Article(id=1218263332969173905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1476892800000, receivedDateStr=2016-10-20, revisedDate=1480521600000, revisedDateStr=2016-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768386212817, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1489248000000, pubDateStr=2017-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768386212817, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768386212817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386212817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218263316816905068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2017', volume='52', issue='3', pageStart='339', pageEnd='504', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768386208967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768386500746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218264540681261791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218264540685456096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1218263316816905068, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=494, endPage=499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218263333451518919, articleId=1218263332969173905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification of water buffalo horn and its adulterants using COI barcode, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bubali cornu (water buffalo horn) has been used as the substitute for Cornu rhinoceri asiatici (rhino horn) in clinical applications, and is the essential ingredient of Angong Niuhuang Wan. In recent years, there are a number of adulterants on the commercial herbal medicine markets. An efficient tool is required for species identification. In this study, 155 Bubali cornu samples have been taken from original animals and collected from commercial herbal medicine markets. 153 COI sequences have been successfully obtained from 155 samples through DNA extraction, PCR amplification, bidirectional sequencing and assembly. 93 COI sequences have been added to the DNA barcoding database of traditional Chinese animal medicine after validation using DNA barcoding GAP and tree-based methods. The species identification of the 62 commercial Bubali cornu medicines has been accomplished on the DNA barcoding system for identifying herbal medicine using the updated animal medicine database (www.tcmbarcode.cn). Except two samples failed to obtain COI sequences, 54.8% of the commercial Bubali cornu medicines were water buffalo horns and 29% were yak horns. Our results showed that yak horn was the major adulterant of Bubali cornu and the DNA barcoding method may accurately discriminate Bubali cornu and their adulterants. Therefore, we recommend that supervision on the herbal medicine markets should be strengthened with this new method to warren the effectiveness of herbal medicines.

, correspAuthors=Jing-yuan SONG, Lin-chun SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2017 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu-zhao LIU, Li-si ZHOU, Jin-xin LIU, Jing JIA, Jing-yuan SONG, Lin-chun SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218263334042914819, articleId=1218263332969173905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于COI序列的水牛角及其易混伪品DNA条形码鉴定研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水牛角作为犀角的代用品是急症用药安宫牛黄丸的主要成份,近年来常有混伪品流入市场,急需建立有效鉴定方法。本研究共收集155份原动物及市售水牛角样品,通过优化DNA提取方法,PCR扩增、双向测序、序列拼接获得153条COI序列。93份原动物COI序列经条形码间隔法和建树法核验后纳入中药材DNA条形码动物药材数据库,利用中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统(www.tcmbarcode.cn)对62份市售水牛角药材进行鉴定。除2份市售药材无法获得COI序列外,54.8%的市售药材为水牛角,29%的市售药材为牦牛角。本研究表明牦牛角为市售水牛角药材主要伪品来源,DNA条形码技术可用于区分水牛角及其易混伪品,应加强市场监管,以确保急症用药临床疗效。

, correspAuthors=宋经元, 石林春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋经元, Tel:86-10-57833206, E-mail:;
石林春, Tel:86-10-57833199, E-mail:
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Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218968421954408966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, companyId=1218968421937631749, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1218968422042489360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218968422050877969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, companyId=1218968422042489360, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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Hebei Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218968422319313451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, companyId=1218968422218650150, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.承德医学院, 河北省中药研究与开发重点实验室, 河北 承德 067000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218968428304584747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y+QO5Iagjw5I5VO38Qi1Hw==, figureFileBig=9ahWaw/WQ5qWdLRwjiMqXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218968429692899387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=

The NJ tree of COI haplotype sequences from Bubalusbubalis, Bos grunniens, Bos taurus, Capra hircus and Ovis aries. Bootstrap values of > 50% are indicated at the nodes.

