Article(id=1240997642629607752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0483, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773806494623, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773806494623, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773806494623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773806494623, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240997638351409170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='181', pageEnd='360', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773806493604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773810140860, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=297, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240997642931597652, articleId=1240997642629607752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research on determination and risk discussion of nitrate and nitrite in native starch and modified starch, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To discuss the influence of the pharmaceutical excipients on the nitrosamine formation in drugs by studying the nitrate and nitrite in native starch and modified starch.

Methods:

A methodologyfor the determination of nitrate and nitrite in starch was developed by ion chromatography with a suppressed conductivity detector. A Dionex IonPac anion-exchange column (AS11-HC, 4 mm, 2×250 mm) at a temperature of 30 ℃ was utilized. An electrolytically generated potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 0.015 mol·L-1 was delivered at a rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The injection volume was 25 µL. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, LOD & LOQ, precision, accuracy and robustness.

Results:

119 samples from 9 different categories of native starch and modified starch were analyzed. Nitrate was detected in all 38 samples of native starch in a range of 1 - 70 µg·g-1, and identified in 55 out of 81 samples of modified starch in a range of 2 - 1 110 µg·g-1, Among the modified starch samples, dextrin had the maximum concentration of nitrate. Similarly, nitrite was detected in 33 out of 38 samples of native starch in a range of 0.3 - 2.5 µg·g-1, and 17 out of 81 samples of modified starch in a range of 1.1 - 13.0 µg·g-1.

Conclusion:

This method has been proven to be suitable for determining the nitrate and nitrite in starch based pharmaceutical excipients. The controlling of nitrate and nitrite in the pharmaceutical excipients is an important part of the nitrosamine risk control in the drugs and should be given sufficient attention.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-jin YE, Cai-mei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-jun HU, Ying CHEN, Shao-wen YU, Yi LI, Miao WANG, Xiu-jin YE, Cai-mei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240997656466617270, articleId=1240997642629607752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐考察研究及风险探讨, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

通过考察原淀粉和改性淀粉类药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,来探讨辅料对药品中亚硝胺类杂质形成的影响。

方法:

采用离子色谱法测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。采用Dionex IonPac AS11-HC(4 µm,2 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,电导检测器,抑制电导检测,流动相为0.015 mol·L-1 氢氧化钾溶液,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为30 ℃,进样体积为25 µL。对方法的专属性、线性、检测限和定量限、精密度、准确度和耐用性进行了验证。

结果:

对9种共119批原淀粉和改性淀粉样品进行了测定,硝酸盐在所有38批原淀粉中均有检出,含量为1~70 µg·g-1;在55批(共81批)改性淀粉中也有检出,含量为2~1 110 µg·g-1,其中糊精的硝酸盐含量最高。亚硝酸盐在33批原淀粉中有检出,含量为0.3~2.5 µg·g-1;在17批改性淀粉中有检出,含量为1.1~13.0 µg·g-1

结论:

该方法经验证,适用于测定淀粉类药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐控制是药物制剂亚硝胺杂质风险控制的一个重要部分,应给予充分重视。

, correspAuthors=叶秀金, 王彩媚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*叶秀金 Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:
王彩媚 Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:
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Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997642629607752, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型色谱图

A.系统适用性溶液(system suitability solution) B.空白溶液(blank solution) C.供试品溶液(sample solution)

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The preparation and concentration of standard solutions

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编号
(No.)
取样量(sampling volume)/μL稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)/mL
质量浓度(mass concentration)/(µg·mL-1
储备液a
(stock solution a)
储备液b
(stock solution b)
S120.0050.00100.000.400.05
S2100.00100.00100.002.000.10
S31 000.001 000.00100.0020.001.00
S41 500.001 500.00100.0030.001.50
S52 000.002 000.00100.0040.002.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241033156741100295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997642629607752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

