Article(id=1241779356465434749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693929600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992869725, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717084800000, pubDateStr=2024-05-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992869725, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992869725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992869725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241779355555266850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='737', pageEnd='920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992869509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992925624, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779590985749489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779590985749490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241779355555266850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=859, endPage=865, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241779358600335489, articleId=1241779356465434749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Investigation and risk analysis of microbial contamination in the Chinese herbal medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix in Guangdong province, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To investigate the microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix decoction pieces and analyze the potential safety risks.

Methods:

According to the General Principles of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (referred to as the “Chinese Pharmacopoeia”) (2020 edition <1108 Microbial Limit Examination of Chinese Herbal Medicine>),the total aerobic microbial count (TAMC),total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC),heat-resistant bacterial count,control pathogens,and bile-tolerant gram-negative bacterial count were determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to analyze the dominant microbial species present in representative samples and identify potential objectionable microorganisms.

Results:

There was a high level of uncertainty regarding microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix,and the dominant group in different types had significant differences. The TAMC ranged from 102 to 106 CFU·g-1,while a uneven contamination of bile-tolerant gram-negative bacteria,including potentially pathogenic species such as Acinetobacter baumannii,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae,but Salmonella was not detected in any samples. The total combined yeasts and molds count ranged from 101 to 103 CFU·g-1.

Conclusion:

The microbial contamination in Angelicae Sinensis Radix is severe and uneven. More data is needed to improve testing methods and evaluation standards for assessing the risk of microbial contamination in Chinese herbal medicine. High-throughput sequencing can provide a more accurate assessment of microbial risks in decoction samples of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

, correspAuthors=Jian-wen HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tie-hao LIN, Fan ZHANG, Huan-min ZHU, Jian-wen HONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241779362962411675, articleId=1241779356465434749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=广东省中药饮片当归的微生物污染调查与风险分析, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

考察市售常用中药饮片当归微生物污染情况,分析其中可能存在的安全性风险。

方法:

参考2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)<1108中药饮片微生物限度检查法>,进行需氧菌总数(TAMC)、霉菌酵母菌数(TYMC)、耐热菌总数、控制菌及耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查;采用高通量测序技术分析样品中的优势污染菌属,确定样品中潜在的不可接受微生物。

结果:

市售当归饮片中污染微生物存在高度不确定性;TAMC为102~106 CFU·g-1;耐胆盐革兰阴性菌的污染不均匀,其中具有潜在致病风险的微生物有鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌等;TYMC为101~103 CFU·g-1

结论:

当归微生物污染严重且不均匀,需要积累更多的数据以完善其检验方法和评价标准,高通量测序能更准确地评估中药饮片样本中污染微生物的风险。

, correspAuthors=洪建文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Tel:(020)81886230;E-mail:
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Tel:(020)32447979;E-mail:

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China J Tradit Chin Pharm201439(22):4475, articleTitle=Development of Chinese herbal pieces and analysis of problems of total quality management, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241779363214069921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241779363222458531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, companyId=1241779363214069921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=NMPA Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Quality Control for Microbiology in Prepared Slices of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510663, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241779363230847141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, companyId=1241779363214069921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东省药品检验所 广东省药品监管局中药饮片污染微生物风险评估与控制重点实验室,广州 510663)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241779367911690627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Analysis of microbial data in 25 batches of Angelica sinensis samples, figureFileSmall=l2yTUdvYxRB82gom+D5rSw==, figureFileBig=4W0xPttjlkQUisivgxm/WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779368016548235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=CN, label=图1, caption=25批次当归样品微生物负载量分析, figureFileSmall=l2yTUdvYxRB82gom+D5rSw==, figureFileBig=4W0xPttjlkQUisivgxm/WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779368352092576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of dominant genus of Angelicae Sinensis Radix, figureFileSmall=jqWgw+ixYF5VH9gbPKEpAQ==, figureFileBig=Au57o1156uGmsw3AbVp58Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779368465338790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=CN, label=图2, caption=当归优势菌属分析, figureFileSmall=jqWgw+ixYF5VH9gbPKEpAQ==, figureFileBig=Au57o1156uGmsw3AbVp58Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779368574390701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Identification results of cultivable microorganisms in Angelica sinensis.

