Article(id=1222467029798478552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1543852800000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-04, revisedDate=1550419200000, revisedDateStr=2019-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769388452242, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1557590400000, pubDateStr=2019-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769388452242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769388452242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769388452242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222467024735949758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2019', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='761', pageEnd='962', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769388451036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769389391218, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222470968216379866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222470968216379867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=828, endPage=837, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222467030297600758, articleId=1222467029798478552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress in metabolomics research of diabetes, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with an extremely high incidence in China. In parallel with an increased incidence yearly, the population of diabetes is showing a trend towards younger age. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out research on diabetes in order to develop strategy for prevention. In recent years, metabolomics has made significant progress in the study of biomarkers, pathogenesis, early diagnosis and prognosis, and evalua tion of drug efficacy in diabetes. However, limited by metabolomics technology and the complexity of diabetes research, metabolomics in the diabetes research remains challenging. We summarize the progress and prospect the future development of metabolomics in the diabetes research.

, correspAuthors=Yu-feng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2019 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin LI, Hai-yan MA, Lu-pan LI, Shan-shan SUN, Li-jun ZHU, Yu-feng LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222467030935135004, articleId=1222467029798478552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=糖尿病的代谢组学研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

糖尿病是一种发病率极高的代谢紊乱性疾病。随着糖尿病发病人数的逐年增加，其发病人群也呈现出年轻化趋势。因此，深入开展糖尿病研究工作迫在眉睫。近年来，代谢组学在糖尿病的生物标记物发现、发病机制探索、早期诊断及预后、药物疗效评价等方面的研究中取得了可喜的进展。但限于代谢组学技术的发展局限及糖尿病研究的复杂性，糖尿病的代谢组学研究仍然面临诸多的挑战。本文主要针对代谢组学在糖尿病中的研究进展及其发展方向进行合理的总结和展望。

