药学学报

Compound	Generation	Ancillary target	ALK kinase IC₅₀	Sensitive mutation	Clinical evidence	Brain penetrance	Regulatory approval
Crizotinib	1st	MET	24 nmol·L^-1	L1198F	Phase Ⅲ	No	EMA:1L, previously treated
ROS1	N/A	E1210K	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
Alectinib	2nd	RET	1.9 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: 1L, after crizotinib
L1198F	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
G1269A
S1206Y
L1152R
F1174L
1151Tins
Brigatinib	2nd	ROS1	37 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
EGFR	N/A	I1171N/S/T	FDA: after crizotinib
L1196M
G1269A
S1206Y
L1198F
L1152R
F1174C
1151Tins
Lorlatinib	3rd	ROS1	< 0.07 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes (NCT02927340)	EMA: not yet approved
I1171N/S/T	FDA: approval pending
L1196M
G1202R
G1269A
Ensartinib	3rd	MET	< 4 nmol·L^-1	T1151M	Phase Ⅰ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
ROS1	G1269A	FDA: not yet approved
ABL	L1196M
Axl	G1202R
EPHA2
LTK
SLK

Compound	Generation	Ancillary target	ALK kinase IC₅₀	Sensitive mutation	Clinical evidence	Brain penetrance	Regulatory approval
Crizotinib	1st	MET	24 nmol·L^-1	L1198F	Phase Ⅲ	No	EMA:1L, previously treated
ROS1	N/A	E1210K	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
Alectinib	2nd	RET	1.9 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: 1L, after crizotinib
L1198F	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
G1269A
S1206Y
L1152R
F1174L
1151Tins
Brigatinib	2nd	ROS1	37 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
EGFR	N/A	I1171N/S/T	FDA: after crizotinib
L1196M
G1269A
S1206Y
L1198F
L1152R
F1174C
1151Tins
Lorlatinib	3rd	ROS1	< 0.07 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes (NCT02927340)	EMA: not yet approved
I1171N/S/T	FDA: approval pending
L1196M
G1202R
G1269A
Ensartinib	3rd	MET	< 4 nmol·L^-1	T1151M	Phase Ⅰ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
ROS1	G1269A	FDA: not yet approved
ABL	L1196M
Axl	G1202R
EPHA2
LTK
SLK

Mutation status	Crizotinib	Ceritinib	Alectinib	Brigatinib	Lorlatinib
Parental Ba/F3	763.9	885.7	890.1	2774	11293.8
EML4-ALK V1	38.6	4.9	11.4	10.7	2.3
C1156Y	61.9	5.3	11.6	4.5	4.6
I1171N	130.1	8.2	397.7	26.1	49
I1171S	94.1	3.8	177	17.8	30.4
I1171T	51.4	1.7	33.6^a	6.1	11.5
F1174C	115	38.0^a	27	18	8
L1196M	339	9.3	117.6	26.5	34
L1198F	0.4	196.2	42.3	13.9	14.8
G1202R	381.6	124.4	706.6	129.5	49.9
G1202del	58.4	50.1	58.8	95.8	5.2
D1203N	116.3	35.3	27.9	34.6	11.1
E1210K	42.8	5.8	31.6	24	1.7
G1269A	117	0.4	25	NA	10
D1203N+F1174C	338.8	237.8	75.1	123.4	69.8
D1203N+E1210K	153	97.8	82.8	136	26.6

Mutation status	Crizotinib	Ceritinib	Alectinib	Brigatinib	Lorlatinib
Parental Ba/F3	763.9	885.7	890.1	2774	11293.8
EML4-ALK V1	38.6	4.9	11.4	10.7	2.3
C1156Y	61.9	5.3	11.6	4.5	4.6
I1171N	130.1	8.2	397.7	26.1	49
I1171S	94.1	3.8	177	17.8	30.4
I1171T	51.4	1.7	33.6^a	6.1	11.5
F1174C	115	38.0^a	27	18	8
L1196M	339	9.3	117.6	26.5	34
L1198F	0.4	196.2	42.3	13.9	14.8
G1202R	381.6	124.4	706.6	129.5	49.9
G1202del	58.4	50.1	58.8	95.8	5.2
D1203N	116.3	35.3	27.9	34.6	11.1
E1210K	42.8	5.8	31.6	24	1.7
G1269A	117	0.4	25	NA	10
D1203N+F1174C	338.8	237.8	75.1	123.4	69.8
D1203N+E1210K	153	97.8	82.8	136	26.6

Month	Cumulative incidence probability
Patients with 1 prior ALK TKI^a	CNS progression	Non-CNS progression	Death
All patients (n=198)
6 months	0.13	0.25	0.05
12 months	0.18	0.37	NE
Patients with baseline CNS metastases (n=131)
6 months	0.14	0.21	NE
12 months	0.22	0.31	NE
Patients with no baseline CNS metastases (n=67)
6 months	NE	0.32	0.05
12 months	NE	0.49	NE

Month	Cumulative incidence probability
Patients with 1 prior ALK TKI^a	CNS progression	Non-CNS progression	Death
All patients (n=198)
6 months	0.13	0.25	0.05
12 months	0.18	0.37	NE
Patients with baseline CNS metastases (n=131)
6 months	0.14	0.21	NE
12 months	0.22	0.31	NE
Patients with no baseline CNS metastases (n=67)
6 months	NE	0.32	0.05
12 months	NE	0.49	NE