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污染微生物来源(source of contaminated microorganisms)
(phylum)

(class)

(order)

(family)

(genus)

(strain)
控制菌检查平板分离(separated from bacteric control test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae9
克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella5
沙雷氏菌属(Serratia2
假单胞菌目(Pseu-domonadales莫拉菌科(Moraceae不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter2
放线菌(Actinobacteria放线菌(Actinobacteria微球菌目(Micrococcoidea微球菌科(Micrococcaceae微球菌属(Micrococcus3
厚壁菌(Firmicutes芽孢杆菌(Bacillibacteria芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcidae葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus3
芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae芽孢杆菌属(Bacillaceae8
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查平板分离(separated from bile salt tolerant gram negative bacteria test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae11
克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella5
假单胞菌目(Pseu-domonadales假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas5
耐热TSA平板分离(sepa-rated from heat resistant microorganisms test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria黄单胞菌目(Xanthomonadales黄单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas1
厚壁菌(Firmicutes芽孢杆菌(Bacillibacteria芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus10
), ArticleFig(id=1241779368645693878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

当归污染微生物中可培养微生物的鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染微生物来源(source of contaminated microorganisms)
(phylum)

(class)

(order)

(family)

(genus)

(strain)
控制菌检查平板分离(separated from bacteric control test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae9
克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella5
沙雷氏菌属(Serratia2
假单胞菌目(Pseu-domonadales莫拉菌科(Moraceae不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter2
放线菌(Actinobacteria放线菌(Actinobacteria微球菌目(Micrococcoidea微球菌科(Micrococcaceae微球菌属(Micrococcus3
厚壁菌(Firmicutes芽孢杆菌(Bacillibacteria芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcidae葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus3
芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae芽孢杆菌属(Bacillaceae8
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查平板分离(separated from bile salt tolerant gram negative bacteria test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae11
克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella5
假单胞菌目(Pseu-domonadales假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas5
耐热TSA平板分离(sepa-rated from heat resistant microorganisms test)变形菌(Proteobacteriaγ变形菌(Gamma proteobacteria黄单胞菌目(Xanthomonadales黄单胞菌科(Xanthomonadaceae黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas1
厚壁菌(Firmicutes芽孢杆菌(Bacillibacteria芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus10
), ArticleFig(id=1241779368737968570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Objectionable microorganisms detected based on high-throughput sequencing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染菌分类
(classification of contaminated microorganisms)
样品编号
(sample number)
样品中不可接受微生物
(objectionable microorganisms separated from Angelica sinensis
蓝藻门(CyanobacteriaDG01-DG10/
变形菌门(ProteobacteriaDG01-DG10鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、粘质沙雷菌(Serratia marcescens
厚壁菌门(FirmicutesDG06、DG04、DG07、DG10蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、白色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus albus
放线菌门(ActinobacteriaDG03、DG06、DG07化脓棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium.pyogenes
拟杆菌门(BacteroidetesDG05、DG06、DG07/
), ArticleFig(id=1241779368809271742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241779356465434749, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于高通量测序检测到的不可接受微生物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染菌分类
(classification of contaminated microorganisms)
样品编号
(sample number)
样品中不可接受微生物
(objectionable microorganisms separated from Angelica sinensis
蓝藻门(CyanobacteriaDG01-DG10/
变形菌门(ProteobacteriaDG01-DG10鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、粘质沙雷菌(Serratia marcescens
厚壁菌门(FirmicutesDG06、DG04、DG07、DG10蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、白色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus albus
放线菌门(ActinobacteriaDG03、DG06、DG07化脓棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium.pyogenes
拟杆菌门(BacteroidetesDG05、DG06、DG07/
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广东省中药饮片当归的微生物污染调查与风险分析
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林铁豪 , 张帆 , 朱欢敏 , 洪建文 *
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(5): 859-865
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(5): 859-865
广东省中药饮片当归的微生物污染调查与风险分析
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林铁豪 , 张帆, 朱欢敏, 洪建文*
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  • 广东省药品检验所 广东省药品监管局中药饮片污染微生物风险评估与控制重点实验室,广州 510663
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Investigation and risk analysis of microbial contamination in the Chinese herbal medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix in Guangdong province
Tie-hao LIN , Fan ZHANG, Huan-min ZHU, Jian-wen HONG*
Affiliations
  • NMPA Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Quality Control for Microbiology in Prepared Slices of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510663, China
出版时间: 2024-05-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.14
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目的:

考察市售常用中药饮片当归微生物污染情况,分析其中可能存在的安全性风险。

方法:

