Article(id=1218263521398280825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263514121163166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-0515, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1495555200000, receivedDateStr=2017-05-24, revisedDate=1496851200000, revisedDateStr=2017-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768386257743, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1510416000000, pubDateStr=2017-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768386257743, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768386257743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386257743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218263514121163166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2017', volume='52', issue='11', pageStart='1639', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768386256008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386717926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218265451596010257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263514121163166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218265451596010258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263514121163166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1647, endPage=1651, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218263522866287262, articleId=1218263521398280825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Regulation of integrin gene expression, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=REVIEWS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrin is a class of important cell surface molecules involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration processes, which play an important role in a variety of pathological processes. In recent years, with the research in integrin regulation and the treatment of tumor, tissue fibrosis, and other fields, integrin has gradually become a new target in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this article, we provide a summary on the advances of the regulation of integrin gene expression.

, correspAuthors=Hong-wei HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2017 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-xuan ZHANG, Rong-guang SHAO, Hong-wei HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218263523700953822, articleId=1218263521398280825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=整合素的基因表达调控, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

整合素是一类重要的细胞表面分子,参与细胞增殖、分化、黏附和迁移等过程,在多种病理过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,关于整合素调控研究的不断深入及在肿瘤、组织纤维化和伤口愈合等治疗中发挥的重要作用不断被挖掘,整合素逐渐成为疾病诊断和治疗的新靶点。本文将对整合素的基因表达调控进行综述。