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Latin name No. of specimens Voucher No. Collection location
Bos grunniens 13 SS0001MT01-10 SS0001MT11-13 Kangding, Sichuan Xining, Qinghai Tianzhu, Gansu
Bos Taurus 14 SS0002MT01-08 SS0002MT09-11 SS0002MT12-14 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
Bubalus bubalis 20 SS0003MT01-14 SS0003MT15-17 SS0003MT18-20 Liuzhou, Guangxi Yangjiang, Guangdong Hengyang, Hunan
Capra hircus 28 SS0004MT01-22 SS0004MT23-25 SS0004MT26-28 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
Ovis aries 18 SS0005MT01-12 SS0005MT13-15 SS0005MT16-18 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
), ArticleFig(id=1218968429999083616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Original animal specimens used in the present study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Latin name No. of specimens Voucher No. Collection location
Bos grunniens 13 SS0001MT01-10 SS0001MT11-13 Kangding, Sichuan Xining, Qinghai Tianzhu, Gansu
Bos Taurus 14 SS0002MT01-08 SS0002MT09-11 SS0002MT12-14 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
Bubalus bubalis 20 SS0003MT01-14 SS0003MT15-17 SS0003MT18-20 Liuzhou, Guangxi Yangjiang, Guangdong Hengyang, Hunan
Capra hircus 28 SS0004MT01-22 SS0004MT23-25 SS0004MT26-28 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
Ovis aries 18 SS0005MT01-12 SS0005MT13-15 SS0005MT16-18 Xinxiang, Henan Bengbu, Anhui Jining, Shandong
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430200410230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. No. of samples Format Collection location Species assignment
QR01-QR04 4 Horn tips Anguo, Hebei Bos grunniens
QR05-QR07 3 Horn wires Beijing Bos grunniens
QR08-QR10 3 Horn wires Yulin, Guangxi Bos grunniens
QR11 1 Horn wires Anguo, Hebei Bos grunniens
QR12 1 Horn wires Nanchang, Jiangxi Bos grunniens
QR13 1 Horn wires Lasha, Xizang Bos grunniens
QR14 1 Horn wires Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Bos grunniens
QR15-QR17 3 Horn wires Kunming, Yunnan Bos grunniens
QR18 1 Horn wires Chongqing Bos grunniens
QR19-QR23 5 Horn wires Bozhou, Anhui Bubalus bubalis
QR24-QR28 5 Horn wires Beijing Bubalus bubalis
QR29 1 Horn wires Linzhao, Gansu Bubalus bubalis
QR30, QR31 2 Horn wires Guangzhou, Guangdong Bubalus bubalis
QR32, QR33 2 Horn wires Nanning, Guangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR34 1 Horn wires Yulin, Guangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR35 1 Horn wires Haikou, Hainan Bubalus bubalis
QR36-QR39 4 Horn wires Anguo, Hebei Bubalus bubalis
QR40 1 Horn wires Wuhan, Hubei Bubalus bubalis
QR41, QR42 2 Horn wires Nanjing, Jiangsu Bubalus bubalis
QR43, QR44 2 Horn wires Nanchang, Jiangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR45, QR46 2 Horn wires Yinchuan, Ningxia Bubalus bubalis
QR47 1 Horn wires Jinan, Shandong Bubalus bubalis
QR48 1 Horn wires Chengdu, Sichuan Bubalus bubalis
QR49-QR51 3 Horn wires Hehuachi, Sichuan Bubalus bubalis
QR52 1 Horn wires Lasha, Xizang Bubalus bubalis
QR53 1 Horn wires Bozhou, Anhui Capra hircus
