Article(id=1241779362849161527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682524800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992871248, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992871248, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992871248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992871248, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241779355555266850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='737', pageEnd='920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992869509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992925624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779590985749489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779590985749490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=740, endPage=749, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241779363130179904, articleId=1241779362849161527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Discussion on the quality status of Arnebiae Radix based on the national drug sampling and testing in 2015 and 2022*, columnId=1241779356482208035, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Column on Quality Evaluation of Arnebiae Radix, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The national drug sampling and inspection project is an important way of drug quality supervision in China which providing strong support for drug supervision and standard improvement. This article summarizes the national drug sampling and inspection project of Arnebiae Radix completed by Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control in 2015 and 2022. The results illustrated that the qualification rate of Arnebiae Radix has increased from 43.9% in 2015 to 87.5%,and the qualification rate of Arnebiae Radix has significantly increased. The two nationwide inspections of Arnebiae Radix reflected the scarcity of Arnebiae Radix resources in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia,resulting in a high market share of unqualified samples. The thin layer identification spots of the unqualified Arnebiae Radix sampled in 2015 were not consistent with the qualified samples. The thin layer identification of the unqualified samples sampled in 2022 was consistent with those of the qualified samples,but the depth of the spots were not consistent with those of the qualified samples,indicating that the current unqualified samples were adulterated samples,which posing greater challenges to the quality supervision of Arnebiae Radix. Through the exploratory research of twice National Drug Sampling and Inspection Project,it is preliminarily believed that it is of great significance to improve the standard test items of Arnebiae Radix,scientifically establish the limit value and strengthen the construction of the quality control system for the supervision.

, correspAuthors=Shuang-cheng MA, Jian ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-yun DAI, Jie LIU, Su-ning YUN, Chao-jie LIAN, Fei QIAO, Ke ZAN, Li-nong GUO, Shuang-cheng MA, Jian ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241779367878132122, articleId=1241779362849161527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于2015年和2022年国家药品抽检探讨紫草的质量现状*, columnId=1241779358067654949, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=紫草类民族药材的品质评价研究专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

国家药品抽检工作是我国对药品质量监管的重要手段,为药品监管和标准完善提供了有力支持。本文对2015年和2022年中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所完成的紫草品种的国家药品抽检工作进行总结,结果显示紫草的合格率由2015年的43.9%提高到87.5%,紫草合格率大幅度提升。2次全国性的紫草抽检,都反映了新疆紫草资源匮乏,内蒙紫草濒临枯竭,导致目前市场上的紫草饮片不合格样品占有率较高。2015年抽检的不合格样品的薄层鉴别斑点部分与合格样品一致,2022年抽检的不合格样品薄层鉴别与合格样品一致,但斑点的深浅程度与合格样品不一致,提示现在的不合格样品为掺伪样品,给紫草的质量监管带来更大的挑战。通过2次抽检工作的探索性研究初步认为,完善紫草药典标准,科学建立检验项目及加强质控体系建设对紫草监管有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=马双成, 郑健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 马双成 Tel:(010)53852076;E-mail:;
郑健 Tel:(010)53852080;E-mail:
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戴胜云 Tel:(010)53852078;E-mail:;

刘杰 Tel:(010)53851401;E-mail:

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Technical regulations for cultivation of a green food raw material Arnebia Radix [J]. 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A:1.新疆紫草对照药材(Arnebiae Radix reference) 2~7.不合格样品(unqualified samples) B:1,10.内蒙紫草样品(Arnebia guttata Bunge samples) 2,9.新疆紫草对照药材(Arnebiae Radix reference) 3~8.抽检样品(samples)

, figureFileSmall=OEELCD+6qMi4UNIWhsarGA==, figureFileBig=A2MXEm2EsYXBd8qSt2TuXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377101407014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The classification of the thin layer chromatogram, figureFileSmall=khSkxwHYQ1A4LMk0Ou4JKQ==, figureFileBig=OofD/oB77ob2BJFaHDW1bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377206264618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=图5, caption=薄层色谱分类图

C1.β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁(β,β’-dimethylacrylalkannin) C2.乙酰紫草素(acetylshikonin) C3. β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁(β-acetoxyisovalerylshikonin) S1.新疆紫草对照药材(Arnebiae Radix reference) S2.第一类样品(the first kind of samples) S3.第二类样品(the second kind of samples) S4.第三类样品(the third kind of samples)

, figureFileSmall=khSkxwHYQ1A4LMk0Ou4JKQ==, figureFileBig=OofD/oB77ob2BJFaHDW1bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377315316530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The classification results of PLS-DA model of samples, figureFileSmall=4gJQP77xNzEqKytnXkHbzA==, figureFileBig=UE7+urMgfeoT0uyYXalc4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377411785525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=图6, caption=抽检样品的PLD-DA模型分类结果, figureFileSmall=4gJQP77xNzEqKytnXkHbzA==, figureFileBig=UE7+urMgfeoT0uyYXalc4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377487283003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The cultivation base of Arnebiae Radix, figureFileSmall=NwRRiaBt1A4V+V0RzbbYUQ==, figureFileBig=zC8CwG62qU8B66zhDGnMvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377608917824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=图7, caption=新疆紫草栽培基地

