Article(id=1241314568132153827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1299, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773882055551, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773882055551, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773882055551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882055551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241314565582025478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773882054943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882204745, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241315193960059168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241315193964253473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1241314565582025478, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241314569503691240, articleId=1241314568132153827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research progress on quality control analysis methods for stem cell products, columnId=1241314566538326794, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Special Column for Quality Research and Evaluation of Stem Cell Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stem cells have varying degrees of proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation potential, and can be applied in regenerative medicine and the treatment of various diseases. To ensure safety and effectiveness of stem cell products, it is important to establish quality control methods and standards. Herein, we review the regulations and guidelines for stem cell products, and provide an overview of the detection assays on the basic biological characteristics, microbiological safety, biological safety, biological effectiveness and other conventional testing methods and quality research methods for stem cells. We further describe the quality research methods for genetically modified stem cell products, functional cells derived from stem cells, and extracellular vesicles, etc.

, correspAuthors=Chun-ming RAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying YANG, Chun-ming RAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241314569902150127, articleId=1241314568132153827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=干细胞产品质量控制分析方法研究进展*, columnId=1241314566752236301, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=干细胞产品质量研究与检测专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干细胞是一类具有不同程度增殖、自我更新和分化潜能的细胞,在再生医学和多种疾病治疗领域有重要作用。建立干细胞产品的质量控制方法和质量标准是保证产品安全、有效的重要条件。本文综述了干细胞产品质量控制的相关法规和指南,并对干细胞的基本生物学特性、微生物学安全性、生物学安全性、生物学有效性和其他常规检测项目的检测方法和质量研究方法进行了概述,进一步拓展至基因修饰的干细胞产品及干细胞来源的功能细胞和外泌体的质量研究方法。

, correspAuthors=饶春明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** Tel:(010)67869966;E-mail:
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Tel:(010)67869966;E-mail:

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Acta Histochem, 2022, 124(7):151933, articleTitle=TGFβ1-modified MSC-derived exosome attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibiting PDGF-BB secretion and H-type vessel activity in the subchondral bone, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241324055962374439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, awardId=Z221100007922015, language=CN, fundingSource=*北京市科技计划课题:基因修饰免疫细胞和基因治疗药物质量控制关键技术与服务平台建设(Z221100007922015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241324053701644461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241324053714227374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, companyId=1241324053701644461, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=JOINN Pharmaceutical Quality Research and Testing (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102605,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241324053722615983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, companyId=1241324053701644461, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京昭衍药物检定研究有限公司,北京102605)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241324055513583881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

International guidelines and standards of stem cells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发布机构
(publishing agency)
指导原则
(guiding principle)
发布时间
(release time)
ICH《生物技术/生物制品质量指南:用于生产生物技术/生物学制品的细胞基质的衍生和表征》[Guidance on Quality of Biotechnological/Biological Products: Derivation and Characterization of Cell Substrates Used for Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products (63 FR 50244, September 21, 1998)]1998
FDAFDA审查员和赞助商指南:人体体细胞治疗研究新药申请(IND)的化学、制造和控制(CMC)信息的内容
和综述[Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors. Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control
(CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)]
2008
FDA《行业指南:细胞和基因治疗产品的效力测试》 (Guidance for Industry; Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products)2011
EMA《关于干细胞药物的意见书》 (Reflection Paper on Stem Cell-based Medicinal Products)2011
FDA《人体细胞、组织和细胞组织产品监管偏差报告》 (Deviation Reporting for Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-based Products Regulated Solely Under Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and 21CFR Part 1271)2017
FDA《人类基因疗法新药申请(INDs)的化学、制造和控制(CMC)信息》[Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control
(CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)]
2020
ISSCR《干细胞研究和临床转化指南》 (Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation)2021
FDA《用于细胞和基因治疗以及组织工程制品生产的人源和动物源材料的使用考虑》 (Considerations for the Use of Human and Animal-Derived Materials in the Manufacture of Cellular and Gene Therapy and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products)2024
