Article(id=1218551250354884816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218551215722516887, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1520352000000, receivedDateStr=2018-03-07, revisedDate=1522684800000, revisedDateStr=2018-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768454857672, onlineDateStr=2026-01-15, pubDate=1528732800000, pubDateStr=2018-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768454857672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768454857672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768454857672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218551215722516887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2018', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='833', pageEnd='1015', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768454849415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768457041227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218560408919658653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218551215722516887, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218560408919658654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218551215722516887, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=833, endPage=838, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218551250921115915, articleId=1218551250354884816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress in new anti-tumor drugs on different targets derived from microorganisms, columnId=1218263312677130587, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=SPECIAL REPORTS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The metabolites produced by complex and diverse microorganisms are important resources for drug research and development. Using new targets to screen microbial metabolites, many anti-cancer drugs acting on different targets are discovered. Anti-tumor antibiotics acting on various targets and signaling pathways are important members in the study of specific targets for anti-tumor, and some anticancer antibiotics with potent antitumor activity are used as "warheads" of antibody-drug conjugates. Microbial-derived anti-tumor substances acting on different targets with high-efficiency "warheads" molecules are reviewed to provide a literature basis for research on the anti-cancer drugs for specific targets derived from microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Shu-zhen CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2018 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-zhen CHEN, Yong-su ZHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218551251797725556, articleId=1218551250354884816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型微生物来源的针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物研究进展, columnId=1218263312865874270, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

复杂多样的微生物产生的代谢产物是药物研发的重要资源。利用新的靶点对微生物代谢产物进行筛选,发现了许多针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物。作用于各种靶点和信号通路的抗肿瘤抗生素是研究抗肿瘤特殊靶点的重要成员,而抗体偶联药物的“弹头”分子也是包含对肿瘤细胞有极强杀伤作用的抗肿瘤抗生素。本文将对微生物来源、针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤活性物质和高效“弹头”分子进行综述,为研究微生物来源、具有靶向作用的抗肿瘤药物研究提供文献依据。

, correspAuthors=陈淑珍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈淑珍, Tel: 86-10-63166305, Fax: 86-10-63138137, E-mail:
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新型微生物来源的针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物研究进展
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陈淑珍 * , 甄永苏
药学学报 | 专题报道 2018,53(6): 833-838
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药学学报 | 专题报道 2018, 53(6): 833-838
新型微生物来源的针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物研究进展
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陈淑珍* , 甄永苏
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

* 陈淑珍, Tel: 86-10-63166305, Fax: 86-10-63138137, E-mail:
Research progress in new anti-tumor drugs on different targets derived from microorganisms
Shu-zhen CHEN* , Yong-su ZHEN
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2018-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0202
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复杂多样的微生物产生的代谢产物是药物研发的重要资源。利用新的靶点对微生物代谢产物进行筛选,发现了许多针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物。作用于各种靶点和信号通路的抗肿瘤抗生素是研究抗肿瘤特殊靶点的重要成员,而抗体偶联药物的“弹头”分子也是包含对肿瘤细胞有极强杀伤作用的抗肿瘤抗生素。本文将对微生物来源、针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤活性物质和高效“弹头”分子进行综述,为研究微生物来源、具有靶向作用的抗肿瘤药物研究提供文献依据。

抗肿瘤活性物质  /  靶点  /  抗体药物偶联物“弹头”分子

The metabolites produced by complex and diverse microorganisms are important resources for drug research and development. Using new targets to screen microbial metabolites, many anti-cancer drugs acting on different targets are discovered. Anti-tumor antibiotics acting on various targets and signaling pathways are important members in the study of specific targets for anti-tumor, and some anticancer antibiotics with potent antitumor activity are used as "warheads" of antibody-drug conjugates. Microbial-derived anti-tumor substances acting on different targets with high-efficiency "warheads" molecules are reviewed to provide a literature basis for research on the anti-cancer drugs for specific targets derived from microorganisms.

