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Compd.Linking positionRPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
46, 6′H0.2
57, 7′H0.3
68, 8′H> 10.0
78, 8′7, 7′-(OCH3)210.0
88, 8′5, 5′, 7, 7′(OCH3)4> 10.0
95, 5′7, 7′-(OCH3)2> 10.0
100.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209809093645169518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792674782122390, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The activities of compounds with two chromone rings linked by single bonds

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Compd.Linking positionRPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
46, 6′H0.2
57, 7′H0.3
68, 8′H> 10.0
78, 8′7, 7′-(OCH3)210.0
88, 8′5, 5′, 7, 7′(OCH3)4> 10.0
95, 5′7, 7′-(OCH3)2> 10.0
100.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209809093825524606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792674782122390, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.XPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1Compd.XPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
11CO3.015(CH2)32.0
12O3.716(CH2)50.7
13NH0.517(CH2)67.0
14CH2> 10180.3
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Compounds with groups of different lengths at 6, 6′ positions

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Compd.XPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1Compd.XPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
11CO3.015(CH2)32.0
12O3.716(CH2)50.7
13NH0.517(CH2)67.0
14CH2> 10180.3
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Compd.Linking positionXRPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
15, 5′H0.7
195, 5′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
205, 5′H2.9
215, 5′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
226, 6′H2.4
236, 6′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
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Compounds with oxygen-containing five-atom linkers at different attachment positions

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Compd.Linking positionXRPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
15, 5′H0.7
195, 5′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
205, 5′H2.9
215, 5′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
226, 6′H2.4
236, 6′7, 7′(OCH3)21.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209809094299480995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792674782122390, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.nPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1Compd.nPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
2421.22764.7
2030.7288> 10.0
2546.4299> 10.0
2652.93010> 5.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209809094421115823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792674782122390, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

5, 5′-O(CH2)nO--linked chromone compounds

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Compd.nPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1Compd.nPCA/ID50 /mg·kg-1
2421.22764.7
2030.7288> 10.0
2546.4299> 10.0
2652.93010> 5.0
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Compd.Linking positionmp/℃*PCA/ID50/mg·kg-1
15, 5′2160.7
316, 6′2680.3
327, 7′2710.5
335, 7′1940.2
), ArticleFig(id=1209809094731494342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792674782122390, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Compounds with trimethylenedioxy attached to different positions. *Free acid