), ArticleFig(id=1241324055593275667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际干细胞相关指南及规范

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发布机构
(publishing agency)
指导原则
(guiding principle)
发布时间
(release time)
ICH《生物技术/生物制品质量指南:用于生产生物技术/生物学制品的细胞基质的衍生和表征》[Guidance on Quality of Biotechnological/Biological Products: Derivation and Characterization of Cell Substrates Used for Production of Biotechnological/Biological Products (63 FR 50244, September 21, 1998)]1998
FDAFDA审查员和赞助商指南:人体体细胞治疗研究新药申请(IND)的化学、制造和控制(CMC)信息的内容
和综述[Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors. Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control
(CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)]
2008
FDA《行业指南:细胞和基因治疗产品的效力测试》 (Guidance for Industry; Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products)2011
EMA《关于干细胞药物的意见书》 (Reflection Paper on Stem Cell-based Medicinal Products)2011
FDA《人体细胞、组织和细胞组织产品监管偏差报告》 (Deviation Reporting for Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-based Products Regulated Solely Under Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and 21CFR Part 1271)2017
FDA《人类基因疗法新药申请(INDs)的化学、制造和控制(CMC)信息》[Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control
(CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)]
2020
ISSCR《干细胞研究和临床转化指南》 (Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation)2021
FDA《用于细胞和基因治疗以及组织工程制品生产的人源和动物源材料的使用考虑》 (Considerations for the Use of Human and Animal-Derived Materials in the Manufacture of Cellular and Gene Therapy and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products)2024
), ArticleFig(id=1241324055672967447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Guidelines of stem cells in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
指导原则
(guiding principle)
发布时间
(release time)
1《细胞治疗产品研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》 (Guiding Principles for Research and Evaluation of Cell Therapy Products
(Trial))
2017.12
2《免疫细胞治疗产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Immune Cell Therapy Products (Trial)]2022.05
3《体外基因修饰系统药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of In Vitro Gene Modification Systems (Trial)]2022.05
4《人源干细胞产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Human Stem Cell Products (Trial)]2023.04
5《人源性干细胞及其衍生细胞治疗产品临床试验技术指导原则(试行)》[Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Human Stem Cells and Their Derived Cell Therapy Products (Trial)]2023.06
6《人源干细胞产品非临床研究技术指导原则》 (Guidelines for Non Clinical Research Techniques of Human Stem Cell Products)2024.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241324055777825050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1241314568132153827, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国干细胞相关指导原则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
指导原则
(guiding principle)
发布时间
(release time)
1《细胞治疗产品研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》 (Guiding Principles for Research and Evaluation of Cell Therapy Products
(Trial))
2017.12
2《免疫细胞治疗产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Immune Cell Therapy Products (Trial)]2022.05
3《体外基因修饰系统药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of In Vitro Gene Modification Systems (Trial)]2022.05
4《人源干细胞产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》[Guiding Principles for Pharmaceutical Research and Evaluation of Human Stem Cell Products (Trial)]2023.04
5《人源性干细胞及其衍生细胞治疗产品临床试验技术指导原则(试行)》[Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Human Stem Cells and Their Derived Cell Therapy Products (Trial)]2023.06
6《人源干细胞产品非临床研究技术指导原则》 (Guidelines for Non Clinical Research Techniques of Human Stem Cell Products)2024.01
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干细胞产品质量控制分析方法研究进展*
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杨英 , 饶春明 **
药物分析杂志 | 干细胞产品质量研究与检测专栏 2025,45(1): 4-11
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药物分析杂志 | 干细胞产品质量研究与检测专栏 2025, 45(1): 4-11
干细胞产品质量控制分析方法研究进展*
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杨英 , 饶春明**
作者信息
  • 北京昭衍药物检定研究有限公司,北京102605
  • Tel:(010)67869966;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** Tel:(010)67869966;E-mail:
Research progress on quality control analysis methods for stem cell products
Ying YANG , Chun-ming RAO**
Affiliations
  • JOINN Pharmaceutical Quality Research and Testing (Beijing) Co, Ltd, Beijing 102605,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1299
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干细胞是一类具有不同程度增殖、自我更新和分化潜能的细胞,在再生医学和多种疾病治疗领域有重要作用。建立干细胞产品的质量控制方法和质量标准是保证产品安全、有效的重要条件。本文综述了干细胞产品质量控制的相关法规和指南,并对干细胞的基本生物学特性、微生物学安全性、生物学安全性、生物学有效性和其他常规检测项目的检测方法和质量研究方法进行了概述,进一步拓展至基因修饰的干细胞产品及干细胞来源的功能细胞和外泌体的质量研究方法。

干细胞产品  /  质量控制  /  质量标准  /  分析方法  /  安全性  /  生物学有效性

Stem cells have varying degrees of proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation potential, and can be applied in regenerative medicine and the treatment of various diseases. To ensure safety and effectiveness of stem cell products, it is important to establish quality control methods and standards. Herein, we review the regulations and guidelines for stem cell products, and provide an overview of the detection assays on the basic biological characteristics, microbiological safety, biological safety, biological effectiveness and other conventional testing methods and quality research methods for stem cells. We further describe the quality research methods for genetically modified stem cell products, functional cells derived from stem cells, and extracellular vesicles, etc.