QR54, QR55 2 Horn wires Beijing Capra hircus
QR56 1 Horn powders Chendu, Sichuan Pythium sp.
QR57 1 Horn powders Chendu, Sichuan Attagenus sp.
QR58 1 Horn powders Zhenzhou, Henan Trichophyton sp.
QR59 1 Horn powders Zhenzhou, Henan Archaeoattacus sp.
QR60 1 Horn powders Tianjin Tinea sp.
QR61 1 Horn tips Baoding, Hebei No sequence
QR62 1 Horn wires Kunming, Yunnan No sequence
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430322045069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The identification result of specimens collected from herbal markets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. No. of samples Format Collection location Species assignment
QR01-QR04 4 Horn tips Anguo, Hebei Bos grunniens
QR05-QR07 3 Horn wires Beijing Bos grunniens
QR08-QR10 3 Horn wires Yulin, Guangxi Bos grunniens
QR11 1 Horn wires Anguo, Hebei Bos grunniens
QR12 1 Horn wires Nanchang, Jiangxi Bos grunniens
QR13 1 Horn wires Lasha, Xizang Bos grunniens
QR14 1 Horn wires Wulumuqi, Xinjiang Bos grunniens
QR15-QR17 3 Horn wires Kunming, Yunnan Bos grunniens
QR18 1 Horn wires Chongqing Bos grunniens
QR19-QR23 5 Horn wires Bozhou, Anhui Bubalus bubalis
QR24-QR28 5 Horn wires Beijing Bubalus bubalis
QR29 1 Horn wires Linzhao, Gansu Bubalus bubalis
QR30, QR31 2 Horn wires Guangzhou, Guangdong Bubalus bubalis
QR32, QR33 2 Horn wires Nanning, Guangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR34 1 Horn wires Yulin, Guangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR35 1 Horn wires Haikou, Hainan Bubalus bubalis
QR36-QR39 4 Horn wires Anguo, Hebei Bubalus bubalis
QR40 1 Horn wires Wuhan, Hubei Bubalus bubalis
QR41, QR42 2 Horn wires Nanjing, Jiangsu Bubalus bubalis
QR43, QR44 2 Horn wires Nanchang, Jiangxi Bubalus bubalis
QR45, QR46 2 Horn wires Yinchuan, Ningxia Bubalus bubalis
QR47 1 Horn wires Jinan, Shandong Bubalus bubalis
QR48 1 Horn wires Chengdu, Sichuan Bubalus bubalis
QR49-QR51 3 Horn wires Hehuachi, Sichuan Bubalus bubalis
QR52 1 Horn wires Lasha, Xizang Bubalus bubalis
QR53 1 Horn wires Bozhou, Anhui Capra hircus
QR54, QR55 2 Horn wires Beijing Capra hircus
QR56 1 Horn powders Chendu, Sichuan Pythium sp.
QR57 1 Horn powders Chendu, Sichuan Attagenus sp.
QR58 1 Horn powders Zhenzhou, Henan Trichophyton sp.
QR59 1 Horn powders Zhenzhou, Henan Archaeoattacus sp.
QR60 1 Horn powders Tianjin Tinea sp.
QR61 1 Horn tips Baoding, Hebei No sequence
QR62 1 Horn wires Kunming, Yunnan No sequence
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430531760285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
30 mg 60 mg 90 mg 200 mg
Bos grunniens horn 20.6/1.55 54.6/1.65 60.1/1.70 4.5/1.34
Bubalus bubalis horn 32.0/1.39 87.4/1.67 86.5/1.78 2.0/1.38
Capra hircus horn 23.8/1.56 55.5/1.78 52.3/1.67 18.7/1.39
Ovis aries horn 29.3/1.49 61.5/1.77 63.1/1.72 13.2/1.49
Bos taurus horn 20.6/1.55 61.2/1.67 67.3/1.80 7.2/1.58
Commercial medicine 20.1/1/45 55.1/1.76 57.9/1.80 8.1/1.23
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430678560950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

