Article(id=1241314573215658924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0197, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711382400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773882056764, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773882056764, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773882056764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882056764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241314565582025478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773882054943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882204745, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241315193960059168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241315193964253473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241314574364898251, articleId=1241314573215658924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research progress on human chorinonic gonadotropin, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Human chorinonic gonadotropin (hCG) is an important regulator of reproductive and metabolic processes in the human body. hCG can be used for assisted reproduction and treatment of infertility. It is also used to treat sexual dysfunctions such as impotence, cryptorchidism, and dwarfism. hCG plays an irreplaceable role as an endocrine system drug. This article briefly describes the applications, molecular structure, receptor structure, signaling pathways and bioactivity assays of hCG. In addition, an outlook on the development of hCG drugs and bioactivity detection menthods is presented.

, correspAuthors=Cheng-gang LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying HUANG, Cheng-gang LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241314575849680935, articleId=1241314573215658924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=人绒毛膜促性腺激素信号转导和生物学活性测定研究进展, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)是人体生殖和代谢过程的重要调节因子。hCG可以用于辅助生殖和治疗不孕不育症,还能用于治疗性机能障碍,如阳痿、隐睾以及侏儒症等,作为内分泌系统药物发挥着不可替代的作用。本文简述了hCG的应用、分子结构、受体结构、信号通路和生物活性检测方法等内容。此外,对hCG药物的发展和生物活性检测方法提出了展望。

, correspAuthors=梁成罡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Tel:(010)67095380;E-mail:
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Tel:(0755)33249888-6661;E-mail:

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Das hormon des hypophysenvorderlappens:testobjekt zum nachweis des hormons[J]. Klin Wochenschr, 1927,6(6): 248, articleTitle=Das hormon des hypophysenvorderlappens:testobjekt zum nachweis des hormons, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241324059510755748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314573215658924, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1934, volume=81, issue=4, pageStart=472, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZONDEK B, journalName=J Physiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZONDEK B. The formation of the corpus luteum is dependent on the anterior pituitary lobe, and not on the maturing ovum. The fertilized ovum and hormones[J]. J Physiol, 1934, 81(4): 472, articleTitle=The formation of the corpus luteum is dependent on the anterior pituitary lobe, and not on the maturing ovum. 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人绒毛膜促性腺激素信号转导和生物学活性测定研究进展
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黄盈 1 , 梁成罡 2, *
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025,45(1): 51-58
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025, 45(1): 51-58
人绒毛膜促性腺激素信号转导和生物学活性测定研究进展
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黄盈1 , 梁成罡2, *
作者信息
  • 1.国家药品监督管理局药品审评检查大湾区分中心,深圳518045
  • 2.中国食品药品检定研究院 药品监管科学全国重点实验室,北京102629
  • Tel:(0755)33249888-6661;E-mail:

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* Tel:(010)67095380;E-mail:
Research progress on human chorinonic gonadotropin
Ying HUANG1 , Cheng-gang LIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. GBA Center for Medical Device Evaluation and Inspection, NMPA, Shenzhen 518045, China
  • 2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0197
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人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)是人体生殖和代谢过程的重要调节因子。hCG可以用于辅助生殖和治疗不孕不育症,还能用于治疗性机能障碍,如阳痿、隐睾以及侏儒症等,作为内分泌系统药物发挥着不可替代的作用。本文简述了hCG的应用、分子结构、受体结构、信号通路和生物活性检测方法等内容。此外,对hCG药物的发展和生物活性检测方法提出了展望。

人绒毛膜促性腺激素  /  糖蛋白激素  /  结构  /  受体  /  信号通路  /  生物活性  /  报告基因

Human chorinonic gonadotropin (hCG) is an important regulator of reproductive and metabolic processes in the human body. hCG can be used for assisted reproduction and treatment of infertility. It is also used to treat sexual dysfunctions such as impotence, cryptorchidism, and dwarfism. hCG plays an irreplaceable role as an endocrine system drug. This article briefly describes the applications, molecular structure, receptor structure, signaling pathways and bioactivity assays of hCG. In addition, an outlook on the development of hCG drugs and bioactivity detection menthods is presented.

