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affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1222513653123899995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222513653174231650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, companyId=1222513653123899995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=null, refs=null, funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1222513653123899995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222513653174231650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, companyId=1222513653123899995, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222513654038258337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Diagram for crystallography of dasatinib-Abl kinase complex , figureFileSmall=pHFLXJTqhNtsqzG7kvcFnQ==, figureFileBig=BgGG09F6BITyFvmP6Ix6Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222513654130533030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TdaUcvZPY954VYQo12Up5g==, figureFileBig=Ho2uPzK6nRXGbeBIoM+FxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222513654239584942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Docking diagram of dasatinib to Src kinase , figureFileSmall=TdaUcvZPY954VYQo12Up5g==, figureFileBig=Ho2uPzK6nRXGbeBIoM+FxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222513654461883082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Compd. R1 R2 IC50/μmol·L-1
r-Lck* h-Lck**
1 - - 6.6 5.0
2 H 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 3.0 1.5
3 H 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph 9.6 28
4 H 2, 6-(CH3)2-Ph 7.5 4.4
5 H 4-Br, 2, 6-(CH3)2-Ph 2.4 1.4
6 H 2, 6-(Cl)2-Ph - 12.5
7 H 2, 2-(CH3)2-Pr > 50 -
8 H 1, 2-(CH3)2-Pr > 50 > 50
9 H 2, 5-(CH3)2-3-pyrroline > 50 -
10 4-Formylpiperazine > 50 -
11 Cyclohexylmethylamine > 50 -
12 H Ph > 50 -
13 H 2, 4-(Cl)2-Ph > 50 -
14 H 2-NO2-Ph > 50 -
15 H 3-OCH3-5-CF3-Ph > 50 -
16 H 2-CH3-Ph 45.7 -
17 H 2-CH3-6-iPr-Ph 40.3 -
18 H 2, 6-(iPr)2-Ph > 50 -
19 H 2-OCH3-6-CH3-Ph 24.3 -
20 H 2-C(CH3)3-6-CH3-Ph > 50 -
), ArticleFig(id=1222513654533186256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

SAR of 2-t-butyloxycarbonylamino-4-methylthiazole 5-substituted carboxamides. *Mouse Lck kinase; **Human Lck kinase

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Compd. R1 R2 IC50/μmol·L-1
r-Lck* h-Lck**
1 - - 6.6 5.0
2 H 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 3.0 1.5
3 H 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph 9.6 28
4 H 2, 6-(CH3)2-Ph 7.5 4.4
5 H 4-Br, 2, 6-(CH3)2-Ph 2.4 1.4
6 H 2, 6-(Cl)2-Ph - 12.5
7 H 2, 2-(CH3)2-Pr > 50 -
8 H 1, 2-(CH3)2-Pr > 50 > 50
9 H 2, 5-(CH3)2-3-pyrroline > 50 -
10 4-Formylpiperazine > 50 -
11 Cyclohexylmethylamine > 50 -
12 H Ph > 50 -
13 H 2, 4-(Cl)2-Ph > 50 -
14 H 2-NO2-Ph > 50 -
15 H 3-OCH3-5-CF3-Ph > 50 -
16 H 2-CH3-Ph 45.7 -
17 H 2-CH3-6-iPr-Ph 40.3 -
18 H 2, 6-(iPr)2-Ph > 50 -
19 H 2-OCH3-6-CH3-Ph 24.3 -
20 H 2-C(CH3)3-6-CH3-Ph > 50 -
), ArticleFig(id=1222513654654821080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 IC50/μmol·L-1