对照品溶液配制方法及浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(No.)
取样量(sampling volume)/μL稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)/mL
质量浓度(mass concentration)/(µg·mL-1
储备液a
(stock solution a)
储备液b
(stock solution b)
S120.0050.00100.000.400.05
S2100.00100.00100.002.000.10
S31 000.001 000.00100.0020.001.00
S41 500.001 500.00100.0030.001.50
S52 000.002 000.00100.0040.002.00
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原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐考察研究及风险探讨
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胡淑君 , 陈英 , 余少文 , 李艺 , 王淼 , 叶秀金 * , 王彩媚 *
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2025,45(2): 297-303
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2025, 45(2): 297-303
原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐考察研究及风险探讨
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胡淑君 , 陈英, 余少文, 李艺, 王淼, 叶秀金* , 王彩媚*
作者信息
  • 广东省药品检验所 国家药品监督管理局药用辅料质量控制与评价重点实验室,广州 510663
  • Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:

通讯作者:

*叶秀金 Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:
王彩媚 Tel:(020)81853846;E-mail:
Research on determination and risk discussion of nitrate and nitrite in native starch and modified starch
Shu-jun HU , Ying CHEN, Shao-wen YU, Yi LI, Miao WANG, Xiu-jin YE* , Cai-mei WANG*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Guangzhou 510663, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0483
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目的:

通过考察原淀粉和改性淀粉类药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,来探讨辅料对药品中亚硝胺类杂质形成的影响。

方法:

采用离子色谱法测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。采用Dionex IonPac AS11-HC(4 µm,2 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,电导检测器,抑制电导检测,流动相为0.015 mol·L-1 氢氧化钾溶液,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为30 ℃,进样体积为25 µL。对方法的专属性、线性、检测限和定量限、精密度、准确度和耐用性进行了验证。

结果:

对9种共119批原淀粉和改性淀粉样品进行了测定,硝酸盐在所有38批原淀粉中均有检出,含量为1~70 µg·g-1;在55批(共81批)改性淀粉中也有检出,含量为2~1 110 µg·g-1,其中糊精的硝酸盐含量最高。亚硝酸盐在33批原淀粉中有检出,含量为0.3~2.5 µg·g-1;在17批改性淀粉中有检出,含量为1.1~13.0 µg·g-1

结论:

该方法经验证,适用于测定淀粉类药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐控制是药物制剂亚硝胺杂质风险控制的一个重要部分,应给予充分重视。

原淀粉  /  改性淀粉  /  药用辅料  /  硝酸盐  /  亚硝酸盐  /  亚硝胺  /  风险
Objective:

To discuss the influence of the pharmaceutical excipients on the nitrosamine formation in drugs by studying the nitrate and nitrite in native starch and modified starch.

Methods:

A methodologyfor the determination of nitrate and nitrite in starch was developed by ion chromatography with a suppressed conductivity detector. A Dionex IonPac anion-exchange column (AS11-HC, 4 mm, 2×250 mm) at a temperature of 30 ℃ was utilized. An electrolytically generated potassium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 0.015 mol·L-1 was delivered at a rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The injection volume was 25 µL. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, LOD & LOQ, precision, accuracy and robustness.

Results:

119 samples from 9 different categories of native starch and modified starch were analyzed. Nitrate was detected in all 38 samples of native starch in a range of 1 - 70 µg·g-1, and identified in 55 out of 81 samples of modified starch in a range of 2 - 1 110 µg·g-1, Among the modified starch samples, dextrin had the maximum concentration of nitrate. Similarly, nitrite was detected in 33 out of 38 samples of native starch in a range of 0.3 - 2.5 µg·g-1, and 17 out of 81 samples of modified starch in a range of 1.1 - 13.0 µg·g-1.