参考2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)<1108中药饮片微生物限度检查法>,进行需氧菌总数(TAMC)、霉菌酵母菌数(TYMC)、耐热菌总数、控制菌及耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查;采用高通量测序技术分析样品中的优势污染菌属,确定样品中潜在的不可接受微生物。

结果:

市售当归饮片中污染微生物存在高度不确定性;TAMC为102~106 CFU·g-1;耐胆盐革兰阴性菌的污染不均匀,其中具有潜在致病风险的微生物有鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌等;TYMC为101~103 CFU·g-1

结论:

当归微生物污染严重且不均匀,需要积累更多的数据以完善其检验方法和评价标准,高通量测序能更准确地评估中药饮片样本中污染微生物的风险。

中药饮片  /  当归  /  微生物污染  /  高通量测序  /  不可接受微生物  /  限度检查
Objective:

To investigate the microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix decoction pieces and analyze the potential safety risks.

Methods:

According to the General Principles of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (referred to as the “Chinese Pharmacopoeia”) (2020 edition <1108 Microbial Limit Examination of Chinese Herbal Medicine>),the total aerobic microbial count (TAMC),total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC),heat-resistant bacterial count,control pathogens,and bile-tolerant gram-negative bacterial count were determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to analyze the dominant microbial species present in representative samples and identify potential objectionable microorganisms.

Results:

There was a high level of uncertainty regarding microbial contamination in commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix,and the dominant group in different types had significant differences. The TAMC ranged from 102 to 106 CFU·g-1,while a uneven contamination of bile-tolerant gram-negative bacteria,including potentially pathogenic species such as Acinetobacter baumannii,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae,but Salmonella was not detected in any samples. The total combined yeasts and molds count ranged from 101 to 103 CFU·g-1.

Conclusion:

The microbial contamination in Angelicae Sinensis Radix is severe and uneven. More data is needed to improve testing methods and evaluation standards for assessing the risk of microbial contamination in Chinese herbal medicine. High-throughput sequencing can provide a more accurate assessment of microbial risks in decoction samples of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