anti-tumor active substance  /  target  /  "warheads" of antibody-drug conjugates
陈淑珍, 甄永苏. 新型微生物来源的针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2018 , 53 (6) : 833 -838 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0202
Shu-zhen CHEN, Yong-su ZHEN. Research progress in new anti-tumor drugs on different targets derived from microorganisms[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2018 , 53 (6) : 833 -838 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0202
恶性肿瘤是威胁人类健康的常见病和多发病, 是引起人类死亡的第二位诱因, 2014年中国恶性肿瘤估计新发病例为380.4万例, 肿瘤发病率为278.07/10万, 0~74岁累积发病率为21.58%, 累积死亡率为12%[1]。肿瘤治疗以手术、药物治疗、放疗等方法为主, 其中药物治疗仍然是癌症患者不可或缺的治疗手段。目前, 肿瘤的药物治疗包括靶向药物和非靶向药物治疗。随着现代分子生物学和生物技术的发展, 越来越多的肿瘤发生、发展中的关键靶分子和相关信号通路被发现, 阻断或激活这些分子靶点或通路后能够抑制肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移, 发现和发展针对这些靶点的抗肿瘤药物仍然是抗肿瘤药物研发的主要发展方向。微生物的代谢产物极其复杂多样, 是发现靶向特定分子的药物的重要来源。
抗肿瘤抗生素是由微生物产生的具有抗肿瘤活性的化学物质, 许多抗肿瘤抗生素如丝裂霉素、多柔比星、博莱霉素和柔红霉素等仍然是肿瘤化疗的重要药物。近年来, 随着分子生物学和基因技术的发展, 采用特定的分子、细胞及动物模型和方法进行定向筛选或对已知的化合物进行定向检测, 已发现与确定对特定分子靶点显示高度活性的多种抗肿瘤活性物质; 在抗体及生物制剂靶向药物研究方面, 抗肿瘤抗生素可用作高效“弹头”药物, 与抗体及其片段、靶向多肽等进行连接, 制备免疫偶联物或靶向融合蛋白[2]。本文将对微生物来源的针对不同靶点的抗肿瘤活性物质和高效“弹头”分子进行综述。
组蛋白的乙酰化和去乙酰化是近年来备受关注的一种可逆性表观遗传学修饰, 而表观遗传学(epigenetic)修饰是基因表达调控的重要形式之一。组蛋白的乙酰化和去乙酰化在生物体内处于动态平衡, 分别由组蛋白乙酰化转移酶(histone acetyltransferases, HATs)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases, HDACs)调节, 当HDACs高表达时就会引起乙酰化失衡, 导致肿瘤发生和发展。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDAC inhibitors, HDACIs)具有抗肿瘤活性, 可抑制肿瘤细胞生长、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及逆转肿瘤细胞对抗癌药物的多药耐药性。曲古抑菌素A (trichostatin A, TSA)来源于链霉菌代谢产物, 为氧肟酸盐类化合物, 是第一个被发现的能抑制HDAC的天然氧肟酸, 作用于第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类HDAC, 强效、特异并且可逆地抑制HDAC活性, 上调细胞中组蛋白乙酰化水平, 引起抗肿瘤转录因子的转录及表达, 具有促进细胞分化、阻滞细胞周期、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用, 最后产生抗肿瘤效应, 被认为是临床使用的异羟肟酸酯衍生物的结构前体, 如异羟肟酸辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA, vorinostat)最初来源于六亚甲基双乙酰胺(HMBA), 后来开发出来并最终达到临床应用; 同样, 合成化合物PXD101 (belinostat)也属于异羟肟酸类, 但在低纳摩尔范围内抑制HDAC; 诺华开发了一种肉桂异羟肟酸酯LBH-589 (panobinostat), 也于2015年上市[3]