Conclusion:

This method has been proven to be suitable for determining the nitrate and nitrite in starch based pharmaceutical excipients. The controlling of nitrate and nitrite in the pharmaceutical excipients is an important part of the nitrosamine risk control in the drugs and should be given sufficient attention.

native starch  /  modified starch  /  pharmaceutical excipients  /  nitrate  /  nitrite  /  nitrosamines  /  risk
胡淑君, 陈英, 余少文, 李艺, 王淼, 叶秀金, 王彩媚. 原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐考察研究及风险探讨. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 297 -303 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0483
Shu-jun HU, Ying CHEN, Shao-wen YU, Yi LI, Miao WANG, Xiu-jin YE, Cai-mei WANG. Research on determination and risk discussion of nitrate and nitrite in native starch and modified starch[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (2) : 297 -303 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0483
淀粉是植物中的常见组分,在医药工业中应用历史悠久。随着制剂技术的迅速发展,对固体制剂质量的要求不断提高,原淀粉等传统药用辅料难以适应这种发展要求,需要对原淀粉进行改性处理,得到改性淀粉[1-2]。淀粉类药用辅料包括玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、预胶化淀粉、糊精、麦芽糊精等,在制剂中常用作黏合剂、稀释剂及崩解剂等[3-6]。在药物制剂新技术开发中,改性淀粉被广泛用于药物释放系统,在热特性和pH依赖型药物释放模型[2,7-8]、纳米颗粒[9]、凝胶[10]等方面均表现出良好的预期。因其使用范围广,应对其产品质量给予关注。
作为氮循环中的一个环节,硝酸盐广泛存在于自然界中[11],加上氮肥的大量使用,作物中易蓄积硝酸盐,硝酸盐还能通过生物转化成亚硝酸盐[12-14]。淀粉是农作物的加工品,可能含有微量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐在特定条件下可能与胺化合,生成亚硝胺,以N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)为例,反应式见图1[15-16]
自2018年以来,制剂中亚硝胺的来源及形成引起了行业内关注,研究发现,含有硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的药用辅料也是亚硝胺的成因之一[17-18]。美国FDA和欧盟都已发布亚硝胺的每日可接受摄入量,并建议药物生产商对药品进行亚硝胺风险评估。USP、EP先后收载了亚硝胺杂质控制的新通则,国家药品审评中心(CDE)也发布了《化学药物中亚硝胺类杂质研究技术指导原则》。过去对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的研究主要集中在药物制剂或原料药中,药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐研究较少,积累数据有限,而药用辅料在药物中所占的比重通常较大,其中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的潜在风险不应被低估。原淀粉和改性淀粉为植物来源,且使用量相对较大,有必要进行风险考察。本文开发了1种用离子色谱法测定原淀粉及改性淀粉中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的专属方法,并对9种原淀粉和改性淀粉进行了分析评估,测定了其中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量,并探讨了产生亚硝胺的风险。
ICS-5000型离子色谱仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司),2907型超纯水发生器(密理博公司),CP225D型十万分之一电子天平(赛多利斯集团)。
硝酸钾(批号20230106-2)、亚硝酸钠(批号20230401-2)、氯化钠(批号2023070211)、碳酸钾(批号2022120219)、亚硫酸钠(批号2023030811)、硫酸钾(批号20210604-1)均购自广州化学试剂厂,质量分数均为99.0%以上,氢氧化钾淋洗液购自赛默飞世尔科技公司。
原淀粉样品包括玉米淀粉16批、小麦淀粉3批、木薯淀粉5批、豌豆淀粉6批、马铃薯淀粉8批,改性淀粉包括预胶化淀粉17批、糊精25批、可溶性淀粉27批、麦芽糊精12批,所有样品均来自国内外药用辅料厂商或制剂厂商。
取硝酸钾325.8 mg,置100 mL量瓶中,加超纯水稀释至刻度,摇匀,得质量浓度为2 000 µg·mL-1的对照品储备液a;取亚硝酸钠15.0 mg,置100 mL量瓶中,加超纯水稀释至刻度,摇匀,得浓度为100 µg·mL-1的对照品储备液b;精密量取对照品储备液a和对照品储备液b各适量,加超纯水稀释制成系列浓度的混合对照品溶液,详见表1
取原淀粉或改性淀粉样品1.0 g,置100 mL量瓶中,加超纯水90 mL,超声(925 W,50 Hz)30 min,加超纯水稀释至刻度,摇匀,用0.45 µm滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得。
阴离子交换色谱柱(Dionex IonPac AS11-HC,4 µm,2 mm×250 mm),电导检测器,抑制电导检测,流动相为0.015 mol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30 ℃,进样量25 µL。
分别取氯化钠164.8 mg、亚硝酸钠150 mg、碳酸钾4.6 g、亚硫酸钠363 mg、硫酸钾600 mg和硝酸钾163 mg,置100 mL量瓶中,加超纯水溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀。取1 mL,置100 mL量瓶中,加超纯水溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀,得Cl-质量浓度分别为10、10、200、40、20、10 µg·mL-1的系统适用性溶液。取上述系统适用性溶液、空白溶液(超纯水)和供试品溶液,按“2.3”项下色谱条件进样测定,色谱图见图2峰和峰的理论塔板数分别为9 450和11 280,峰和峰的不对称因子分别为1.05和1.10。所有相邻色谱峰之间的分离度均不低于1.5,表明上述常见阴离子对的测定无干扰。空白溶液和供试品溶液的色谱图均对测试无干扰,表明方法具有良好的专属性。
表1中的混合对照品溶液,按“2.3”项下色谱条件分别进样,以峰面积A对浓度C进行回归,得的回归方程分别为