Chinese herbal medicine decoction pieces  /  Angelicae Sinensis Radix  /  microbial contamination  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  objectionable microorganisms  /  microbial limit examination
林铁豪, 张帆, 朱欢敏, 洪建文. 广东省中药饮片当归的微生物污染调查与风险分析. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 859 -865 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.14
Tie-hao LIN, Fan ZHANG, Huan-min ZHU, Jian-wen HONG. Investigation and risk analysis of microbial contamination in the Chinese herbal medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix in Guangdong province[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (5) : 859 -865 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.14
中药材及饮片作为中医药的重要组成部分,是中医临床用药的基础,既可以在中医临床中配方使用,也可以用于中成药生产。中药饮片作为中药产业链的重要一环,已制定出较为完善的饮片炮制、检测和限量标准,但在对污染微生物的控制方面仍存在明显的差距。为合理制定《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)中药饮片微生物限度标准,国家药典委员会从2013年起,在国家药品标准提高计划中先后启动了“中药饮片污染微生物数据库的建立”“中药饮片微生物限度标准的研究”和“中药饮片耐热菌的研究及污染微生物数据库的扩建”3项科研任务,希望在较客观、真实地反映当前国内中药饮片污染微生物状况的基础上,对中药饮片中污染微生物的控制问题形成共识。该研究对151种228批次的中药饮片微生物污染情况进行调查分析[1],并对从中分离出的2 514株污染微生物进行了鉴定(未发表资料)。结果显示,中药饮片中的污染微生物具有高度的不确定性;对污染微生物群落组成的分析提示,原始污染微生物群落主要来源于水源和土壤,并与具体品种的加工、贮存等因素有关。因此,对具体饮片品种进行污染微生物的调查与风险评估是当前的研究热点[2]
目前,各国药典对中药饮片中污染微生物的检测均基于传统的培养法,国内外学者也多采用培养法对中药饮片的微生物污染情况进行研究[3-10]。培养法检测周期长、工作量大,对不可培养微生物的检测存在一定的局限性,因而效率较低,且不能全面了解中药饮片污染微生物的多样性及群落构成信息。高通量测序技术鉴别污染菌具有样本用量少、鉴别准确度高的优点,且不受培养、分离等条件的影响,随着其技术的成熟和低成本化,已成为当前研究环境微生物多样性及群落结构差异的重要技术手段[11]。16S/ITS rRNA序列包括保守区域和高变区域,其中保守区在微生物的种间差异不大,高变区具有属或种的特异性,且随亲缘关系的不同,呈现一定的差异,可从遗传进化角度阐明微生物种群的分类学关系[12],是当前中药饮片污染微生物群落分析的重要手段之一[13]
中药材当归为伞形科植物当归[Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels]的干燥根,具有补血活血、调经止痛、润肠通便之功效,是被广泛应用的药食同源中药材。对当归污染微生物的分析尚未见文献报道。本文采用传统方法,结合高通量测序技术,对广东省市售饮片当归的污染微生物状况进行调查,了解其微生物危害因子,并针对其微生物污染风险防范提出建议。
VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定系统(生物梅里埃公司),PREVI Color Gram革兰染色仪(生物梅里埃公司),BX41生物显微镜(Olympus公司),Illumina miseq测序仪(Illumina公司),Qubit3.0荧光计(Life公司),ABI 2720扩增仪(Life公司),5424R高速台式冷冻离心机(Eppendorf公司),LRH-250A生化培养箱。
大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)[CMCC (B) 44102]、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)[CMCC(B) 26003]、乙型副伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella paratyphiB)[CMCC (B) 50094 ]、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) CMCC(B) 10104]、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)[CMCC(F) 98001],中国医学细菌保藏管理中心,CMCC),临用前按2020年版《中国药典》方法制成不大于100 cfu·mL-1的菌悬液。
胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(TSB)、胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基(TSA)、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(SDA)、pH 7.0无菌氯化钠蛋白胨缓冲液、Rv沙门菌增菌液体培养基、木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂培养基、麦康凯液体培养基、麦康凯琼脂培养基、三糖铁琼脂培养基(TSI)、肠道菌增菌液体培养基、紫红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂培养基、甘露醇氯化钠琼脂培养基、溴化十六烷基三甲铵琼脂培养基及改良胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤培养基均为广东环凯生物技术有限公司生产的干粉培养基。