The optimization result of different sampling amount

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
30 mg 60 mg 90 mg 200 mg
Bos grunniens horn 20.6/1.55 54.6/1.65 60.1/1.70 4.5/1.34
Bubalus bubalis horn 32.0/1.39 87.4/1.67 86.5/1.78 2.0/1.38
Capra hircus horn 23.8/1.56 55.5/1.78 52.3/1.67 18.7/1.39
Ovis aries horn 29.3/1.49 61.5/1.77 63.1/1.72 13.2/1.49
Bos taurus horn 20.6/1.55 61.2/1.67 67.3/1.80 7.2/1.58
Commercial medicine 20.1/1/45 55.1/1.76 57.9/1.80 8.1/1.23
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430796001475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
0.5 h 1 h 2 h 8 h
Bos grunniens horn 57.9/1.73 64.2/1.78 50.5/1.63 51.7/1.61
Bubalus bubalis horn 83.8/1.65 87.4/1.78 52.9/1.64 37.2/1.57
Capra hircus horn 64.5/1.71 93.1/1.81 58.7/1.77 51.5/1.56
Ovis aries horn 61.3/1.71 70.8/1.73 65.2/1.53 35.9/1.60
Bos taurus horn 62.8/1.84 67.8/1.83 49.3/1.61 51.2/1.60
Commercial medicine 54.9/1.77 56.1/1.79 37.8/1.78 39.7/1.61
), ArticleFig(id=1218968430900859090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

The optimization result of of different water bath time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
0.5 h 1 h 2 h 8 h
Bos grunniens horn 57.9/1.73 64.2/1.78 50.5/1.63 51.7/1.61
Bubalus bubalis horn 83.8/1.65 87.4/1.78 52.9/1.64 37.2/1.57
Capra hircus horn 64.5/1.71 93.1/1.81 58.7/1.77 51.5/1.56
Ovis aries horn 61.3/1.71 70.8/1.73 65.2/1.53 35.9/1.60
Bos taurus horn 62.8/1.84 67.8/1.83 49.3/1.61 51.2/1.60
Commercial medicine 54.9/1.77 56.1/1.79 37.8/1.78 39.7/1.61
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431001522399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
Solution B+chloroform, once Solution B+phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, once Solution B+chloroform, twice
Bos grunniens horn 56.6/1.60 58.9/1.41 50.2/1.67
Bubalus bubalis horn 77.4/1.48 69.5/1.51 73.9/1.68
Capra hircus horn 50.5/1.44 57.8/1.50 52.7/1.78
Ovis aries horn 67.5/1.43 62.4/1.51 60.1/1.77
Bos taurus horn 65.0/1.43 67.3/1.48 56.9/1.67
Commercial medicine 57.3/1.50 47.2/1.50 55.1/1.76
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431118962926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

The optimization result of of different purification method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples DNA concentration/ng·μL-1/DNA purity (A260/A280)
Solution B+chloroform, once Solution B+phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, once Solution B+chloroform, twice
Bos grunniens horn 56.6/1.60 58.9/1.41 50.2/1.67
Bubalus bubalis horn 77.4/1.48 69.5/1.51 73.9/1.68
Capra hircus horn 50.5/1.44 57.8/1.50 52.7/1.78
Ovis aries horn 67.5/1.43 62.4/1.51 60.1/1.77
Bos taurus horn 65.0/1.43 67.3/1.48 56.9/1.67
Commercial medicine 57.3/1.50 47.2/1.50 55.1/1.76
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431232209152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 508 571
A1 A T
A2 T C
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431324483855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

The intraspecific variable sites in the COI sequence ofBubalus bubalis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 508 571
A1 A T
A2 T C
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431458701603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 11 220 226 235 496 499 601
B1 C T T C T C T
B2 C C C T C T C
B3 T T T C T C T
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431576142130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

The intraspecific variable sites in the COI sequence of Bos grunniens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 11 220 226 235 496 499 601
B1 C T T C T C T
B2 C C C T C T C
B3 T T T C T C T
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431660028223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 12 50 157 184 265 382 502 607 634 646
C1 T C C A C A G C C T
C2 C T T G T T A T T C
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431794245968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=