human chorinonic gonadotropin  /  glycoprotein  /  structure  /  receptor  /  signal pathway  /  biological activity  /  report gene
黄盈, 梁成罡. 人绒毛膜促性腺激素信号转导和生物学活性测定研究进展. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0197
Ying HUANG, Cheng-gang LIANG. Research progress on human chorinonic gonadotropin[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (1) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0197
人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorinonic gonadotropin,hCG)属于糖蛋白激素家族(glycoprotein hormones,GPHs)中的一员,GPHs是分子结构复杂,结构和功能高度相关的一类蛋白激素,包括hCG、促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulatinghormone,FSH)和促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)4种。在20世纪初,Aschhern和Zondek进行了第1次妊娠实验,在这个实验中证实了孕妇血清中含有促性腺激素[1-4]。Wislocki等[5]在胎盘组织中发现hCG,并指出hCG来源于胎盘绒毛膜组织中的Langhans细胞。研究发现,将hCG注射到未成熟的雌性大鼠体内,会引起卵巢充血、卵巢肥大、卵泡发育、黄体化、刺激类固醇分泌、子宫和阴道上皮增重等变化[6-7]。研究者们注意到这种变化,开始分离纯化hCG作为药物以用于疾病治疗之中。
一开始主要是从动物尸体的组织中制备得到hCG,这种来源导致许多缺点,包括制备源尸体的短缺,还有成品的不良免疫反应等[8]。在20世纪60年代初,Gemzell和Bettendorf等报告了第1例使用从人类尸体中提取得到的人类垂体促性腺激素成功诱导促性腺功能不足的女性排卵[9-11],从此人垂体促性腺激素在1958年至1988年间被广泛使用。但是人类垂体糖蛋白激素具有供应原料有限和克雅氏病的风险等问题[12-13],最终也慢慢退出了市场。于是通过有机溶剂沉淀或盐析法从孕妇尿液中分离hCG,从尿液中提取的比生物活性范围为100~3 000 IU·mg-1[14-16]。因为治疗的需求,人们对纯度更高的hCG产品需求也上升了,随着基因工程技术的发展,重组人绒毛膜促性腺激素(recombinant human chorinonic gonadotropin,rhCG)药物的开发能够克服来源于尿液供应原料有限的问题。有研究表明重组技术生产的rhCG产品与尿源提取的hCG有效性并无明显差异[17],但是rhCG与尿源提取的hCG相比更具优势[18]。rhCG通过哺乳动物细胞工程化表达获得,相对来说原料来源稳定,产量有保证,并避免了尿源潜在的感染因子风险。目前国内已上市的rhCG产品包括进口国外制造商的rhCG产品和国内药企研发生产的rhCG产品。rhCG药物的临床使用日益受到关注。
hCG是由胎盘合胞滋养层细胞分泌的,与LH结合于同一受体,一般认为作用与LH相似。能在早期妊娠的时候,维持黄体不衰退,刺激黄体细胞产生黄体酮,从而使子宫内膜不破裂,保证受精卵着床[19],可以用于治疗习惯性流产和不孕症。此外,还能用于治疗性机能障碍,如阳痿、隐睾以及侏儒症等。hCG在临床上的另一重要用途,是制备妊娠试剂或免疫试剂,用以测定血、尿中的hCG含量,诊断早期妊娠或绒毛膜上皮细胞癌[20]