stem cells products  /  quality control  /  quality standards  /  analytical methods  /  safety  /  biological effectiveness
杨英, 饶春明. 干细胞产品质量控制分析方法研究进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (1) : 4 -11 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1299
Ying YANG, Chun-ming RAO. Research progress on quality control analysis methods for stem cell products[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (1) : 4 -11 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1299
干细胞具有独特的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,为再生医学、疾病治疗以及药物研发等领域提供了无限可能[1]。干细胞产品作为一种细胞治疗产品,其来源、成分、治疗机制、生产过程等比较复杂,干细胞产品的质量控制比化学药品要求更高,而且干细胞输注到体内可能存在细胞增殖分化,没有明确的PK/PD特征,体外实验不能完全模拟体内微环境。在干细胞产品的研究开发以及规模化生产过程中,如何控制产品的质量,保证其安全性和有效性是这类产品获得成功应用的关键。截止到2024年10月23日,以“stem cell”作为关键词,搜索全球在clinicaltrials.gov注册的干细胞治疗临床试验方案有13 021项,统计有研究结果的项目1 942项。到2024年12月底,我国共159项干细胞药物向国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)提交了新药研究申请(investigational new drug application,IND)申请,其中117项获临床默许。国际上已批准干细胞药物20余种,2025年1月2日,我国首款干细胞治疗药品—艾米迈托赛注射液(商品名:睿铂生)上市,这一突破性进展标志着中国在干细胞治疗领域的研发和应用迈入了新的阶段。干细胞质量对于临床应用具有决定性的意义,高质量的干细胞能够确保治疗效果,降低免疫反应和发生并发症的风险,提高患者的生存质量。本文针对干细胞产品的质量控制分析方法及质量研究策略进行介绍。
国际上已出台了多个干细胞产品的相关指南用于指导干细胞临床应用,主要由美国和欧洲国家主导。早期制定的干细胞质量控制规范是2008年由国际干细胞研究协会(international stem cell forum,ISSCR)制定的《干细胞临床转化指南》,以及2009年国际干细胞组织(international stem cell forum,ISCF)制定的《人胚胎干细胞建库和供应指南》,为干细胞临床转化研究奠定了基础。此后美国食品药品管理局(FDA)、欧洲药品管理局(EMA)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、药品注册的国际协调组织(ICH)、国际干细胞研究协会(ISSCR)和国际干细胞组织(ISCF)等机构对干细胞原材料的质量控制、临床前研究质量控制等进一步制定并更新了规范[2]。国际主要关于干细胞质量的相关指南及规范见表1
2015年7月20日原国家卫生和计划生育委员会和原国家食品药品监督管理总局联合发布《干细胞临床研究管理办法(试行)》,是我国首个针对干细胞临床研究管理的规范性文件,旨在规范干细胞临床研究行为,保障受试者权益,促进干细胞研究健康发展。《干细胞临床研究管理办法(试行)》明确从事干细胞临床研究的医疗机构必须具备三级甲等医院、药物临床试验机构资质和干细胞临床研究相关条件,医疗机构不得向受试者收取干细胞临床研究相关费用,不得发布或变相发布干细胞临床研究广告。同时,为了加强干细胞制剂和临床研究质量管理,原国家卫生和计划生育委员会和原国家食品药品监督管理总局于同年7月31日共同组织制定了《干细胞制剂质量控制及临床前研究指导原则(试行)》,确保干细胞治疗的安全性和有效性。近几年,国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心(CDE)针对细胞治疗产品和干细胞及其衍生细胞治疗产品陆续出台了一系列指导原则,见表2