, correspAuthors=何红伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何红伟, Tel / Fax: 86-10-83166673, E-mail:
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FunctionIntegrinGeneTranscription factor
Invasion andIntegrin β6ITGB6STAT3, C/EBPα
 metastasis ofIntegrin α5ITGA5ZEB2, Sp1, Twist1,
 tumor cellsAP1 (c-Jun and ATF-2)
Integrin α6ITGA6TAF4b, c-Jun
Integrin αVITGAVSp1
Integrin β3ITGB3Foxc2
Tumor angiogenesisIntegrin β6ITGB6SMAD, AP-1
Tissue fibrosisIntegrin β8ITGB8C-Jun, ATF2
Integrin β6ITGB6Elk1, AP-1, SPF
Wound healingIntegrin α5ITGA5Sp1/Sp3, NFI, AP-1
Integrin α9ITGA9Sp1, c-Myb, NFI
Bone cell formationIntegrin β1ITGB1Foxc2
and migration
), ArticleFig(id=1218968421937627213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263521398280825, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Expression of integrin gene regulated by transcription factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionIntegrinGeneTranscription factor
Invasion andIntegrin β6ITGB6STAT3, C/EBPα
 metastasis ofIntegrin α5ITGA5ZEB2, Sp1, Twist1,
 tumor cellsAP1 (c-Jun and ATF-2)
Integrin α6ITGA6TAF4b, c-Jun
Integrin αVITGAVSp1
Integrin β3ITGB3Foxc2
Tumor angiogenesisIntegrin β6ITGB6SMAD, AP-1
Tissue fibrosisIntegrin β8ITGB8C-Jun, ATF2
Integrin β6ITGB6Elk1, AP-1, SPF
Wound healingIntegrin α5ITGA5Sp1/Sp3, NFI, AP-1
Integrin α9ITGA9Sp1, c-Myb, NFI
Bone cell formationIntegrin β1ITGB1Foxc2
and migration
), ArticleFig(id=1218968422050873437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263521398280825, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FunctionIntegrinGenemiRNA
Invasion and metastasisIntegrin αVITGAVmiR-124
 of tumor cellsIntegrin β1ITGB1miR-134
Integrin β3ITGB3miR-30a-5p
Tissue fibrosisIntegrin α5ITGA5miR-31
Integrin β3ITGB3miR-150
), ArticleFig(id=1218968422172508266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263521398280825, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Expression of integrin gene regulated by miRNA

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FunctionIntegrinGenemiRNA
Invasion and metastasisIntegrin αVITGAVmiR-124
 of tumor cellsIntegrin β1ITGB1miR-134
Integrin β3ITGB3miR-30a-5p
Tissue fibrosisIntegrin α5ITGA5miR-31
Integrin β3ITGB3miR-150
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整合素的基因表达调控
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张镱萱 , 邵荣光 , 何红伟 *
药学学报 | 综述 2017,52(11): 1647-1651
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药学学报 | 综述 2017, 52(11): 1647-1651
整合素的基因表达调控
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张镱萱, 邵荣光, 何红伟*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

* 何红伟, Tel / Fax: 86-10-83166673, E-mail:
Regulation of integrin gene expression
Yi-xuan ZHANG, Rong-guang SHAO, Hong-wei HE*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2017-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-0515
