, 共发现了271个参与三萜生物合成的酶^[40], 包括分属于37个不同种属植物的87个已知功能的P450s (TriForC Database, publicly available pathway database of known and novel high-value triterpenes, http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/triforc/#/home, 只记录了84个)。CYP51 (成员: CYP51H), CYP71 (成员: CYP71A、CYP71D、CYP81Q、CYP93E、CYP705A), CYP72 (成员: CYP72A)以及CYP85 (成员: CYP87D、CYP88D、CYP88L、CYP708A、CYP716A、CYP716C、CYP716E、CYP716S、CYP716U、CYP716Y)被发现与三萜的结构修饰有关^[41]。特别的是, CYP81Q59分别存在于3种不同的植物[黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、甜瓜Cucumis melo L.、西瓜Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai]中^[42]。

2 P450s介导齐墩果烷型植物三萜生物合成的研究进展

收起

在上述87个P450s中, 参与齐墩果烷型三萜生物合成的有47个(截止投稿日), 分别归属于CYP85、CYP51、CYP72、CYP71等4个簇^{[40, 41]}, 包括可催化β-香树脂醇的42个P450s和可催化齐墩果酸的7个P450s (其中2个P450s可分别催化β-香树脂醇与齐墩果酸)。

2.1 催化β-香树脂醇的P450s

β-香树脂醇是一个重要的五环三萜类化合物, 也是齐墩果酸生物合成途径中一个重要的前体物质。有研究表明, β-香树脂醇的衍生物: triazolyl-napthyl derivative of β-amyrin (TNB)可促进鼻咽癌HK-1细胞凋亡, 且TNB对放化疗有增敏作用, 联合放化疗可更好地抑制肿瘤细胞增殖^[43]。迄今为止, 发现可以介导β-香树脂醇发生催化反应的P450s共有42个, 分属于26个不同种属植物(表 1), 可分别对β-香树脂醇骨架上的C-3、C-6、C-11、C-12, 13、C-16、C-22、C-24、C-28、C-30等进行催化, 并继而生成各种β-香树脂醇的衍生物和齐墩果酸等中间产物^{[40, 41]}。

表 1中, 有2个P450s (CYP716S5、CYP716A141)可分别催化β-香树脂醇与齐墩果酸; 有4个P450s (CYP87D16、CYP716A11、CYP93E2、CYP93E7)仅以β-香树脂醇为底物; 有26个P450s仅以β-香树脂醇及其衍生物为底物, 而无法催化α-香树脂醇; 有21个P450s可直接氧化催化β-香树脂醇生成齐墩果酸, 属C-28氧化酶。在这21个C-28氧化酶中, 有相同催化底物的P450s分别为: ① CYP716A17、CYP716A52v2、CYP716A75、CYP716A78、CYP716A79、CYP716A110、CYP716A244, ② CYP716A83、CYP716A86、CYP716A252、CYP716A253, ③ CYP716A44、CYP716A46, ④ CYP716A80、CYP716A81等; 除CYP716A244外, 上述P450s均属于CYP85簇^[41]。另, CYP716A154与CYP716AL1是同一个P450。

在使用TriForC数据库^[40]查询相关P450s功能时, 建议在初步明确了目标P450s的描述(description)后, 应进一步结合区域专一性(regiospecificity)、酶作用底物(substrates)、反应(reaction)、通路(pathways)等细节综合判断。如表 1所示, CYP51H10、CYP716A179可分别对β-香树脂醇骨架上的2个C进行催化, 而CYP716A141则可分别对3个C发生催化反应; CYP716A80、CYP716A81、CYP716A1除了可对C-28进行催化外, 还可能发生一些未知的催化反应。上述研究结果也从侧面反映了发现新P450s并验证其功能的复杂性及困难程度。此外, 需要说明的是, 表 1中的CYP716E26、CYP716A44、CYP716A46在TriForC数据库中没有找到, 为笔者参照文献^[41]后添加。

2.2 催化齐墩果酸的P450s

齐墩果酸以游离或结合成苷的形式, 广泛存在于许多种植物中, 据不完全统计, 已在120余种植物中发现含有齐墩果酸^[64]。由于齐墩果酸结构复杂, 人工合成困难, 目前国内均从植物中提取获得。有研究表明, 齐墩果酸具有抗心肌缺血^[65]、抗动脉粥样硬化和抗血栓^{[66, 67]}、保护脑组织^{[68, 69]}、抗炎^[70]等抗心脑血管疾病作用^[71]。此外, 齐墩果酸还具有抗病毒、抗变态反应、抗氧化应激、促进肝糖原合成及肝细胞再生等作用, 其相关制剂已在临床应用于肝脏保护^{[72, 73]}。由于齐墩果酸的溶解度较差, 严重影响了其制剂的进一步发展。若采用生物合成的方法, 对齐墩果酸骨架进行一定的人工结构修饰或改造, 则是解决其生物利用度低、增强其临床疗效的重要途径之一。

目前, 在积雪草C. asiatica、苜蓿M. truncatula、桔梗P. grandiflorus等3个不同种属植物中共发现了7个P450s (表 1, 2), 分属于CYP85、CYP72等2个簇^[41]。这些P450s可分别对齐墩果酸骨架上的C-2、C-6、C-23 (表 2)和C-12, 13、C-16 (表 1)等进行催化, 并继而生成常春藤皂苷元(hederagenin)、苜蓿酸(medicagenic acid)等中间代谢产物。