A.大棚种植基地(greenhouse planting base) B.仿野生种植基地(imitation wild planting base)

, figureFileSmall=NwRRiaBt1A4V+V0RzbbYUQ==, figureFileBig=zC8CwG62qU8B66zhDGnMvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779377734746947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The changes in the origin of Arnebiae Radix in the ChP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
《中国药典》版本
(edition of ChP)
紫草基原
(the origin of Arnebiae Radix)
紫草的种属情况
(the species of Arnebiae Radix)
1963—1985新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
紫草(Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.)紫草属(Lithospermum L.)
1990—2005新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
内蒙紫草(黄花软紫草)(Arnebia guttata Bunge)
紫草(Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.)紫草属(Lithospermum L.)
2010—2020新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
内蒙紫草(黄花软紫草)(Arnebia guttata Bunge)
), ArticleFig(id=1241779377927684936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

《中国药典》中收载的紫草基原的变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
《中国药典》版本
(edition of ChP)
紫草基原
(the origin of Arnebiae Radix)
紫草的种属情况
(the species of Arnebiae Radix)
1963—1985新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
紫草(Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.)紫草属(Lithospermum L.)
1990—2005新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
内蒙紫草(黄花软紫草)(Arnebia guttata Bunge)
紫草(Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.)紫草属(Lithospermum L.)
2010—2020新疆紫草[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.]软紫草属(Arnebia Forssk.)
内蒙紫草(黄花软紫草)(Arnebia guttata Bunge)
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378032542544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

List of national drug sampling and inspection project of Arnebiae Radix in 2015 and 2022

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品种名称
(name of variety)
年份
(year)
总批次数
(total batch)
覆盖省区
(coverage of province and district)
生产企业数(涉及省)
[number of manufacturing enterprises(province involved)]
不符合规定的批次数
(number of non-compliant batches)
合格率
(percent of pass)/%
主要的不符合规定项目
(major non-compliant project)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)201522831152(30)12843.9【性状】、【鉴别】(2)、【含量测定】(1)[description,identification(2),assay(1)]
紫草皮(Onosmae Radicis Suber)2015625(2)0100
滇紫草(Onosma paniculatum20151326(2)0100
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2022882364(18)1187.5【性状】、【含量测定】(1)(2)[description,assay(1)(2)]
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378129011539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2015年和2022年紫草的国家抽检情况一览表

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品种名称
(name of variety)
年份
(year)
总批次数
(total batch)
覆盖省区
(coverage of province and district)
生产企业数(涉及省)
[number of manufacturing enterprises(province involved)]
不符合规定的批次数
(number of non-compliant batches)
合格率
(percent of pass)/%
主要的不符合规定项目
(major non-compliant project)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)201522831152(30)12843.9【性状】、【鉴别】(2)、【含量测定】(1)[description,identification(2),assay(1)]
紫草皮(Onosmae Radicis Suber)2015625(2)0100
滇紫草(Onosma paniculatum20151326(2)0100
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2022882364(18)1187.5【性状】、【含量测定】(1)(2)[description,assay(1)(2)]
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378351309656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The inspection items and inspection basis of Arnebiae Radix in 2015 and 2022

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品种名称
(name of variety)
年份
(year)
检验项目
(inspection item)
检验依据
(inspection basis)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2015【性状】、【显微鉴别】、【薄层鉴别】(description,microscopic identification,thin layer chromatography identification)ChP 2010一部(Vol Ⅰ)
紫草皮(Onosmae Radicis Suber)2015【性状】(description)《四川省中药饮片炮制规范》2002年版及《重庆市中药饮片炮制规范及标准》2006年版(Processing Standard of Chinese Herbal Pieces in Sichuan Province,2002 edition,Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Processing Standards and Standards,2006 edition)
滇紫草(Onosma paniculatum2015【性状】(description)《云南省中药饮片标准》2005年版第一册(Yunnan Province Chinese Herbal Pieces Standard,2005 edition,Vol Ⅰ)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2022【性状】、【薄层鉴别】(description,thin layer chromatography identification)ChP 2020一部(Vol Ⅰ)
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378548441953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2015年和2022年抽检紫草的检验项目和检验依据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种名称
(name of variety)
年份
(year)
检验项目
(inspection item)
检验依据
(inspection basis)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2015【性状】、【显微鉴别】、【薄层鉴别】(description,microscopic identification,thin layer chromatography identification)ChP 2010一部(Vol Ⅰ)
紫草皮(Onosmae Radicis Suber)2015【性状】(description)《四川省中药饮片炮制规范》2002年版及《重庆市中药饮片炮制规范及标准》2006年版(Processing Standard of Chinese Herbal Pieces in Sichuan Province,2002 edition,Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Processing Standards and Standards,2006 edition)
滇紫草(Onosma paniculatum2015【性状】(description)《云南省中药饮片标准》2005年版第一册(Yunnan Province Chinese Herbal Pieces Standard,2005 edition,Vol Ⅰ)
紫草(Arnebiae Radix)2022【性状】、【薄层鉴别】(description,thin layer chromatography identification)ChP 2020一部(Vol Ⅰ)
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378678465381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