TRAEs	Grade 3-4 N(%)	All grades N(%)
Patients (n)	376
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea	0	6 (1.6%)
Constipation	0	7 (1.9%)
General disorders
Fatigue	0	8 (2.1%)
Peripheral oedema	0	21 (5.6%)
Oedema	0	6 (1.6%)
Nervous system disorders
Cognitive effects	1 (0.3%)	21 (5.6%)
Peripheral neuropathy	0	21 (5.6%)
Others
Weight increased	3 (0.8%)	9 (2.4%)
Vision disorder	0	7 (1.9%)
Mood effects	0	8 (2.1%)
Tinnitus	0	7 (1.9%)
Speech effects	0	21 (5.6%)
Representative abnormal laboratory values
AST increased	1 (0.3%)	7 (1.9%)
Lipase increased	2 (0.5%)	9 (2.4%)
Amylase increased	0	7 (1.9%)
Major TRAEs
Hypercholesterolaemia	51 (13.6%)	300 (79.8%)
Hypertriglyceridaemia	47 (12.5%)	214 (56.9%)

TRAEs	Grade 3-4 N(%)	All grades N(%)
Patients (n)	376
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea	0	6 (1.6%)
Constipation	0	7 (1.9%)
General disorders
Fatigue	0	8 (2.1%)
Peripheral oedema	0	21 (5.6%)
Oedema	0	6 (1.6%)
Nervous system disorders
Cognitive effects	1 (0.3%)	21 (5.6%)
Peripheral neuropathy	0	21 (5.6%)
Others
Weight increased	3 (0.8%)	9 (2.4%)
Vision disorder	0	7 (1.9%)
Mood effects	0	8 (2.1%)
Tinnitus	0	7 (1.9%)
Speech effects	0	21 (5.6%)
Representative abnormal laboratory values
AST increased	1 (0.3%)	7 (1.9%)
Lipase increased	2 (0.5%)	9 (2.4%)
Amylase increased	0	7 (1.9%)
Major TRAEs
Hypercholesterolaemia	51 (13.6%)	300 (79.8%)
Hypertriglyceridaemia	47 (12.5%)	214 (56.9%)

第三代ALK抑制剂lorlatinib在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

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林安琪 , 陈雨晴 , 陈心蕊 , 游丹铭 , 罗鹏 , 张健 ^*

药学学报 | 综述 2019,54(4): 601-610

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药学学报 | 综述 2019, 54(4): 601-610

第三代ALK抑制剂lorlatinib在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

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林安琪, 陈雨晴, 陈心蕊, 游丹铭, 罗鹏, 张健^*

作者信息

南方医科大学珠江医院肿瘤中心, 广东广州 510280

通讯作者:

*张健, Tel: 13925091863, E-mail: blacktiger@139.com

Lorlatinib: a third generation ALK inhibitor for treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma

An-qi LIN, Yu-qing CHEN, Xin-rui CHEN, Dan-ming YOU, Peng LUO, Jian ZHANG^*

Affiliations

Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China

出版时间: 2019-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1021

文章导航

摘要

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Lorlatinib（PF-06463922）是一种具有高度选择性且强效的第三代ALK（anaplastic lymphoma kinase，ALK）/ROS1（c-ros oncogene 1，receptor tyrosine kinase）双重抑制剂。2018年11月，美国食品药物监督管理局批准了lorlatinib用于治疗接受crizotinib和至少一种其他ALK抑制剂治疗之后疾病恶化，或接受alectinib或ceritinib作为第一个ALK抑制剂治疗但疾病恶化的晚期ALK阳性NSCLC患者。Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床研究结果显示，其具有优异的抗肿瘤活性、强大的颅内治疗活性、良好的耐受性和安全性。本文分别从lorlatinib的化学结构、作用机制、药效动力学、药代动力学、用法和用量、临床研究、安全性以及未来的发展方向作系统性的综述，以期为临床实践提供参考价值和借鉴意义。

关键词

劳拉替尼 / ALK抑制剂 / 非小细胞肺癌 / 临床研究

Abstract

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Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) is a highly selective and potent third generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor with dual activity against c-ros oncogene 1, a receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1). In November 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration approved lorlatinib for treatment of disease progression in ALK-positive and late-stage NSCLC patients who receive the treatment with crizotinib and at least one of other ALK inhibitors; and those with disease progression after treatment of alectinib or ceritinib as the first ALK inhibitor. The results of Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ clinical trials showed that it has effective initial anti-tumor activity, strong intracranial therapeutic activity, with less tolerance and safety issues. This paper systematically reviewed the chemical structure, mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, usage and dosage, clinical research, safety and upcoming research fields of lolatinib, to provide an update on clinical or laboratory research and clinical practice.

Key words

lorlatinib / anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor / non-small cell lung cancer / clinical trial

引用本文

林安琪, 陈雨晴, 陈心蕊, 游丹铭, 罗鹏, 张健. 第三代ALK抑制剂lorlatinib在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2019 , 54 (4) : 601 -610 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1021

An-qi LIN, Yu-qing CHEN, Xin-rui CHEN, Dan-ming YOU, Peng LUO, Jian ZHANG. Lorlatinib: a third generation ALK inhibitor for treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2019 , 54 (4) : 601 -610 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1021