The intraspecific variable sites in the COI sequence ofBos taurus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 12 50 157 184 265 382 502 607 634 646
C1 T C C A C A G C C T
C2 C T T G T T A T T C
), ArticleFig(id=1218968431915880799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 151 334
D1 T C
D2 C C
D3 T T
), ArticleFig(id=1218968432075264369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 9, caption=

The intraspecific variable sites in the COI sequence ofCapra hircus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 151 334
D1 T C
D2 C C
D3 T T
), ArticleFig(id=1218968432201093502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 157 187 359 385 406 472 490 523 544 565 601
E1 T T T T C C T T C T T
E2 T C C C C A T C C T C
E3 T C C T T C T T C T T
E4 T T C T C C T T C T T
E5 T T C T C C T T T C T
E6 C T C T C C T T C T T
E7 T T C T C C C T C T T
), ArticleFig(id=1218968432310145426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1218263332969173905, language=CN, label=Table 10, caption=

The intraspecific variable sites in the COI sequence ofOvis aries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Haplotype 157 187 359 385 406 472 490 523 544 565 601
E1 T T T T C C T T C T T
E2 T C C C C A T C C T C
E3 T C C T T C T T C T T
E4 T T C T C C T T C T T
E5 T T C T C C T T T C T
E6 C T C T C C T T C T T
E7 T T C T C C C T C T T
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基于COI序列的水牛角及其易混伪品DNA条形码鉴定研究
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刘旭朝 1, 2 , 周丽思 1 , 刘金欣 1, 3 , 贾静 1 , 宋经元 1, * , 石林春 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2017,52(3): 494-499
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2017, 52(3): 494-499
基于COI序列的水牛角及其易混伪品DNA条形码鉴定研究
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刘旭朝1, 2, 周丽思1, 刘金欣1, 3, 贾静1, 宋经元1, * , 石林春1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 2.山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 3.承德医学院, 河北省中药研究与开发重点实验室, 河北 承德 067000

通讯作者:

* 宋经元, Tel:86-10-57833206, E-mail:;
石林春, Tel:86-10-57833199, E-mail:
Identification of water buffalo horn and its adulterants using COI barcode
Xu-zhao LIU1, 2, Li-si ZHOU1, Jin-xin LIU1, 3, Jing JIA1, Jing-yuan SONG1, * , Lin-chun SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 3. Hebei Key Laboratory of Study and Exploitation of Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
出版时间: 2017-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1020
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水牛角作为犀角的代用品是急症用药安宫牛黄丸的主要成份,近年来常有混伪品流入市场,急需建立有效鉴定方法。本研究共收集155份原动物及市售水牛角样品,通过优化DNA提取方法,PCR扩增、双向测序、序列拼接获得153条COI序列。93份原动物COI序列经条形码间隔法和建树法核验后纳入中药材DNA条形码动物药材数据库,利用中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统(www.tcmbarcode.cn)对62份市售水牛角药材进行鉴定。除2份市售药材无法获得COI序列外,54.8%的市售药材为水牛角,29%的市售药材为牦牛角。本研究表明牦牛角为市售水牛角药材主要伪品来源,DNA条形码技术可用于区分水牛角及其易混伪品,应加强市场监管,以确保急症用药临床疗效。

水牛角  /  COI序列  /  DNA条形码  /  鉴定  /  混伪品

Bubali cornu (water buffalo horn) has been used as the substitute for Cornu rhinoceri asiatici (rhino horn) in clinical applications, and is the essential ingredient of Angong Niuhuang Wan. In recent years, there are a number of adulterants on the commercial herbal medicine markets. An efficient tool is required for species identification. In this study, 155 Bubali cornu samples have been taken from original animals and collected from commercial herbal medicine markets. 153 COI sequences have been successfully obtained from 155 samples through DNA extraction, PCR amplification, bidirectional sequencing and assembly. 93 COI sequences have been added to the DNA barcoding database of traditional Chinese animal medicine after validation using DNA barcoding GAP and tree-based methods. The species identification of the 62 commercial Bubali cornu medicines has been accomplished on the DNA barcoding system for identifying herbal medicine using the updated animal medicine database (www.tcmbarcode.cn). Except two samples failed to obtain COI sequences, 54.8% of the commercial Bubali cornu medicines were water buffalo horns and 29% were yak horns. Our results showed that yak horn was the major adulterant of Bubali cornu and the DNA barcoding method may accurately discriminate Bubali cornu and their adulterants. Therefore, we recommend that supervision on the herbal medicine markets should be strengthened with this new method to warren the effectiveness of herbal medicines.