需要强调的是干细胞产品需遵守2019年8月颁布的《药品管理法》、2020年1月颁布的《药品注册管理办法》和2011年1月实行的《药品生产质量管理规范》,并在此基础上需要按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》三部总论的〈生物制品生产检定用动物细胞基质制备及质量控制〉要求进行干细胞库的检定。
2023年9月23日,第四届中国干细胞与再生医学协同创新平台大会正式发布了我国首个人源干细胞国家标准《生物样本库多能干细胞管理技术规范》(GB/T42466-2023),标志着我国在干细胞样本库管理上有了标准技术支撑,对于推动我国干细胞研究和应用的规范化、标准化发展具有重要意义,也为干细胞领域后续相关标准的制定提供了先行示范。
此外,各省市及学会等根据需求也制定了相应的规范,如中国细胞生物学学会组织编写的《人间充质干细胞团体标准》,中国医药生物技术协会组织编写的《干细胞制剂制备质量管理自律规范》,深圳市细胞治疗协会组织编写的《临床研究用人脐带来源间充质干细胞制剂规范》和中国整形美容协会组织编写的《干细胞制剂制备与质检行业标准(试行)》等。
在干细胞产品管理趋于规范的同时,干细胞领域数据也在同步加速增长,但干细胞数据相关国际标准长期缺乏,导致干细胞研究数据管理不规范,共享应用效率低等问题。2024年10月30日,由我国专家牵头制定的全球首个干细胞数据国际标准ISO8472-1正式发布,将为干细胞领域数据管理提供规范和指导,提升全球干细胞数据管理水平,为干细胞数据国际标准提供依据,为推动干细胞研究和应用贡献“中国智慧”。
建立严格的质量控制体系,深入开展干细胞质量研究,并建立针对不同类型干细胞的质量标准,对于推动干细胞治疗的广泛应用具有重要意义。目前按药品进行研发的人源干细胞产品主要包括人成体干细胞(adult stem cells,ASCs)、人胚干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)及诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)3大类。参考2023年CDE发布的《人源干细胞产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》开展干细胞产品的质量控制,对其从起始原材料到成品进行全生命周期的质量控制,包括人、机、料、法、环5个方面。干细胞产品检定内容主要包括基本生物学特性、微生物学安全性、生物学安全性、生物学有效性及其他常规检测项目,涵盖细胞培养法、分子检测法、病毒检测法、蛋白标志物检测等多项技术。
通过倒置显微镜观察干细胞形态,如间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)呈纺锤形,ESCs与iPSCs具有相似的形态,呈圆状、质密且稍扁平的特征等。目前干细胞的形态学鉴定主要依据技术人员根据经验判断,尚没有统一的标准。如何结合图像分析技术判定细胞形态是可以发展的方向之一,已有研究报道采用计算机模拟技术分析iPSCs图像,通过对细胞核的形态分析判定细胞状态,尽管还在研究阶段,但也提示AI技术与显微镜结合将为细胞形态的判定提供帮助[3]
采用STR分型技术、DNA条形码技术(DNA barcoding)和染色体核型分析进行细胞鉴别。STR分型技术通过分析多个STR基因座,可以准确地判断细胞是否存在交叉污染及交叉污染的类型,该技术具有高通量和系统化的特点,结果更加准确、客观。Paul Hebert首先倡导将DNA条形码技术应用到生物物种鉴定中,该技术是利用一段标准DNA 序列作为标记来实现快速、准确和自动化的物种鉴定,常采用进化保守的线粒体COI基因[4]。染色体核型分析用于评估细胞的染色体数目和结构,包括染色体易位、缺失等异常,也是评估细胞遗传稳定性的关键指标[5],按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》进行。