A=0.154 2C-0.037 4  r=1.000

A=0.118 1C+0.001 2  r=0.999 8

结果表明,质量浓度分别在0.4~40 µg·mL-1和0.05~2.0 µg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好。
取混合对照品溶液逐级稀释,按“2.3”项下色谱条件分别进样测定,以信噪比≈3时的浓度为检测限(LOD),信噪比≈10时的浓度为定量限(LOQ)。的LOD为0.1 µg·g-1(相当于样品中的硝酸盐含量),LOQ为0.4 µg·g-1的LOD为0.1 µg·g-1(相当于样品中的亚硝酸盐含量),LOQ为0.3 µg·g-1
取混合对照品溶液S3,按“2.3”项下色谱条件进样测定6次,峰面积的RSD分别为1.9%和2.3%,表明仪器的精密度良好。
精密称取原淀粉(玉米淀粉批号E4429)或改性淀粉(预胶化淀粉批号6122、糊精批号2022011802、可溶性淀粉批号2021030K、麦芽糊精批号TF70220101)样品各1.0 g,6份,分别置100 mL量瓶中,加对照品储备液a、对照品储备液b各1 mL,加超纯水90 mL,超声30 min,用超纯水稀释至刻度,摇匀,用0.45 µm滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得重复性溶液。按“2.3”项下色谱条件进样,分别测定,计算每份重复性溶液中的含量及RSD。玉米淀粉、预胶化淀粉、糊精、可溶性淀粉和麦芽糊精重复性溶液中含量的平均值分别为20.50、18.84、28.83、19.41、19.05 µg·g-1,RSD分别为0.75%、0.59%、0.34%、0.39%、0.75%;含量的平均值分别为0.96、1.01、0.93、0.94、0.96 µg·g-1,RSD分别为3.8%、2.6%、0.81%、3.5%,1.0%。结果表明试验重复性良好。
精密量取“重复性试验”项下的同批次样品9份,每份1.0 g,每3份为一组,每组分别加入对照品储备液a、对照品储备液b各0.5、1和1.5 mL,作为50%、100%和150%限度水平的供试品加标溶液。按“2.2”项下方法制备供试溶液,按“2.3”项下色谱条件进样测定,计算回收率及RSD。玉米淀粉、预胶化淀粉、糊精、可溶性淀粉和麦芽糊精中的平均回收率分别为97.7%、92.6%、90.7%、89.9%、92.1%,RSD分别为4.4%、1.7%、7.5%、6.2%、3.0%,的平均回收率分别为95.3%、98.1%、93.9%、97.9%、97.6%,RSD分别为2.7%、2.1%、1.9%、2.4%、2.3%。结果表明本方法准确度良好。
取同批次(批号E4429)玉米淀粉样品2份各1.0 g,精密称定,1份按照“2.2”项下方法制备供试品溶液,另1份加水稀释后除不超声外,其他同法制备。取上述供试品溶液及混合对照溶液(限度浓度),分别于配制后的0、4、8、12、16、20和24 h进样,计算峰面积的RSD,考察稳定性。超声处理的供试品溶液、未超声供试品溶液和对照品溶液在24 h内峰面积的RSD分别为3.5%、2.1%和0.48%,供试品溶液(无论是否超声)在24 h内峰面积的RSD均>10.0%,而对照品溶液在24 h内峰面积的RSD为5.7%。结果表明的稳定性在24 h之内相对较好(供试品溶液中含量低,RSD较对照品溶液大),的稳定性较差,无论是对照品溶液还是供试品溶液都建议在配制后4 h之内进样。