在1971年,人们就发现GPHs家族都是由1个共同的α亚基和1个激素特异性β亚基通过非共价结合形成的异二聚体[21-23](如图1)。其中hCG和LH的β亚基具有高度的序列同源性,二者的β亚基中82%的氨基酸相同[24],结合于同一个受体[25]。GPHs中的糖类部分占其总质量的20%~45%[26],且被证明这部分对其体内生物活性是不可或缺的,因此主要对它们多肽和多糖部分结构进行研究。hCG是一种高糖基化的蛋白,由妊娠期胎盘产生,也由某些癌细胞表达。hCG的α亚基由92个氨基酸残基组成,包含2个N糖基化位点(Asn-52和Asn-78),而β亚基由145个氨基酸残基组成,分别包含2个N糖基化位点(Asn-13和Asn-30)和4个O糖基化位点(Ser-121、Ser-127、Ser-132和Ser-138)[27]。有研究表明,hCG与受体结合后,hCG的β亚基分子中Arg-X-Thr序列能刺激环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)信号通路,从而使cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化[25]
由于hCG和LH具有相似的β亚基序列,它们与同一受体促黄体生成素/绒促性素受体(luteinizing hormone and chorinonic gonadotropin receptor,LHCGR)结合。LHCGR是G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)七跨膜结构域受体超家族中糖蛋白激素受体亚家族中的A类GPCRs[28]。LHCGR主要由LH和FSH诱导表达[29-31]。LHCGR的cDNA编码1个75 kDa的糖蛋白,包含674个氨基酸[32-33],在其N端,含有1个可裂解的信号序列,负责引导LHCGR插入内质网加工蛋白[34-35]。成熟的受体由2个功能单元组成,细胞外激素结合域和七跨膜结构域。七跨膜结构域负责传递在胞外结构域收到的信号,并与G蛋白结合。N端胞外结构域的特点是与富集亮氨酸的重复序列(leucine rich repeat,LRR)相似,有研究表明这个区域可能对激素的特异性识别起到关键作用[36]。受体胞内的C端部分由69个氨基酸组成,负责蛋白激酶C磷酸化和酪氨酸激酶的磷酸化。
有研究对hCG晶体结构进行解析,尽管还不能准确地确定hCG与LHCGR结合的位置,但发现hCG的某一特定的区域与受体结合,包含α亚基长环的螺旋区(α 40-50)内高度保守的残基,毗邻Asn-52糖侧链和α亚基的C端(α 88-92),以及β决定性环(β 94-99)的残基[37-38]。有研究通过使用被放射性标记α或β亚基的hCG进行实验,发现α亚基对结合的影响比β亚基的影响更大,提出了是β亚基通过诱导α亚基的构象变化来使激素产生特异性的假设[39]。在hCG与受体结合后,hCG与跨膜结构域(transmembrane domain,TMD)相互作用或启动信号转移的胞外结构域构象变化,从而产生激素特异性[40]
hCG和受体结合后,GPCR激活效应蛋白使得膜侧细胞质的大规模螺旋运动,包括TMD螺旋5进行重排,并导致TMD螺旋6的大规模移位[41-43]。此外,对受体-Gi蛋白复合物的研究表明,TMD螺旋6的较小位移可能会干扰受体与Gs蛋白的结合,选择性地与Gi蛋白结合[44]。TMD的α螺旋可能在不同活性构象间切换,最终决定了不同的下游信号通路的激活。激动剂与GPHRs结合引发受体分子的构象变化,并通过TMD传递到细胞内区域,与效应子偶联,与适配器蛋白相互作用,并触发下游的细胞内信号传导。因此,TMD螺旋的构象变化导致G蛋白和其他参与受体信号传导的激活,蛋白的相互作用。当LHCGR被LH和hCG激活时,具有70个氨基酸的细胞内C端区域和细胞内环与G蛋白相互作用,启动下游信号[22,45]。Duan等[28]报道了LHCGR的4种低温电子显微镜结构,揭示了1种独特的受体激活的“推拉(push and pull)”机制,其中胞外的结构域被结合的激素推动,并被跨膜结构域附近的扩展铰链环拉动(见图2图3)。TMD可以调节受体从内质网到质膜的运输以及受体的内化。