List of contents (parts) of the standards of Arnebiae Radix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种
(kind)
制法
(making method)
性状
(description)
鉴别(identification)检验依据
(inspection basis)
显微鉴别
(microscopic identification)
薄层色谱鉴别
(thin layer chromatography identification)
新疆紫草
[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.)]
除去泥沙,干燥(remove sediment,dry)呈不规则的长圆柱形,多扭曲,长7~20 cm,直径1~2.5 cm。表面紫红色或紫褐色,皮部疏松,呈条形片状,常10余层重叠,易剥落。顶端有的可见分歧的茎残基。体轻,质松软,易折断,断面不整齐,木部较小,黄白色或黄色。气特异,味微苦、涩(It is irregularly long cylindrical,much twisted,7-20 cm long,and 1-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface is purplish-red or purplish-brown,and the skin is lax,in the form of striped flakes,often more than 10 overlapping layers,easy to peel off. Some of the apical parts are visible as divergent stem stumps. The body is light,fluffy,and easy to break,the section is not neat,and the wood part is small,yellowish-white,or yellow. Gas specific,taste slightly bitter,astringent.)粉末深紫红色。非腺毛单细胞,直径13~56 μm,基部膨大大成喇叭状,壁具纵细条纹,有的胞腔内含紫红色色素。栓化细胞红棕色,表面观呈多角形或圆多角形,含紫红色色素。薄壁细胞较多,淡棕色或无色,大多充满紫红色色素。导管主为网纹导管,少有具缘纹孔导管,直径7~110 μm(Powder deep purplish red. Non-glandular hairs unicellular,13-56 μm in diameter,base expanded into a trumpet shape,wall with longitudinal fine stripes,some of the lumen contains purple-red pigment. Embolized cells were reddish brown,polygonal,or rounded polygonal in surface view,containing purple-red pigment. Thin-walled cells were more numerous,light brown or colorless,mostly filled with purple-red pigment. The ducts are mainly reticulated,with few ciliated ducts,with a diameter of 7-110 μm.)取本品粉末0.5 g,加石油醚(60~90 ℃)20 mL,超声处理20 min,滤过,滤液浓缩至约1 mL,作为供试品溶液。另取紫草对照药材0.5 g,同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法(附录Ⅵ B)试验,吸取上述两种溶液各4 μL,分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上,以环己烷-甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(5:5:0.5:0.1)为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干。供试品色谱中,在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上,显相同的紫红色斑点;再喷以10%氢氧化钾甲醇溶液,斑点变为蓝色。(Take 0.5 g of this product powder,add petroleum ether(60-90 ℃)20 mL,ultrasonic treatment for 20 min,filtration,filtrate concentrated to about 1 mL,as a test solution. Also take 0.5 g of Arnebiae Radix reference,the same method into the control herb solution. According to the thin layer chromatography(Appendix VI B)test,the above two solutions each 4 μL were spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate,with cyclohexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid(5:5:0.5:0.1)as the unfolding agent,unfolding,take out,and dry. In the chromatogram of the test article,in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control herb,the same purple-red spot was shown;then sprayed with 10% potassium hydroxide methanol solution,the spot changed to blue.)ChP 2010一部(Vol Ⅰ);ChP 2020一部(Vol Ⅰ)
紫草皮
(Onosmae Radicis Suber)
本品为紫褐色的片块,大小不等,多数层重叠。表面略粗糙,有皱纹,内表面较平滑。体轻,质易碎。气微;味微酸、涩(This product is a purple-brown flake,varying in size,with most layers overlapping. The surface is rough and wrinkled,and the inner surface is smooth. It is light and fragile. Slight gas;slightly acidic and astringent flavor.)2006年版《重庆市中药饮片炮制规范及标准》(Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Processing Standards and Standards,2006 edition)《四川省中药饮片炮制规范》2002年版(Processing Standard of Chinese Herbal Pieces in Sichuan Province,2002 edition)
滇紫草
Onosma paniculatum
本品为片状,大小不等,常数层重叠。外表面略粗糙,灰棕色至棕褐色;内表面较平滑,暗红色至暗紫色,有的可见棕黄色细根或须根痕。体轻质软,易折断。气微,味淡(This product is in the form of tablets,varying in size,often overlapping layers. The outer surface is slightly rough,gray-brown to brown;the inner surface is smoother,dark red to dark purple,some can see brownish-yellow fine roots or root scars. The body is light and soft,easy to break—slight gas,light flavor.)2005年版《云南省中药饮片标准》第一册(Yunnan Province Chinese Herbal Pieces Standard,2005 edition,volume Ⅰ)
), ArticleFig(id=1241779378808488810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779362849161527, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