可通过细胞活率、活细胞数、群体倍增时间(PDT)、细胞周期等对细胞活性进行综合评价。细胞活率、活细胞数和群体倍增时间通过细胞计数法进行,可采用台盼蓝染色或AO/PI染色法,自动化细胞计数仪进行。细胞周期可采用流式细胞术进行检测,荧光标记法染色(如碘化丙啶),采用细胞周期分析软件分析不同细胞时相细胞分布。
细胞表面标志物可对细胞类型、多能性、谱系、终末分化和/或功能进行表征,常采用相关分析检测方法如流式细胞术、蛋白免疫印迹(western blot,WB)、免疫荧光等。流式细胞术主要用于分析细胞表面蛋白,WB可用于分析细胞总蛋白含量,免疫荧光法可检测细胞标志蛋白在细胞中的定位。基于不同干细胞类型的生物学标志物存在差异,如国际MSCs标准将MSCs判定为CD105、CD73和CD90表达阳性,CD45、CD34或CD11b、CD79a或CD19、HLA-DR表达阴性[6];造血干细胞的表面标志物为CD34、CD133和CD90阳性,CD38阴性[7];人胚干细胞表达SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81、Thy1等[8]。上述表面标志物以流式细胞术检测为主,采用特异性抗体标记,具有灵敏、快速的特点,适合干细胞产品快速放行。
此外,新技术的兴起为发现特异干细胞标志物提供了新方法。蛋白质组学技术在发现与疾病相关的生物标志物方面具有极大的优势,可以对蛋白质的表达水平、修饰状态和相互作用进行研究。应用蛋白质组学技术开展干细胞质量研究,鉴定细胞特异性或阶段特异性的表面标志蛋白,将有利于对干细胞分化等进行更精准的调控和追踪。尽管已有多种表面标志物可用于鉴定不同的干细胞类型,但有的表面标志物缺乏特异性,如Thy1在ESCs和成纤维细胞均表达。而且,根据临床应用的要求,分离处于特定发育阶段的干细胞用于临床特定疾病的治疗具有重大的意义,因此亟需发现更可靠的细胞表面标志物。已有研究表明,采用蛋白质组学技术发现了iPSCs或ESCs细胞的其他特异表面标志物,如iPSCs的表面标志物CD147、F2(CD98)、AT1B3(CD298)和TFR1(CD71)[9],ESCs的表面标志物ERBB4、GTT1和ZDHHC13[10],还需进一步开展功能学研究进行验证。此外,也发现了干细胞分化过程中的特异性标志物,如分化为心肌细胞的阶段特异性标志物DAB2等[11-12]
干细胞产品的微生物安全性检测包括无菌检查、细菌内毒素检查/热原检查、异常毒性检查、支原体检查和外源病毒因子检查。应采用2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》进行无菌检查法检测细菌和真菌,凝胶限度试验检查细菌内毒素,热原检查法检查包括非细菌来源内毒素在内的热原,支原体检查法检测可能的支原体污染。对于使用复制缺陷型等病毒载体获得的干细胞产品,应充分考虑控制病毒载体回复突变的风险。
干细胞终产品及新鲜干细胞制剂的放行检测采用快速检验方法,如PCR方法进行无菌检查和支原体检查,但同时需开展药典传统方法的平行检测,并要求对检测结果后期可能出现的非预期结果制定处置方案。
由于干细胞产品生产中采用的原材料和细胞基质等可能带来其他外源病毒因子,以及在生产过程中引入病毒污染,因此对外源病毒因子的控制和检测也非常重要,主要采用细胞培养法、免疫荧光法和PCR方法等。体外指示细胞培养法和动物体内接种法为经典的外源病毒因子检测方法,可检测具有感染能力的病毒,其缺点是耗时长,且某些病毒尚没有合适的动物模型,病毒阳性不能直接判定病毒种属,需进一步鉴别。采用PCR技术检测干细胞产品中是否存在外源病毒具有快速灵敏的特点,主要针对在干细胞产品制备过程中可能引进的已知病毒,但检出核酸并不代表病毒具有感染能力。此外,二代测序(next generation sequencing,NGS)技术与上述2种方法比较,比细胞培养法和动物体内接种法快速,但比PCR法繁琐,NGS技术有潜在的优势,即理论上可以检测细胞污染的所有病毒,尤其是未知病毒。研究显示采用NGS技术可以检测牛血清样品中普遍存在的牛源病毒核酸以及新的牛细小病毒[13]。但NGS的流程比较复杂,涵盖试验的设计、实施和质控,对病毒检出的灵敏度和特异性有较大的影响,目前处于早期的研究阶段,因此NGS技术应用于干细胞制品的安全性检测还需大量的研究工作。