此外,有研究表明糖蛋白激素受体的激活可能有2种机制。第1种是顺式激活机制,配体与参与信号传导的受体胞外结构域高亲和力结合,改受体胞外结构域和胞内结构域之间相互作用,受体的C端被激活与Gs相互作用。第2种是反式激活机制,结合在1个受体的胞外结构域的激素与相邻的受体相互作用启动信号传导[46-47]。G蛋白偶联受体是否被顺式或反式激活,可能会影响信号通路的选择。
LHCGR作为G蛋白偶联受体,信号传导途径包括腺苷酸环化酶/环磷酸腺苷和磷脂酶C/InsPs通路等其他通路的激活,从而将细胞外信号转化为各种细胞内生理反应。
hCG与LHCGR结合后,激活Gαs蛋白,导致腺苷环化酶激活,产生cAMP和下游cAMP依赖靶点激活[48]。cAMP在细胞内能与3类效应物结合,包括鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子(cAMP-GEF)、环核苷酸门控通道(CNGC)和蛋白激酶A(PKA)。cAMP与PKA调控亚基结合,从而促进C亚基的解离和激活[49-51]。活化后的C亚基可以作为磷酸化细胞质底物,也可以从调节亚基锚点释放易位到细胞核,从而控制基因表达。cAMP应答元件蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)是PKA激活的原型转录因子[52-53]。有研究表明,LHCGR的cAMP信号传导在排卵中发挥重要的作用,控制多种卵泡功能,包括类固醇生成,刺激环氧化酶/脂肪氧化酶的表达,增加前列腺素/白三烯的合成;以及刺激纤溶酶原激活剂、催化血浆蛋白原转化为血浆蛋白[54]。Gαs蛋白在这些环节中起到重要作用。LHCGR通路的激活,同时也被认为是Gαs-Ras的激活[55-56]。研究发现,在原代大鼠间质细胞培养中,模拟cAMP的8-溴-cAMP分子可以通过激活PKA,激活Ras/促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK)和细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)1/2磷酸化[57-59]
LH或hCG与LHCGR结合后,激活的信号通路有差异。对此,可能是LHCGR与其他信号通路耦合,膜上的信号分支导致了不同的结果。此外,当LH或hCG刺激颗粒细胞时,cAMP信号本身的特性与传递会产生不同的效应,包括不同的激酶[如蛋白激酶B(AKT)和ERK]级联和转录因子,并最终使不同的基因表达[60-61]。有研究发现,hCG更能刺激产生cAMP,而LH则更能激活ERK和AKT磷酸化,二者对类固醇生成、凋亡和增殖有不同的下游作用[62-64]。在雌性体内,LHCGR与hCG结合后,诱导芳香化酶表达,通过Gαs/cAMP/PKA通路刺激颗粒细胞中雌激素的产生。在雄性体内,hCG通过刺激Gαs/cAMP/PKA通路产生精子和类固醇,从而上调类固醇生成急性调节蛋白(StAR)的表达[65-67]
除了传统的Gαs/cAMP/PKA通路以外,在不同类型的细胞中,LHCGR与配体结合后,也会与Gαq/11偶联并触发下游通路[68],该通路仅在排卵前LH激增和妊娠期间被激活。在激活该通路后,磷脂酶C作为促进末端颗粒细胞分化的中介物[69]。Gudermann等[70]使用克隆的小鼠LHCGR受体在L细胞中表达,发现hCG与LHCGR结合后细胞内Ca2+增加,这种变化并不依赖于胞内cAMP的水平,与hCG调动IP3水平呈正相关。在大鼠Sertoli细胞中,抑制PKC可以减少hCG诱导的Ca2+流入[71]。不仅如此,研究发现Gαq的抑制剂并不能抑制hCG对Gαq/11/Ca2+/IP3/PKC通路的调控,而是hCG使Ca2+内流对该通路进行直接调控[72-73]。有研究使用特异性缺失Gαq/11的颗粒细胞进行实验,结果表明,在排卵前的卵泡和黄体中,卵泡破裂是由于LHCGR在敲除Gαq/11基因的动物中未能完全诱导孕激素受体的表达,导致动物排卵减少约50%,生育能力降低约85%[74]