water buffalo horn  /  COI sequences  /  DNA barcoding  /  identification  /  adulterants
刘旭朝, 周丽思, 刘金欣, 贾静, 宋经元, 石林春. 基于COI序列的水牛角及其易混伪品DNA条形码鉴定研究. 药学学报, 2017 , 52 (3) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1020
Xu-zhao LIU, Li-si ZHOU, Jin-xin LIU, Jing JIA, Jing-yuan SONG, Lin-chun SHI. Identification of water buffalo horn and its adulterants using COI barcode[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2017 , 52 (3) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1020
水牛角为牛科动物水牛Bubalus bubalisLinnaeus的角, 取角后, 水煮, 除去角塞, 干燥[1]。上世纪60年代因犀角资源稀少, 商品奇缺, 价格昂贵, 科研工作者选取乙脑、小儿暑热等病症开展水牛角替代犀角临床实践研究, 指出“水牛角的性味、归经、功用、主治, 与犀角近似, 水牛角可用于犀角的适应症”[2]。1977版《中国药典》增加对水牛角和水牛角浓缩粉的收载[3]。1993年国务院颁布《关于禁止犀牛角和虎骨贸易的通知》, 《中国药典》删除收载犀角, 中药处方中所含有的犀角成分全部由水牛角或水牛角浓缩粉代替。2015版《中国药典》(一部) 收载含水牛角或水牛角浓缩粉的中成药44种[1], 占所收载中药成方及单味制剂总量的11%, 包含被誉为中医治疗高热症“瘟病三宝”的安宫牛黄丸、局方至宝散和紫雪 (散)。市售水牛角的商品规格以水牛角丝为主, 缺乏完整性状鉴定特征, 难以准确鉴定到物种, 药市中常有以牦牛角或其他牲畜角混作水牛角销售现象, 急需建立有效的鉴定方法。
DNA条形码技术利用基因组内一段标准序列对物种进行鉴定, 不受材料外观形态影响[4], 已经纳入《中国药典》[5, 6], 适用于中药材 (包括药材及部分饮片) 及基原物种的鉴定。本研究以COI序列为DNA条形码, 尝试建立基于DNA条形码技术的水牛角及其易混伪品鉴定方法, 为水牛角准确鉴别提供新方法, 保障其临床用药安全。
本研究共收集水牛角及其易混品的原动物和市售药材样品155份, 其中62份样品为市售水牛角药材, 来自安徽亳州药市、河北安国药市、四川荷花池药市、广西玉林药市等全国19个省份, 所有实验样品均保存于中国医学科学院药用植物研究所 (表 1表 2)。
DNA提取、PCR扩增及测序  使用超纯水将角类样品清洗干净。对于全角、角尖、角丝, 使用75%乙醇 (体积分数) 擦拭样品表面, 置于经紫外消毒的通风橱内30 min以挥干乙醇。使用骨钻、刮刀、剪刀、钥匙等工具取约60 mg样品, 使用液氮充分研磨至细粉。使用柱式骨骼DNAout试剂盒 (北京天恩泽基因科技有限公司) 提取总DNA。采用Nano Drop 2000 (Thermo Scientific, USA) 测定DNA浓度及A260/A280值。序列扩增、测序及数据处理依照中药材DNA条形码分子鉴定法指导原则进行[6]
序列分析  采用BLAST和系统树 (NJ树) 分析防错方法, 核验新获得原动物COI序列的准确性, 并将核验准确的序列加入中药材DNA条形码动物药材数据库[7]。基于中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统[8]对市售水牛角药材进行鉴定。使用MEGA6.0软件构建系统发育树 (NJ树), 利用Bootstrap (1 000次重复) 检验各分支的支持率[9]
