Article(id=1218263332721705296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1479052800000, receivedDateStr=2016-11-14, revisedDate=1481731200000, revisedDateStr=2016-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768386212759, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1489248000000, pubDateStr=2017-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768386212759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768386212759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386212759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218263316816905068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2017', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='339', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768386208967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386500746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218264540681261791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218264540685456096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=474, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218263333208244617, articleId=1218263332721705296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Endocytosis pathway and intracellular distribution of heparosan, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the endocytosis pathway of heparosan and its intracellular distribution were investigated in MCF-7 tumor cells and COS7 normal cells. The endocytosis inhibition and cellular probe location experiments showed that MCF-7 tumor cells took heparosan more efficiently and selectively than COS7 cells. The cellular uptake of heparosan was energy-dependent in both MCF-7 tumor cells and COS7 normal cells. Moreover, the major endocytosis pathway of heparosan into MCF-7 tumor cells was caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. The internalized heparosan was mainly located in lysosomes of the cells.

, correspAuthors=Jing-hua CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2017 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huan-huan PENG, Ying LI, Jia-yi YUAN, Jing-xiao CHEN, Jing-hua CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218263335355728477, articleId=1218263332721705296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=Heparosan细胞入胞途径及其胞内分布, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文对肝素前体(heparosan)的细胞摄取途径及其进入细胞后的分布情况进行了研究。通过胞吞途径抑制及细胞探针定位实验发现,MCF-7肿瘤细胞较COS7正常细胞对heparosan的摄取效率更高,具有选择性。Heparosan在MCF-7肿瘤细胞和COS7正常细胞中的内吞过程均为能量依赖。Heparosan主要通过小窝蛋白和巨胞饮介导的内吞进入MCF-7肿瘤细胞,并且主要分布于溶酶体中。

, correspAuthors=陈敬华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈敬华, Tel/Fax:86-510-85911900, E-mail:
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Investigating the molecular basis for the virulence of Escherichia coli K5 by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the capsule polysaccharide[J]. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009, 17:71-82., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218968432926708186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332721705296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Z, Zhang Z, Mccallum SA, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance quantification for monitoring heparosan K5 capsular polysaccharide production[J]. 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Synthetic routes of heporasan-RhB (HB) (a) and dextran-RhB (DB) (b). DCC: Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DMAP: 4-Dimethylaminopyridine

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Fluorescent intensity of HB and DB incubated with COS7 and MCF-7 cells with different concentrations (a) and various periods (b) (n=3) at 37 ℃. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs COS7 HB or MCF-7 HB

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of HB and DB incubated with COS7 cells (a) and MCF-7 cells (b) for different periods at 37 ℃. Scale bar: 25 μm

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CLSM images of COS7 (a) and MCF-7 (b) cells incubated with HB and DB at 37 ℃ and 4 ℃. Scale bar: 25 μm

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Effect of various endocytosis inhibitor treatments on the uptake of HB and DB by COS7 (a) and MCF-7 (b) cells (n=3). Control: HB or DB without endocytosis inhibitor; CPM: Chlorpromazine, clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor; FP: Filipin, caveolin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor; WTM: Wortamannin, micropinocytosis inhibitor; 4 ℃, energy-dependent. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control

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CLSM images of endocytosis pathway labeled COS7 (a), MCF-7 (b) co-incubated with HB and DB at 37 ℃, scale bar: 25 μm. Alexa 488-Transfeerin: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis probe; Alexa 488-Cholera toxin: Caveolin-mediated endocytosis probe; FITC-DEX: Micropinocytosis probe

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CLSM images of HB and DB in COS7 (A) and MCF-7 (B) cells incubated with HB and DB at 37 ℃. A and B: HB; A1 and B1: DB. Scale bar: 25 μm

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Heparosan细胞入胞途径及其胞内分布
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彭换换 , 李颖 , 袁嘉怿 , 陈荆晓 , 陈敬华 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2017,52(3): 474-480
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2017, 52(3): 474-480
Heparosan细胞入胞途径及其胞内分布
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彭换换, 李颖, 袁嘉怿, 陈荆晓, 陈敬华*
作者信息
  • 江南大学药学院, 江苏 无锡 214122

通讯作者:

* 陈敬华, Tel/Fax:86-510-85911900, E-mail:
Endocytosis pathway and intracellular distribution of heparosan
Huan-huan PENG, Ying LI, Jia-yi YUAN, Jing-xiao CHEN, Jing-hua CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2017-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1098
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本文对肝素前体(heparosan)的细胞摄取途径及其进入细胞后的分布情况进行了研究。通过胞吞途径抑制及细胞探针定位实验发现,MCF-7肿瘤细胞较COS7正常细胞对heparosan的摄取效率更高,具有选择性。Heparosan在MCF-7肿瘤细胞和COS7正常细胞中的内吞过程均为能量依赖。Heparosan主要通过小窝蛋白和巨胞饮介导的内吞进入MCF-7肿瘤细胞,并且主要分布于溶酶体中。

肝素前体  /  入胞途径  /  胞内分布  /  药物载体

In this study, the endocytosis pathway of heparosan and its intracellular distribution were investigated in MCF-7 tumor cells and COS7 normal cells. The endocytosis inhibition and cellular probe location experiments showed that MCF-7 tumor cells took heparosan more efficiently and selectively than COS7 cells. The cellular uptake of heparosan was energy-dependent in both MCF-7 tumor cells and COS7 normal cells. Moreover, the major endocytosis pathway of heparosan into MCF-7 tumor cells was caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. The internalized heparosan was mainly located in lysosomes of the cells.