虽然hCG能够激活Gαq/11/Ca2+/IP3/PKC通路,但是LH对该通路的影响更大,LH激活该通路后导致一种原始卵泡活化的抑制剂FOXO3的磷酸化和失活。磷酸肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)催化膜磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸(PIP2)转化为第二信使磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5-三磷酸(PIP3),IP3激活蛋白激酶B(PKB)[69]
免疫学检测法的原理是抗原抗体的特异性可逆结合反应,抗体被标记物所标记,从而能放大检测的信号,进行物质定性或定量。免疫分析的关键是抗原和抗体的特异性结合,hCG的β链特异性决定了它的生物学活性和免疫学特性,所以获取具有对hCG的β亚基高特异性的抗体是免疫检测方法的前提。虽然免疫分析法具有灵敏、简便的优点,但是由于其不能反映受体与配体结合后激发下游细胞效应的特点,目前多用于临床检测病人血清中的hCG或是检测产品中的杂质[75],不能用于检测药物的生物活性。免疫分析法根据标记物和检测体系可以分为放射免疫分析(RIA)、酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)、荧光免疫分析(FIA)和化学发光免疫分析(CLIA)等。
最初对hCG使用免疫学检测方法使用hCG二聚体抗体,二聚体抗体同时检测hCG和LH。1973年,Vaitukaitis等[76]引入检测hCG的β亚基概念,开发出使用hCG β亚基抗血清的RIA法检测hCG。20世纪90年代开始,我国有学者研制了hCG的放射免疫分析试剂盒并颁布了放射免疫分析试剂盒使用的行业标准[77]。但是,由于RIA要使用放射性核素进行实验,具有对环境和操作人员有危害的缺点,近年来已较少使用该方法。相对于体内生物活性测定来说,免疫分析的高灵敏度,很大程度是因为抗体对hCG特异性的β亚基表位具有高度特异性。而且免疫分析使用的抗体标签的多样化,可以是125I(RIA),和其他非放射性分子,如荧光剂(FIA)、酶(ELISA)或化学发光分子(CLIA)。Oed等[78]开发了一种利用化学发光和顺磁性颗粒的免疫分析方法检测hCG,对hCG进行快速定量测定。随着这些技术的发展,不同的免疫分析方法被开发,用来测定hCG的体外生物学活性。然而,这些方法用于测定生物活性的对象从垂体提取物、血清的样本、纯化标准制剂到现在使用重组技术生产的制剂,会出现不同的样本来源或者不同的方法之间存在较大差异的问题。原因可能是hCG结构的复杂,如分子异构体与天然激素竞争受体结合;也可能与样本中不同的糖蛋白激素的β亚基单位间的交叉作用有关[79]。Dattatreyamurty等[80]开发出一种“125I-hLH+抗oLH血清”异源放射免疫分析法,特异性和选择性地测定同时含有hLH和hCG的血清样本,解决hCG和LH β亚基交叉反应的问题。目前有学者在研究中对hCG纯化,再通过SDS-PAGE表征,用尿素处理方法将hCG分为α、β亚基,将hCG β亚基注射到家兔体内,生产高特异性的多克隆抗hCG β亚基血清,以便免疫分析方法的使用[81]
hCG的体外生物学测定法自20世纪70年代开始就有研究报道,这些方法是在hCG对性腺细胞作用的基础上,对细胞受到hCG刺激后产生的产物进行检测。有学者基于胶原酶分散的大鼠睾丸间质细胞对hCG刺激反应产生睾酮的原理,对睾酮进行平行剂量-反应曲线分析得出hCG的生物活性,建立了一种hCG的体外生物测定方法[82]。并对该方法与hCG放射免疫法的结果进行比较,结果的检测灵敏度、RSD和回收率均优于免疫法[83]。Selvaraj等[84]利用永生化的类固醇生成颗粒细胞,该细胞表达的LHCGR是原代细胞的5~10倍,受hCG刺激能产生cAMP和孕酮,通过检测cAMP和孕酮的ED50值从而测定hCG的生物活性。