选取水牛、牦牛、黄牛、山羊、绵羊等5种原动物角类样品各1份, 市售水牛角样品1份, 从取样量、水浴时间和纯化流程3方面优化DNA提取方法。具体结果为: ①取样量:比较取样量30、60、90和200 mg对提取DNA浓度的影响。结果发现当取样量为60和90 mg时, DNA浓度均大于50 ng·μL-1 (表 3); ②水浴时间:在取样量为60 mg时, 比较水浴时间0.5、1、2、8 h对提取DNA浓度的影响, 结果显示当水浴0.5和1 h时, DNA浓度在50~100 ng·μL-1之间 (表 4); ③纯化流程:在取样量为60 mg、水浴时间1 h条件下, 比较3种纯化流程对提取DNA纯度的影响, 结果表明当采取溶液B+氯仿抽提2次时, 提取DNA的A260/A280值均在1.65~1.80之间 (表 5)。
共获得93条水牛角及其易混伪品的原动物COI序列, 经核验后均已纳入中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统数据库。水牛角共20条序列, 分为2个单倍型 (A1、A2), 含2个变异位点; 牦牛角共13条序列, 分为3个单倍型 (B1~B3), 含7个变异位点; 黄牛角共14条序列, 分为2个单倍型 (C1、C2), 含10个变异位点; 山羊角共28条序列, 分为3个单倍型 (D1~D3), 含2个变异位点; 绵羊角共18条序列, 分为7个单倍型 (E1~E7), 含11个变异位点。变异位点信息见表 6~10。5种原动物种内最大K-2P距离均小于0.015、种内平均K-2P距离均小于0.008。基于原动物单倍型构建的NJ系统发育树可以看出, 5种原动物各自聚为一支, 可以相互区分, Bootstrap支出率均为100%, 见图 1
登录中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统, 点击鉴定功能模块, 选择中药材DNA条形码动物药材数据库, 对购自药材市场和药店的水牛角药材进行基原物种鉴定, 结果表明: 34份市售水牛角药材基原动物为水牛, 占54.8%; 18份市售水牛角药材基原动物为牦牛, 占29.0%; 3份市售水牛角药材基原动物为山羊, 占4.8%, 2份样品无法获得COI序列, 占3.2%; 5份样品无法鉴定到基原物种, 已被卵菌 (oomycetes)、子囊菌 (ascomycetes)、甲虫 (beetles)、蛾 (moths) 等外源物污染, 占8.1 %鉴定结果见表 2
稳定获得高质量DNA是水牛角DNA条形码鉴定的前提。水牛角是高度角质化的真皮组织, 由角质细胞组成, 质地坚韧, 富含蛋白质, 存储过程中表面易发生虫蛀或霉变。因此, 如何充分消化角质细胞, 使DNA更易溶出, 避免虫蛀霉变部位污染, 是水牛角DNA成功提取的关键。①避免污染:市售水牛角商品规格有去角塞整角 (个子)、角尖、角丝、角粉, 个子、角尖和角丝可用75%乙醇清洗表面, 并在通风橱或超净工作台内挥干乙醇。角粉可先使用无菌水浸泡, 再使用75%乙醇短时清洗, 低速离心后弃去上清, 沉淀物在烘箱中低温烘干, 但实验结果显示5份角粉均发生虫蛀或霉变, 可能与角粉存储时间较长或存储方法不当有关。②研磨方法:实验初期, 将水牛角用组织研磨仪 (Retsch MM400) 研磨2~3次, 发现组织研磨仪不能将样品充分研碎, 消化效果较差, 需使用液氮将水牛角研磨至细粉。③提高DNA提取浓度和质量:减少取样量 (30~60 mg)、延长水浴时间 (1~2 h), 并将原有试剂盒中“加入溶液B和氯仿抽提”的操作重复1次, 可更好的去除蛋白质, 获得较高质量的DNA。