罗米替辛(romidepsin)是已经上市的环肽类HDACIs, 最早从紫色素杆菌(Chromobacterium violaceum)的培养液中分离得到, 现在已经可以采用化学方法全合成。2009年11月, 该化合物在美国FDA批准上市, 用于治疗复发或顽固性皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤; 2011年6月, FDA批准其用于外周T细胞淋巴瘤的二线治疗。该化合物具有稳定的疏水结构, 能有效地透过肿瘤细胞膜进入胞质, 通过与去乙酰化酶活性中心的Zn2+螯合, 抑制HDAC的活性, 最后达到抑制肿瘤生长的目的[4]
热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein 90, Hsp90)是一类ATP依赖的分子伴侣蛋白, 其主要功能是调节其效应蛋白(client proteins)的晚期成熟、活化和稳定等功能, 其效应蛋白通常是恶性转化关键通路中的蛋白分子, 包括突变的p53。Hsp90与肿瘤的关系如下: ①维持原癌基因蛋白的活化及转移状态; ②缓冲肿瘤恶性周期的细胞压力; ③ Hsp90本身在肿瘤中高表达。这些关系说明Hsp90在肿瘤恶性转化和进展中发挥了很重要的作用, 因而Hsp90成为肿瘤治疗的靶点[5]
格尔德霉素(geldanamycin, GM)是第一个发现的靶向Hsp90的抗肿瘤活性物质, 属于苯醌安莎霉素类抗生素, 于1970年首次从吸湿链霉菌(Streptomyces hygrocopicus)的发酵液中分离纯化出来。GM结合到Hsp90 N末端ATP连接口袋处, 特异性地抑制Hsp90与多种肿瘤蛋白的相互作用, 降低蛋白稳定性, 促进蛋白降解, 从而抑制肿瘤的生长[6]。由于GM水溶性差、毒性大, 因而在此基础上进行了结构改造, 得到了一系列的化合物, GM是Hsp90抑制剂的一个先导化合物。
肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell, CSCs)是肿瘤中一小群具有自我更新和不定向分化能力的肿瘤细胞, 具有干细胞的特性, 是肿瘤耐药及复发和转移的主要原因之一。肿瘤耐药、复发和转移是肿瘤治愈的难题, 目前还没有完全克服的手段, 针对CSCs的靶向抑制剂是当前克服该难题的方法之一。针对干细胞的靶向治疗有如下策略: ①靶向干细胞本身; ②靶向干细胞表面的特殊信号分子; ③促进干细胞分化; ④改变干细胞生存的微环境; ⑤靶向干细胞的特殊信号通路, 信号通路是CSCs发挥作用的必要条件之一, 但其信号转导途径尚未完全阐明, Wnt/β-catenin、Notch和Shh (Sonic Hedgehog)信号通路等是CSCs的主要信号传导途径, 其中对Wnt/β-catenin通路的研究最多[7]
盐霉素(salinomycin)又称沙利霉素, 是一元羧酸聚醚类离子载体抗生素, 最早是从白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albus strain, strain No. 80614)的发酵液中提取出来的, 用于防治家禽的球虫病和提高反刍动物的饲料吸收率。作为抗微生物药物, 主要是作为离子载体促进原虫和革兰阳性菌细胞膜上阳离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+或Mg2+)的转运[8]。2009年, Gupta等[9]对1 600多种化合物进行肿瘤干细胞靶向的高通量筛选, 结果表明, 盐霉素可以通过选择性杀伤乳腺癌干细胞, 抑制其在小鼠体内的生长及转移, 体内活性比乳腺癌常用化疗药物紫杉醇高100倍。继而, 国内外众多学者对盐霉素抗肿瘤干细胞的作用及机制进行了研究, 结果表明, 盐霉素主要通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路来抑制肿瘤的生长, 通过调节耐药相关基因、诱导细胞凋亡等来抑制白血病、骨肉瘤、前列腺癌、肺癌和结肠癌等肿瘤干细胞的生长, 抑制肿瘤的侵袭和转移。尽管盐霉素在家禽中得到了应用, 而且在体内和体外均具有较强的抗肿瘤活性, 但阻止其进入临床应用的主要难题是其显著的神经和肌肉毒性。因而以盐霉素为先导化合物进行结构修饰一直是寻找有效肿瘤干细胞靶向药物的策略[10]
哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)是结构高度保守的具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性的蛋白家族, 属于磷酸肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)蛋白激酶家族, 在细胞内外生长信号传递和细胞代谢中起关键作用, mTOR通过与2个结构和功能不同的酶复合物(mTORC1和mTORC2)相互作用调节蛋白合成、细胞生长、代谢、细胞内稳态、生存、自噬及应激反应等。许多原癌基因和肿瘤抑制因子与mTOR信号通路相关, 在大约70%肿瘤中mTORC1是高度活化的, 而mTORC2的研究较少, 但是由于mTORC2与PI3K/磷酸酶和PTEN的活性相关, 因而认为其在肿瘤中也是处于活化状态。由此认为靶向mTOR也是肿瘤治疗的策略之一[11]
雷帕霉素(rapamycin, RAPA)又名西罗莫司(sirolimus), 最早是从吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)的发酵液中分离纯化的次级代谢产物, 属于大环内酯类抗生素, 主要用于抗真菌和器官移植的免疫排斥药物, 上世纪90年代后发现其也具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。RAPA及其衍生物通过与FKBP-12 (FK506 bind protein)结合, 然后与mTORC1形成复合物, 从而抑制mTOR介导的下游信号, 抑制mTOR活性, 产生免疫调节和抗肿瘤作用。由于RAPA的水溶性和稳定性相对较差, 在此基础上合成了RAPA衍生物, 如替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、依维莫司(everolimus)、deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669)均具有明显的抗肿瘤作用, 已批准应用于临床[12]
内质网是细胞内蛋白质、脂类(如甘油三酯)和糖类合成的基地, 特别是合成蛋白及对蛋白进行折叠、加工。在氧化应激、缺血、缺氧和钙离子紊乱等因素的持续作用下, 细胞内质网中的未折叠蛋白或错误折叠蛋白积聚, 导致未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)和内质网功能失衡, 这一病理生理过程称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)。ERS是细胞的重要防御机制, 直接影响应激细胞的修复、损伤或凋亡[13]
衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM)是由细菌(如Streptomyces lysosuperificusStreptomyces clavuligerus)产生的一种天然核苷抗生素, 也是N-糖链抑制剂, 对革兰阴性菌、酵母和病毒等微生物具有活性, 通过抑制GlcNAc-1-P转移酶的活性而影响十四糖二磷酸长萜醇的生成, 阻碍蛋白糖基化途径中的N-糖链加工, 形成N-脱糖蛋白, 导致内质网中钙离子紊乱、未折叠蛋白和错误折叠蛋白积聚, 引起ERS[14]。TM由于其神经毒性等原因一直没有应用于临床, 但作为ERS诱导剂和N-糖基化抑制剂的工具, 一直是科研工具用药, 也是研究ERS诱导剂和N-糖基化抑制剂的先导化合物。
低氧诱导因子-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1, HIF-1)在人体组织内广泛表达, 是由一个α亚基(HIF-1α)和β亚基(HIF-1β)组成的异源二聚体转录因子, 其中α亚基决定其生物学活性, 细胞氧浓度严格调节HIF-1α的表达, HIF-1与DNA上的缺氧反应元件(hypoxia response element, HRE)结合后在转录水平上调节靶基因的活性, 抑制HIF-1与HRE的结合就可以抑制HIF-1的活性从而阻断缺氧反应[15]。HIF-1在低氧时诱导产生, 与胰腺癌和子宫内膜癌等的发生、发展及预后密切相关, 已经成为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。棘霉素(echinomycin)是从链霉菌(Streptomyces echinatus)的发酵液中分离得到的喹喔啉类小分子抗生素, 可嵌入DNA双链中, 引起细胞死亡, 对多种肿瘤细胞具有生长抑制作用; 特别是可特异地抑制HIF-1与HRE结合, 抑制肿瘤生长; 但其在临床试验中的结果不尽如人意, 有待进一步研究[16]