C-2α羟化酶、C-6β羟化酶 2017年, Alain Goossens小组^[46]从已公开的积雪草C. asiatica转录组数据库中挖掘出了6条编码CYP716基因, 经分析后发现上述基因与已知CYP716蛋白有46%~78%的氨基酸同源性; 经对5条基因的全长序列进行克隆并随后提交到P450s命名委员会以及Genbank, 最终获得了如下基因: CYP716A86、CYP716A83、CYP716D36、CYP716E41和CYP716C11; 将上述P450s分别与G. glabra中的β-AS (GgbAS)、M. truncatula中的CPR (KU878869)共转化入酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中, 经对发酵产物进行测定后, 发现:齐墩果酸①经由CYP716C11催化, 可生成maslinic acid, 再经由CYP716E41催化, 生成6β-hydroxy-maslinic acid; ②或先经由CYP716E41催化, 生成6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid, 再由CYP716C11催化, 生成6β-hydroxy-maslinic acid (图 2)。

C-12, 13α氧化酶、C-16β羟化酶 Alain Goossens小组^[46]采用BLAST软件从“The Compositae Genome Project”(http://compgenomics.ucdavis.edu/)数据库中挖掘出了6条CYP716s基因; 采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE), 以桔梗P. grandiflorus幼苗的cDNA为模板, 对上述5条CYP716s基因的全长开放阅读框(full-length open reading frame, FL-ORF)进行克隆; 相关基因序列提交到P450s命名委员会以及GenBank, 最终获得了如下基因: CYP716A140、CYP716A141、CYP716S4、CYP716S5、CYP716S6。经由酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae体内进行功能研究后, 发现:齐墩果酸①经由CYP716S5氧化催化, 生成12, 13α-epoxy-oleanolic acid; ②还可经由CYP716A141催化, 生成16β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid (图 2)。

C-2β羟化酶、C-23氧化酶 2015年, Carla Scotti小组^[54]发现, 苜蓿M. truncatula中的CYP72A67是催化该属植物中溶血性皂苷生物合成的关键氧化酶, 而CYP72A68则是生物合成苜蓿酸(medicagenic acid)的关键酶。齐墩果酸①经由CYP72A67催化, 生成2β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid, 再经由CYP72A68多步催化, 生成苜蓿酸; ②也可经由CYP72A68催化, 生成常春藤皂苷元(hederagenin), 再经由CYP72A68多步催化, 生成丝石竹酸(gypsogenic acid); 或者常春藤皂苷元先经由CYP72A67催化生成贝萼皂苷元(bayogenin)后, 再经由CYP72A68多步催化生成苜蓿酸(图 2)。

3 P450s介导远志皂苷生物合成的研究进展

收起

从目前已发现的可以催化齐墩果酸的P450s个数及所归属的簇来看, 有关齐墩果烷型植物三萜生物合成途径解析的研究依然进展缓慢, 已严重制约了上述三萜的合成生物学研究, 进而也限制了该类物质药理/生物活性的深入研究。本课题组长期从事远志等山西道地药材的资源评价与次生代谢产物研究, 近年来又逐步开展了远志皂苷生物合成途径解析的相关研究。本文探讨了远志皂苷的主要苷元母核——原远志皂苷元的可能生物合成途径现, 并对远志皂苷生物合成相关CYP716A249 (Polygala tenuifolia OAS, PtOAS)的发现过程作一简要概述。

远志, 是我国重要的大宗药材之一, 具有安神益智、交通心肾、祛痰、消肿之功效; 始载于《神农本草经》, 列为上品, 视为养命要药; 也是目前临床益智药处方中使用频率名列前3位的单味中草药^[76]。远志皂苷, 属齐墩果烷型的五环三萜类化合物。目前, 从远志属植物中共发现了120余种远志皂苷, 分属于11种皂苷苷元母核, 包括原远志皂苷元、常春藤皂苷元、瓜子金皂苷元等(图 3)。在诸多不同构型的远志皂苷中, 仅以原远志皂苷元为母核衍生而出的就有50余种之多^[77]。细叶远志皂苷, 作为远志总皂苷碱水解后的次级皂苷成分, 被发现有抗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease)^[78]、促睡眠^[79]等作用。区别于原远志皂苷元, 细叶远志皂苷在C-3位连接了一个葡萄糖。

由于齐墩果酸的溶解度差, 生物利用度较低, 限制了其临床的进一步使用; 而原远志皂苷元的碳骨架则在C-2、C-23、C-27等多个C上拥有羟基、羧基、羟甲基等极性基团(图 3), 会增强该皂苷元的溶解性, 也势必会进一步增加该皂苷元及相应远志皂苷的生物利用度。因此, 如能进一步解析远志皂苷的生物合成途径, 则可为后续远志皂苷及其苷元的合成生物学研究, 以及今后远志的创新药物研发奠定坚实的基础。