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Compd.Linking positionmp/℃*PCA/ID50/mg·kg-1
15, 5′2160.7
316, 6′2680.3
327, 7′2710.5
335, 7′1940.2
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2022,57(4): 1216-1218
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2022, 57(4): 1216-1218
传奇式研发的色甘酸钠
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2022-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-1268
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郭宗儒. 传奇式研发的色甘酸钠. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (4) : 1216 -1218 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-1268
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (4) : 1216 -1218 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-1268
新药创制是复杂的智力活动, 涉及科学研究、技术创造、产品开发和医疗效果等多维科技活动。每个药物都有自身的研发轨迹, 而构建化学结构是最重要的环节, 因为它涵盖了药效、药代、安全性和生物药剂学等性质。本栏目以药物化学视角, 对有代表性的药物的成功构建, 加以剖析和解读。
半个多世纪前发明的色甘酸钠, 迄今仍在临床应用防治过敏性疾病。今天从药物化学视角审视其结构和研发历程, 似乎没有太多的亮点, 但在研发的历史上却占有重要一席: 色甘酸钠的发明是当时防治哮喘病的重大突破; 是源于民间应用的草药演化出的合成药; 也是发明者Altounyan医生不畏艰辛持之以恒的研究成果; 创制过程中的曲折和插曲, 值得后来人借鉴。(编者按)
抗哮喘药物色甘酸钠(1, disodium chromoglycate) 是个老药, 1973年在美国上市, 迄今仍在应用, 在抗过敏药物的发展中有一定地位。色甘酸钠主要发明者是英国医生Roger Altounyan, 受天然药物启发研发成功的, 研发过程充满了曲折、偶然性和传奇色彩以及献身精神。然而他发明色甘酸钠的药物化学历程却没有详细的报道, 1972年发表的分子设计、化学合成、活性评价和构效分析等, 是在已经确定了疗效并在英国上市后进行的证明式研究(Cairns H, Fitzmaurice C, Hunter D, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relations of disodium cromoglycate and some related compounds. J Med Chem, 1972, 15: 583-589), 显示了色甘酸钠优胜于结构类似的周边化合物。
Altounyan当时在Bengers药厂参与研发抗哮喘药物, 从事活性评价与药理学研究, 本人也是哮喘病患者。他与药物化学家合作, 以天然化合物凯林(2, khellin) 为先导物合成并评价了色酮类化合物的活性, 用组胺诱导豚鼠哮喘作为评价化合物活性的模型。但他认为该模型是不可靠的, 因为自己用抗组胺药物医治哮喘无效。为了评价化合物的活性, 冒险地直接服用合成的化合物。为了引起显著的哮喘症状, 他用不同的过敏源(包括豚鼠毛的水悬浮液) 喷入自己的气管中, 服用化合物观察疗效, 通过上千次的吸入实验, 终于发现了色甘酸钠(Howell JBL, Altounyan REC. A double-blind trial of disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma. Lancet, 1967, 2: 539-542)。
研发过程有一个重要的插曲, 是经他服用并发现有效化合物后, 扩大病例治疗时却效果不好, 发现原来服用的色酮化合物纯度差, 样品中混有副产物, 即为双色酮结构的色甘酸钠, 而大样本实验用的纯品, 没有混杂物而无效, 从而发明了色甘酸钠。这个塞翁失马式的故事与我国研发的抗癌药物氮甲极其相似。1958年笔者参与研究抗肿瘤药, 开始合成的溶肉瘤素二肽的样品(纯度不好) 抗癌活性强, 而放大量后的样品(纯品) 效果却差, 从而在粗品中发现了氮甲—N-甲酰溶肉瘤素。Altounyan的善于思考、献身精神和坚持以恒的毅力是色甘酸钠成功的决定性因素。这位传奇医生最终因肺部感染于1987年逝世(Edwards AM, Howell JBL. The chromones: history, chemistry and clinical development. Atribute to the work of Dr REC Altounyan. Clin Exp Allergy, 2000, 30: 756-774)。
下面所述的研发内容是一度因挫折而停止的抗哮喘项目原研公司, 在色甘酸钠已发现有效后而研究的。虽然没有反映出色甘酸钠实际的研发轨迹, 却验证了色甘酸钠优胜于周边化合物的品质。