heparosan  /  endocytosis pathway  /  intracellular distribution  /  drug carrier
彭换换, 李颖, 袁嘉怿, 陈荆晓, 陈敬华. Heparosan细胞入胞途径及其胞内分布. 药学学报, 2017 , 52 (3) : 474 -480 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1098
Huan-huan PENG, Ying LI, Jia-yi YUAN, Jing-xiao CHEN, Jing-hua CHEN. Endocytosis pathway and intracellular distribution of heparosan[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2017 , 52 (3) : 474 -480 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1098
药物传递系统是按预定方式将药物输送至特定部位并有效释放的一类现代制剂, 可在提高疗效的同时降低药物的毒副作用。利用具有纳米尺寸的载体包载药物, 不仅能提高化疗药物的水溶性, 还可延长药物半衰期, 提高药物的利用度, 甚至透过毛细血管和组织间隙将药物递送至靶部位, 因而受到广泛的研究[1-3]。近年来, 多糖类化合物, 如透明质酸、壳聚糖等, 因其良好的水溶性、生物相容性、生物可降解性、特殊的生物活性及易于化学修饰等特点而受到越来越多的关注与研究[4-6]。采用这些天然大分子构建药物载体, 不仅能有效递送药物实现治疗, 还能克服合成型高分子 (如聚乙二醇) 无生物活性、体内难以降解、代谢等缺陷, 在生物医学领域显示出极大的应用潜力[7, 8]
肝素前体 (heparosan) 是人体内肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素的生物合成前体, 外部可从大肠杆菌K5菌株 (O10: K5: H4) 的荚膜中分离获得[9]。近年的研究表明, 由于heparosan与肝素具有极其类似的主链结构, 其不仅具有良好的生物安全性, 还具有在体内不易被免疫系统清除的特点[10, 11]。Raman等[12]研究还发现, 尽管heparosan带有负电荷, 却能够高效进入多种肿瘤细胞。利用这些特性, 本课题组用heparosan构建了一系列药物载体, 用于抗肿瘤药物的递送[13, 14]。在研究过程中发现, 这些纳米载体不仅能够传递药物进入癌细胞, 且其携带药物进入癌细胞的速率较自由的小分子药物更快、更高效。此现象引起了作者的兴趣, 为何heparosan能够高效进入癌细胞, 其相关机制如何?由于材料的入胞途径与其经细胞摄取后在胞内的分布和命运相关[15], 这也与载体的理性设计及能否成功将药物输送至胞内靶区域密切相关。因此, 阐明heparosan的入胞机制对于今后将其作为材料构建药物传递系统具有重要意义。
本文将heparosan用罗丹明B (rhodamine B, RhB) 进行荧光标记, 以表面不带电荷、不具有胞吞特异性的葡聚糖 (dextran) 作为对照[16], 研究heparosan对肿瘤细胞MCF-7和正常细胞COS7摄取行为的差异性。以内吞途径的抑制剂和细胞探针为工具, 通过激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞技术分析, 探究heparosan的细胞摄取途径和胞内分布情况。
材料与主要仪器  COS7细胞 (来源于经病毒转化的非洲绿猴肾成纤维细胞) 和MCF-7细胞 (人乳腺癌细胞) 购于中国科学院保藏中心 (上海)。Dextran (Mw 70 kDa, 国药上海试剂公司); RhB、N, N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲酰胺、N, N '-二环己基碳二亚胺、4-二甲氨基吡啶、氯丙嗪 (chlorpromazine, CPM)、菲律宾菌素 (filipin, FP) 和渥曼青霉素 (wortamannin, WTM) (阿拉丁试剂有限公司), 反应所用溶剂使用前均经过重蒸纯化; 胰酶、青霉素-链霉素 (上海生工生物工程有限公司); DMEM培养基 (美国Gibco公司); 胎牛血清 (美国Hyclone公司); Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated ChromPure Human Transferrin (绿色荧光, 标记网格蛋白介导的内吞途径, 美国Jackson Immuno Research公司); Alexa Fluor® 488-Cholera Toxin Subunit B Conjugates (绿色荧光, 标记小窝蛋白介导的内吞途径, 美国Molecular Probes公司); FITC-Dextran (Mw 70 kDa, 绿色荧光, 标记巨胞饮介导的内吞途径, 美国Sigma公司); 4', 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚 (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride, DAPI)、溶酶体绿色荧光探针 (Lyso-tracker Green) (美国Invitrogen公司); heparosan按照参考文献[17]通过发酵纯化制得 (Mw 70 kDa)。FreeZone 2.5L型冷冻干燥机 (美国Labconco公司); CR-22GII大容量高速冷冻离心机 (日本日立仪器有限公司); CO2恒温细胞培养箱 (美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); UV-2550型紫外可见分光光度计 (日本岛津公司); FACSCalibur型流式细胞仪 (美国BD公司); DMIL激光共聚焦显微镜 (德国Leica公司)。