所有实验样品收集于广东省不同地级市药材批发企业及零售药店;每批次样品量不少于100 g,均为2019年5月至2020年12月产品;样品包装形式涵盖每包10 g的小包装到每袋0.5 kg的大包装。抽样信息显示,这些样品来源于广东、河北、广西、四川、北京、江西、安徽等地的不同中药饮片企业,但所有样品的原产地均为甘肃。
参照2020年版《中国药典》通则<1108中药饮片微生物限度检查法>,进行需氧菌总数(TAMC)、霉菌酵母菌数(TYMC)、耐热菌数、控制菌及耐胆盐革兰氏阴性菌的检查;采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定系统,对耐热菌、耐胆盐革兰氏阴性菌及控制菌实验中分离的微生物进行鉴定;利用16S rRNA扩增子测序和ITS扩增子测序技术,对10份当归随机样品总微生物DNA进行提取、扩增、测序,结合生物信息学方法,对微生物的群落组成、优势菌属和微生物多样性进行分析。
称取样品25 g至无菌均质袋中,加入pH 7.0氯化钠-缓冲蛋白胨水溶液225 mL,均质1 min,静置1 min,上清液为1:10供试液,用于TAMC计数、TYMC计数试验。其中,TAMC检查将1:10供试液按10倍比连续稀释5个稀释级并逐一检测;TYMC(培养基中含庆大霉素0.1 g·L-1)检查将1:10供试液按10倍比连续稀释4个稀释级并逐一检测。
另取上述1:10供试液10 mL,放入沸水浴中处理30 min,迅速冷却至室温后作为供试液,按TAMC检查方法测定耐热菌数。
称取供试品25 g,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基225 mL,混匀制成1:10供试液,置25 ℃预培养2 h;取上述预培养物10 mL,接种至肠道菌增菌液体培养基中,35 ℃培养24 h,划线接种于紫红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂培养基平板上,35 ℃培养24 h。如果平板上无菌落生长,则判断供试品未检出耐胆盐革兰阴性菌。另分别取相当于供试品0.1、0.01、0.001 g的1:10供试液,按上述条件进行接种、培养。如果平板上有菌落生长,则为阳性,否则为阴性。根据检查结果,确定耐胆盐革兰阴性菌的最大可能数(MPN)。
按“2.1”项方法制备供试液,其余步骤按2020年版《中国药典》“非无菌产品微生物限度检查:控制菌检查法(1106)”的规定进行沙门菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌的检查。对出现的可疑菌落,经分离纯化后采用VITEK 2 Compact微生物鉴定系统及基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱鉴定系统(MALDI-TOF MS)进行鉴定。
供试品先用无菌水稀释,制成1:10供试液,涡旋振荡后超声10 min,再采用0.22 μm滤膜过滤,收集滤膜。使用Magen HiPure Soil DNA Kit试剂盒提取样本核酸,按照说明书步骤进行操作,最终洗脱体积为40 μL;将提取后的DNA放置-20 ℃保存备用。使用Equalbit dsDNA HS Assay Kit试剂盒,通过Qubit3.0荧光计检测DNA浓度。
使用16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区特异引物1(5’-CCTACGGRRBGCASCAGKVRVGAAT-3’)与引物2(5’- GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAATCC-3’)进行扩增。反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板为20 ng,正反向引物1 μL,TransStart Buffer 2.5 μL,TransStart Taq DNA 0.5 μL,dNTPs 2 μL。扩增条件:94 ℃预变性3 min,94 ℃变性5 s,57 ℃退火90 s,72 ℃延伸10 s,24个循环,72 ℃终延伸5 min,4 ℃保存备用。通过PCR向PCR产物末端加上带有Index的接头,以便进行NGS测序。PCR产物用1.5%琼脂凝胶电泳检测。
将文库中的扩增产物定量到10 nmol·L-1,按Illumina MiSeq仪器使用说明书进行PE250/FE300双端测序,由MiSeq/Novaseq自带的MiSeq Control Software (MCS)/Novaseq Control Software(NCS)读取序列信息。
双端测序得到的正反向reads首先进行两两拼接,过滤拼接结果中含有N的序列,保留序列长度>200 bp的序列。经过质量过滤,去除嵌合体序列,最终得到的序列用于操作分类单元(OTU)聚类,使用VSEARCH(1.9.6)进行序列聚类(序列相似性设为97%),并在不同物种分类水平统计每个样本的群落组成。
25批次来源于不同生产企业的当归样品中TAMC、TYMC和耐热菌总数的分布情况见图1。TAMC范围为102~106 CFU·g-1,均值为3.9×103 CFU·g-1,其中负载最高和最低的样品分别为7.1×105 CFU·g-1和4.0×102 CFU·g-1,差异高达3个数量级以上。TYMC范围为101~103 CFU·g-1,均值为31 CFU·g-1,其中负载最高的样本为2.8×103 CFU·g-1,6批次样品负载量<10 CFU·g-1;差异可达2个数量级以上。大部分样品可检出耐热菌,负载量<102 CFU·g-1,均值为20 CFU·g-1
采用MPN法对样品中的耐胆盐革兰阴性菌进行检测,其中19批样品呈阳性,占全部样品的76%(19/25)。污染呈现负载不均匀的情况,负载量最高的样品分布为104<N<105,2批次样品的分布为103<N<104,9批次样品的分布为102<N<103,7批次样品的分布为101<N<102
上述结果提示,当归中污染微生物的数量具有高度的不确定性。进一步分析表明,样品中的微生物负载量与包装形式无明显相关性,但与生产/保存条件及时间呈一定的相关性。DG18号样品的TAMC负载最高,DG06号样品的TYMC负载最高,二者均为2019年的产品,保存时间相对较长;而从不同城市抽验的DG02、DG20、DG21号样品为相同生产企业产品,其微生物负载情况基本一致,污染情况也较其他企业数据为佳。上述结果提示,企业的生产过程及产品的贮存条件是产品微生物污染状况的关键影响因素之一。
控制菌检查未发现样品中存在沙门菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌。