近年来水牛养殖数量持续下降, 水牛角制工艺品价格走高, 水牛角资源紧缺, 牦牛角已成为水牛角主要混伪品来源, 本研究中发现29%的市售药材为牦牛角。全世界约90%的牦牛生活在我国青藏高原等地区, 资源丰富, 且牦牛角丝与水牛角丝功能主治、外观性状一定程度相似。根据中华本草记载[10], 牦牛角具有清热解毒、凉血熄风的功效, 主治高热惊痫、血热出血等症。Wang等[11]研究证实牦牛角粗提取液有明显的解热和镇痛作用, 并从牦牛角粗提取液中分离得到不同分子量大小的具有解热和镇痛作用多肽。Shen等[12]比较西藏牦牛角替代古方犀角汤中的犀角后对发热家兔的退热作用, 认为其退热作用与原古方作用相当。Wang等[13, 14]通过元素、氨基酸、牛磺酸、胆固醇、氨基己糖等分析认为牦牛角较为接近犀 (广) 角。Shi等[15]观察发现牦牛角超细粉对小鼠大剂量灌胃给药后, 小鼠自发活动明显减少, 表明牦牛角超细粉具有镇静催眠作用。但是, 在尚不明确其能否代替中药犀角应用于临床的情况下应加强对市售水牛角药材的监管, 以避免牦牛角混作水牛角使用。
据2015版《中国药典》记载[1], 水牛角的鉴别方法为性状鉴别法和粉末显微鉴别法。市售水牛角药材商品规格多以牛角尖、牛角丝或牛角粉形式出现, 其外观形态已被破坏, 缺乏进行性状鉴定的形态特征。运用粉末显微鉴别法鉴定水牛角药材真伪要求鉴定人员具有扎实的专业背景知识和丰富的鉴定经验, 易受水牛角镑片和角尖粉碎工艺的影响。近年来, DNA条形码技术已广泛应用于植物类中药材 (包括药材及部分饮片) 及基原物种的鉴定[16, 17], 在动物类中药材的研究主要集中在水蛭[18]、地龙[19]、鹿茸[20]、蕲蛇[21]等较易获得DNA的动物药材中。Zhang等[22]通过实验和GenBank下载获得《中国药典》45种动物药材的51种原动物COI序列, 为基于COI条形码鉴定《中国药典》中动物药材提供参考。Yan等[23]运用DNA条形码技术对传统角类药材进行了鉴定研究, 并对保护濒危动物及其代替品的寻找提供了参考方法, 但该研究序列扩增为新设计的特异引物, 其应用具有一定的局限性。Jia等[24]利用DNA条形码技术对市售鹿茸粉的基原物种进行鉴定, 证实了DNA条形码技术可准确、有效鉴别市售鹿茸粉饮片。本研究基于COI作为DNA条形码序列, 对市售水牛角进行基原鉴定, 证明DNA条形码技术可准确、有效鉴别市售水牛角药材。DNA条形码技术为《中国药典》关于水牛角的鉴定方法提供了有效的辅助手段, 可作为水牛角真伪鉴定的新方法, 同时也为中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统数据库提供了补充, 对保障传统角类药材的临床用药安全具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81303158)
  • 国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2014ZX09304307001)
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2017年第52卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-1020
  • 接收时间:2016-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2017-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2016-10-20
  • 修回日期:2016-12-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81303158)
国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2014ZX09304307001)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193
    2.山东中医药大学药学院, 山东 济南 250355
    3.承德医学院, 河北省中药研究与开发重点实验室, 河北 承德 067000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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