RhB标记heparosan (HB) 和dextran (DB) 的制备  称取RhB 0.12 g溶于N, N '-二甲基甲酰胺 (20 mL) 中, 加入N, N '-二环己基碳二亚胺 (0.42 g)、4-二甲氨基吡啶 (0.24 g) 于冰浴搅拌4 h, 之后将其加入到40 mL含有1.00 g heparosan的甲酰胺溶液中, 继续冰浴2 h后, 转移至室温反应过夜。待反应结束后, 离心除去不溶物, 溶液装入透析袋 (MWCO 10 kDa) 并对去离子水透析2天, 除去未反应的RhB和杂质, 冷冻干燥得HB。用紫外可见光分光光度计于560 nm处测定吸光度, 根据RhB标准曲线计算得到RhB的接枝量。DB用相同的方法制备, 并计算RhB的接枝量。
细胞培养及细胞摄取实验  COS7和MCF-7两种细胞于含有1%双抗和10%胎牛血清的DMEM完全培养基中培养, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中, 2天传代1次, 取对数生长期的细胞进行实验。将对数生长期的细胞分别以每孔3×105个接种于6孔板中。细胞贴壁后, 将完全培养基换成含有不同浓度HB或DB的培养基溶液, 孵育2 h后将溶液吸出, 用PBS小心清洗3次, 除去未被细胞内吞的材料, 再将细胞用胰酶消化, 重悬于PBS中, 在流式细胞仪中进行定量测试, 以未加多糖的空白组作为对照进行调试。每个实验重复3次, 取平均值。
将COS7和MCF-7细胞以每孔2×105个接种于共聚焦用细胞培养皿中, 加入含有HB或DB的培养基溶液 (400 mg·L-1), 共孵育一定时间后, 用PBS清洗3次, 之后加入多聚甲醛溶液 (4%), 共孵育20 min固定细胞, 再加入DAPI溶液 (200 ng·mL-1) 孵育30 min对细胞核染色, 最后用PBS清洗3次, 激光共聚焦显微镜 (confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM) 定性观察。
温度对细胞摄取影响实验  将COS7和MCF-7细胞以每孔3×105个分别接种到6孔板中, 置培养箱中培养过夜。为考察低温的影响, 先将细胞分别置于4 ℃和37 ℃条件下培养1 h, 再加入含有HB、DB的培养基溶液, 分别置于4 ℃和37 ℃条件下继续孵育2 h, 参照上述方法, 用流式细胞仪计数, CLSM进行观察。
细胞摄取途径实验  将COS7和MCF-7细胞以每孔3×105个接种于6孔板, 培养12 h, 待细胞贴壁后移去培养基, 在不同的孔中分别加入含细胞摄取抑制剂氯丙嗪 (5 μg·mL-1)、菲律宾菌素 (5 μg·mL-1) 和渥曼青霉素 (1 μg·mL-1) 的无血清培养基, 孵育1 h后吸去培养基, 加入含有等量抑制剂的HB、DB培养液继续培养2 h, 吸去培养基后用PBS清洗3次, 用胰酶消化后, 重悬收集细胞后用流式细胞仪分析结果。以不加抑制剂的细胞摄取组为对照, 设定其细胞摄取量为100%。每个实验重复3次, 取平均值。
同样, 与HB或DB共培养的细胞固定后, 在不同的孔中分别加入含Alexa Fluor®488-conjugated ChromPure Human Transferrin (2 μg·mL-1)、Alexa Fluor®488-Cholera Toxin Subunit B Conjugates (1 μg·mL-1) 和FITC-Dextran (1 mg·mL-1) 的无血清培养基, 分别孵育30、60和30 min, 用于标记网格蛋白、小窝蛋白和巨胞饮途径, PBS清洗除去上述分子探针后用CLSM观察。
细胞内分布观察  为考察HB、DB在细胞内的转运情况, 首先将COS7和MCF-7细胞接种到共聚焦皿中, 加入1 mL经无血清培养液稀释的HB、DB溶液, 孵育2 h后加入100 nmol·L-1溶酶体染色液300 μL, 置于培养箱中继续孵育30 min, 用PBS清洗3次, 加入10 mmol·L-1细胞核染色液DAPI 300 μL后, 孵育20 min, PBS清洗并用CLSM观察。
用RhB对heparosan和dextran进行荧光标记, HB和DB的化学结构如图 1所示。通过RhB标准曲线, 测得HB和DB上RhB的取代度分别为0.14%和0.10%。控制RhB较低的取代度, 不会对heparosan和dextran的分子结构、构象和亲疏水性质造成较大的影响, 也能够客观反映其被细胞摄取的情况。
HB和DB在正常细胞和肿瘤细胞中的摄取结果如图 2所示。从图中可见, 与COS7正常细胞比较, MCF-7肿瘤细胞对HB的摄取能力更强, 而两种细胞对DB摄取的差异则不明显。通过对浓度或时间两种因素的调控, 两种细胞内HB的含量均显著提高, 明显呈现出浓度和时间依赖性, 而两种细胞对DB的摄取量则随上述因素的变化并不显著, 说明细胞对DB的摄取能力有限。当质量浓度超过400 mg·L-1, MCF-7细胞中HB的摄取量可达DB摄取量的两倍以上, 并且远高于COS7细胞中HB的摄取量。随时间变化, HB在MCF-7细胞中的摄取量也明显高于其在COS7细胞中的摄取量, 并且共培养12 h后, MCF-7细胞中HB的摄取量约为DB摄取量的3倍。上述结果均表明HB具有良好的入胞能力, 并且HB可被MCF-7肿瘤细胞选择性的高效摄取。
CLSM观察 (图 3) 也显示出与上述流式细胞仪测试同样的结果。同一孵育时间下, 与COS7细胞 (图 3a) 相比, MCF-7细胞中 (图 3b) HB、DB的荧光强度更高; 而同一种细胞中, HB的荧光强度明显高于DB的荧光强度, 且孵育4 h比2 h的荧光强度更高。说明HB进入两种细胞的能力均要强于DB, 并且HB进入MCF-7细胞更具有选择性。