分别对从控制菌检查平板、耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查平板和耐热TSA平板中分离出的微生物进行鉴定(表1)。其中,由控制菌检查平板分离出的32株污染微生物包括鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和粘质沙雷菌(Serratia marcescens)等常见的不可接受微生物;由耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查平板分离出的21株污染微生物多为假单胞菌属和肠杆菌属的微生物,包括荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fetida)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)等;由耐热TSA平板分离出的11株耐热污染菌多为厚壁菌门中的芽孢杆菌,包括短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)等,也检出变形菌门中的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。
进一步分析表明,污染微生物的种类与饮片生产企业及抽样场所没有明显的相关性,提示当归中污染微生物的种类具有高度的不确定性。
采用宏基因组测序分析,进一步探讨当归中可能污染的微生物种类。10个随机抽验当归样本产生130个操作分类单元(OTU),包括877 220条代表性序列,属于5门、14纲、27目、43科、55属,进一步提示污染菌具有高度的不确定性。当归中的污染菌主要由蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)微生物构成,前者占50.9%,后者占43.1%;所有10批次样品均检测出蓝藻门及变形菌门微生物,DG03、DG06、DG07号样品还检出放线菌门,DG05、DG06、DG07号样品检出拟杆菌门。属水平的优势属主要为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),此外还发现变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)、拉恩氏菌属(Rahnella)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)。当归药材与土壤密切接触,特有的微生物群落可能与当地的土壤微生物有关。通常认为变形菌门、放线菌门细菌为土壤中的优势菌群,而植物根际土壤细菌的优势菌群受植物的影响可能略有不同。如瑞香狼毒根际土壤细菌在门水平的优势菌群为放线菌门(37.4%)、变形菌门(24.7%)和酸杆菌门(10.7%)[14],这与当归中的优势菌群明显不同。当归药材中的蓝藻门细菌是否为当归根际土壤微生物的特有群落,有待于进一步的研究。对比表1中可培养污染微生物的鉴定结果,可见蓝藻门细菌均未被检出,其中是否存在某些不可培养微生物,亦有待进一步的研究。
样品中约3.1%的污染微生物为厚壁菌门细菌,主要包括蜡样芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蕈状芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、短芽孢杆菌等耐热芽孢杆菌,是样品中耐热菌的主要来源。进一步对其中的潜在不可接受微生物进行汇总分析(表2),可见当归中潜在不可接受微生物呈明显的随机性,与污染微生物的种类具有高度不确定性的结论相一致。
为进一步表征当归样品中污染微生物的相似性与差异性,通过分类注释的方法,将属水平占比前30的潜在污染微生物物种的分布绘制成聚类图。热图中列名为样品信息,行名为物种,图中每一个方格不同颜色的对应值为每一行物种的相对丰度值,颜色的差异可直观显示各物种的相似性(图2)。图中DG06、DG07号样品中污染微生物的物种较为丰富,同时DG06号也是所有样品中TAMC负载最高。DG06号样品为保存时间相对较长的2019年份包装规格为每袋500 g的产品,而DG07号为四川生产企业包装规格为每袋500 g的2020年份样品,推测DG06、DG07号中污染微生物的物种较为丰富可能与其保存时间及包装规格有关。而DG01、DG02、DG03、DG04、DG05、DG08、DG09和DG10号样品聚为一簇,说明上述样品中污染微生物的种类及分布具有一定相似性,高相似性提示这些当归饮片具有相似的微生物污染来源及途径,可能与它们均产自甘肃,与产地土壤微生物优势菌群的相似性有关。
中药饮片由于种类繁多,炮制方法不一,普遍存在微生物污染情况[115]。本次研究显示,2021年广东省市售中药饮片当归的微生物污染状况呈明显不均匀性,TAMC介于102~106 CFU·g-1,TYMC介于101~103 CFU·g-1;与文献报道的其他全草类中药饮片的负载[1]相比较,其微生物负载处于较低水平。然而,由于污染微生物产生的代谢产物,如金黄色葡萄球菌毒素和黄曲霉毒素等,在饮片煎煮后仍保持活性,是患者用药的巨大隐患[16],因而有必要对其TAMC与TYMC进行控制。
本研究在部分样品中检出耐热菌,主要包括产芽孢菌类及其内生孢子。有研究发现,中药饮片制成袋装煎煮液后,其中污染的耐热微生物繁殖导致饮片汤剂保质期缩短[17],因而对当归中污染的耐热菌也应引起重视。
采用高通量测序技术对市售常用中药饮片当归污染的微生物进行群落整体分析,不依赖传统培养法而是直接通过测序检测中药饮片中的微生物菌群情况,能更全面地掌握不同污染微生物种类及丰度。数据显示当归真菌负载种类较少,可能与其生长习性及地域有一定相关性。当归为低温长日照作物,忌连作,携带的真菌丰富程度低于产自华南的其他品种中药饮片。
对于流通环节的当归饮片,储存时间及条件是影响微生物负载的关键因素。因而,应加强对当归在存储期间的管理,如通过水分活度控制污染微生物的增殖[18-19]等。
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.05.14
  • 接收时间:2023-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-06
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    广东省药品检验所 广东省药品监管局中药饮片污染微生物风险评估与控制重点实验室,广州 510663

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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