3.1 远志皂苷可能的生物合成途径

P450s是原远志皂苷元生物合成的关键酶(图 1, 图 4)。原远志皂苷元是在齐墩果酸骨架上, 历经多个P450s的一步及/或多步催化生成, 其可能的生物合成途径至少有以下几种(图 4):齐墩果酸①经由C-27α羟化酶→C-23α氧化酶(一步及/或多步)→C-2β催化生成; 或经由C-27α羟化酶→→C-2β→C-23α氧化酶(一步及/或多步)催化生成; ②经由C-2β羟化酶→C-23α氧化酶(一步及/或多步)→C-27α羟化酶催化生成; ③经由C-2β、C-27α羟化酶→C-23α氧化酶(一步及/或多步)催化生成; ④经由C-23α氧化酶(一步及/或多步)→C-2β、C-27α羟化酶催化生成等。

目前, 在TriForC数据库中只查到了一个远志皂苷合成酶(Polygala tenuifolia β-AS, PtbAS)^[80], 而催化齐墩果酸涉及到的多个P450s (图 4)至今尚未报道。C-2β羟化酶、C-23氧化酶也仅在苜蓿M. truncatula中被发现(表 2), 而C-27α羟化酶则尚未被发现(TriForC数据库)。上述研究现状也综合反映了原远志皂苷元结构的复杂性和解析该类三萜骨架生物合成途径的困难程度。

3.2 远志皂苷生物合成相关P450: CYP716A249(PtOAS)的发现

本课题组在GenBank数据库中查询到与远志相关的有编码序列(coding sequence, CDS)全长的10条P450s序列(2016年, 由Kim小组上传), 采用实时荧光定量PCR (Quantitative Real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)技术, 对这些P450s在不同生长年限(1、2、3年生)和不同组织(根、茎、叶、花)栽培远志(山西汾阳产)中的mRNA表达水平进行分析, 发现CYP716A249 (GenBank: KY385302.1)在根中的mRNA表达水平明显高于在其余3个组织中, 且在2年生远志中的mRNA表达水平较高。

将CYP716A249的氨基酸序列与其他不同植物来源(诸如:拟南芥A. thaliana、铁皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum、甘草G. uralenses、核桃Juglans regia、烟草Nicotiana tabacum、人参P. ginseng、救荒野豌豆Vicia sativa等)的P450s序列构建系统进化树, 发现CYP716A249和核桃J. regia的β-amyrin 28-oxidase-like聚为一类。之后分别构建PtbAS、CYP716A249、CPR (Genbank: AB433810)的基因表达元件, 并依次转化入酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae中, 经由气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS)联用技术、气相色谱-质谱(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, LC-MS)联用技术、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)技术等对发酵代谢产物检测后, 确证CYP716A249可催化β-香树脂醇生成齐墩果酸, 属于C-28氧化酶^[81]。

4 展望

收起

2018年2月, 韩国的Kim小组又上传了49条与远志相关的P450s序列(有CDS全长)至GenBank数据库。而本课题组也于2018年12月完成了不同生长年限(1、2、3年)栽培远志(山西汾阳产)根、茎叶(混合样本)的IsoSeq高通量转录组测序(pacbio平台, 20G clean data), 以期获得更多拥有CDS全长的P450s序列, 并在此基础上综合分析前期栽培远志根、茎叶的DGE数据, 筛选出与远志皂苷生物合成紧密相关的P450s。

以上述拥有CDS全长的P450s为候选研究对象, 可以进行后续的功能鉴定, 如①底物饲喂法:以齐墩果酸、常春藤皂苷元、苜蓿酸等为底物, 饲喂表达候选P450s的酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae, 采用GC-MS、LC-MS、NMR等检测发酵代谢物中是否有新的/目标代谢物, 进而初步鉴定远志的P450s功能; ②也可分别构建苜蓿M. truncatula的C-2β羟化酶、C-23氧化酶(表 2)基因表达盒, 并依次转化产齐墩果酸的酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae^[81], 构建产苜蓿酸的酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae菌株, 之后再构建候选P450s的基因表达盒并转入上述菌株中, 经对发酵代谢物进行GC-MS、LC-MS、NMR等检测, 如发现原远志皂苷元代谢物, 则可初步筛选出远志的C-27羟化酶。

随着新P450s陆续被发现, 对于不同种属植物中的三萜类物质, 尤其是齐墩果烷型三萜的生物合成途径有了更深入的认识。同时, 也应意识到这些已知功能的P450s不仅可作为开展三萜类物质合成生物学研究的理想工具, 如借助于混合搭配(mix-and-match)组合生物化学进行三萜的模块化生物合成等, 也可作为完成新P450s功能鉴定的潜在基因资源, 如苜蓿M. truncatula中的CYP72A67、CYP72A68v1/v2等。

基金

收起

山西省科技厅应用基础研究项目(201601D011064)
山西省科技开发计划资助项目(20140313010-1)
国家中药标准化项目(ZYBZH-Y-JIN-34)
山西省重点研究开发计划资助项目(201603D3111003)

参考文献

收起

文献

收起

参考文献引证文献

排序方式：

[1]

Hill

, Connolly

. Triterpenoids[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2017, 34: 90-122.

https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NP00094K

[2]

Phillips

, Rasbery

, Bartel

et al . Biosynthetic diversity in plant triterpene cyclization[J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2006, 9: 305-314.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2006.03.004

[3]

Misra

, Maiti

, Chanotiya

et al . Methyl jasmonate-elicited transcriptional responses and pentacyclic triterpene biosynthesis in sweet basil[J]. Plant Physiology, 2014, 164: 1028-1044.

https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.232884

[4]