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整合素是一类重要的细胞表面分子,参与细胞增殖、分化、黏附和迁移等过程,在多种病理过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,关于整合素调控研究的不断深入及在肿瘤、组织纤维化和伤口愈合等治疗中发挥的重要作用不断被挖掘,整合素逐渐成为疾病诊断和治疗的新靶点。本文将对整合素的基因表达调控进行综述。

整合素  /  转录调控  /  转录因子  /  miRNA

Integrin is a class of important cell surface molecules involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration processes, which play an important role in a variety of pathological processes. In recent years, with the research in integrin regulation and the treatment of tumor, tissue fibrosis, and other fields, integrin has gradually become a new target in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this article, we provide a summary on the advances of the regulation of integrin gene expression.

integrin  /  transcriptional regulation  /  transcription factor  /  miRNA
张镱萱, 邵荣光, 何红伟. 整合素的基因表达调控. 药学学报, 2017 , 52 (11) : 1647 -1651 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-0515
Yi-xuan ZHANG, Rong-guang SHAO, Hong-wei HE. Regulation of integrin gene expression[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2017 , 52 (11) : 1647 -1651 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-0515
整合素(integrin)是一类由α亚基和β亚基组成的异源二聚体跨膜蛋白, 介导细胞与细胞及细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)之间的黏附作用[1]。每种亚单位包含胞外域、单跨膜和胞内域。由外向内的信号转导(outside-in signaling)和由内向外的信号转导(inside-out signaling)两种途径, 由外向内介导骨架重构, 由内向外调节与配体的亲和力[2]。整合素和相关蛋白通过转录、膜运输、降解及翻译后修饰等调节, 来适应各种细胞与环境的需求。目前整合素的研究主要集中于基于蛋白结构的抑制剂或靶向研究, 而基于表达调控的研究较少, 尚未见到综述报道。
现有的整合素基因转录调控的研究主要集中在胚胎发育、肿瘤细胞发生、侵袭和转移、肿瘤血管生成及炎症、组织纤维化和伤口愈合等方面, 多种转录因子家族成员参与整合素的基因表达调控(表 1)。
(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)与肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移密切相关, 表现为上皮细胞极性丧失而间质特征获得, 肿瘤细胞可以通过EMT形成局部扩散, 侵入血管和淋巴管发生转移。细胞迁移是肿瘤浸润和转移的必要条件, 在转移过程中, 整合素参与细胞极化、出芽、肌动蛋白收缩、黏着斑形成以及尾部与基底分离的每一个过程。Xu等[3]发现在口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞中, 转录因子STAT3和C/EBPα对整合素β6基因(ITGB6)启动子-289 bp/ -150 bp区间有调控作用, 进而促进组织细胞重构和肿瘤的发生。ZEB蛋白(zinc finger E-box binding homeobox, ZEB)是重要的细胞核转录因子, 对EMT形成发挥关键作用。有研究[4]证实在整合素α5诱导癌症EMT的过程中, ZEB2与Sp1共激活整合素α5基因启动子。TAF4b是转录因子TF IID的亚基, TAF4b和c-Jun在具有EMT特征的晚期癌细胞的细胞核中存在共定位和相互作用。而在结肠腺癌细胞系中, Kalogeropoulou等[5]进一步确定了TAF4b和c-Jun及其他AP-1家族成员对整合素α6基因启动子的协同调控作用。AP-1通常是指由转录激活因子JUN、FOS、ATF和MAF蛋白家族组成的同源或异源二聚体, JUN家族包括c-Jun、JunB和JunD; FOS家族包括c-fos、FosB、Fra1和Fra2。不同的二聚体识别不同的应答元件调节不同的基因[6]。Nam等[7]认为在肿瘤细胞中, 转录因子Twist1激活AP1 (c-Jun和ATF-2)并与其共同调控整合素α5基因的转录, 影响EMT进程。在肝癌细胞中, 硫化物通过转录因子Sp1提高整合素αV基因启动子活性, 调控肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移[8]