SP1 (specificity protein1)是含锌指结构的转录因子Sp/Krüppel-like factor家族的成员之一, 能够与靶基因启动子区富含GC的序列结合, 调节细胞代谢、细胞生长和细胞死亡。它在多种肿瘤细胞中过表达, 参与肿瘤的生长、血管形成、侵袭和转移, 抑制SP1的活性就能抑制肿瘤的生长, 因此, SP1是一个肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点[17, 18]
光辉霉素(mithramycin, MIT)又称光神霉素、普卡霉素, 是从链霉菌的多种菌株的发酵液中分离纯化的, 具有金霉酸结构的聚酮类抗肿瘤抗生素, 临床上主要用来治疗睾丸胚胎瘤、神经胶质瘤、佩吉特氏骨病和肿瘤有关的高钙血症等[19]。已有研究表明, MIT与DNA的GC富集区结合, 影响DNA-蛋白复合物的形成, 竞争性抑制SP1与其靶基因调控元件的结合, 如调节VEGF、c-Myc、c-Src、XIAP、survivin等基因的表达, 也能调节MDM2的转录水平, 激活p53信号通路, 抑制肿瘤生长。本课题组研究结果表明, MIT的纳米颗粒(MIT-NPs)在体内能抑制胰腺癌BxPC-3移植瘤的生长, 其抑瘤率达86%, 高于同等剂量光辉霉素的51%, 同时, 该研究也显示MIT和MIT-NPs均能降低癌基因c-myc的表达, 并下调CD47蛋白水平[20]
针对肿瘤细胞表面抗原的抗体药物是肿瘤治疗的有效手段之一, rituxan是1997第一个获美国FDA批准上市的抗肿瘤抗体药物, 用于治疗B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤。然后, 一系列的抗肿瘤抗体药物陆续应用于临床。为了增强抗体药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性和常规化疗药物的选择性, 多柔比星、柔红霉素、博来霉素、新制癌菌素、丝裂霉素、平阳霉素、博安霉素、卡里奇霉素、力达霉素、安丝菌素及格尔德霉素等均曾与抗体偶联, 制备抗肿瘤抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADC), 抗肿瘤ADC是目前抗肿瘤药物研究的热点之一。ADC由“抗体”、“连接子”和“弹头”分子3部分构成, 能特异性识别肿瘤抗原, 通过受体介导的胞吞作用进入靶细胞内部, 释放出“弹头”分子, 完成对肿瘤细胞的选择性杀伤作用。ADC对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性比无关抗体与药物偶联物的活性强, 对肿瘤靶细胞的活性比游离药物强[21, 22]
为了取得ADC良好的效果, 抗体药物需要高效化, 仅有微量到达靶部位即可杀伤肿瘤细胞, 研制高效化抗体药物需要高效“弹头”药物。常用的化疗药物如多柔比星、丝裂霉素和甲氨蝶呤等虽然对肿瘤细胞有相当强的杀伤作用, 但作为“弹头”物质仍需用十几个或数十个药物分子去连接一个抗体分子, 以求加强偶联物的活性。近年发现一些对肿瘤细胞有极强杀伤作用的抗肿瘤抗生素如卡里奇霉素、安丝菌素和力达霉素, 可为研制高效化抗体药物提供“弹头”分子[2]
卡里奇霉素(calicheamicin, CLM)是1986年从棘孢小单孢菌的发酵液中提取出来的烯二炔类抗肿瘤抗生素, 通过与DNA双螺旋小沟结合, 导致DNA断裂, 引起肿瘤细胞死亡。据报道, CLM对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性比多柔比星强1 000倍, 可以作为高效“弹头分子”来制备ADC药物, 目前临床上以CLM为“弹头”分子的ADC药物:吉妥单抗(gemtuzumab ozogamicin, MYLOTARG)和奥英妥珠单抗(inotuzumab ozogamicin, BESPONSA)。吉妥单抗是FDA批准上市的第一个ADC药物, 是由重组人源化抗CD33单抗与CLM的复合物, 通过腙键型连接子偶联, 2000年批准上市, 用于治疗急性髓性白血病, 2010年由于毒性反应被迫撤市, 2017年重返临床, 用于肿瘤治疗。奥英妥珠单抗是一种人源化的IgG4抗CD22抗体, 通过乙酰丁酸酯接头与细胞毒药物CLM共价连接而成, 于2017年在美国批准上市, 用于治疗成人复发或难治性前体B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病。由此, CLM是一种有效“弹头”分子, 可以进一步偶联不同的抗体构建更多ADC药物[23, 24]