, correspAuthors=刘玉峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ULBZZ8vZ+KAw0RdaBPgMtg==, magXml=Pd3Bx2k6Maf8eFqnZ3/64g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ispCE05jJAdVCQ4TviJeGg==, pdfFileSize=458805, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vSkaBaH+kBwDx532MaKH+Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LU1IIDga5+UDP3YvLR7nGw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李信, 马海燕, 李鲁盼, 孙珊珊, 朱丽君, 刘玉峰)}, authors=[Author(id=1222467031312622398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222467029798478552, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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Metabolites type	Biomarker	Regulation	Technique	Specimen	Reference	Diabetes type
Amino acids	Alanine	↑	NMR; GC-MS	Blood	[27, 28]	T2DM; T1DM
	Valine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	Valine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Lysine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Lysine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Tyrosine	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Tyrosine	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Isoleucine	↑	NMR; GC-MS	Blood	[28, 32]	T2DM; T1DM
	Methionine	↑	NMR; LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood; Faeces	[31, 32, 34]	T2DM; T1DM
	Tryptophan	↓	GC-MS	Blood	[35]	T2DM
	Tryptophan	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Phenylalanine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Phenylalanine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	L-Aspartic acid	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Aspartic acid	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Leucine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Glycine	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
	Proline	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Threonine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Histidine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
Organic acids	Dimethyl glycine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Butane dioic acid	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Glutaric acid	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Nicotinyl glycine	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	N-beta-Alanyl-histidine	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Ornithine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Bradykinin hydroxyproline	−	GC-MS	Blood	[38]	T2DM
	N-Acetyl threonine	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
	C-Glycosyl tryptophan	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
	Maleic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	Oxylacetic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	Tartaric acid	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	Cholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Chenodeoxycholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Deoxycholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Deoxycholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	Hippuric acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Hippuric acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	Kynurenic acid	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[45]	T2DM
	Kynurenine	↓	GC-MS	Blood	[35]	T2DM
	Lactic acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Corosolic acid	−	LC-MS	Blood	[46]	T2DM
	3, 7-Dimethyluric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	4-Aminobenzoic acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	2, 5-Bisoxy-benzeneacetic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	2-Oxoglutaric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	2-Aminoadipic acid	↓	LC-MS	Faeces	[47]	T2DM
	Pantothenic acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	α-Amino-adipic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[28]	T1DM
	β-Muricholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Glycine-hyodeoxycholic acid	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Mono-4s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Mono-5s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Dehydro-s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Taurine-hydrocholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
Lipids	Lyso PI	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Lyso PC	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Lyso PC 17:0	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49]	T2DM
	Lyso PC 18:1	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49]	T2DM
	Lyso PC 18:2	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49, 50]	T2DM
	PG	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	PC(O-34:2)	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	PC aa C32:1	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C34:3	−	LC-MS	Blood	[50, 51]	T2DM
	PC ae C36:0	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
	PC aa C36:1	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C36:3	−	LC-MS	Blood	[51]	T2DM
	PC aa C38:3	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C40:6	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC aa C40:5	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C42:5	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C44:4	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C44:5	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	MG 18:2	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	SM 16:1	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	SM(OH) 26:0	−	LC-MS	Blood	[52]	T2DM
	SM(OH) 28:0	−	LC-MS	Blood	[52]	T2DM
	TG (48:0)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	TG (48:1)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	TG (50:5)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Glycerol	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Stearic acid	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	Palmitic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	Linoleic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	7-Methyluric acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	D-Gluconic acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	2-Aminobutyric acid	−	GC-MS	Urine	[55]	GDM
	2-Hydroxybutyric acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyric acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[56]	T1DM
	5, 8, 11, 14, 17-Eicosapentaenoic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
Carbohydrate	D-Tagatose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Lyxose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Erythrose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Xylo-hexos-5-ulose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	2-Deoxy-galactose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Glucose	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	D-Glucose	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	D-Galactose	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	Maltose	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[56]	T1DM
	Lactate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
Nucleotides	N1-Methylguanosine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	Xanthosine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	7H-Purine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	2'-Deoxyinosine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Pseudo uridine	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
Carnitine	L-Carnitine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	C16	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
Others	Cortisol	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	p-Cresol	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Acetoacetate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Methyl succinate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Methyl guanidine	↓	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxymandelate	↓	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Phenylacetylglutamine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Choline	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Sorbitol	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Myoinositol	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Inositol	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	Hex decanoate	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
	Glycine betaine	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	α-Tocopherol	−	GC-MS	Blood	[38]	T2DM
	2-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	2-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	Pyruvate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Pantothenate	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Guanidoacetate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	8, 11, 14-Eicosatrienoate	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
	Ceramides	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Isopropanol	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	2, 3, 4-Trimethylhexane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	2, 6, 8-Trimethyldecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	Tridecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	Undecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	1, 5-Anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG)	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	1, 5-Anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG)	↓	LC-MS; NMR	Blood	[32, 56]	T1DM; T2DM