r-Lck h-Lck
21 Methoxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.72 0.7
22 2-Furanyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph - 0.36
23 Phenyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.32 0.80
24 Methylamino 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.17 0.24
25 n-Butylamino 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.07 0.03
26 Phenyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 0.71
27 Methylamino 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 4.5
28 n-Butylamino 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 0.62
), ArticleFig(id=1222513654755484382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

SAR of substituted 2-acylamino and 5-amino compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 IC50/μmol·L-1
r-Lck h-Lck
21 Methoxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.72 0.7
22 2-Furanyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph - 0.36
23 Phenyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.32 0.80
24 Methylamino 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.17 0.24
25 n-Butylamino 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph 0.07 0.03
26 Phenyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 0.71
27 Methylamino 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 4.5
28 n-Butylamino 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph - 0.62
), ArticleFig(id=1222513654851953378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 h-Lck IC50/μmol·L-1
2 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CH3 1.5
31 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CH3CH2 > 30
3 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph Ph > 30
33 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CF3 > 30
34 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph H > 30
35 2-Furanyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 3.1
36 Phenyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 0.89
37 Cyclopropyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 0.035
38 Cyclopropyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph H 0.018
39 Cyclopropyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph CH3 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1222513654944228073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

SAR of compounds with varied 4-group and 5-substituted amido group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R1 R2 R3 h-Lck IC50/μmol·L-1
2 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CH3 1.5
31 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CH3CH2 > 30
3 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph Ph > 30
33 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph CF3 > 30
34 t-Butyloxy 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph H > 30
35 2-Furanyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 3.1
36 Phenyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 0.89
37 Cyclopropyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph H 0.035