正文

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近年来, 人类于肿瘤早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗甚至在预防方面均取得显著进展, 但肺癌作为全球发病率及致死率最高的恶性肿瘤, 发病率和致死率分别可达11.6%和18.4%^[1]。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是肺癌最为常见的组织学类型, 占所有肺癌的80%~85%。且患者就诊时多处于中晚期并错失手术治疗时机, 其5年生存率仅为15%^[2]。目前, 常规传统肿瘤治疗方式作为治疗晚期NSCLC患者的治疗手段之一, 但其治疗效果欠佳。同样, 铂类化疗等传统化疗虽然作为无驱动致癌基因突变晚期NSCLC患者一线治疗策略, 其客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR)为25%~35%, 中位总生存期(overall survival, OS)和中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)分别为8~10个月和4~6个月。近些年, 有关NSCLC的传统治疗方案的疗效无明显提高, 晚期NSCLC的生存率依然裹足不前^[3]。因此为了提高晚期NSCLC的治疗疗效和改善其生活质量, 寄希望于特异、高效的新型抗癌药物的研发和应用上。伴随着对致癌驱动基因和肿瘤信号转导通路在NSCLC的深入研究和基因检测技术的应运而生, 使NSCLC迈入精准化与个体化的靶向治疗时代。其中约5% NSCLC患者体内携带间变淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)基因融合, 该基因已被证实是一种NSCLC驱动致癌基因^[4], 在2007年由Soda等^[5]在NSCLC患者体内通过蛋白组学技术首次发现。此外, ALK与5'末端棘皮动物微管结合蛋白(echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4, EML4)形成融合基因最为常见^[4]。ALK基因融合发生率并不存在显著种族差异, EML4-ALK多见于少量吸烟或从不吸烟及其他驱动基因为野生型的年轻肺腺癌女性患者^{[6, 7]}。c-ros原癌基因1酪氨酸激酶(c-ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase, ROS1)融合基因作为一类新的NSCLC驱动基因亚型, 其发生频率较低, 约占NSCLC的1%~2%, 且存在一定的种族差异, 多见于吸烟较少者或不吸烟的年轻腺癌者。其中CD74-ROS1是最常见的ROS1融合基因型基因序列^{[7, 8]}。另外, 研究表明, ROS1与ALK在激酶催化区的ATP结合位点上可达77%的高度同源性^{[9, 10]}。因此, ALK抑制剂可应用于治疗ROS1基因阳性的NSCLC患者。迄今为止, 已在NSCLC治疗领域研发多种ALK抑制剂。Ⅲ期临床研究PROFILE 1007^{[9, 11]}和PROFILE 1029^[12]等通过比较克唑替尼(crizotinib)与化疗在ALK阳性NSCLC患者中的临床疗效, 进一步证明了克唑替尼(crizotinib)在靶向治疗中具有卓越的疗效与安全性, 显著延长患者PFS, 两项研究两组中位PFS分别为7.7个月vs 3.0个月和11.1个月vs 6.8个月; ORR分别为65% vs 20%和88% vs 46%。以上研究结果奠定了crizotinib作为ALK阳性NSCLC患者一线治疗的地位。但不可避免的是, 几乎所有患者在接受crizotinib治疗后通常于1~2年出现耐药问题, 并且中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)复发或进展较为常见^[13]。因此, 第二代ALK抑制剂如ceritinib^[14]、alectinib^{[15, 16]}和brigatinib^{[14, 17]}为crizotinib耐药和无法耐受的ALK阳性NSCLC患者提供了替代治疗方式。根据近期研究结果, 第二代ALK抑制剂较crizotinib作为ALK阳性NSCLC患者一线治疗可能更为高效^[18-20]。当前临床试验数据均显示, crizotinib在治疗ROS1基因阳性的NSCLC患者中具有优异的治疗疗效^{[9, 21-23]}。2015年和2018年美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)和中国FDA分别批准crizotinib治疗ROS1重排的晚期NSCLC患者。然而继发性耐药突变的不可避免产生、血脑屏障穿透能力弱和其他致癌信号通路激活等在很大程度上削弱第一、二代ALK抑制剂的临床疗效^[24-26]。

为此, 第三代新型ALK抑制剂-lorlatinib应运而生, 它具有强大的颅内治疗活性和高选择双重抑制ALK与ROS1等优点^[27]。NCT01970865研究(Ⅰ期)结果显示, lorlatinib在既往接受2种以上ALK抑制剂(包括第二代ALK抑制剂)治疗ALK阳性NSCLC患者中已显示出卓越的抗肿瘤优越性; 其ORR为42%和中位PFS为9.2个月; ROS1阳性NSCLC患者ORR为50% [95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI), 21%~79%]和中位PFS为7.0个月(95% CI, 1.4~13.9个月), 其中60% (3/5) ROS1阳性NSCLC患者获得颅内客观缓解^[28]。Elleraas等^[29]研究结果表明, lorlatinib对目前已知的几乎所有耐药突变(除L1198F突变外)均有效(表 1)^{[30, 31]}。本文就其化学结构、作用机制、药效动力学、药代动力学、用法和用量、临床研究、安全性和未来的发展方向进行综述。

1 化学结构

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Lorlatinib (PF-06463922);分子式: C₂₁H₁₉FN₆O₂; 化学名: 7-amino-12-fluoro-2, 10, 16-trimethyl-15-oxo-10, 15, 16, 17-tetrahydro-2H-8, 4-(metheno)pyrazolo(4, 3-h)(2, 5, 11)benzoxadiazacyclotetradecine-3-carbonitrile^{[13, 32, 33]}。结构见图 1。Lorlatinib基于优化化学结构和增加亲脂性效率(lipophilic efficiency, LipE)等药物设计策略, 并成为强效ATP-竞争性ALK与ROS双重抑制的酰胺类大环化合物^[34]。