干细胞治疗产品的安全性评价应遵从《药物非临床试验质量管理规范》 (GLP),主要考察成瘤性和致瘤性。按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》进行体内成瘤性和致瘤性检查,软琼脂克隆形成试验和端粒酶活性检测可一定程度上用于评价干细胞产品的成瘤性。在动物致瘤性试验不能有效判断致瘤性时,可同时开展体外试验方法检测与致瘤性相关的生物学性状的改变,如细胞对生长因子依赖性、基因组稳定性、与致瘤性密切相关的蛋白(如癌变信号通路中的关键调控蛋白)表达水平或活性、对凋亡诱导敏感性等的影响,间接判断干细胞恶性转化的可能性[14]。对于ESCs和iPSCs来源的干细胞衍生产品应特别关注终产品的成瘤性和致瘤性检测。
目前,普遍认为MSCs“不致瘤”或具有“弱致瘤性”,但不排除其对已存在肿瘤的“促瘤性”作用[15]。研究显示非突变的宿主细胞与肿瘤细胞之间存在复杂的双向作用,MSCs也具有类似作用。在健康组织,MSCs在创伤愈合和免疫调控方面发挥重要作用[16];在骨髓微环境中,MSCs通过分泌细胞因子在维持造血干细胞干性和谱系分化中起着重要作用,并有利于维持骨髓造血微环境[17];在肿瘤微环境中,MSCs通过与肿瘤细胞和微环境其他的成分直接作用,可导致肿瘤发展和转移[18-19]。因此,干细胞对哪类肿瘤具有促进作用,应用MSCs可以治疗哪些肿瘤,如何评价MSCs在临床应用中对肿瘤的双面性,还需结合临床治疗效果并开展深入的研究工作,建议根据干细胞制剂的组织来源和临床适应症的不同,设计相应的试验方法,以判断其制剂的“促瘤性”。
干细胞产品在体外操作过程中可能分化为非目的细胞,即非预期分化,包括非靶细胞分化或非靶部位分化,应在体内动物试验中进行研究,并考虑与高通量测序技术等结合进行评估和检测。脱靶编辑主要发生在基因修饰的干细胞产品,可能会出现非目的基因组编辑的风险,如DNA插入或删除等,可采用全基因组测序方法进行分析和评估。
不同类型的干细胞产品具有不同的生物学功能,需基于产品与临床相关的治疗活性或预期的生物学效应,选择能够代表产品作用机制的生物学有效性测定方法。通过检测干细胞分化潜能、诱导分化细胞的结构和生理功能、对免疫细胞的调节能力、分泌特定细胞因子、表达特定基因和蛋白等功能,来判断干细胞制剂与治疗相关的生物学有效性。ESCs和iPSCs衍生细胞的生物学活性是基于分化细胞特殊的生物学功能的检测,或与分化细胞功能相关的特定基因和蛋白质的检测。另外,干细胞生物学活性检测可能还涉及到细胞定向分化效率检测、细胞及细胞外基质/结构的形成、细胞相互作用(如免疫激活或抑制)、细胞的迁移分化或自我更新潜能评估等。
MSCs应具有成骨分化、成软骨分化和成脂分化能力,但三分化能力的质量标准还需进一步完善。2015年《干细胞制剂质量控制及临床前研究指导原则(试行)》中提到“对间充质干细胞,无论何种来源,应进行体外多种类型细胞(如成脂肪细胞、成软骨细胞、成骨细胞等)分化能力的检测,以判断其细胞分化的多能性。”深圳市细胞治疗技术协会2018颁布的团体标准《临床研究用人脐带来源间充质干细胞制剂规范》[20]中对MSCs的分化能力的质量标准做出了具体的规定,即成骨分化染色面积占总面积比例应≥50%;成软骨分化染色面积占总面积比例应≥80%;成脂分化染色面积占总面积的比例≥50%。不同组织来源的MSCs因其制备工艺不同,培养条件差异,细胞传代次数等具有的分化能力也存在不同,因此是否可以建立一个最低标准适用于所有的MSCs产品,或根据企业自身的干细胞产品建立特定的质量标准,还需进一步讨论。建立标准方法是建立质量标准的首要条件,目前商品化的分化检测试剂盒品种繁多,尽管检测原理大致相同,但所含成分不尽相同,因此MSCs三分化还需进一步开展质量研究工作,以便制定通用的质量标准。
对未分化的ESCs和iPSCs,须通过体外拟胚胎体形成能力,或在SCID鼠体内形成畸胎瘤的能力,检测其分化的多能性。
旨在检测干细胞制剂可能引起的异常免疫学反应,通过体外试验及动物试验评价,如异体来源的干细胞制剂、经体外传代培养和特殊处理的自体来源的干细胞制剂等。此外,异体来源的ESCs及iPSCs在体外诱导分化后重新表达供体的HLA抗原分子,植入体内后可能产生免疫排斥反应,需进行体内试验加以评价。目前,体外试验主要包括干细胞对总淋巴细胞增殖抑制、对不同淋巴细胞亚群增殖能力的影响、以及对相关细胞因子分泌的影响等[21]。干细胞治疗所导致的异常免疫学反应机制比较复杂,需要在临床前研究和临床研究中不断积累数据,进而拓展至体外试验评价指标。