38 Cyclopropyl 2, 4, 6-(CH3)3-Ph H 0.018
39 Cyclopropyl 2-Cl, 6-CH3-Ph CH3 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655065862898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R h-Lck IC50/μmol·L-1
37 Cyclopropyl 0.035
40 Cyclobutyl > 3.13
41 Cyclopentyl 1.34
42 2-Thienyl 2.23
43 3-Thienyl 0.017
44 1-Methylpropyl > 3.13
45 2-Methylpropyl > 3.13
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655191692022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

SAR of compounds with varied 2-acylamino group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R h-Lck IC50/μmol·L-1
37 Cyclopropyl 0.035
40 Cyclobutyl > 3.13
41 Cyclopentyl 1.34
42 2-Thienyl 2.23
43 3-Thienyl 0.017
44 1-Methylpropyl > 3.13
45 2-Methylpropyl > 3.13
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655309132539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
37 c-Propioformyl 35 884
46 2-Pyridyl 1.2 140
47 3-Pyridyl 6.7 870
48 4-Pyridyl 10 270
49 4-Pyridazinyl 4 350
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655405601534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of varied aromatic heterocyclic compounds on the activities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
37 c-Propioformyl 35 884
46 2-Pyridyl 1.2 140
47 3-Pyridyl 6.7 870
48 4-Pyridyl 10 270
49 4-Pyridazinyl 4 350
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655535624967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
46 1.2 140
50 < 1 106
51 1.1 106
52 0.5 85
53 7.3 365
54 4 140
55 1 (Ki = 130 pmol·L-1) 80
56 50 -
57 2 883
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655648871182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

SAR of substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. R IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
46 1.2 140
50 < 1 106
51 1.1 106
52 0.5 85
53 7.3 365
54 4 140
55 1 (Ki = 130 pmol·L-1) 80
56 50 -
57 2 883
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655736951572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. X R1 R2 IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
54 CH CH3 CH3 4 140
55 N CH3 CH3 1 (Ki = 130 pmol·L-1) 80
58 CH H < 0.2 75
59 CH H 0.5 8
60 CH H < 0.5 2
61 N H 0.5 3
62 N CH3 1.3 5
63 N CH3 0.7 7
64 N CH3 0.2 23
65 N CH3 0.7 4
66 N CH3 0.4 3
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655837614878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Activity of compounds with varied alkali side chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd. X R1 R2 IC50/nmol·L-1
h-Lck T cell
54 CH CH3 CH3 4 140
55 N CH3 CH3 1 (Ki = 130 pmol·L-1) 80
58 CH H < 0.2 75
59 CH H 0.5 8
60 CH H < 0.5 2
61 N H 0.5 3
62 N CH3 1.3 5
63 N CH3 0.7 7
64 N CH3 0.2 23
65 N CH3 0.7 4
66 N CH3 0.4 3
), ArticleFig(id=1222513655938278178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Kinase IC50/nmol·L-1
Bcr-Abl 1.0
Sic 0.50
Lck 0.40
Yes 0.50
c-kit 5.0
PDGFRa 28
P38 100
Her1 180
Her2 710
FGFR-1 880
MEK 1 700
VEGFR-2 2 000
CDK2 5 000
IKK > 50 000
AKT > 50 000
FAL > 50 000
IGF-1R > 50 000
IR > 50 000
MK2 > 50 000
PKCα, δ, τ, ζ > 50 000