改用不同色谱柱(Dionex IonPac AS19-HC,4 µm,2 mm×250 mm)进行分析,结果基本一致。另外,尝试了不同淋洗液浓度(0.015、0.02 mol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液)、不同流速(0.5、0.8、1.0 mL·min-1)、不同柱温(25、30、35 ℃)、不同溶剂(超纯水、0.06%乙酸水溶液)对色谱峰分离的影响。结果表明,溶剂为超纯水,流动相为0.015 mol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30 ℃,色谱柱为AS19-HC或AS11-HC时,分离效果较佳。
取玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉等38批原淀粉样品以及预胶化淀粉、糊精、可溶性淀粉和麦芽糊精等81批改性淀粉样品,按“2.2”项下方法配制溶液,并按“2.3”项下色谱条件进样测定。结果发现:38批原淀粉样品中均检出硝酸盐(含量为1~70 µg·g-1),有33批检出亚硝酸盐(含量为0.3~2.5 µg·g-1);81批改性淀粉中,有55批检出硝酸盐(含量为2~1 110 µg·g-1),其中糊精的硝酸盐含量普遍较高,有17批检出亚硝酸盐(含量为1.1~13.0 µg·g-1)。
图3-A图4所示,在原淀粉中检出少量硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐(详见“2.5”项),推测原因为原淀粉来源于谷物、块茎和豆类等作物,作物中有硝酸盐蓄积的可能性。结合原淀粉的工艺调研,推测工艺中可能未完全除去硝酸盐,如有微生物污染,硝酸盐在淀粉的贮藏过程中又可能产生微量的亚硝酸盐[12-14]
预胶化淀粉是1种物理改性淀粉,在制剂中常用作填充剂、崩解剂和黏合剂[22]。因其由原淀粉物理改性而来[22],故检出微量的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐。如图3-A图4所示,17批预胶化淀粉中均检出硝酸盐,含量为2~62 µg·g-1;有13批检出亚硝酸盐,含量为1.1~13.0 µg·g-1
糊精是原淀粉的酸水解产物[22],主要用作制剂的填充剂和黏合剂[22]。据对糊精生产工艺的调研,不少企业使用硝酸对原淀粉进行水解,故可能存在硝酸盐残留,检测数据验证了调研结果。如图3-B图4所示,在所有25批糊精中均检出硝酸盐,含量为54~111 0 µg·g-1。亚硝酸盐仅在2批糊精中检出,含量分别为3.7和4.3 µg·g-1
可溶性淀粉是我国的特有品种,多用于颗粒剂,也是原淀粉的酸水解产物[22],水解度低于糊精。据对可溶性淀粉生产工艺的调研,水解使用了硫酸而非硝酸,故硝酸盐检出很少。如图3-A图4所示,27批可溶性淀粉样品中仅9批检出硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐中的1种或2种。该9批中的硝酸盐含量范围为7.5~33.0 µg·g-1,亚硝酸盐仅2批检出,含量分别为1.8和5.1 µg·g-1
麦芽糊精是原淀粉的酶水解产物[22]。如图3-A图4所示,12批麦芽糊精样品中仅5批检出硝酸盐,为4.0~26.0 µg·g-1,而亚硝酸盐均未检出。
目前,测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的方法主要有分光光度法[19-20]、高效液相色谱法[21]、电化学法[22-25]和离子色谱法[26-27]等。分光光度法需将硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐再进行检测,存在假阴性的情况;高效液相色谱法测定基本能达到基线分离,但选择波长为末端吸收波长,对淀粉类样品的分析可能存在干扰;电化学法在各国药典中均有应用,但选择性强,硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐会彼此干扰;离子色谱法是测定无机阴离子的一种常用方法,操作简单,灵敏度高,分离效果好,可避免其他相关物质的干扰。故本文选择离子色谱法进行研究,试验证明,该法适用于测定原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。