2 作用机制

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ALK融合基因通过EML4中的卷曲螺旋结构域与ALK激酶结构域融合, 赋予二聚化和组成型活化, 从而激活多条信号转导通路(如RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK、PI3K/AKT和JAK/STAT等), 导致肿瘤发生(图 2)^{[31, 35]}。Lorlatinib作为一个针对多种突变位点抑制剂, 对于ALK和ROS1具有高选择性。Gainor等^[36]研究表明lorlatinib对已知几乎所有耐药突变(如L1196M、G1202R和G1269A)均有效并抑制ALK磷酸化。此外, 由于ROS1融合蛋白均保留其激酶结构域, 且大多数具有二聚化结构域, 可能导致ROS1酪氨酸激酶活化。Lorlatinib通过抑制ROS1磷酸化, 从而阻止PI3K-AKT、PLCγ-PKC和RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK等信号通路的激活从而抑制ROS1驱动的细胞增殖与凋亡失控^{[37, 38]}。同许多靶向药物类似, ROS1阳性NSCLC患者经历开始阶段的crizotinib治疗后不可避免地出现获得性耐药。研究表明, crizotinib治疗ROS1阳性NSCLC的耐药机制, 包括以下两类: ①获得性ROS1继发性突变, 约占50%~60%, 远高于ALK (20%~25%), 其中ROS1基因上的G2032R点突变作为最常见的突变之一, 通过影响P-loop区域妨碍crizotinib与ROS1结合^[39], 从而导致耐药性的产生; ROS1基因的其他点突变包括D2033N、S1986Y/F、L2026M等。②替代旁路激活途径:如KIT突变活化、D816G、EGFR信号通路上调、上皮细胞间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)^[40]及其他驱动基因突变影响(如KRAS、NRAS和RAS)等^[41]。相比crizotinib, lorlatinib还显示出对crizotinib耐药ROS1突变的有效抑制, 其可以抑制S1986Y/F双突变^[42]。体外实验lorlatinib能有效抑制crizotinib的L2026M、S1986Y/F和D2033N基因突变^[40]。Facchinetti等^[42]报道了1例EZR-ROS1重排、S1986Y/F突变NSCLC患者接受lorlatinib治疗后生存效益显著。此外, lorlatinib能够减少发生如crizotinib和ceritinib因血脑屏障和肿瘤细胞表面的P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)介导的药物外排, 降低透过血脑屏障的药物浓度。因此, lorlatinib具有高中枢神经系统渗透性, 对ALK基因驱动的脑转移患者具有强大的颅内治疗活性^[43]。

3 药效动力学(pharmacodynamics, PD)

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Lorlatinib作为一种高效和强效的第三代ALK抑制剂。激酶实验中, lorlatinib对EML4-ALK融合突变的IC₅₀值为2.3 nmol·L^-1 (crizotinib为38.6 nmol·L^-1); 对EML4-ALK V1、F1174C、E1210K、G1202del、D1203N和G1202R中的IC₅₀值均较ceritinib、alectinib和brigatinib低(表 2)^[44]。在Ba/F3细胞中, lorlatinib显示出对F1174I和F1174L突变位点有效, IC₅₀值分别为1.2±0.3和4.9±2.6 nmol·L^-1 (crizotinib的IC₅₀分别为195±22.0和274±14.2 nmol·L^-1)^[45]。Zou等^[43]报道lorlatinib、crizotinib、ceritinib和alectinib对G1202R突变的的平均IC₅₀值分别为80、560、309和595 nmol·L^-1, 同时lorlatinib在野生型ALK、L1196M、G1269A和1151Tins的平均Ki分别为0.07和0.1~0.9 nmol·L^-1。以上研究结果均表明, lorlatinib对包括G1202R在内的几乎所有耐药突变具有较好的抗癌活性。此外, lorlatinib在抑制ROS1融合突变上也显示出优越性。近期几项研究结果表明, 其对ROS1抑制活性较ALK更为显著^{[43, 46, 47]}。细胞水平的研究表明, lorlatinib对ROS1融合基因磷酸化的抑制程度较ceritinib和foretinib的作用强10倍; 较ceritinib和alectinib强100倍^[47]。

4 药代动力学(pharmacokinetics, PK)

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Lorlatinib作为一种低血浆清除率、中等分布容积、中度诱导CYP3A4酶的药物, 其药物消除半衰期(t_1/2)为20~28 h, 并且血浆暴露量与剂量成比例, 口服10~75 mg剂量的lorlatinib后, 口服生物利用度为100%^[48]。现有临床试验表明, 口服为lorlatinib的最佳给药途径, 同时将100 mg每日两次(BID)作为Ⅰ期临床试验的推荐剂量^{[47, 49, 50]}。然而, 目前关于lorlatinib的药代动力学情况仍需大量药代动力学模型来探索体内代谢模式, 在Ⅰ期剂量递增实验中, 两项研究对于PK参数研究结果不同, Kwak等^[51]进行的Ⅰ期剂量递增临床试验中PK分析结果表明, 当剂量大于100 mg每日一次(QD)时, PK参数呈非线性关系。相反的是, Bauer等^[52]试验表明, 在剂量为10~75 mg QD, PK参数呈线性关系, 而剂量大于75 mg QD的PK参数呈非线性关系。

5 用法和用量

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Lorlatinib Ⅱ期临床试验的推荐剂量为100 mg QD; 最大耐受剂量(maximal tolerable dose, MTD)为250 mg QD^{[28, 51, 53]}。Shaw等^[28]在纳入54名ALK阳性或ROS1阳性晚期NSCLC的Ⅰ期剂量递增临床试验中发现, 仅有1例剂量限制性毒性(dose-limiting toxicity, DLT)为2级神经认知不良事件。截至目前, 100 mg QD仍作为Ⅱ期临床研究的推荐剂量, 研究结果表明, 不同患者对于lorlatinib的剂量耐受程度可能存在一定差异, 对于最佳剂量仍需更多大样本多中心的随机临床研究进行探索。