干细胞免疫调控能力主要通过免疫调控因子的表达水平进行评价,可采用流式细胞术、ELISA、ELISpot等方法。如体外试验检测干细胞免疫调控能力可通过淋巴细胞共培养方法,检测免疫调控因子,例如MSCs免疫调控能力常检测促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β及抗炎因子TGF-β和IL-10[22]。干细胞治疗免疫性疾病和眼科疾病主要通过调节患者的免疫系统发挥作用,重建患者的免疫平衡,进而减轻疾病症状,改善预后。如自身免疫性疾病是一类由免疫系统异常攻击自身组织引起的疾病,包括系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎等[23]。研究显示MSCs通过与调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)和单核细胞相互作用发挥免疫调控作用[24];脂肪来源的MSCs比骨髓来源的MSCs具有更强的免疫调控作用[25];脐带血来源的MSCs则在体内给药时引发同种异体免疫反应的风险最小[26-27]
基于干细胞产品与临床相关的治疗活性或预期的生物学效应,还需开发干细胞生物学活性的替代指标的分析测定法,应开展此分析测定法与活性的相关性研究,并进行充分的方法学验证,如评估产品的免疫化学、生物化学和分子属性等特征。
包括外观、pH、装量、可见异物、不溶性微粒、渗透压摩尔浓度、辅料含量等,需要符合2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》相应的规定。
干细胞纯度分析包括活细胞比例、细胞群或亚群比例、目的细胞比例和非目的细胞比例等。采用流式细胞术对上述指标进行检测。对ESCs或iPSCs来源的干细胞产品需进行杂质分析,如诱导试剂、病毒载体残留等。
传代稳定性的研究项目一般包括细胞形态、STR鉴别、活率、活细胞数、群体倍增时间、表型等生长特性稳定性,也包括染色体核型和组学测序等遗传稳定性,还包括多能性基因表达、畸胎瘤形成、定向诱导分化等干性的稳定性。
开展干细胞产品质量研究对于评价干细胞产品的安全性和有效性具有重要意义。在干细胞质量研究方面,已经取得了一系列令人瞩目的成果,如干细胞培养基的优化、干细胞表面标志物、诱导分化功能、免疫学调控功能等。干细胞产品在临床治疗中针对不同的临床适应症会产生特定的生物标志物,因此质量研究贯穿着干细胞产品的始终,也提示针对干细胞产品的质量标准在满足2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》的基础上,对不同来源的产品或不同的适应症可建立适用的特定质量标准,如中国细胞生物学会发布的一系列干细胞的团体标准,包括《人胚干细胞》《人诱导多能干细胞》《人间充质干细胞》,深圳市细胞治疗技术协会团体标准《临床研究用人脐带来源间充质干细胞制剂规范》等。
基因修饰技术使得细胞治疗领域更为复杂,该技术可以实现对干细胞的精准调控,从而增强其治疗特定疾病的能力,如NRG1基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞修复脊髓损伤[28]TRAIL基因修饰MSCs治疗多种恶性肿瘤等[29]。基因修饰细胞治疗产品既有细胞治疗的特点,也有基因治疗的潜在风险,因此干细胞基因修饰产品的质量控制需在干细胞基本指导原则的基础上,同时参考基因治疗产品的指导原则。结合2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》三部收载的〈人用基因治疗制品总论〉,并参考EMA于2021年4月发布了《含基因修饰细胞药品的质量、非临床和临床研究指南》[30]、CDE于2021年12月发布的《基因修饰细胞治疗产品非临床研究技术指导原则(试行)》及CDE 2022年5月发布的《体内基因治疗产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》,上述指导原则对于规范基因修饰类细胞治疗产品的质量具有重要的指导作用。