Moses

, Pollier

, Faizal

et al . Unraveling the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis of the African shrub Maesa lanceolata[J]. Mol Plant, 2015, 8: 122-135.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.004

[5]

Moses

, Pollier

, Shen

et al . OSC2 and CYP716A14v2 catalyze the biosynthesis of triterpenoids for the cuticle of aerial organs of Artemisia annua[J]. Plant Cell Online, 2015, 27: 286-301.

https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.134486

[6]

Papadopoulou

, Melton

, Leggett

et al . Compromised disease resistance in saponin-deficient plants[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1999, 96: 12923-12928.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.22.12923

[7]

Delis

, Krokida

, Georgiou

et al . Role of lupeol synthase in Lotus japonicus nodule formation[J]. New Phytol, 2011, 189: 335-346.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03463.x

[8]

Confalonieri

, Cammareri

, Biazzi

et al . Enhanced triterpene saponin biosynthesis and root nodulation in transgenic barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) expressing a novel β-amyrin synthase (AsOXA1) gene[J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2009, 7: 172-182.

https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.2009.7.issue-2

[9]

Kemen

, Honkanen

, Melton

et al . Investigation of triterpene synthesis and regulation in oats reveals a role for β-amyrin in determining root epidermal cell patterning[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2014, 111: 8679-8684.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401553111

[10]

Ben

, Osbourn

. Metabolic diversification——independent assembly of operon-like gene clusters in different plants[J]. Science, 2008, 320: 543-547.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154990

[11]

Krokida

, Delis

, Geisler

et al . A metabolic gene cluster in Lotus japonicus discloses novel enzyme functions and products in triterpene biosynthesis[J]. New Phytol, 2013, 200: 675-690.

https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12414

[12]

, Lee

, Kim

et al . Identification of marneral synthase, which is critical for growth and development in Arabidopsis[J]. Plant J, 2012, 72: 791-804.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.2012.72.issue-5

[13]

Laszczyk

. Pentacyclic triterpenes of the lupane, oleanane and ursane group as tools in cancer therapy[J]. Planta Med, 2009, 75: 1549-1560.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186102

[14]

Sawai

, Saito

. Triterpenoid biosynthesis and engineering in plants[J]. Front Plant Sci, 2011, 2: 25. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLQK/10.1007-3-540-44604-4_2/

[15]

Salvador

JAR

, Moreira

, Gonçalves

BMF

et al . Ursane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids as useful platforms to discover anticancer drugs[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2012, 29: 1463-1479.

https://doi.org/10.1039/c2np20060k

[16]

Moses

, Pollier

, Thevelein

et al . Bioengineering of plant (tri)terpenoids:from metabolic engineering of plants to synthetic biology in vivo and in vitro[J]. New Phytol, 2013, 200: 27-43.

https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12325

[17]

Sheng

, Sun

. Synthesis, biology and clinical significance of pentacyclic triterpenes:a multi-target approach to prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular diseases[J]. Cheminform, 2011, 28: 543-593. https://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000035807248110_f49d.html

[18]

Dai

, Wang

, Liu

et al . Producing aglycons of ginsenosides in bakers' yeast[J]. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 3698. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3892717/

[19]

Luo

, Li

, Liu

et al . Engineered biosynthesis of natural products in heterologous hosts[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2015, 46: 5265-5290. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/OAPaper/oai_pubmedcentral.nih.gov_2981745

[20]

Arendt

, Miettinen

, Pollier

et al . An endoplasmic reticulum-engineered yeast platform for overproduction of triterpenoids[J]. Metab Eng, 2017, 40: 165-175.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.007

[21]

Reed

, Stephenson

, Miettinen

et al . A translational synthetic biology platform for rapid access to gram-scale quantities of novel drug-like molecules[J]. Metab Eng, 2017, 42: 185-193.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2017.06.012

[22]

, Zhang

, Qin

. Research advances on triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis and its key enzymes[J]. World Sci Technol/Mod Tradit Chin Med Mater Med (世界科学技术-中医药现代化), 2014, 16: 2440-2448. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sjkxjs-zyxdh201411029

[23]

Osbourn

, Goss

RJM

, Field

. The saponins-polar isoprenoids with important and diverse biological activities[J]. Nat Prod Rep, 2011, 28: 1261-1268.

https://doi.org/10.1039/c1np00015b

[24]

Moses

, Papadopoulou

, Osbourn

. Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives[J]. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2014, 49: 439-462.

https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2014.953628

[25]

Thimmappa

, Geisler

, Louveau

et al . Triterpene biosynthesis in plants[J]. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 2014, 65: 225-257.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120229

[26]

Ghosh

. Biosynthesis of structurally diverse triterpenes in plants:the role of oxidosqualene cyclases[J]. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad, 2016, 82: 1189-1210.