6 临床研究

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6.1 Ⅰ期临床研究

一项针对lorlatinib的国际、多中心、非盲、单臂Ⅰ期临床试验(NCT01970865)^[28], 由美国、西班牙、澳大利亚、法国的5个研究中心共同开展, 共招募54例患者进行剂量递增研究, 41例(77%) ALK阳性, 12例(23%) ROS1阳性和1例ALK与ROS1状态未确定的NSCLC患者。其中20例(37%)患者既往接受过1种ALK抑制剂的治疗, 28例(52%)患者既往接受过2种或以上ALK抑制剂治疗。给药剂量为10~200 mg QD或35~100 mg BID。在此项临床试验中未检测出MTD; 在200 mg剂量组出现了1例DLT。结果显示, 在总体肿瘤应答中: ① ALK阳性NSCLC队列中, 46% (19/41)获得客观缓解, 其中3例(7%)完全缓解(complete response, CR), 16例(39%)部分缓解(partial response, PR), 8例(20%)达到疾病稳定(stable disease, SD), 中位持续缓解时间(duration of response, DOR)为9.3个月(95% CI, 6.8个月~未达到); ② ROS阳性患者, 获得客观缓解的患者比例为50% (6/12), 2例(17%)达到SD; ③既往接受过1种ALK抑制剂治疗患者, 57% (8/20)获得客观缓解; ④既往接受过≥2种ALK抑制剂治疗患者, 42% (11/26)达到客观缓解, 平均有效持续时间为11.7个月(95% Cl, 2.7个月~未达到)。针对脑转移的分析结果显示: ①具有颅内转移病灶的24例患者中, 11例(46%)达到颅内客观缓解, 7例(29%)获得颅内CR, 4例(17%)获颅内PR; ②在ALK阳性且颅内转移患者, 42% (8/19)获得颅内客观缓解; ③ ROS1阳性且颅内转移患者中, 60% (3/5)获得颅内客观缓解; ④可测量和/或不可测量的CNS转移灶的32例ALK阳性患者, 10例(31%)获CR或PR, 中位PFS为9.6个月(95% CI, 3.4~16.6个月), 其中14例ALK阳性患者既往接受过1种ALK抑制剂治疗; 既往接受过1种ALK抑制剂治疗和既往接受过≥2种ALK抑制剂患者中位PFS分别为13.5个月(95% CI, 1.6个月~未达到)和9.2个月(95% CI, 1.5个月~未达到)。53例患者的中位随访时间为17.4个月(95% CI, 16.1~22.1个月, 四分位数间距15.6%~23.2%)。由于19例患者发生数据删除, 剩余患者评估中位PFS为9.6个月(95% CI, 3.9 ~13.5个月)。

6.2 Ⅱ期临床试验

Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT01970865)正在开展进行中, 截止至2018年2月12日, 该试验共招募367例ALK或ROS1阳性NSCLC患者进行100 mg QD给药剂量的研究。该研究主要终点是由独立中央审查证实的ORR和颅内ORR (IC-ORR)。Solomon等^[54]阶段性报道了此项研究数据, 共纳入275例患者。截止至2017年10月15日, 227例ALK阳性患者评估了ORR, 其中包括140例患者考察了颅内应答。结果显示, 219例患者检测出ALK突变, 其中46例(21%)患者在循环游离DNA (cfDNA)检测出≥1突变位点, 其中27例获得客观缓解, ORR为59% (27/46)。根据治疗情况分队列进行分析: ① ALK抑制剂初治患者: ORR为90% (27/30), IC-ORR为75% (6/8); ② ALK阳性且既往仅接受过克唑替尼治疗患者: ORR为74% (20/27), IC-ORR为59% (10/17); ③ ALK阳性且既往接受过1种ALK抑制剂患者: ORR为51% (30/59), IC-ORR为63% (20/32); ④ ALK阳性且既往接受过2种ALK抑制剂患者: ORR为42% (27/65), IC-ORR为56% (25/45); ⑤ ALK阳性且既往接受过3种ALK抑制剂患者: ORR为35% (16/46), IC-ORR为39% (15/38)。Ou等^[55]报道了该Ⅱ期研究结果, 共纳入47例ROS1阳性NSCLC患者, 其中25例患者检测出基线CNS转移, 34例患者已接受crizotinib治疗, 13例患者未经crizotinib治疗。对于ROS1阳性患者, ORR为36% (17/47, 95% CI: 23%~52%), IC-ORR为56% (14/25; 95% CI: 35%~76%); 对于既往接受crizotinib治疗患者, ORR为26.5% (95% CI: 13%~44%), IC-ORR为53% (95% CI: 29%~76%); 未经crizotinib治疗有8例获得CR, ORR为62% (95% CI: 32%~86%), IC-ORR为67% (95% CI: 22%~96%)。以上3组的中位PFS分别为9.9个月(95% CI: 6~21个月)、8.5个月(95% CI: 4~18个月)和21.0个月(95% CI: 4~27个月)。Bauer等^[56]基于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验(NCT01970865), 通过测定lorlatinib在脑脊液与血浆的浓度比, 从而评估lorlatinib颅内活性。研究结果表明, 5例患者脑脊液与血浆的浓度比例为0.73 (SD 0.14), 说明lorlatinib能够高效穿透血脑屏障发挥其在脑转移患者中颅内治疗作用。研究同时纳入198例患者, 分别评估6个月和12个月的累积发病率(cumulative incidence rate, CIR) (表 3)^[56]。

另一项开放标签、剂量发现的Ⅰb/Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT02584634)正在开展以评估lorlatinib安全性、有效性、药效学、药动学等特性。试验计划招募晚期或脑转移NSCLC患者^[57]。Shaw等^[58]率先报道部分Ⅰb期试验数据, 该研究的主要终点是DLT, 次要研究终点分别为治疗不良反应事件(treatment-related adverse events, TRAEs)和ORR。截止至2017年10月27日, 12例ALK阴性患者接受avelumab (10 mg·kg^-1 Q2W)与crizotinib (250 mg BID)联合治疗方案, 28例ALK阳性患者接受了avelumab (10 mg·kg^-1 Q2W)与lorlatinib (100 mg QD)联合治疗方案, 其中所有ALK阳性患者平均已接受过2种(平均范围: 1~3种, 1例ALK阳性患者未纳入此研究) ALK抑制剂治疗。对于ALK阴性患者, DLT发生率为41.7%, ORR为16.7% (95% CI, 2.1%~48.4%), 2例获得PR; 对于ALK阳性患者, 无DTL现象发生, ORR为46.4% (95% CI, 27.5%~66.1%), 12例获得PR, 1例获得CR。