Altounyan根据埃及民间应用的北非伞形科植物阿米芹(Ammi visnaga) 为解除肌肉痉挛的草药, 经分析发现活性成分呋喃并萘醌化合物凯林(2) 有一定解痉作用。然而动物实验没有显示解除支气管痉挛作用, 进而研究色酮类化合物。
用大鼠被动皮肤过敏反应(passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, PCA) 评价化合物抑制50%过敏反应的有效剂量(ID50, mg·kg-1)。方法是大鼠皮下注射0.1 mL血清, 一段时间后皮下注射不同剂量的受试物, 静脉注射家兔卵清蛋白和伊文思蓝, 一定时间后牺牲动物, 测定大鼠皮肤的染色面积并打分(以直径表示)。按照%抑制率= 1 - (给药组平均打分/对照组平均打分) × 100, 经回归分析求出ID50 (Goose J, Blair AMJN. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat, induced with two homologous reagin-like antibodies, and its specific inhibition with disodium cromoglycate. Immunology, 1969, 16: 749-776)。
用双色酮-2-羧酸基本骨架(通式3), 考察两个色酮环之间的距离、环的连接位点和连接基上的取代基等对活性的影响。
色酮的苯环在不同位置经单键直接连接, 合成的代表性化合物及其活性见表 1表 1的构效关系表明, 6, 6′-或7, 7′-单键连接的化合物(45) 活性显著强于5, 5′-和8, 8′-键连的化合物(69), 后二者骨架呈180°连接, 甲氧基的存在与否活性都很弱(78), 说明两个色酮环呈一定角度的配置是必要的。可惜没有报道(或制备) 6, 6′-或7, 7′邻位有甲氧基的化合物, 所以未能考察色酮环的共面性对活性的影响。不过平面分子7, 7′位用醚键环合的6, 6′-化合物10, 活性确实较强。
在色酮环的6, 6′位以不同原子、基团或片段作为连接基, 合成的代表性化合物列于表 2。羰基或氧原子单个原子相连的化合物1112的活性弱于6, 6′单键连接的化合物4, 这不能用失去共面性作解释, 因为由-NH-连接的化合物13活性较强而亚甲基连接的14失去活性, 或许是NH作为氢键给体增加了与靶标结合的因素。用饱和碳链作连接基, 5碳连接的活性强于3碳, 显著强于6碳, 或许连接基的长度遵循偶奇规则, 当然若有C2和(或) C4亚烷基的活性低于相邻奇数碳的活性数据, 则可佐证。化合物18为C5链上含有羟基活性很高。
由于含有羟基的5个亚甲基连接的化合物18是高活性化合物, 将两端的亚甲基换作氧原子, 连接5, 5′位的化合物1 (即色甘酸钠) 虽然活性略逊于18仍显示高活性, 1的极性强于18, 物化性质应占优, 而且也易于化学合成。在7, 7′位引入甲氧基(19) 活性稍降, 去除链上的羟基(2021) 或移至6, 6′位连接(2223) 活性都不如1 (表 3)。
合成了以5, 5′亚烷基二氧(-O(CH2)nO-) 连接的色酮化合物, 考察不同碳链长度对活性的影响, 化合物列于表 4。构效关系表明三亚烷基二氧化合物(20) 活性最强, 超过六亚甲基的化合物失去活性。此外奇数碳的活性强于相邻的偶数碳化合物。
色甘酸钠(1) 是三亚甲二氧基在5, 5′位连接的高活性化合物, 下一步是考察连接在不同的位置对活性的影响, 合成的区域异构体列于表 5。表中数据表明, 变换连接的位点仍然保持较高的活性。化合物33的活性强于色甘酸钠3倍。有趣的是33为非对称的连接(5, 7′), 熔点低于3个对称结构的化合物, 推测其物化性质应优于1。1已成功, 33难以深入研究。
色甘酸钠相对分子质量512, 易溶于水, 由于完全离解性难以过膜吸收, 生物利用度只有1%, 消除半衰期t1/2 = 1.3 h。从今天药物化学视角分析, 色甘酸钠有诸多不足之处, 但在半个世纪之前, 却是防治哮喘病的重大突破, 如今仍在临床应用。中国药典2015年版仍收载色甘酸钠及其滴眼剂。
色甘酸钠本身没有支气管扩张作用, 也不能直接对抗组胺和白三烯等过敏介质的作用。作用机制研究表明是通过抑制肺组织的肥大细胞内环磷酸腺苷磷酸二酯酶, 使细胞内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP) 的水平升高, 阻止肥大细胞的钙离子内流, 从而防止各种过敏介质如组胺、5-羟色胺、白三烯等过敏介质的释放(Horan RF, Sheffer AL, Austen KF. Cromolyn sodium in the management of systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1990, 85: 852-855)。近年来还发现色甘酸钠有新的作用, 例如治疗糖尿病患者因胰岛素引发的脂肪萎缩症(Phua EJ, Lopez X, Ramus J, et al. Cromolyn sodium for insulin-induced lipoatrophy: old drug, new use. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36: e204-e205)。
2022年第57卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-1268
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-04-12
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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