Hsueh等[85]在切除垂体且未发育的雌性大鼠的颗粒细胞中,研究了6种哺乳动物的促性腺激素刺激雌激素和孕酮产生的能力。他们发现大鼠、羊、牛和猪的LH和来源于人的hCG、LH都可以刺激颗粒细胞产生雌激素和孕酮,于是培养大鼠颗粒细胞系统作为检测hCG活性的平台。这些体外生物活性测定方法都主要是通过检测细胞受到hCG刺激后的下游效应物以检测其生物学活性,但是此类方法也存在缺点,如无法比较hCG的生物学半衰期,且仅有1个生化测定终点,并且其变异度高和灵敏度低,对不同的糖蛋白激素专属性不强。分子生物学以及基因工程技术的发展,hCG与受体结合后,在细胞内激活的信号通路的相关研究,为使用体外细胞检测hCG的方法提供了新的思路。
通过对hCG作用机制的深入研究,包括受体的激活、信号通路和最终的效应,可以构建1个与hCG特异性反应的转基因细胞系,其中报告基因法(RGAs)是目前比较常见的转基因细胞系活性测定方法[86]。报告基因法是利用基因工程技术将报告基因元件转入到宿主细胞中,通过信号通路的调控,使报告基因随着目的基因序列的调控而表达,表达的产物可以直接释放信号或者催化特定的酶促反应间接释放信号,使用特定的方法检测。该方法可以直观表达出细胞内与目的基因有关的信号级联[87],通过目的基因表达的变化测定生物学活性。报告基因法相对于体内法而言,在专属性、灵敏度、精密度和线性等方面都更具优势,整个实验所需时间短,符合3R原则,是动物体内实验的1种可行的替代实验方案。
同属于GPHs的FSH和TSH现均已有建立的报告基因法,原理是根据GPHs经典的G蛋白激活cAMP的信号通路,构建有特异的GPHRs细胞系和cAMP应答元件(CRE)的荧光素酶报告基因载体。例如基于转染了TSHR和CRE荧光素酶报告基因的CHO细胞系,可以检测TSH的生物活性,且RSD约为25%,比传统的RIA方法具有所需时间少和高通量的优点[88]。还有在CHO细胞系中转染FSHR和CRE荧光素酶报告基因的质粒,经过筛选和功能验证后,建立了可以检测rhFSH[89]和rhFSH-Fc[90]的生物活性的方法。在现有的其他GPHs建立的报告基因法的基础上,根据hCG与受体结合后调控的信号通路建立特异性的报告基因法具有可行性。
hCG作为一种治疗药物,在生殖疾病治疗中发挥着关键的作用。随着对该药物需求量的增加和生物技术的发展,更多的厂家生产和上市hCG药物,在这过程中,对hCG药物的生物活性测定是对该药物质量控制至关重要的一步。现有的生物活性测定方法主要依赖于动物体内实验,2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》中收录的hCG的生物测定法是小鼠子宫增重法,但是动物实验存在着动物个体间差异大,定量难,实验周期长,花费多等问题。由于报告基因法具有更简便,准确定量,高通量等优点,近年来已应用到许多生物制品的生物活性检测中。报告基因法在药物诱导信号通路的活化后,通过对报告基因信号的检测,能够快速表征相关信号的激活,从而利用该优势直观表达药物的生物活性。基于此,本文通过对hCG的结构、信号通路和LHCGR结构以及国内外hCG的生物活性测定方法进行总结,以期为更高效检测手段替代原有的hCG生物活性测定方法的研究提供参考。
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2025年第45卷第1期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0197
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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    1.国家药品监督管理局药品审评检查大湾区分中心,深圳518045
    2.中国食品药品检定研究院 药品监管科学全国重点实验室,北京102629

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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