6.3 Ⅲ期临床研究

一项随机、开放、国际多中心的Ⅲ期临床研究(NCT03052608)^[59]已于2017年12月启动并开始招募患者, 旨在探索lorlatinib对比克唑替尼应用于晚期ALK阳性NSCLC患者一线治疗的安全性和有效性, 但尚无相关数据报道。

7 安全性

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Shaw等^[28]开展的Ⅰ期临床研究对服用lorlatinib的54例患者进行安全性评估。结果表明, 最常见治疗不良反应事件(treatment emergent adverse events, TEAEs)为高胆固醇血症[72% (39/54)]、高甘油三酯血症[39% (21/54)]、外周神经病变[39% (21/54)]以及外周水肿[39% (21/54)]。3级及以上TEAEs主要为高胆固醇血症(13%)、高甘油三酯血症(6%)、体重增加(6%)、脂肪酶升高(4%)、影响认知(2%)和天冬氨酸转氨酶升高(2%)。在200 mg剂量治疗组中发现1例DTL, 为2级神经认知毒性事件, 表现为语表达缓慢、应答迟缓以及获得提取词语存在障碍。Solomon等^[54]在Ⅱ期临床研究发现, 最常见的3/4级的TEAEs主要包括高胆固醇血症(81%/16%)、高甘油三酯血症(60%/16%)。发生TEAEs后, 30%和22%患者分别在暂停用药和减少剂量后恢复。7例(3%)患者因TEAEs停止治疗, 但无致命的不良反应事件发生。此外, Ou等^[55]在Ⅱ期试验中评价了47例ROS1阳性患者最常见TEAEs高胆固醇血症(83%)和高甘油三酯血症(60%)。发生TEAEs后, 36%和23%患者分别在暂停用药和减少剂量后恢复。无患者因不良事件中止治疗。然而, 一些十分罕见的不良反应, 如结节病^[60]、肾病综合征^[61]、重症肌无力^[62]、肺动脉高压^[63]可能与lorlatinib治疗有关。

基于上述研究结果, 证明了lorlatinib耐受性良好, 安全可控。高胆固醇血症和高甘油三酯血症是其治疗过程中最常见的不良反应事件。其余主要表现为1~2级不良事件, 如周围神经病变、情绪认知影响、肝酶升高、视力障碍、便秘、恶心、水肿、疲乏和腹泻等(表 4)^{[28, 54, 55]}。这些不良事件类似于其他ALK抑制剂, 可以通过减量或停药从而恢复正常。

8 展望未来发展方向

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8.1 治疗序列策略

自2017年4月来, FDA授予lorlatinib治疗既往接受ALK抑制剂治疗ALK阳性转移性NSCLC突破性药物资格后, 全球各个研究中心逐渐开展关于lorlatinib的临床研究。作为新型、高效率、高选择、高脑渗透性的第三代ALK抑制剂, lorlatinib在ALK阳性和(或) ROS1阳性NSCLC靶向治疗中显示出初步优异的抗肿瘤疗效。它能使接受多种ALK抑制剂治疗失败及ALK驱动颅内转移NSCLC患者获得良好的生存效益, 显著延长生存时长^{[43, 64]}。Lorlatinib与alectinib和ceritinib类似, 较crizotinib在治疗ALK阳性NSCLC中具有更为优越的临床疗效^[20]。然而, 目前lorlatinib于临床试验中作为三线治疗选择的同时, 第三代表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKI)较第一代EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib)于EGFR突变NSCLC患者中更为优越的临床疗效^[65], 已被FDA推荐作为EGFR突变NSCLC患者一线治疗选择。此外, 关于ALK抑制剂的临床研究缺乏成熟的总生存数据。因此, lorlatinib能否作为ALK阳性NSCLC患者的一线治疗选择, 以及关于使用ALK抑制剂最佳的药物治疗序列等问题尚需探索。通过明确最佳药物治疗顺序, 不但为NSCLC患者提供持久有效的生存获益, 而且能进一步减轻患者经济负担。目前, 尽管lorlatinib对几乎已知所有ALK抑制剂产生的耐药突变均有效, 但继发性耐药问题日益凸显, 如L1198F突变能恢复C1156Y突变对第一代ALK抑制剂crizotinib的敏感性^[66-68]。同样, 关于在使用第二代ALK抑制剂(如alectinib或ceritinib)后使用lorlatinib的序贯治疗方式的重要性仍不明确。临床前研究表明, alectinib和ceritinib均对lorlatinib耐药突变位点抵抗。Fan等^[69]研究比较alectinib在ALK-TKI初治组与crizotinib组的临床疗效, 结果显示ALK抑制剂初治组的ORR显著优于crizotinib组(87% vs 52%)。此外, Ⅲ期ALUR研究(NCT02604342)比较了经crizotinib治疗后的ALK阳性肺癌患者在alectinib和化疗的临床疗效, 两组患者中位PFS分别为9.6个月(95% CI, 6.9~12.2个月)和1.4个月(95% CI, 1.3~1.6个月)^[70]。另一项Ⅲ期J-ALEX试验比较alectinib作为初治与接受crizotinib后治疗选择的临床疗效, 两组中位PFS分别为20.3个月(95% CI, 20.3个月~未达到)和8.2个月(95% CI, 6.4~15.7个月)^[18]。以上临床研究均提示, 于crizotinib治疗后使用alectinib可能有损其临床疗效。然而, 是否预先接受化疗对于alectinib的临床疗效似乎未产生影响^[18]。因此, 通过借鉴alectinib临床试验并探索lorlatinib在靶向治疗的用药顺序起着至关重要的作用。