紫草标准内容(部分)收载情况一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种
(kind)
制法
(making method)
性状
(description)
鉴别(identification)检验依据
(inspection basis)
显微鉴别
(microscopic identification)
薄层色谱鉴别
(thin layer chromatography identification)
新疆紫草
[Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst.)]
除去泥沙,干燥(remove sediment,dry)呈不规则的长圆柱形,多扭曲,长7~20 cm,直径1~2.5 cm。表面紫红色或紫褐色,皮部疏松,呈条形片状,常10余层重叠,易剥落。顶端有的可见分歧的茎残基。体轻,质松软,易折断,断面不整齐,木部较小,黄白色或黄色。气特异,味微苦、涩(It is irregularly long cylindrical,much twisted,7-20 cm long,and 1-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface is purplish-red or purplish-brown,and the skin is lax,in the form of striped flakes,often more than 10 overlapping layers,easy to peel off. Some of the apical parts are visible as divergent stem stumps. The body is light,fluffy,and easy to break,the section is not neat,and the wood part is small,yellowish-white,or yellow. Gas specific,taste slightly bitter,astringent.)粉末深紫红色。非腺毛单细胞,直径13~56 μm,基部膨大大成喇叭状,壁具纵细条纹,有的胞腔内含紫红色色素。栓化细胞红棕色,表面观呈多角形或圆多角形,含紫红色色素。薄壁细胞较多,淡棕色或无色,大多充满紫红色色素。导管主为网纹导管,少有具缘纹孔导管,直径7~110 μm(Powder deep purplish red. Non-glandular hairs unicellular,13-56 μm in diameter,base expanded into a trumpet shape,wall with longitudinal fine stripes,some of the lumen contains purple-red pigment. Embolized cells were reddish brown,polygonal,or rounded polygonal in surface view,containing purple-red pigment. Thin-walled cells were more numerous,light brown or colorless,mostly filled with purple-red pigment. The ducts are mainly reticulated,with few ciliated ducts,with a diameter of 7-110 μm.)取本品粉末0.5 g,加石油醚(60~90 ℃)20 mL,超声处理20 min,滤过,滤液浓缩至约1 mL,作为供试品溶液。另取紫草对照药材0.5 g,同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法(附录Ⅵ B)试验,吸取上述两种溶液各4 μL,分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上,以环己烷-甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸(5:5:0.5:0.1)为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干。供试品色谱中,在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上,显相同的紫红色斑点;再喷以10%氢氧化钾甲醇溶液,斑点变为蓝色。(Take 0.5 g of this product powder,add petroleum ether(60-90 ℃)20 mL,ultrasonic treatment for 20 min,filtration,filtrate concentrated to about 1 mL,as a test solution. Also take 0.5 g of Arnebiae Radix reference,the same method into the control herb solution. According to the thin layer chromatography(Appendix VI B)test,the above two solutions each 4 μL were spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate,with cyclohexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid(5:5:0.5:0.1)as the unfolding agent,unfolding,take out,and dry. In the chromatogram of the test article,in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control herb,the same purple-red spot was shown;then sprayed with 10% potassium hydroxide methanol solution,the spot changed to blue.)ChP 2010一部(Vol Ⅰ);ChP 2020一部(Vol Ⅰ)
紫草皮
(Onosmae Radicis Suber)
本品为紫褐色的片块,大小不等,多数层重叠。表面略粗糙,有皱纹,内表面较平滑。体轻,质易碎。气微;味微酸、涩(This product is a purple-brown flake,varying in size,with most layers overlapping. The surface is rough and wrinkled,and the inner surface is smooth. It is light and fragile. Slight gas;slightly acidic and astringent flavor.)2006年版《重庆市中药饮片炮制规范及标准》(Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Processing Standards and Standards,2006 edition)《四川省中药饮片炮制规范》2002年版(Processing Standard of Chinese Herbal Pieces in Sichuan Province,2002 edition)
滇紫草
Onosma paniculatum
本品为片状,大小不等,常数层重叠。外表面略粗糙,灰棕色至棕褐色;内表面较平滑,暗红色至暗紫色,有的可见棕黄色细根或须根痕。体轻质软,易折断。气微,味淡(This product is in the form of tablets,varying in size,often overlapping layers. The outer surface is slightly rough,gray-brown to brown;the inner surface is smoother,dark red to dark purple,some can see brownish-yellow fine roots or root scars. The body is light and soft,easy to break—slight gas,light flavor.)2005年版《云南省中药饮片标准》第一册(Yunnan Province Chinese Herbal Pieces Standard,2005 edition,volume Ⅰ)
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基于2015年和2022年国家药品抽检探讨紫草的质量现状*
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戴胜云 1 , 刘杰 1 , 袁苏宁 2 , 连超杰 1 , 乔菲 1 , 昝珂 1 , 过立农 1 , 马双成 1, ** , 郑健 1, **
药物分析杂志 | 紫草类民族药材的品质评价研究专栏 2024,44(5): 740-749
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药物分析杂志 | 紫草类民族药材的品质评价研究专栏 2024, 44(5): 740-749
基于2015年和2022年国家药品抽检探讨紫草的质量现状*
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戴胜云1 , 刘杰1 , 袁苏宁2, 连超杰1, 乔菲1, 昝珂1, 过立农1, 马双成1, ** , 郑健1, **
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • 2.伊犁哈萨克自治州检验检测认证研究院,伊犁 835000
  • 戴胜云 Tel:(010)53852078;E-mail:;