人胚干细胞来源的视网膜色素上皮细胞(hESC-RPEs)可用于治疗视网膜变性相关的疾病,如黄斑变性、色素性视网膜炎、Stargardt病(黄斑萎缩性损害合并视网膜黄色斑点沉着)等。国内学者对hESC-RPEs的质量属性进行了详细的研究,并建立了质量控制评价体系[31]。提示干细胞来源的功能细胞应用于临床前需根据其功能属性建立质量控制方法及评价体系,保证细胞制品质量可控。
干细胞来源的外泌体可应用于多种疾病的治疗,如骨折、早发性卵巢功能不全、脊髓损伤等[32],已有多项临床研究治疗不同疾病,包括急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肾脏疾病、移植物抗宿主疾病、关节炎、中风、阿尔兹海默、I型糖尿病等[33]。研究显示不同来源的MSCs产生的外泌体(MSC-Exos)对疾病的疗效不同[34]。干细胞来源的外泌体的质量控制在满足干细胞质量控制要求的基础上,可以参考2018年国际外泌体协会制定的MISEV2018指南(Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018),包括外泌体的分离纯化、定量、蛋白成分分析、标志物及生物学功能研究等方面;此外,我国于2023年和2024年发布了2个行业标准,即上海市生物医药行业协会制定的《间充质干细胞外泌体质量控制标准》和中国食品药品企业质量安全促进会制定的《人源间充质干细胞外泌体制备与检验规范》。鉴于干细胞来源的外泌体几乎具备了干细胞所有的生物学功能,而且可避免细胞治疗导致的肺微血管物理性栓塞[35],有替代细胞治疗的潜能,而且通过基因修饰干细胞获得的外泌体药物可靶向特定组织[36]
由于干细胞产品具有多样性、异质性、复杂性、特殊性、进展性等特性,因此对干细胞产品的质量研究应全面且持续开展,合理选择先进仪器和先进技术,建立简单易行且经济有效的方法。在提高干细胞产品质量方面,可考虑从以下几方面加强:①部分检测项目缺乏质量标准,如MSCs的三分化试验等;②无菌PCR快检可以用于干细胞产品无菌检测快速放行,但若结果为阳性需要采用药典方法进一步确认,还需建立新鲜细胞制剂无菌快速检测更为可靠的新方法;③不同来源的干细胞产品免疫学调控的相关因子需进一步研究;④建立干细胞来源的功能细胞的质量标准;⑤干细胞产品中相关杂质包括非目的细胞、细胞非预期表达的产物、死细胞残留、细胞碎片和其他可能的降解产物等,因此需进一步开发干细胞产品杂质分析的检测方法,如质谱技术等;⑥考虑将NGS技术与经典检测方法有机结合,开发其在质量控制中的应用;⑦来源于不同个体的干细胞规模化生产的批次差异还需进一步研究,如不同人的脐带组织等。
随着科技的进步,新技术新方法的不断开发,干细胞产品的质量控制一定会越来越完善。在借鉴其他国家先进经验的同时,应加强与国内的科研单位密切合作,对国内原创性成果积极采纳并进行方法学开发和验证,可突破现有的监管思维模式,尽快促进其转化和应用。总体来说,干细胞研究需要结合大量的临床前和临床研究进行全面评价,保障这些产品安全、有效和质量可控,基于干细胞的治疗手段将为更多难治性疾病的患者带来希望。
  • *北京市科技计划课题:基因修饰免疫细胞和基因治疗药物质量控制关键技术与服务平台建设(Z221100007922015)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1299
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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*北京市科技计划课题:基因修饰免疫细胞和基因治疗药物质量控制关键技术与服务平台建设(Z221100007922015)
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    北京昭衍药物检定研究有限公司,北京102605

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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