8.2 联合治疗策略

近年来, 免疫治疗为NSCLC患者开辟了一个全新的领域, 通过增强人体自身免疫系统来清除肿瘤细胞。另外, 一项旨在比较avelumab联合crizotinib或lorlatinib治疗方案在晚期NSCLC患者中的临床疗效的Ⅰb/Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT02584634)正在开展^[58]。此外, 另一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ临床试验(CheckMate 370)将nivolumab联合crizotinib的组合治疗作为NSCLC患者的一线治疗选择^[71]。一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验(NCT02898116)关于PD-L1抑制(durvalumab)与ensartinib联合治疗ALK阳性NSLCLC临床疗效正在开展^[72]。然而, 关于免疫治疗与ALK抑制剂的联合治疗能否成为NSCLC全新高效的治疗策略, 这仍需大量临床试验进一步证实。

另外, ALK抑制剂与旁路(如包括EGFR突变、KRAS突变、KIT扩增、ErbB、MET扩增及下游信号通路IGF-1R等ALK非依赖型耐药信号通路)^[44]抑制剂联合治疗手段也可能成为另一种克服耐药的全新治疗策略。这些联合治疗方案极大丰富了ALK阳性NSCLC患者的用药选择。

8.3 潜在疗效标志物

目前, 有关评估lorlatinib的临床疗效潜在标志物的研究十分有限。一项研究表明, EML4-ALK变体3较EML4-ALK变体1患者发生ALK耐药突变率显著增加(57% vs 30%, P=0.023);其中ALK G1202R突变在EML4-ALK变体3中较变体1中更为常见(32% vs 0);此外, 在29例接受lorlatinib治疗患者中EML4-ALK变体3较EML4-ALK变体1患者的中位PFS显著延长(11.0个月vs 3.3个月; HR=0.31, P=0.011)。这表明EML4-ALK变体3可能与ALK耐药突变(尤其是G1202R突变)发生发展相关^[73]。由于缺乏足够的临床样本量, EMLK-ALK融合变体亚型与临床转归和(或)耐药机制的关联仍需基础与临床研究不断深入探索。这一研究初步表明, 特异性EMLK-ALK融合变体亚型可能作为lorlatinib疗效评估的潜在生物标志物, 进一步明确ALK阳性患者的变体亚型, 为NSCLC患者治疗提供“个体化”指导。

9 结语

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伴随ALK、ROS1和EGFR等肺癌驱动致癌突变相继确定和相应靶向药物的研发与应用, 靶向治疗标志着肿瘤治疗正迈入基于分子标记物的医学时代。继第一、二代ALK抑制剂后, 第三代ALK抑制剂lorlatinib显著改善了ALK阳性NSCLC患者靶向治疗现状, 将NSCLC靶向治疗推向新的征程。当前临床研究数据均显示, lorlatinib具有高效性、安全性和抗肿瘤优越性。因此, 研究者拭目以待通过更多临床试验以阐明lorlatinib治疗优势及最佳治疗策略, 期望将靶向治疗精准化、高效化、个体化, 进而提高生存受益, 延缓生存时长, 改善生存质量, 减轻经济负担。

基金

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81871859)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81672267)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201812121160)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201812121280)

参考文献

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2019年第54卷第4期

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1021

接收时间：2018-11-11
首发时间：2026-01-26
出版时间：2019-04-12

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收稿日期：2018-11-11
修回日期：2018-12-22

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81871859)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(81672267)

大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201812121160)

大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201812121280)

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南方医科大学珠江医院肿瘤中心, 广东广州 510280

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*张健, Tel: 13925091863, E-mail: blacktiger@139.com

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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TxT

Compound	Generation	Ancillary target	ALK kinase IC₅₀	Sensitive mutation	Clinical evidence	Brain penetrance	Regulatory approval
Crizotinib	1st	MET	24 nmol·L^-1	L1198F	Phase Ⅲ	No	EMA:1L, previously treated
ROS1	N/A	E1210K	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
Alectinib	2nd	RET	1.9 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: 1L, after crizotinib
L1198F	FDA: ALK+ without line restriction
G1269A
S1206Y
L1152R
F1174L
1151Tins
Brigatinib	2nd	ROS1	37 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
EGFR	N/A	I1171N/S/T	FDA: after crizotinib
L1196M
G1269A
S1206Y
L1198F
L1152R
F1174C
1151Tins
Lorlatinib	3rd	ROS1	< 0.07 nmol·L^-1	C1156Y	Phase Ⅲ	Yes (NCT02927340)	EMA: not yet approved
I1171N/S/T	FDA: approval pending
L1196M
G1202R
G1269A
Ensartinib	3rd	MET	< 4 nmol·L^-1	T1151M	Phase Ⅰ	Yes	EMA: not yet approved
ROS1	G1269A	FDA: not yet approved
ABL	L1196M
Axl	G1202R
EPHA2
LTK
SLK

Compound

Generation

Ancillary target

ALK kinase IC₅₀

Sensitive mutation

Clinical evidence

Brain penetrance

Regulatory approval

Crizotinib

1st

MET

24 nmol·L^-1

L1198F

Phase Ⅲ

EMA:1L, previously treated

ROS1

N/A

E1210K

FDA: ALK+ without line restriction

Alectinib

2nd

RET

1.9 nmol·L^-1

C1156Y

Phase Ⅲ

Yes

EMA: 1L, after crizotinib

L1198F

FDA: ALK+ without line restriction

G1269A

S1206Y

L1152R

F1174L

1151Tins

Brigatinib

2nd

ROS1

37 nmol·L^-1

C1156Y

Phase Ⅲ

Yes

EMA: not yet approved

EGFR

N/A

I1171N/S/T

FDA: after crizotinib

L1196M

G1269A

S1206Y

L1198F

L1152R

F1174C

1151Tins

Lorlatinib

3rd

ROS1

< 0.07 nmol·L^-1

C1156Y

Phase Ⅲ

Yes (NCT02927340)