    刘杰 Tel:(010)53851401;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 马双成 Tel:(010)53852076;E-mail:;
郑健 Tel:(010)53852080;E-mail:
Discussion on the quality status of Arnebiae Radix based on the national drug sampling and testing in 2015 and 2022*
Sheng-yun DAI1 , Jie LIU1 , Su-ning YUN2, Chao-jie LIAN1, Fei QIAO1, Ke ZAN1, Li-nong GUO1, Shuang-cheng MA1, ** , Jian ZHENG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2.Yili Institute of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Yili 835000, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.01
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国家药品抽检工作是我国对药品质量监管的重要手段,为药品监管和标准完善提供了有力支持。本文对2015年和2022年中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所完成的紫草品种的国家药品抽检工作进行总结,结果显示紫草的合格率由2015年的43.9%提高到87.5%,紫草合格率大幅度提升。2次全国性的紫草抽检,都反映了新疆紫草资源匮乏,内蒙紫草濒临枯竭,导致目前市场上的紫草饮片不合格样品占有率较高。2015年抽检的不合格样品的薄层鉴别斑点部分与合格样品一致,2022年抽检的不合格样品薄层鉴别与合格样品一致,但斑点的深浅程度与合格样品不一致,提示现在的不合格样品为掺伪样品,给紫草的质量监管带来更大的挑战。通过2次抽检工作的探索性研究初步认为,完善紫草药典标准,科学建立检验项目及加强质控体系建设对紫草监管有重要意义。

紫草  /  国家药品抽检  /  质量标准  /  法定检验  /  探索性研究

The national drug sampling and inspection project is an important way of drug quality supervision in China which providing strong support for drug supervision and standard improvement. This article summarizes the national drug sampling and inspection project of Arnebiae Radix completed by Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine,National Institutes for Food and Drug Control in 2015 and 2022. The results illustrated that the qualification rate of Arnebiae Radix has increased from 43.9% in 2015 to 87.5%,and the qualification rate of Arnebiae Radix has significantly increased. The two nationwide inspections of Arnebiae Radix reflected the scarcity of Arnebiae Radix resources in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia,resulting in a high market share of unqualified samples. The thin layer identification spots of the unqualified Arnebiae Radix sampled in 2015 were not consistent with the qualified samples. The thin layer identification of the unqualified samples sampled in 2022 was consistent with those of the qualified samples,but the depth of the spots were not consistent with those of the qualified samples,indicating that the current unqualified samples were adulterated samples,which posing greater challenges to the quality supervision of Arnebiae Radix. Through the exploratory research of twice National Drug Sampling and Inspection Project,it is preliminarily believed that it is of great significance to improve the standard test items of Arnebiae Radix,scientifically establish the limit value and strengthen the construction of the quality control system for the supervision.