[27]

Matsui

, Matsumoto

, Sonoda

et al . Glycyrrhizin and related compounds down-regulate production of inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and eotaxin 1 in a human lung fibroblast cell line[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2004, 4: 1633-1644.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.023

[28]

Sun

, Li

, Fang

et al . Effect and mechanism of AR-6 in experimental rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Clin Exp Med, 2010, 10: 113-121.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-009-0075-8

[29]

Man

, Gao

, Zhang

et al . Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents[J]. Fitoterapia, 2010, 81: 703-714.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004

[30]

Cinatl

, Morgenstern

, Bauer

et al . Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus[J]. Lancet, 2003, 361: 2045-2046.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X

[31]

Zhao

, Cai

, Hong

et al . Antihepatitis B virus activities of triterpenoid saponin compound from Potentilla anserine L[J]. Phytomedicine, 2008, 15: 253-258.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.01.005

[32]

Suzuki

, Achnine

, Xu

et al . A genomics approach to the early stages of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula[J]. Plant J, 2010, 32: 1033-1048. http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM12492844

[33]

Sparg

, Light

, Staden

. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2004, 94: 219-243.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016

[34]

Huhman

, Berhow

, Sumner

. Quantification of saponins in aerial and subterranean tissues of Medicago truncatula[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2005, 53: 1914-1920.

https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0482663

[35]

Buchanan

, Gruissem

, Jones

. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants[M]. Beijing, Science Press, 2000, 1250-1318.

[36]

Nelson

, Werckreichhart

. A P450-centric view of plant evolution[J]. Plant J, 2011, 66: 194-211.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.2011.66.issue-1

[37]

Urlacher

, Girhard

. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases:an update on perspectives for synthetic application[J]. Trends Biotechnol, 2012, 30: 26-36.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.012

[38]

Bernhardt

. Cytochromes P450 as versatile biocatalysts[J]. J Biotechnol, 2006, 124: 128-145.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.01.026

[39]

Nelson

. Progress in tracing the evolutionary paths of cytochrome P450[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2011, 1814: 14-18.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.08.008

[40]

Miettinen

, Iñigo

Sabrina

, Kreft

et al . The TriForC database:a comprehensive up-to-date resource of plant triterpene biosynthesis[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2017, 46: 586-594. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045755

[41]

Ghosh

. Triterpene structural diversification by plant cytochrome P450 enzymes[J]. Front Plant Sci, 2017, 8: 1886.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01886

[42]

Zhou

, Ma

, Zeng

et al . Convergence and divergence of bitterness biosynthesis and regulation in Cucurbitaceae[J]. Nat Plants, 2016, 2: 16183.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.183

[43]

Li Z. Research on Mechanisms underlying the Anti-cancer Activities of Triazolyl-napthyl Derivative of β-Amyrin in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (β-香树醇酯奈基三唑衍生物对人鼻咽癌抗癌作用机制的研究)[D]. Shandong: Shandong University, 2018.

[44]

Shuhei

, Hikaru

, Yuko

et al . Functional characterization of CYP716 family P450 enzymes in triterpenoid biosynthesis in tomato[J]. Front Plant Sci, 2017, 8: 21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28194155

[45]

Seki

, Ohyama

, Sawai

et al . Licorice beta-amyrin 11-oxidase, a cytochrome P450 with a key role in the biosynthesis of the triterpene sweetener glycyrrhizin[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008, 105: 14204-14209.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803876105

[46]

Miettinen

, Pollier

, Buyst

et al . The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis[J]. Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 14153.

https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14153

[47]

Geisler

, Hughes

, Sainsbury

et al . Biochemical analysis of a multifunctional cytochrome P450(CYP51) enzyme required for synthesis of antimicrobial triterpenes in plants[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013, 110: 3360-3367.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309157110

[48]

Moses

, Pollier

, Almagro

et al . Combinatorial biosynthesis of sapogenins and saponins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a C-16 hydroxylase from Bupleurum falcatum[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2014, 111: 1634-1639.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323369111

[49]

Yasumoto

, Fukushima

, Seki

et al . Novel triterpene oxidizing activity of Arabidopsis thaliana CYP716A subfamily enzymes[J]. FEBS Lett, 2016, 590: 533-540.

https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.12074

[50]

Tamura

, Seki

, Suzuki

et al . CYP716A179 functions as a triterpene C-28 oxidase in tissue-cultured stolons of Glycyrrhiza uralensis[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2017, 36: 437-445.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-016-2092-x

[51]

Moses

, Thevelein

, Goossens

et al . Comparative analysis of CYP93E proteins for improved microbial synthesis of plant triterpenoids[J]. Phytochemistry, 2014, 108: 47-56.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.002

[52]

Shibuya

, Hoshino

, Katsube

et al . Identification of β-amyrin and sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay[J]. FEBS J, 2006, 273: 948-959.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ejb.2006.273.issue-5

[53]

Fukushima

, Seki

, Ohyama

et al . CYP716A subfamily members are multifunctional oxidases in triterpenoid biosynthesis[J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2011, 52: 2050-2061.

https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr146

[54]

Carelli

, Biazzi

, Panara

et al . Medicago truncatula CYP716A12 is a multifunctional oxidase involved in the biosynthesis of hemolytic saponins[J]. Plant Cell, 2011, 23: 3070-3081.

https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.087312

[55]

Han

, Kim

, Ban

et al . The involvement of β-amyrin 28-oxidase (CYP716A52v2) in oleanane-type ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng[J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2013, 54: 2034-2046.

https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pct141

[56]

Fiallos-Jurado

, Pollier

, Moses

et al . Saponin determination, expression analysis and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes in Chenopodium quinoa leaves[J]. Plant Sci, 2016, 250: 188-197.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.015

[57]

, Han

, Hwang

et al . β-Amyrin synthase (EsBAS) and β-amyrin 28-oxidase (CYP716A244) in oleanane-type triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Eleutherococcus senticosus[J]. Phytochemistry, 2017, 135: 53-63.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.011