), ArticleFig(id=1222513656026358571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466388959159030, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=

Activity of compound 66 on kinases

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Kinase IC50/nmol·L-1
Bcr-Abl 1.0
Sic 0.50
Lck 0.40
Yes 0.50
c-kit 5.0
PDGFRa 28
P38 100
Her1 180
Her2 710
FGFR-1 880
MEK 1 700
VEGFR-2 2 000
CDK2 5 000
IKK > 50 000
AKT > 50 000
FAL > 50 000
IGF-1R > 50 000
IR > 50 000
MK2 > 50 000
PKCα, δ, τ, ζ > 50 000
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首创的二代药物达沙替尼
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2019,54(1): 182-186
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2019, 54(1): 182-186
首创的二代药物达沙替尼
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2019-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-0592
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郭宗儒. 首创的二代药物达沙替尼. 药学学报, 2019 , 54 (1) : 182 -186 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-0592
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2019 , 54 (1) : 182 -186 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-0592
新药创制是复杂的智力活动, 涉及科学研究、技术创造、产品开发和医疗效果等多维科技活动。每个药物都有 自身的研发轨迹, 而构建化学结构是最重要的环节, 因为它涵盖了药效、药代、安全性和生物药剂学等多维性质。本 栏目以药物化学视角, 对有代表性的药物的成功构建, 加以剖析和解读。
达沙替尼是治疗对伊马替尼产生耐药的白血病患者的药物, 因而被认为是第二代产品。其实, 它是全新的首创 性药物, 从先导物的发现到优化过程, 没有借鉴所谓第一代的结构和药效团信息, 而是完全借助药物化学的探索和 构效关系的分析, 精雕细刻地构建出全新结构的分子, 在这当中, 分子设计与晶体结构和分子模拟的互动而相得益 彰。(编者按)
酪氨酸激酶已是药物治疗许多疾病的靶标, 在Src激酶家族中的Lck激酶主要表达于T细胞和自然杀伤细胞(NK cell)中, Lck激酶对T细胞的发育、激活和T细胞抗原受体的信号通路都起着重要作用。Lck激酶的生化功能是将T细胞的免疫受体酪氨酸活化域的残基磷酸化, 经过下游的信号转导, 导致T细胞活化和增殖。Lck抑制剂可阻止T细胞的活化, 治疗T细胞介导的自身免疫疾病和炎症, 如多发性硬化病、关节炎和牛皮癣等。
研发Lck激酶抑制剂, 评价化合物的活性包括:酶、细胞、半体内以及整体动物实验。用以下5种方法: ①生化方法测定对鼠源和人源的重组Lck激酶的抑制活性。这两种酶的同源性84.4%, 实验表明, 受试物对这两种酶的活性相近且平行, 构效关系有认同性。②对T细胞增殖的抑制活性是用单抗的方法测定96孔板的放射性3H-胸苷的含量, 评价T细胞增殖的效果。③评价化合物抑制白介素-2 (IL-2)生成的活性用灌胃小鼠, 经半体内放免方法测定血中IL-2水平。④评价化合物抑制肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的生成作用是用小鼠静脉注射脂多糖造模, 放免法测定血中的IL-2水平。⑤用关节炎佐剂致大鼠炎症, 通过测量后趾肿胀的体积, 评价化合物抑制大鼠炎症的活性。
BMS公司经高通量筛选库存化合物, 发现氨基噻唑酰胺(1)对小鼠和人源Lck酶有弱抑制活性, IC50分别为6.6 μmol·L-1和5.0 μmol·L-1, 但抑制T细胞活性很弱IC50 > 10 μmol·L-1。化合物2是合成1的中间体(Boc保护), 抑酶活性强于1一倍。为此, 固定Boc基团, 变换取代的苯胺部分, 化合物及其结构列于表 1
表 1的数据显示, 变换取代的苯胺片段的活性起伏很大, 构效关系比较窄促, 表现在①酰基芳仲胺活性较高(2~6), 而酰基脂肪族仲胺或叔胺活性弱(7~11); ②苯环的2, 6位同时存在小取代基的活性强于只有单边取代的化合物(12~16), 也强于尺寸较大的双取代化合物(17~20)。
上节的优化操作表明苯环的2, 4, 6-或2, 6-取代基有利于活性, 为此, 固定苯环上的取代基, 变换叔丁氧羰基, 考察对Lck的抑制活性, 有代表性的化合物列于表 2
此外, 用平行合成的方法合成了各种酰胺和脲基的取代, 结果表明抑制Lck酶仍维持高活性。化合物2的叔丁基换成甲基(21), 尺寸变小活性增强。叔丁氧基变成芳基、杂芳基或烷基脲化合物的活性也提高。
以化合物2为参比物(对h-Lck IC50值为1.5 μmol·L-1), 将两个连接基酰胺的NH分别甲基化, 化合物2930的活性锐减, IC50 > 50 μmol·L-1, 提示两个NH同时存在的重要性。
固定叔丁氧羰基和2, 4, 6-三甲基苯基不变, 变换噻唑环的4位甲基, 无论增大基团或换成氢原子的化合物(31~34)都使活性显著降低。但叔丁氧羰基换成较小基团, 而噻唑4位无取代的35~39活性很高。表 3列出了这些化合物的结构与活性数据。
化合物38分子对接Lck激酶表明, 苯胺处的NH与Thr316侧链的羟基形成氢键, 2-氨基噻唑NH和环上N分别与骨架上Met319的羰基和NH形成氢键。所以, 两个N分别被甲基化削弱了结合力。苯基被2, 6位的取代基限制性阻转, 以定向的取向结合于疏水腔中。图 1是化合物38与Lck激酶的分子对接图。
化合物38的活性强于37一倍, 推测均三甲苯胺的电荷比较丰富, 体内容易发生代谢, 因而以37为新的起点, 变换化合物37的环丙基。表 4列出的化合物对离体h-Lck的活性表明, 该环丙烷片段的构效关系非常狭窄而严格, 扩环(4041)或甲基取代(4445)都引起活性降低, R基只有3-噻吩基(化合物43)活性较高, 但只表现于酶水平的活性, 因为43对细胞增殖的活性IC50 > 2 μmol·L-1, 故不可取。这样, 37成为优选的化合物。