Arnebiae Radix  /  national drug sampling and testing  /  quality standard  /  statutory examine  /  exploratory research
戴胜云, 刘杰, 袁苏宁, 连超杰, 乔菲, 昝珂, 过立农, 马双成, 郑健. 基于2015年和2022年国家药品抽检探讨紫草的质量现状*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 740 -749 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.01
Sheng-yun DAI, Jie LIU, Su-ning YUN, Chao-jie LIAN, Fei QIAO, Ke ZAN, Li-nong GUO, Shuang-cheng MA, Jian ZHENG. Discussion on the quality status of Arnebiae Radix based on the national drug sampling and testing in 2015 and 2022*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (5) : 740 -749 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.01
国家药品抽检工作(以下简称“国家抽检”)自2008年实施以来,在药品质量评价、监管及质量控制水平提高等方面发挥了重要作用[1-2]。在抽检工作中,对不合格药品及时发布质量公告并进行严厉查处,有力震慑了药品市场的不法行为[3-4]。在国家抽检工作中开展探索性研究,对检验中发现的问题进行分析,搭建国家药品抽检与标准提高之间的快速通道,更好地将这些数据转化应用,促进标准提升[5-6]
民族药是中国传统医药的重要组成部分,是我国民族医药文化遗产的宝贵财富[7]。但与中药、西药相比,民族药的有效性和安全性评价体系尚需提高,安全性与有效性成为影响和制约民族药产业发展的瓶颈问题。自2015年开始,中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所(以下简称“中检院中药所”)在开展国家抽检的工作中陆续增加了民族药品种[8],主要考察民族药品种的基原混乱问题以及市场上经常出现的药材非药用部位用药等问题,选择少数民族地区常用的药材品种,以发现民族药存在的共性问题,探求解决方法。2015年中检院中药所选择了紫草开展国家抽检工作,紫草存在品种多基原问题,很多不合格样品在市场上混用,常见的有滇紫草属的样品与进口紫草样品,这些品种的混入导致紫草的药材市场混乱。时隔7年,中检院中药所于2022年再次选择紫草品种开展“回头看”研究工作,从2015年发现紫草问题,经过7年时间对紫草进行追踪调研,建立紫草补充检验方法,修订紫草药典标准,进一步检验紫草的抽检情况。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称“《中国药典》”)收载的紫草为紫草科植物新疆紫草Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst.或内蒙紫草Arnebia guttata Bunge的干燥根[9],春、秋二季采挖,除去泥沙,干燥,其功能为清热凉血、活血解毒、透疹消斑,用于血热毒盛、斑疹紫黑、麻疹不透等。紫草主产于新疆及西藏西部,生于海拔2 500~4 200 m砾石山坡、洪积扇、草地及草甸等处,在印度西北部、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、克什米尔地区、阿富汗、伊朗及西伯利亚均有分布。紫草是民族地区的常用药材,也是常用大宗中药材,其需求量不断升高[10]。现有可查的应用紫草药材的中成药处方122条,含紫草的中药方剂195条。
1963年版《中国药典》收载紫草为紫草科新疆紫草Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst.或紫草Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.的干燥根[11-13]。从1990年版起,《中国药典》收载基原增加内蒙紫草Arnebia guttata Bunge,即1990年版《中国药典》中收录了紫草科的3种植物,软紫草属的新疆紫草、内蒙紫草和紫草属的硬紫草Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.[14-17],一直持续到2005年版《中国药典》。但2010年版《中国药典》只收载紫草科新疆紫草和内蒙紫草2个基原,并一直延续至今[18-19]。从《中国药典》对紫草收载情况可知,紫草的基原一直在变化(表1),这也从侧面反映了紫草存在的品种多基原问题,导致紫草药材市场混乱。
紫草现行药典标准中的检验项目包括【性状】【鉴别】【检查】(水分)和【含量测定】,标准涉及的项目较为全面,但是还缺少【灰分】【酸不溶性灰分】【浸出物】和【分子生物学】等项目。
2015年抽取22个省、5个自治区、4个直辖市的3种紫草饮片共247批样品(如表2所示)。生产企业主要集中于安徽省(35家)和河北省(18家),主要是因为全国最大的2个药材饮片集散地亳州药材市场与安国药材市场分别位于安徽省与河北省。
2022年抽取17个省、3个自治区、3个直辖市的紫草饮片共88批样品(如表2所示)。被抽样单位涉及经营单位44批,生产单位19批,使用单位25批。紫草按照生产单位所属省份,覆盖全国18个省、自治区、直辖市,共44家。生产企业主要在安徽省(14家)和河北省(11家),这一点与2015年的抽样情况一致。
2015年抽检的紫草为2010年版《中国药典》一部收载品种,检验依据为2010年版《中国药典》一部,开展部分检验工作,检验项目为【性状】、【显微鉴别】和【薄层鉴别】(如表3所示)。2015年抽检的紫草品种除药典规定的新疆紫草外,还有云南、四川、重庆等地使用的滇紫草属植物,如滇紫草、露蕊滇紫草、密花滇紫草等。滇紫草收载于云南省地方中药材饮片标准《云南省中药饮片标准》(2005年版第一册),地方中药材饮片标准收载紫草皮的有《四川省中药材标准》(2010年版)、《四川省中药饮片炮制规范》(2002年版)及《重庆市中药饮片炮制规范及标准》(2006年版)。
2022年抽检的紫草全部为2020年版《中国药典》一部收载品种,检验依据为2020年版《中国药典》一部,开展部分检验工作,检验项目为【性状】和【薄层鉴别】(如表34所示)。
2015年抽检的紫草,按2010年版《中国药典》紫草项下检验【性状】、【显微鉴别】、【薄层鉴别】的共228批,符合规定100批,合格率43.9%,其中【性状】符合规定而【含量】不符合规定的有21批,【性状】与【薄层鉴别】不符合规定有107批。按地方标准中滇紫草、紫草皮项下检验【性状】的共19批,其中四川5批,重庆1批,云南13批,全部符合规定(如表2所示)。