[58]

Misra

, Sharma

, Sandeep et al . Two CYP716A subfamily cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of sweet basil play similar but nonredundant roles in ursane-and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene biosynthesis[J]. New Phytol, 2017, 214: 706-720.

https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14412

[59]

Andre

, Legay

, Deleruelle et al . Multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclases and cytochrome P450 involved in the biosynthesis of apple fruit triterpenic acids[J]. New Phytol, 2016, 211: 1279-1294.

https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.2016.211.issue-4

[60]

Huang

, Li

, Ye

et al . Note added in proof to:molecular characterization of the pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway in Catharanthus roseus[J]. Planta, 2012, 236: 1571-1581.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1712-0

[61]

Khakimov

, Kuzina

, Erthmann

PØ

et al . Identification and genome organization of saponin pathway genes from a wild crucifer, and their use for transient production of saponins in Nicotiana benthamiana[J]. Plant J, 2015, 84: 478-490.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.2015.84.issue-3

[62]

Boutanaev

, Moses

, Zi

et al . Investigation of terpene diversification across multiple sequenced plant genomes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, 112: 81-88.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419547112

[63]

Seki

, Sawai

, Ohyama

et al . Triterpene functional genomics in licorice for identification of CYP72A154 involved in the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin[J]. Plant Cell, 2011, 23: 4112-4123.

https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.082685

[64]

Tian

, Ma

, Du

. Survey of pharmacology of aleanolic acid[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2002, 27: 11-26. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgzyzz200212002

[65]

Kim

, Cho

, Kang

et al . Oleanolic acid increases plasma ANP levels via an accentuation of cardiac ANP synthesis and secretion in rats[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2013, 710: 73-79.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.005

[66]

Pan

, Zhou

, Song

et al . Oleanolic acid protects against pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, possibly via FXR-mediated angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) upregulation[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 97: 1694-1700.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.151

[67]

Niels

, Nicolaj

, Rosalia

et al . Antiatherogenic effects of oleanolic acid in apolipoprotein E knockout mice[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2011, 670: 519-526.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.037

[68]

Martín

, Carvalho-Tavares

, Hernández

et al . Beneficial actions of oleanolic acid in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis:a potential therapeutic role[J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2010, 79: 198-208.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.002

[69]

Liu

, Han

, Li

. Effects of oleanolic acid on early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats by inhibiting NF-κB/ICAM-1 signaling pathway[J]. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm(中国现代应用药学), 2017, 34: 1225-1228. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgxdyyyx201709002

[70]

Martín

, Cordova

, San Román

et al . Oleanolic acid modulates the immune-inflammatory response in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis and protects from cardiac injury. Therapeutic implications for the human disease[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2014, 72: 250-262.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.04.002

[71]

Bai

, Wang

, Nan

et al . Research progress on natural pentacyclic triterpenoids and derivatives in anti-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases[J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2019, 50: 745-752. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zcy201903030

[72]

Pollier

, Goossens

. Oleanolic acid[J]. Phytochemistry, 2012, 77: 10-15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.022

[73]

Wei

, Liu

et al . Oleanolic acid potentiates the anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil in pancreatic cancer cells[J]. Oncol Rep, 2012, 28: 1339-1345.

https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.1921

[74]

Biazzi

, Carelli

, Tava

et al . CYP72A67 catalyzes a key oxidative step in Medicago truncatula hemolytic saponin biosynthesis[J]. Mol Plant, 2015, 8: 1493-1506.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.003

[75]

Fukushima

, Seki

, Sawai

et al . Combinatorial biosynthesis of legume natural and rare triterpenoids in engineered yeast[J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2013, 54: 740-749.

https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pct015

[76]

Lin

, Gu

, Xiu

et al . Traditional Chinese medicine for senile dementia[J]. Evid-Based Compl Alt, 2012 1741-427X 692621. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/OAPaper/oai_doaj-articles_e7a113ca357efdbc4d7d8c74c488094e

[77]

Li CJ. Studies on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow and Polygala glomerata Lour (远志和华南远志的化学成分及其生物活性研究)[D]. Beijing: Peking Union Medical College, 2008. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10023-2009063979.htm

[78]

Wang

, Jin

, Yu

et al . Protective effect of tenuifolin against Alzheimer's disease[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2019, 705: 195-201.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.045

[79]

Cao

, Jiang

, Cui

et al . Tenuifolin, a saponin derived from Radix Polygalae, exhibits sleep-enhancing effects in mice[J]. Phytomedicine, 2016, 23: 1797-1805.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.015

[80]

Jin

, Lee

, Um

et al . Isolation and characterization of an oxidosqualene cyclase gene encoding a β-amyrin synthase involved in Polygala tenuifolia Willd. saponin biosynthesis[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 2014, 33: 511-519.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1554-7

[81]

Zhang FS, Wang QY, Pu YJ, et al. PtOAS and its applications (远志齐墩果酸合酶基因PtOAS及其应用): CH, CN109234291A[P]. 2019-01-18.