EMA: not yet approved

I1171N/S/T

FDA: approval pending

L1196M

G1202R

G1269A

Ensartinib

3rd

MET

< 4 nmol·L^-1

T1151M

Phase Ⅰ

Yes

EMA: not yet approved

ROS1

G1269A

FDA: not yet approved

ABL

L1196M

Axl

G1202R

EPHA2

LTK

SLK

Mutation status	Crizotinib	Ceritinib	Alectinib	Brigatinib	Lorlatinib
Parental Ba/F3	763.9	885.7	890.1	2774	11293.8
EML4-ALK V1	38.6	4.9	11.4	10.7	2.3
C1156Y	61.9	5.3	11.6	4.5	4.6
I1171N	130.1	8.2	397.7	26.1	49
I1171S	94.1	3.8	177	17.8	30.4
I1171T	51.4	1.7	33.6^a	6.1	11.5
F1174C	115	38.0^a	27	18	8
L1196M	339	9.3	117.6	26.5	34
L1198F	0.4	196.2	42.3	13.9	14.8
G1202R	381.6	124.4	706.6	129.5	49.9
G1202del	58.4	50.1	58.8	95.8	5.2
D1203N	116.3	35.3	27.9	34.6	11.1
E1210K	42.8	5.8	31.6	24	1.7
G1269A	117	0.4	25	NA	10
D1203N+F1174C	338.8	237.8	75.1	123.4	69.8
D1203N+E1210K	153	97.8	82.8	136	26.6

Mutation status

Crizotinib

Ceritinib

Alectinib

Brigatinib

Lorlatinib

Parental Ba/F3

763.9

885.7

890.1

2774

11293.8

EML4-ALK V1

38.6

4.9

11.4

10.7

2.3

C1156Y

61.9

5.3

11.6

4.5

4.6

I1171N

130.1

8.2

397.7

26.1

I1171S

94.1

3.8

177

17.8

30.4

I1171T

51.4

1.7

33.6^a

6.1

11.5

F1174C

115

38.0^a

L1196M

339

9.3

117.6

26.5

L1198F

0.4

196.2

42.3

13.9

14.8

G1202R

381.6

124.4

706.6

129.5

49.9

G1202del

58.4

50.1

58.8

95.8

5.2

D1203N

116.3

35.3

27.9

34.6

11.1

E1210K

42.8

5.8

31.6

1.7

G1269A

117

0.4

D1203N+F1174C

338.8

237.8

75.1

123.4

69.8

D1203N+E1210K

153

97.8

82.8

136

26.6

Month	Cumulative incidence probability
Patients with 1 prior ALK TKI^a	CNS progression	Non-CNS progression	Death
All patients (n=198)
6 months	0.13	0.25	0.05
12 months	0.18	0.37	NE
Patients with baseline CNS metastases (n=131)
6 months	0.14	0.21	NE
12 months	0.22	0.31	NE
Patients with no baseline CNS metastases (n=67)
6 months	NE	0.32	0.05
12 months	NE	0.49	NE

Month

Cumulative incidence probability

Patients with 1 prior ALK TKI^a

CNS progression

Non-CNS progression

Death

All patients (n=198)

6 months

0.13

0.25

0.05

12 months

0.18

0.37

Patients with baseline CNS metastases (n=131)

6 months

0.14

0.21

12 months

0.22

0.31

Patients with no baseline CNS metastases (n=67)

6 months

0.32

0.05

12 months

0.49

TRAEs	Grade 3-4 N(%)	All grades N(%)
Patients (n)	376
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea	0	6 (1.6%)
Constipation	0	7 (1.9%)
General disorders
Fatigue	0	8 (2.1%)
Peripheral oedema	0	21 (5.6%)
Oedema	0	6 (1.6%)
Nervous system disorders
Cognitive effects	1 (0.3%)	21 (5.6%)
Peripheral neuropathy	0	21 (5.6%)
Others
Weight increased	3 (0.8%)	9 (2.4%)
Vision disorder	0	7 (1.9%)
Mood effects	0	8 (2.1%)
Tinnitus	0	7 (1.9%)
Speech effects	0	21 (5.6%)
Representative abnormal laboratory values
AST increased	1 (0.3%)	7 (1.9%)
Lipase increased	2 (0.5%)	9 (2.4%)
Amylase increased	0	7 (1.9%)
Major TRAEs
Hypercholesterolaemia	51 (13.6%)	300 (79.8%)
Hypertriglyceridaemia	47 (12.5%)	214 (56.9%)

TRAEs

Grade 3-4 N(%)

All grades N(%)

Patients (n)

376

Gastrointestinal disorders

Nausea

6 (1.6%)

Constipation

7 (1.9%)

General disorders

Fatigue

8 (2.1%)

Peripheral oedema

21 (5.6%)

Oedema

6 (1.6%)

Nervous system disorders

Cognitive effects

1 (0.3%)

21 (5.6%)

Peripheral neuropathy

21 (5.6%)

Others

Weight increased

3 (0.8%)

9 (2.4%)

Vision disorder

7 (1.9%)

Mood effects

8 (2.1%)

Tinnitus

7 (1.9%)

Speech effects

21 (5.6%)

Representative abnormal laboratory values

AST increased

1 (0.3%)

7 (1.9%)

Lipase increased

2 (0.5%)

9 (2.4%)

Amylase increased

7 (1.9%)

Major TRAEs

Hypercholesterolaemia

51 (13.6%)

300 (79.8%)

Hypertriglyceridaemia

47 (12.5%)

214 (56.9%)