安丝菌素(ansamitocin, ASM)是从珍贵束丝放线菌中分离得到的苯安莎类抗生素, 含有大环内酯结构, 属于美登素类抗生素, 具有强烈的杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性, ASM含有多个组分, 主要组分为P-2、P-3和P-4, 其结构差异在于C-3位羟基连接的酰基侧链不同, 其中丙酰基为P-2、异丁酰基为P-3 (含量最高组分)和异戊酰基为P-4, 这些组分经化学降解除去不同酰基侧链后, 生成P-0, 即美登素醇, 可用于ADC药物开发。阿多曲妥珠单抗依酯(ado trastuzumab entansine, KADCYLA, T-DM1)是美国FDA于2013年批准的ADC药物, 用于治疗HER-2阳性晚期转移性乳腺癌患者, 是靶向HER-2的人源化单克隆抗体Herceptin与美登素醇(maytansinol)的偶联物[25, 26]
力达霉素(lidamycin, LDM)是由放线菌产生的大分子肽类抗肿瘤抗生素, 由一个含110个氨基酸的酸性蛋白(MW 10 500)和一个含烯二炔结构的发色团(MW 843)通过非共价键结合而成, 在体外对多种肿瘤细胞具有强力的杀伤作用, 比常用的抗肿瘤药物如多柔比星和丝裂霉素等强10 000倍以上, 该抗生素主要作用于DNA, 引起DNA双链断裂, 继而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 导致肿瘤生长受到抑制, 目前处于Ⅱ期临床试验阶段。由于其强烈的抗肿瘤作用, 因而可以作为ADC药物的“弹头”分子。本课题组长期研究该抗生素与抗体及多肽形成的ADC药物或肽偶联物, 如CD30抗体与LDM的偶联物、EGFR/MMP-2与LDM形成的多肽偶联物, 均具有优于单抗的体内抗肿瘤作用, 同时具有导向肿瘤细胞表面抗原的靶向作用[27, 28]
目前, 天然产物仍然是发现先导物、新结构药物的重要资源库。微生物种类繁多, 从微生物代谢产物中寻找天然产物是发现抗肿瘤活性物质的重要途径, 多年来已研究开发的微生物品种仅占很小一部分。随着分离纯化、微生物培养及合成生物学等技术的发展, 研究者将对更多的微生物品种及其代谢产物进行研发, 挖掘出微量物质及新结构化合物, 利用现有的新模型和新靶点找到更多的活性物质, 为肿瘤的靶向治疗提供新的小分子化合物。
抗体药物是肿瘤治疗的大分子靶向药物, 是目前肿瘤内科治疗必不可少的手段, ADC药物的开发为肿瘤靶向治疗提供了一个新的平台, 目前临床上使用的ADC药物的“弹头”分子主要为CLM、ASM和海兔毒素(dolastatin), 它们均为天然产物, 其中CLM和ASM为微生物产物, 对肿瘤细胞具有强烈的杀伤作用, 已经作为“弹头”分子构建ADC药物。由于微生物的复杂多样性, 研究者可以从其代谢产物中寻找更多高效的“弹头”, 为ADC药物的研发提供材料。针对新靶点, 采用抗肿瘤抗生素和抗体工程技术相结合构建更多的ADC药物, 为肿瘤的靶向治疗提供更多有效的治疗手段。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81621064)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2016-I2M-2-002)
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2018年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0202
  • 接收时间:2018-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-15
  • 出版时间:2018-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2018-03-07
  • 修回日期:2018-04-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81621064)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2016-I2M-2-002)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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* 陈淑珍, Tel: 86-10-63166305, Fax: 86-10-63138137, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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