2019年第54卷第6期

PDF下载

129

引用本文

BibTeX

文章信息

doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0187

接收时间：2019-03-20
首发时间：2026-01-26
出版时间：2019-06-12

补充材料

相关文章

文章信息

作者

出版历史

收稿日期：2019-03-20
修回日期：2019-04-03

基金

山西省科技厅应用基础研究项目(201601D011064)

山西省科技开发计划资助项目(20140313010-1)

国家中药标准化项目(ZYBZH-Y-JIN-34)

山西省重点研究开发计划资助项目(201603D3111003)

作者信息

1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西太原 030006

2.山西大学化学化工学院, 山西太原 030006

3.山西中医药大学, 山西太原 030024

通讯作者:

*张福生, Tel: 86-351-7019178, E-mail: ample1007@sxu.edu.cn;

马存根, Tel: 86-351-3179809, E-mail: macungen2001@163.com

参考文献

分享链接

https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0187

分享至

全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文

BibTeX

本文的引用情况

2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

关闭全屏

BibTeX
EndNote
RefWorks
TxT

Regiospeci-ficity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-3	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C3-oxidase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A14v2	Artemisia annua	KF309251	[5]
C-6β	Amyrin C-6β-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716E26	Solanum lycopersicum	XM_004241773	[44]
C-11	Oleanane C-11-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP88D6	Glycyrrhiza uralensis	AB433179	[45]
C-12, 13α	β-Amyrin C12, 13α-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, oleanolic acid	CYP716S5	Platycodon grandiflorus	KU878856	[46]
C-16β, C-12, 13β	β-Amyrin C12, 13β-epoxidase	β-Amyrin, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP51H10	Avena strigosa	DQ680852	[47]
C-16α	β-Amyrin C-16α-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP87D16	Maesa lanceolata	KF318735	[4]
α-Amyrin, β-amyrin	CYP716Y1	Bupleurum falcatum	KC963423	[48]
C-16β	β-Amyrin C16β-hydroxylase	β-Amyrin	CYP716A111	Aquilegia coerulea	KY047600	[46]
C-16β, C-28	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic acid	CYP716A141	P. grandiflorus	KU878855	[46]
C-16β, C-22α, C-28	β-Amyrin C-22α-hydroxylase	α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A2	Arabidopsis thaliana	LC106013	[49]
C-22α, C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A179	G. uralensis	LC157867	[50]
C-24	Oleanane C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, sophoradiol	CYP93E1	Glycine max	AF135485	[51, 52]
	β-Amyrin C-24-oxidase	β-Amyrin	CYP93E2	Medicago truncatula	DQ335790	[53]
		β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP93E3	G. uralensis	AB437320	[45, 51]
			CYP93E4	Arachis hypogaea	KF906535	[51]
			CYP93E5	Cicer arietinum	KF906536	[51]
			CYP93E6	Glycyrrhiza glabra	KF906537	[51]
			CYP93E7	Lens culinaris	KF906538	[51]
			CYP93E8	Pisum sativum	KF906539	[51]
			CYP93E9	Phaseolus vulgaris	KF906540	[51]
C-28	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin, oleanolic aldehyde, ursolic aldehyde	CYP716A12	M. truncatula	DQ335781	[53, 54]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A15	Vitis vinifera	AB619802	[53]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A17	V. vinifera	AB619803	[53]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A83	Centella asiatica	KU878849	[46]
		CYP716A86	C. asiatica	KU878848	[46]
		β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxyoleanolic acid	CYP716A140	P. grandiflorus	KU878853	[46]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A52v2	Panax ginseng	JX036032	[55]
			CYP716A75	Maesa lanceolata	KF318733	[4]
			CYP716A78	Chenopodium quinoa	KX343075	[56]
			CYP716A79	C. quinoa	KX343076	[56]
			CYP716A110	A. coerulea	KU878864	[46]
			CYP716A244	Eleutherococcus senticosus	KX354739	[57]
		α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol	CYP716A252	Ocimum basilicum	JQ958967	[58]
		CYP716A253	O. basilicum	JQ958968	[58]
		α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol	CYP716A175	Malus x domestica	XM_008392874	[59]
	Amyrin C28-oxidase	α-Amyrin, uvaol, ursolic aldehyde, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic aldehyde	CYP716A44	S. lycopersicum	AK329870	[44]
		CYP716A46	S. lycopersicum	XM_004243858	[44]
	β-Amyrin C28-oxidase (CYP716AL1)	α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A154	Catharanthus roseus	JN565975	[60]
C-28, unknown	Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase	β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin	CYP716A80	Barbarea vulgaris	KP795926	[61]
CYP716A81	B. vulgaris	KP795925	[61]
	Triterpenoid oxidase	Tirucalla-7, 24-dien-3β-ol, α-amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol	CYP716A1	A. thaliana	NM_123002	[49, 62]
C-30	β-Amyrin C30-oxidase	β-amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin	CYP72A63	M. truncatula	AB558146	[63]

Regiospeci-ficity

Description

Substrates

P450s

Plant

Genbank

Ref.