多种细胞因子通过整合素介导内皮细胞增殖和迁移等促进肿瘤血管生成。整合素β3亚基是癌症治疗中阻断肿瘤血管生成的潜在靶标, 其在静止的内皮细胞中不表达, 但在病理和生理性血管生成中表达增加, 包括缺血组织如肿瘤中的脉管系统。有研究[9]发现转录因子Foxc2直接作用于整合素β3基因启动子, 调节整合素β3介导的内皮细胞迁移和黏附功能。血清应答因子(serum response factor, SRF)是转录因子MADS家族成员, 有报道SRF以同源二聚体形式结合DNA序列CArG box (CC(A+T-rich)6GG)。整合素α8在血管平滑肌细胞中高表达, 启动子区和上游保守序列中都发现了转录因子SRF结合位点CArG box, 但是体内外SRF下敲, 不能影响整合素α8基因的表达, 并且SRF及其共激活因子myocardin (MYOCD)也不能提高启动子活性, 但是MYOCD异位表达时, 内源性整合素α8表达显著增加, 说明整合素α8基因的表达不受CArG-SRF影响[10]
整合素在正常肝细胞质中表达并随着纤维化的发展进程而发生改变, 在肝损伤早期, 整合素促进肝星状细胞的激活来诱导肝纤维化的发生, 而肝细胞又可以通过整合素调节其迁移和黏附等病理生理功能。Popov等[11]研究发现αVβ6表达增加与胆汁淤积导致的肝纤维化及胆管细胞型肝癌密切相关。有报道整合素αV基因敲除小鼠肝脏和其他组织纤维化程度得到明显好转[12]。目前, 整合素已成为抗纤维化作用的新的潜在靶点。
Sullivan等[13]在胆管上皮细胞(bile duct epithelial cells, BDECs)诱发的肝纤维化研究中认为, 在p38 MAPK信号通路中, 转化生长因子TGFβ1通过转录因子Smad和AP-1提高ITGB6的表达水平。
在肺纤维化中白介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)可以通过NF-κB和(或) p38 MAPK信号通路上调整合素αVβ8的表达, 此时ITGB8核心启动子上核苷酸序列空间位置改变, C-Jun和ATF2形成转录因子二聚体, 同时组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, DHAC) 2脱离启动子, 组蛋白H4乙酰化作用增强, 染色质结构松散便于更多的C-Jun和ATF2结合ITGB8启动子发挥转录调控作用[14]。Tatler等[15]研究特发性肺间质纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF)进程中TGFβ1介导的整合素αVβ6基因表达调控, 发现转录调控区-818 bp/ -731 bp上存在转录因子Elk1结合位点。Elk1属于Ets转录因子家族, 各转录因子通常由转录调节区和Ets域两个结构域组成, Ets域特异性识别结合基因靶序列GGAA/T[16], 调控不同组织细胞功能, 在肺纤维化中, siRNA干扰Elk1可以显著增加整合素αVβ6的表达和胶原沉积。此外, Ets也可以与AP-1和SPF等家族成员或辅助因子协同调控。研究发现Ets家族广泛调节ECM相关靶基因, 参与ECM降解的蛋白酶、细胞因子及整合素基因启动子序列都含有Ets结合位点[17]。有报道突变ITGB6启动子上Smad结合位点可以抑制TGFβ1介导的ITGB6基因转录活性, 在肺纤维化模型中也证明, Smad3对TGFβ1介导的ITGB6表达至关重要[18]
皮肤伤口愈合期间, 角化细胞增殖和迁移是上皮再生的关键因素, 伤口角质形成细胞表达多种不同的整合素共同调节细胞的自主功能, 包括迁移、增殖、存活和基底膜组装, 以确保适当的上皮再形成[19]。Lake等[20]发现角膜伤口愈合早期产生大量纤黏连蛋白(fibronectin, FN), 随后逐渐被基底膜分泌的胶原取代, 研究证实胶原可以通过转录因子Sp1/Sp3、NFI和AP-1抑制整合素α5β1表达, 进而干扰角膜上皮细胞(corneal epithelial cells, CECs) FN的分泌。在原代培养的人角膜上皮细胞(HCEC)和葡萄膜黑色素瘤细胞系中转染整合素α9基因启动子/ CAT质粒, 发现转录因子Sp1、c-Myb和NFI与启动子上负性调控元件结合。Sp1和NFI单独作用于整合素α9基因启动子时, Sp1结合明显占优势, 通过RNAi抑制Sp1表达也引起整合素α9基因的表达显着降低[21]
近年来研究发现, 骨组织中整合素的表达可以影响细胞功能, 如成骨细胞(osteoblast)的增殖、分化和破骨细胞(osteoclast)的迁移等。整合素β1是成骨细胞生成的重要调节剂, Park等[22]证实转录因子Foxc2直接结合到整合素β1启动子上的Forkhead结合元件, 在成骨细胞发生中促进增殖、存活和分化。破骨细胞黏附是骨吸收的关键步骤, 整合素αVβ3在破骨细胞与骨桥蛋白(osteopontin)、骨唾液酸蛋白(bone sialoprotein)的黏附中发挥重要作用。整合素β3基因启动子上有维生素D反应元件, 故1, 25二羟基维生素D3可以促进其表达。
miRNA和长链非编码RNA (long noncoding RNAs, LncRNAs)是十分重要的非编码RNA, 在转录调控、转录后调控, 甚至翻译调控等多种层面调控基因表达, 与此同时二者又有相互作用关系。
miRNA是一类长度为20~25 nt的小分子非编码RNA, 通过降解靶基因mRNA或抑制mRNA的翻译在真核基因表达的转录后调控过程中发挥重要作用, 并广泛参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及细胞周期调控等过程。因此, 除了上述转录因子对整合素的调控外, miRNA也参与了整合素的基因表达调控(表 2)。在动物细胞中miRNA经典作用模式即与mRNA 3'非翻译区(3' untranslated region, 3'UTR)互补, 形成RNA沉默复合体(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC), 影响翻译过程, 但是不影响mRNA的稳定性。而在非经典作用途径中miRNA可以直接影响基因启动子的CpG岛甲基化, 在转录水平直接对靶基因进行调控。近年来miRNA研究热点广泛, 关于miRNA对整合素基因转录后调控的研究也比较多, 尤其是肿瘤方面, 如miR-124对肝癌细胞中整合素αV基因的表达起重要作用, 显著抑制实验小鼠伤口愈合与肿瘤转移[23]。miR-134靶向ITGB1, 抑制非小细胞型肺癌的浸润和转移[24]。