2022年抽检的紫草按2020年版《中国药典》紫草项下检验【性状】、【薄层鉴别】的共88批,符合规定77批,合格率87.5%,其中【性状】不符合规定的10批,【含量测定】不符合规定的1批。
2次抽检的情况反映出紫草的市场情况不断变好,合格率大幅度提升,2022年抽检的紫草均为《中国药典》收载的品种,检验依据清晰。
2015年抽检的紫草不合格样品共计107批,经鉴定为非药典规定的新疆紫草或内蒙紫草。2015年抽检的性状不合格紫草如图1所示,样品的皮部质稍硬,可见较宽的条形片状,木部较大,而正品新疆紫草皮部质松软,呈条形片状,木部较小(图2)。2015年抽检的不合格样品条形片状非常明显,和正品存在明显区别。2022年抽检的不合格紫草性状表现为有合格样品也有不合格样品,呈现的是掺伪状态,如图3所示,同一份样品中可以看到质硬的较宽条形片状样品,也可以看到质软的条形片状样品,目前市场情况变好但是也变得更复杂,需要结合其他的分析技术对紫草的真伪优劣进行鉴别。根据多年来对紫草的调研发现,紫草本身存在品种多基原问题,尤其是紫草和滇紫草的外观相似,极易混淆,因此现在市场上常见的掺伪样品包括滇紫草属药材与进口药材,这些品种的混入导致紫草的药材市场混乱。
2015年抽检的紫草样品【薄层鉴别】不符合规定有107批,如图4-A所示,供试品色谱中,在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上,部分显相同颜色的斑点,对于不一致的斑点,如图4-A中蓝框中的斑点,通过大量实验确定该斑点为β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁,并建议将该成分作为紫草的标志性物质,用于区分正品和伪品。2022年抽检的紫草样品薄层色谱均符合规定,如图4-B所示。从“3.1”项可知,2022年抽检的不合格紫草样品为掺伪样品,因此薄层色谱中没有缺乏斑点,说明在2015年抽检以后,市场上为了规避薄层色谱中缺乏斑点,人为地掺入了合格样品或者含有β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的样品,如长花滇紫草。由于掺入样品的量不一定,使得斑点的深浅与对照药材的斑点深浅不一致。
从2022年的紫草抽检发现,目前2020年版《中国药典》中收载的薄层色谱不能对掺伪样品进行正确判别,建议修订该方法,以应对现在复杂的紫草市场情况。根据2022年抽检样品的薄层色谱总结现在市场上紫草的情况,修订方法建议将薄层色谱中的3个主要斑点(β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁、乙酰紫草素和β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁)深浅分为3类:第一类为正品,斑点由深至浅为β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁、乙酰紫草素、β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁,如图5中S1和S2样品所示;第二类为乙酰紫草素斑点浅,如S3所示;第三类为β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁斑点浅,如S4所示;第二类和第三类均为不合格样品。
在调研过程中发现,紫草可能会先被提取出紫草素用于其他方面[20],提取后再作为药材使用,可能存在紫草烘干不到位导致水分超标的情况,因此,开展了136批样品的水分测定工作,其中88批为本次抽检样品,48批为自行收集的紫草样品。紫草水分范围为7.2%~18.4%,平均为11.9%。2020年版《中国药典》紫草项下规定水分不得过15.0%。在2022年抽检的样品中,水分大于15.0%的样品包括2批,合格率为98%,不合格的2批样品也存在其他不合格项目,为不合格样品。新疆紫草在制备过程中不需要烘干,理论上水分均应符合规定,但目前发现新疆紫草存在水分不合格的情况,反映了新疆紫草存在其他的前处理过程,导致其水分存在差异;其次,因为样品保存条件的影响,也可能影响水分的含量。
按照2020年版《中国药典》收载的含量测定方法,测定β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁的含量,同时测定乙酰紫草素与β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的含量,并对这3个成分的含量进行分析。
对比2015年与2022年抽检样品的含量测定结果发现,2015年抽检的紫草的β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁含量不合格的样品有21批,2022年含量不合格的样品1批,说明目前紫草质量较2015年有很大的提升。
2个抽检年度的不合格样品中,β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁含量平均值均为0.10%;2022年抽检的部分合格样品中,β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的量也低,但薄层色谱中有较浅的斑点,按照现行标准无法判定为不合格样品。2022年抽检中发现1种新的情况,即乙酰紫草素的量很低,合格样品中乙酰紫草素的量与β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的量的比例为1:1,但抽检部分样品乙酰紫草素含量远低于β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁。
针对以上情况,综合2022年紫草抽检样品和采集样品的含量测定结果,为保证市场上的紫草样品为合格品,解决掺伪的问题,建议规定β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁、β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁和乙酰紫草素3个成分的含量分别不得低于0.3%、0.3%和0.2%,符合该标准的样品为1类,不符合乙酰紫草素含量规定的样品为2类,不符合β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁含量规定的样品为3类,其中2类和3类均为不合格样品,这个分类标准和“3.2”项的薄层色谱分类一致。以该标准对抽检样品进行分类建模,建立PLS-DA模型,模型显示3类样品均可以完全区分,如图6所示。按照该分类方法,紫草的合格率为50%,可以解决目前紫草市场的掺伪情况。