), ArticleFig(id=1222467034735173701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222467029798478552, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Metabolic biomarkers of diabetes (2005-2018). "-" No relevant information was reported in literatures. PC ae: Phosphatidylcholines-acyl-alkyl; PC aa: Diacyl-phosphatidylcholines; Lyso PC: Lyso-phosphatidylcholine; Lyso PI: Lyso-phosphatidylinositol; SM: Sphingomyelin; MG: Mono acyl glyceride; PG: Phosphatidylglycerol; TG: Triglyceride; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Metabolites type	Biomarker	Regulation	Technique	Specimen	Reference	Diabetes type
Amino acids	Alanine	↑	NMR; GC-MS	Blood	[27, 28]	T2DM; T1DM
	Valine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	Valine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Lysine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Lysine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Tyrosine	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Tyrosine	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Isoleucine	↑	NMR; GC-MS	Blood	[28, 32]	T2DM; T1DM
	Methionine	↑	NMR; LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood; Faeces	[31, 32, 34]	T2DM; T1DM
	Tryptophan	↓	GC-MS	Blood	[35]	T2DM
	Tryptophan	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Phenylalanine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Phenylalanine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	L-Aspartic acid	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Aspartic acid	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Leucine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Glycine	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
	Proline	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Threonine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Histidine	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
Organic acids	Dimethyl glycine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Butane dioic acid	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Glutaric acid	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Nicotinyl glycine	↑	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	N-beta-Alanyl-histidine	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[33]	T2DM
	Ornithine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Bradykinin hydroxyproline	−	GC-MS	Blood	[38]	T2DM
	N-Acetyl threonine	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
	C-Glycosyl tryptophan	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
	Maleic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	Oxylacetic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	Tartaric acid	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	Cholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Chenodeoxycholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Deoxycholic acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[42]	T2DM
	Deoxycholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	Hippuric acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Hippuric acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	Kynurenic acid	↓	LC-MS	Urine	[45]	T2DM
	Kynurenine	↓	GC-MS	Blood	[35]	T2DM
	Lactic acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Corosolic acid	−	LC-MS	Blood	[46]	T2DM
	3, 7-Dimethyluric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	4-Aminobenzoic acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	2, 5-Bisoxy-benzeneacetic acid	↓	GC-MS	Urine	[40]	T2DM
	2-Oxoglutaric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	2-Aminoadipic acid	↓	LC-MS	Faeces	[47]	T2DM
	Pantothenic acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	α-Amino-adipic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[28]	T1DM
	β-Muricholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Glycine-hyodeoxycholic acid	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Mono-4s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Mono-5s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Dehydro-s bile acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
	Taurine-hydrocholic acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[48]	GDM
Lipids	Lyso PI	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Lyso PC	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Lyso PC 17:0	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49]	T2DM
	Lyso PC 18:1	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49]	T2DM
	Lyso PC 18:2	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[49, 50]	T2DM
	PG	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	PC(O-34:2)	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	PC aa C32:1	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C34:3	−	LC-MS	Blood	[50, 51]	T2DM
	PC ae C36:0	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
	PC aa C36:1	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C36:3	−	LC-MS	Blood	[51]	T2DM
	PC aa C38:3	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C40:6	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC aa C40:5	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C42:5	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C44:4	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	PC ae C44:5	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	MG 18:2	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	SM 16:1	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[50]	T2DM
	SM(OH) 26:0	−	LC-MS	Blood	[52]	T2DM
	SM(OH) 28:0	−	LC-MS	Blood	[52]	T2DM
	TG (48:0)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	TG (48:1)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	TG (50:5)	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Glycerol	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Stearic acid	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	Palmitic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	Linoleic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	7-Methyluric acid	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	D-Gluconic acid	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	2-Aminobutyric acid	−	GC-MS	Urine	[55]	GDM
	2-Hydroxybutyric acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[54]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyric acid	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyric acid	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[56]	T1DM
	5, 8, 11, 14, 17-Eicosapentaenoic acid	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
Carbohydrate	D-Tagatose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Lyxose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Erythrose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Xylo-hexos-5-ulose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	2-Deoxy-galactose	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	D-Glucose	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	D-Glucose	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	D-Galactose	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	Maltose	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[56]	T1DM
	Lactate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
Nucleotides	N1-Methylguanosine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	Xanthosine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[29]	T2DM
	7H-Purine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	2'-Deoxyinosine	−	GC-MS	Faeces	[31]	T2DM
	Pseudo uridine	−	LC-MS; GC-MS	Blood	[39]	T2DM
Carnitine	L-Carnitine	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	C16	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[36]	T2DM
Others	Cortisol	↓	LC-MS	Blood	[43]	T2DM
	p-Cresol	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Acetoacetate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Methyl succinate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Methyl guanidine	↓	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxymandelate	↓	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Phenylacetylglutamine	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	Choline	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Sorbitol	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Myoinositol	↑	NMR	Blood	[30]	T2DM
	Inositol	↑	GC-MS	Urine	[44]	T2DM
	Hex decanoate	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
	Glycine betaine	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	α-Tocopherol	−	GC-MS	Blood	[38]	T2DM
	2-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	2-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	3-Hydroxybutyrate	↑	GC-MS	Blood	[53]	GDM
	Pyruvate	↑	NMR	Blood	[32]	T2DM
	Pantothenate	−	LC-MS	Urine	[37]	T2DM
	Guanidoacetate	↑	NMR	Blood	[27]	T2DM
	8, 11, 14-Eicosatrienoate	−	GC-MS	Blood	[57]	T2DM
	Ceramides	↑	LC-MS	Blood	[34]	T1DM
	Isopropanol	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	2, 3, 4-Trimethylhexane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	2, 6, 8-Trimethyldecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	Tridecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	Undecane	−	GC-MS	Exhaled breath	[58]	T2DM
	1, 5-Anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG)	−	GC-MS	Urine	[41]	T2DM
	1, 5-Anhydroglucitol (1, 5-AG)	↓	LC-MS; NMR	Blood	[32, 56]	T1DM; T2DM

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