C-3

Pentacyclic triterpenoid C3-oxidase

α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol

CYP716A14v2

Artemisia annua

KF309251

[5]

C-6β

Amyrin C-6β-hydroxylase

α-Amyrin, β-amyrin

CYP716E26

Solanum lycopersicum

XM_004241773

[44]

C-11

Oleanane C-11-oxidase

β-Amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin

CYP88D6

Glycyrrhiza uralensis

AB433179

[45]

C-12, 13α

β-Amyrin C12, 13α-epoxidase

β-Amyrin, oleanolic acid

CYP716S5

Platycodon grandiflorus

KU878856

[46]

C-16β, C-12, 13β

β-Amyrin C12, 13β-epoxidase

β-Amyrin, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin

CYP51H10

Avena strigosa

DQ680852

[47]

C-16α

β-Amyrin C-16α-hydroxylase

β-Amyrin

CYP87D16

Maesa lanceolata

KF318735

[4]

α-Amyrin, β-amyrin

CYP716Y1

Bupleurum falcatum

KC963423

[48]

C-16β

β-Amyrin C16β-hydroxylase

β-Amyrin

CYP716A111

Aquilegia coerulea

KY047600

[46]

C-16β, C-28

β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic acid

CYP716A141

P. grandiflorus

KU878855

[46]

C-16β, C-22α, C-28

β-Amyrin C-22α-hydroxylase

α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol

CYP716A2

Arabidopsis thaliana

LC106013

[49]

C-22α, C-28

Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin

CYP716A179

G. uralensis

LC157867

[50]

C-24

Oleanane C-24-oxidase

β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, sophoradiol

CYP93E1

Glycine max

AF135485

[51, 52]

β-Amyrin C-24-oxidase

β-Amyrin

CYP93E2

Medicago truncatula

DQ335790

[53]

β-Amyrin, 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin

CYP93E3

G. uralensis

AB437320

[45, 51]

CYP93E4

Arachis hypogaea

KF906535

[51]

CYP93E5

Cicer arietinum

KF906536

[51]

CYP93E6

Glycyrrhiza glabra

KF906537

[51]

CYP93E7

Lens culinaris

KF906538

[51]

CYP93E8

Pisum sativum

KF906539

[51]

CYP93E9

Phaseolus vulgaris

KF906540

[51]

C-28

Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin, oleanolic aldehyde, ursolic aldehyde

CYP716A12

M. truncatula

DQ335781

[53, 54]

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin

CYP716A15

Vitis vinifera

AB619802

[53]

β-Amyrin, erythrodiol

CYP716A17

V. vinifera

AB619803

[53]

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol

CYP716A83

Centella asiatica

KU878849

[46]

CYP716A86

C. asiatica

KU878848

[46]

β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, 16β-hydroxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxy-β-amyrin, 12, 13α-epoxyoleanolic acid

CYP716A140

P. grandiflorus

KU878853

[46]

β-Amyrin C28-oxidase

β-Amyrin, erythrodiol

CYP716A52v2

Panax ginseng

JX036032

[55]

CYP716A75

Maesa lanceolata

KF318733

[4]

CYP716A78

Chenopodium quinoa

KX343075

[56]

CYP716A79

C. quinoa

KX343076

[56]

CYP716A110

A. coerulea

KU878864

[46]

CYP716A244

Eleutherococcus senticosus

KX354739

[57]

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol

CYP716A252

Ocimum basilicum

JQ958967

[58]

CYP716A253

O. basilicum

JQ958968

[58]

α-Amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol

CYP716A175

Malus x domestica

XM_008392874

[59]

Amyrin C28-oxidase

α-Amyrin, uvaol, ursolic aldehyde, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, oleanolic aldehyde

CYP716A44

S. lycopersicum

AK329870

[44]

CYP716A46

S. lycopersicum

XM_004243858

[44]

β-Amyrin C28-oxidase (CYP716AL1)

α-Amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin

CYP716A154

Catharanthus roseus

JN565975

[60]

C-28, unknown

Pentacyclic triterpenoid C28-oxidase

β-Amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol, betulin

CYP716A80

Barbarea vulgaris

KP795926

[61]

CYP716A81

B. vulgaris

KP795925

[61]

Triterpenoid oxidase

Tirucalla-7, 24-dien-3β-ol, α-amyrin, uvaol, β-amyrin, erythrodiol, lupeol

CYP716A1

A. thaliana

NM_123002

[49, 62]

C-30

β-Amyrin C30-oxidase

β-amyrin, 30-hydroxy-β-amyrin

CYP72A63

M. truncatula

AB558146

[63]

Regiospe-cificity	Description	Substrates	P450s	Plant	Genbank	Ref.
C-2α	Oleanolic acid C2α-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid	CYP716C11	C. asiatica	KU878852	[46]
C-2β	Oleanolic acid C-2β-hydroxylase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin, gypsogenic acid, echinocystic acid, caulophyllogenin	CYP72A67	M. truncatula	DQ335780	[74]
C-6β	Maslinic acid C6β-hydroxylase	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid	CYP716E41	C. asiatica	KU878851	[46]
C-23	Oleanane C-23-oxidase	Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid	CYP72A68v1	M. truncatula	XM_013608494	[74, 75]
CYP72A68v2	DQ335782

Regiospe-cificity

Description

Substrates

P450s

Plant

Genbank

Ref.

C-2α

Oleanolic acid C2α-hydroxylase

Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid

CYP716C11

C. asiatica

KU878852

[46]

C-2β

Oleanolic acid C-2β-hydroxylase

Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin, gypsogenic acid, echinocystic acid, caulophyllogenin

CYP72A67

M. truncatula

DQ335780

[74]

C-6β

Maslinic acid C6β-hydroxylase

Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid

CYP716E41

C. asiatica

KU878851

[46]

C-23

Oleanane C-23-oxidase

Oleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid

CYP72A68v1

M. truncatula

XM_013608494

[74, 75]

CYP72A68v2

DQ335782