化合物37对h-Lck IC50呈现高活性, 而且对泛Src家族和Jak3激酶有强效抑制作用, 而对其他家族激酶的活性很低, 选择性达300~700倍以上。37的抑制T细胞增殖活性IC50值为0.88 μmol·L-1, 可认为是个里程碑化合物(Wityak J, Das J, Moquin RVD, et al. Discovery and initial SAR of 2-amino-5- carboxamidothiazoles as inhibitors of the Src-family kinase p56Lck. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1993, 13: 4007-4010)。
前述表 3表 4的构效关系表明, 环丙酰胺基的结合位点是紧缩的构象限制的空间, 柔性的或大体积的片段不利于结合。下一步的结构优化是固定2-甲基-6-氯苯胺的片段不变(已是优化了的结构因素), 用芳杂环置换环丙酰基, 就是将羰基的双键融合在芳杂环系统中, 以保持紧缩的结构限制状态。表 5列出了该系列的化合物活性。
表 5的构效关系提示, 2-吡啶基替换环丙甲酰基化合物(46)抑制Lck激酶和T细胞增殖活性优于化合物37, 但46的位置异构体3-或4-吡啶基的活性变弱(4748)。为了揭示是否因不同位置的氮原子碱性不同而影响活性的因素, 合成了碱性更强的4-哒嗪基化合物(49), 其活性在4647之间, 提示不是碱性的强弱所致。
化合物37是优选的结构片段, 对环上作取代基变换以考察构效关系, 合成的有代表性的化合物列于表 6。结果显示, 2-吡啶系环上引入2′-或3′-甲基化合物(5051)的活性与44相当, 但4′-或5′-甲基取代(5253)活性降低5~7倍。双取代的化合物(5455)仍维持高活性。2-嘧啶环上4′, 6′-二甲基取代的化合物56活性下降。这些信息进一步说明该处与酶的结合具有严格的结构要求。
化合物55抑制激酶和抑制T细胞增殖活性都强于其他化合物, 但与酶活性相比对细胞仍有差距, 下一步是优化抑制细胞的活性, 从透入细胞的能力入手。
化合物5455是对酶和T细胞活性较高的抑制剂, 杂环分别是二甲基吡啶和二甲基嘧啶, 作为新的里程碑化合物, 为优化药代性质, 在吡啶或嘧啶的一个甲基上连接含有弱碱性的基团, 以便提高极性增加溶解性, 改善药代动力学性质, 当然, 前提是保持对酶和T细胞的抑制活性。所合成的有代表性化合物列于表 7中。
表 7中的3个吡啶系列的化合物抑制Lck激酶的活性都很高, 它们之间难以区分, 但评价对细胞的活性则吗啉与咪唑化合物(5960)的活性高于乙醇胺(58)。这种趋势也反映在嘧啶系列中。吗啉直接连在嘧啶环上(6162)抑制酶和T细胞增殖的IC50都在10 nmol·L-1以下。不过化合物66的活性最强, 是嘧啶环上连接羟乙基哌嗪片段, 抑制T细胞的活性为化合物55的30倍。进而用多种激酶评价了化合物66的选择性作用, 表 8列出的有代表性的数据表明66对Scr家族有较强的抑制活性。
大鼠以剂量10 mg·kg-1静脉注射和灌胃化合物66, 血浆达峰浓度Cmax为2 μmol·L-1, tmax为1 h, 半衰期t1/2和平均保留时间为4 h, 血浆清除率CL为29 mL·min-1·kg-1, 分布容积Vsss为12 L·kg-1, 大鼠灌胃的生物利用度F为65% (Chen P, Norris D, Das J, et al. Discovery of novel 2-(aminoheteroaryl)-thiazole-5-carboxamides as potent and orally active Src-family kinase p56Lck inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2004, 14: 6061-6066; Das J, Chen P, Norris D, et al. 2-Aminothiazole as a novel kinase inhibitor template. Structure activity relationship studies toward the discovery of N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-[[6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl)]-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]amino)]-1, 3-thiazole-5-carboxamide (dasatinib, BMS-354825) as a potent pan-Src kinase inhibitor. J Med Chem, 2006, 49: 6819-6832)。
化合物66是泛Scr激酶的高活性和选择性抑制剂, 具有良好的物理化学和药代动力学性质, 为此, BMS公司确定66为候选化合物, 定名达沙替尼(dasatinib)。经Ⅲ期临床研究, 于2006年FDA批准上市, 用于治疗伊马替尼耐药或不能耐受的慢性骨髓性白血病所有病期的成人患者。同时, FDA也批准达沙替尼治疗对其他疗法耐药或不能耐受的费城染色体阳性的急性淋巴细胞性白血病成人患者。
达沙替尼(66)与Abl复合物单晶衍射揭示了与酶活性中心的结合特征(图 2), 二者之间形成3组氢键是①苯胺的NH与Met318的羰基之间; ②噻唑环上氮原子作为氢键接受体与Met318的NH形成氢键; ③另一个酰胺的氮原子与Thr315的羟基形成氢键。形成的这3组氢键对于达沙替尼与突变耐药的Abl结合是非常重要的。而且, 这对于揭示达沙替尼与Src激酶的结合特征也是有帮助的。图 3是达沙替尼分子对接到Src激酶的ATP结合位点并经能量优化得到的分子模拟图。在Abl复合物的3组氢键同样在与Src激酶的结合中出现。此外, 达沙替尼酰胺羰基与Lys295也形成氢键, 2-氯-6-甲基苯甲酰胺处于蛋白深部的疏水腔中, 取代的嘧啶环处于Leu273和Gly344形成的疏水裂隙中, 这也解释了这部分结构不允许有较大和柔性的片段存在。此外, 助溶基团2-羟乙基哌嗪伸向水相, 未与酶发生特异性结合。
2019年第54卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2016-0592
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2019-01-12
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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