2015年的抽检结果显示,不合格样品的薄层鉴别斑点部分与合格样品一致,含量测定指标成分β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁的量远远高于标准规定限度,但合格样品的该含量仅略微高于标准规定的限度,这也是2015年抽检样品中合格样品和不合格样品之间的区别之一。2015年的不合格样品薄层色谱中主要缺乏β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁,而2022年抽检的样品中均有β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁,但是含量比合格样品低,且薄层斑点深浅程度与对照药材不一致,可能在合格紫草中掺入不合格样品,2次抽检工作显示紫草由全伪样品发展为掺伪样品的现状,表明紫草的市场情况比较严峻。通过分子生物学技术对2022年抽检的不合格样品进行鉴定,按照四分法从同一批抽检紫草中取多份样品测定其DNA条形码,结果发现部分样品的ITS2序列与新疆紫草相差14个碱基,部分样品的碱基完全一致,进一步说明2022年抽检的不合格样品存在掺伪情况,因此需建立稳定、可靠、快速的分析方法更好的控制紫草质量,保证用药的准确。
通过2015年和2022年2次专项抽检工作,紫草存在基原不清与混伪品较多的现象,2次抽检均未抽到内蒙紫草,表明该品种资源非常稀缺。2015年抽检工作结束后,中国食品药品检定院和国家药典委相关工作人员前往新疆开展新疆紫草野生资源调研,2018年前往内蒙古阿拉善盟开展内蒙紫草调研,为紫草的药典标准修订提供基础数据。通过多次调研,发现新疆紫草的野生资源问题,而解决该问题最好的办法是抚育栽培新疆紫草。因此,联合新疆多个单位开展新疆紫草栽培品研究[21],2019年栽培新疆紫草突破瓶颈问题抚育成功,2020—2021年陆续采集部分不同生长年限的栽培新疆紫草开展研究(图7),希望栽培品能够缓解目前野生资源匮乏的问题。
2015年抽检的247批紫草,不合格样品128批;2022年抽检的88批紫草,不合格样品11批。2022年抽检的合格率较2015年有很大提升,表明目前紫草市场有所好转,但探索性研究显示,2022年抽检的样品合格率仍为50%左右,表明紫草仍存在多种质量问题,现行的质量标准不能很好地控制紫草质量。
2020年版《中国药典》中紫草的【性状】和【薄层鉴别】均可区分合格样品和不合格样品,但结果判别不够明确,尤其是对于掺伪样品无法进行鉴别。2022年抽检的样品大部分为饮片,样品被切碎,无法从【性状】上进行区分;2015年抽检的不合格样品,薄层色谱中缺乏β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的斑点,2022年抽检的样品薄层色谱中均存在该斑点,但斑点很浅,无法从薄层色谱的角度判定不合格。【含量测定】指标性成分β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁不具有专属性,难以区分合格样品和不合格样品,而且该成分在不合格样品中含量更高。综合以上3点可以发现,目前紫草的药典标准需要根据市场实际情况进行修订,饮片性状的部分语言表述不够准确,易与不合格样品混淆。正品紫草和掺伪品中β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁【含量测定】项均合格,但β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁较低,有些批次乙酰紫草素含量也低,建议重新修订【含量测定】指标性成分及限度。其次,现行标准缺乏【指纹图谱】或有效成分【特征图谱】等整体质量评价项目,缺乏【浸出物】【总灰分】和【酸不溶性灰分】等质量评价项目,建议进行修订。
紫草存在品种多基原问题,市场上混用多种不合格样品,导致紫草的药材市场混乱;由于资源、种植、标准等多个方面的原因,导致紫草总体质量较差。为提高药材质量,结合2015年和2022年2次国家抽检,提出以下几点意见:①针对目前市场上存在的合格样品和不合格样品紫草,修订现行药典标准,以达到区别合格样品和不合格样品的目的。建议在【薄层色谱】中对3个成分斑点进行全面深入的研究,以修订标准。②合格紫草中β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁的平均含量远高于不合格样品,而合格样品和不合格样品中的β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁的含量均合格,建议修订【含量测定】指标。③针对2022年抽检中出现的新问题,建议对β,β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁、β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁和乙酰紫草素3个成分含量进行规定,分别不得低于0.3%、0.3%和0.2%以保证市场上的紫草样品为合格品,符合该标准的样品为1类,不符合乙酰紫草素规定的样品为2类,不符合β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁规定的样品为3类,其中2类和3类均为不合格样品。④对紫草近源属种进行深入研究,加强紫草基原准确性的研究,使其能够正本清源。为了解决野生新疆紫草资源匮乏的问题,开展相关栽培品研究迫在眉睫。由于新疆紫草生长的海拔较高,种子繁殖缓慢,生长年限对质量具有显著影响,且目前还没有实现规模化种植,如何实现新疆紫草的GAP规范化种植,以解决目前药材饮片市场上的窘境成为当务之急。
  • *中国食品药品检定研究院学科带头人培养基金(2021X4)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区药品监督管理局智力援疆创新拓展人才计划——“新疆特色民族药研究(以新疆紫草为例)团队”项目
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.01
  • 接收时间:2023-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-27
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*中国食品药品检定研究院学科带头人培养基金(2021X4)
新疆维吾尔自治区药品监督管理局智力援疆创新拓展人才计划——“新疆特色民族药研究(以新疆紫草为例)团队”项目
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
    2.伊犁哈萨克自治州检验检测认证研究院,伊犁 835000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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