由于两种细胞对HB具有良好的摄取能力, 因而考察温度对摄取的影响。从图 4中可以看出, 与37 ℃条件相比, 4 ℃条件下, COS7细胞 (图 4a) 和MCF-7细胞 (图 4b) 中HB和DB的荧光强度均有所降低。图中也可看出, MCF-7细胞对HB的摄取受温度变化显著降低。通过流式细胞仪定量分析结果 (图 5) 可以看出, 在4 ℃条件下, COS7细胞对HB和DB摄取量均降低约40%, 而在MCF-7细胞中, HB和DB的摄取量则分别降低50%和14%。这一结果说明COS7和MCF-7细胞对HB和DB的摄取均为能量依赖, 内摄化过程均采取主动运输方式完成。
通过胞吞途径抑制剂结合流式细胞仪定量分析HB和DB的细胞摄取途径。分别用CPM阻断网格蛋白介导途径, FP阻断小窝蛋白途径, WTM阻断巨胞饮介导的摄取途径。如图 5a所示, 对于COS7细胞, 经抑制剂处理前后, 细胞对HB和DB的摄取量均未发生明显变化, 仅巨胞饮途径受抑制剂影响降低6%, 这说明HB和DB进入COS7细胞的途径主要通过巨胞饮完成。由于巨胞饮属于非特异性内吞, 且需要细胞表面骨架蛋白产生皱褶和凹陷, 帮助完成内摄化, 因而依赖能量, 并且内摄化的速率较慢、效率较低[15]。此结果也与上述流式细胞分析结果和温度影响内摄化结果相吻合。而对于MCF-7细胞 (图 5b), 经FP和WTM处理后, HB的摄取量分别降低22%和24%, 而DB的摄取量均未降低。这一结果也说明HB主要通过小窝蛋白和巨胞饮两种途径介导内吞进入MCF-7细胞。由于除巨胞饮外, HB进入MCF-7还通过小窝蛋白介导完成, 这可能是HB能快速并且高效进入肿瘤细胞的原因, 而且这一过程受能量影响明显。
将网格蛋白、小窝蛋白和巨胞饮途径用分子探针进行荧光标记, 通过CLSM进行观察。如图 6所示, 在COS7细胞中, HB和DB的红色荧光仅与巨胞饮内吞途径探针的绿色荧光发生少量重叠 (图 6a); 而在MCF-7细胞中 (图 6b), HB的红色荧光与绿色荧光标记的小窝蛋白和巨胞饮途径相重叠, 而DB则与3种通路探针均重叠较少。这可能是由于两种细胞的内吞能力存在差异, 并且细胞本身对DB的内吞能力有限所致。这些结果与上述流式细胞检测结果相吻合, 进一步说明HB在MCF-7细胞中主要通过小窝蛋白和巨胞饮途径进入细胞。
载体或药物通过不同入胞途径进入细胞后会在胞内分布于不同位置。由于胞内环境各异, 因而对于药物最终的命运具有极大影响[16]。其中, 物质通过网格蛋白介导入胞后首先进入早期内涵体, 之后转运到溶酶体; 通过小窝蛋白介导入胞后, 一部分进入内质网, 另一部分进入高尔基体, 之后转运到溶酶体; 而通过巨胞饮途径入胞则会直接进入溶酶体。上述实验结果分析推测, HB和DB在进入细胞后, 也将进入溶酶体。因此, 对溶酶体进行标记, 观察2 h后HB和DB的荧光分布, 结果如图 7所示。在COS7细胞中 (图 7A), HB和DB的红色荧光与溶酶体探针的绿色荧光发生重叠, 且HB显示出更明显的叠加效果, 说明HB和DB均通过巨胞饮途径进入COS7细胞, 并分布于溶酶体; 在MCF-7细胞中 (图 7B), HB红色荧光均匀地分布于细胞质中, 与溶酶体的绿色荧光重叠, 说明HB已经由小窝蛋白和巨胞饮介导进入MCF-7细胞的溶酶体。结果说明, 用heparosan作为材料介导药物传递, 也将进入细胞溶酶体。
Heparosan受酶作用易降解, 并且肿瘤细胞溶酶体内本身具有pH低和酶浓度高的特殊微环境。因此, 今后在设计heparosan作为药物载体时, 可参考上述因素及药物作用的相关机制, 制备pH敏感和酶敏感类型的药物控释体系, 提高药物在溶酶体中的释放度。通过溶酶体小泡内外的浓度差异, 实现药物从溶酶体中逃逸, 避免药物被溶酶体内环境降解失活。
本文通过荧光标记heparosan, 对其在不同细胞中的摄取行为、入胞途径及胞内分布进行了研究。研究结果表明, heparosan可选择性地高效进入MCF-7肿瘤细胞, 这一过程属能量依赖, 主要经小窝蛋白和巨胞饮两种途径介导内吞进入细胞, 之后主要分布于溶酶体中。而COS7正常细胞对heparosan的摄取属于能量依赖, 仅有少量heparosan经巨胞饮途径进入细胞, 因而内摄效率较肿瘤细胞偏低。利用heparosan的这一特性, 不仅易于用其构建针对肿瘤细胞靶向的药物传递系统, 还能基于溶酶体的微环境特性, 设计为pH敏感或酶敏感等开关, 用于控制药物的释放行为。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51303068)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21574059)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21306066)
  • 安徽大学现代生物制造协同创新中心开放课题资助项目(BM2015008)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1098
  • 接收时间:2016-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2017-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2016-11-14
  • 修回日期:2016-12-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51303068)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21574059)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21306066)
安徽大学现代生物制造协同创新中心开放课题资助项目(BM2015008)
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    江南大学药学院, 江苏 无锡 214122

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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