miR-30a-5p通过ITGB3抑制结肠癌转移, 靶向miR-30a-5p有望成为治疗结肠直肠癌的新策略[25]。在组织纤维化中, miRNA不仅调节分子信号传导, 而且还用作纤维化疾病干预性治疗的潜在靶点。Yang等[26]研究miR-31在肺纤维化中的作用机制, 发现miR-31靶向作用整合素α5和RhoA mRNA的3'UTR, 降低整合素α5和RhoA基因和蛋白表达水平。在系统性硬化病的发病机制及整合素在皮肤成纤维细胞中的表达的相关性研究中发现, miR-150可以减少体内外成纤维细胞中ITGB3的表达, 阻断miR-150可以增加ITGB3、P-Smad和collagenⅠ的表达, 这可能是通过影响DNA甲基化来发挥的作用[27]。此外, ITGB4BP调控靶蛋白的表达也与其对miRNA的调节相关。ITGB4BP是纤维化相关的内源性负调控因子, 与RISC相结合能特异地促进相应miRNA的作用, 而抑制其对应的靶蛋白表达。ITGB4BP与整合素α6β4胞内域的中间纤维结合调节细胞黏附与骨架重构[28]
LncRNAs是一类转录本长度超过200 nt的非编码RNA, 它们并不编码蛋白质, 而是以RNA的形式在多种层面调控基因表达。与miRNA相比, LncRNA的调节方式更为复杂, LncRNA可以通过直接与靶基因结合、参与组蛋白修饰或募集转录因子等方式参与基因的表达调控, 同时也可以作为竞争性内源RNA (competitive endogenous RNA, ceRNA)通过调控miRNA影响mRNA表达。Sun等[29]研究发现LncRNA MALAT1通过抑制黑素瘤细胞中miR-183的表达来调节ITGB1的表达和肿瘤生长。反义LncRNA ZEB1 (ZEB1 antisense 1, ZEB1-AS1)是一种新型的LncRNA, 能通过上调ZEB1、MMP2、MMP9、N-cadherin和integrin β1的表达激活EMT, 调控肿瘤的迁移和侵袭[30]。在骨关节炎发展过程中, LncRNA HOTTIP (来源于HOXA的5′端的一个非编码RNA转录本)通过HoxA13影响整合素α1来调节软骨发育和破坏[31]
DNA甲基化能引起染色质结构、DNA构象、DNA稳定性及DNA与蛋白质相互作用方式的改变, 从而控制基因表达。在软骨发育和破坏方面的研究中, Kim等[31]发现miR-101靶向作用于甲基转移酶-3B, 从而改变整合素α1的甲基化促进软骨内骨化。Mostafavi-Pour等[32]研究表明异常DNA甲基化是参与整合素α4表达的机制之一。Fu等[33]首次证明了在肝癌细胞中, 由DNA甲基化及整合素α3β1--Rho GTPase信号通路介导的DPT (dermatopontin)下调可以抑制肝癌的转移。整合素α4的DNA甲基化可能是影响乳腺癌未分化组织学变化的不良预后因素[34]。Uhm等[35]发现胆管癌转移患者整合素α4基因CpG岛位点的异常甲基化引起整合素α4的表达缺失。
综上所述, 整合素与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关, 尤其是其作为细胞黏附分子已成为治疗肿瘤转移的热点, 与当前治疗肿瘤转移的靶向制剂、血管生成抑制剂等联用, 有可能成为攻克肿瘤转移的重要途径。随着对整合素蛋白结构、信号通路和基因表达调控的研究不断深入, 为其成为疾病治疗的靶点提供了可靠的理论基础和科学依据。近30年, 已有vedolizumab、natalizumab、efalizumab和abciximab等几种治疗不同疾病的整合素单克隆抗体药物面市。虽然这些药物获得了FDA的上市批准, 但不良反应较大, 因此在临床上的应用受到很大限制, 提示以直接抑制整合素蛋白活性为策略的治疗模式还不能起到理想的治疗效果。因此, 从基因表达调控的角度深入理解整合素的调控机制, 发展从表达调控的角度间接抑制整合素通路的策略, 有助于从不同的角度开发新型的小分子药物, 解决整合素靶向治疗的难点问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673497)
  • tement>国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673497);(2014ZX09201042)
  • 北京市自然基金资助项目(7162130)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2016-I2M-2-002)
  • 协和青年科研基金(3332015134)
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2017年第52卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2017-0515
  • 接收时间:2017-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2017-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2017-05-24
  • 修回日期:2017-06-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673497)
tement>国家自然科学基金资助项目(81673497);(2014ZX09201042)
北京市自然基金资助项目(7162130)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2016-I2M-2-002)
协和青年科研基金(3332015134)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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* 何红伟, Tel / Fax: 86-10-83166673, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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