离子色谱法的样品前处理步骤相对简单,常用超纯水、淋洗液、酸或碱提取。由于均易溶于水,且实验证明超纯水的负峰在2 min左右,而出峰时间在7 min以后,溶剂并不会对测定造成干扰,故本方法采用超纯水作为溶剂提取。“2.4.7”项下对供试品溶液超声与否的峰面积变化情况进行了对比,发现超声后的峰面积都比未超声的大,说明超声处理可以较为显著地提高溶解性。因此,本法前处理采用超声30 min使待测离子充分溶解后,再用滤膜滤过。
离子色谱中不同的固定相对淋洗液具有选择性,本法采用以烷醇季铵为离子交换剂固定相的色谱柱(Dionex IonPac AS11-HC)并搭配选用氢氧化钾为淋洗液,同时调节淋洗液浓度至0.015 mol·L-1,改善了色谱的分离度。常见阴离子中,Cl-峰保留时间较近,较难分离,但用此方法能够实现较好的分离(见图2-A)。
药品监管行业暂无关于硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐最大允许摄入量的规定,但可参考食品行业的一些标准和指南。例如:国标食品添加剂标准GB2762-2022要求食品(如腌肉)中亚硝酸盐残留的限量不得过30 mg·kg-1[28];欧洲食品添加剂条例(EC)第1333/2008号规定,一般食品中的亚硝酸盐限量不得过150 mg·kg-1。本研究中所有样品亚硝酸盐含量的平均值为0.8 µg·g-1,有1批改性淀粉(预胶化淀粉)中亚硝酸盐的含量为13 µg·g-1,为所有样品中的最大值。所有样品亚硝酸盐含量均低于上述标准和指南中的限量。糊精中的硝酸盐含量相对最高(这与糊精的工艺有关),平均含量为660 µg·g-1,最大值为1 110 µg·g-1,均低于2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部糊精中硝酸盐的规定限度(2 000 µg·g-1)。
试验结果表明,原淀粉和改性淀粉的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量总体处于安全范围,糊精中的硝酸盐含量较高,因此,建议在糊精的生产和贮藏过程中密切监测。若糊精的硝酸盐含量超出2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》的限量,应采取必要措施。就亚硝酸盐而论,测定的119批样品中有50批检出亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐在某些特定条件下(如合适的温度、pH以及酰胺、脲和氨基甲酸酯的存在[29])可转化成亚硝胺,但由于从硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐到亚硝胺的转变环节较多且过程复杂,可能发生在加工、贮藏过程以及人类的消化系统中,因此,不易确定从亚硝酸盐到亚硝胺的具体转化率[1130]。本研究中亚硝酸盐的最大含量为13 µg·g-1,根据美国FDA网站发布的数据,淀粉类产品的最大日剂量(MDD)为5 785 mg·d-1,如果假设样品中的亚硝酸盐有1%转化为NDMA,NDMA的每日摄入量即可能超出美国FDA指南建议的可接受摄入量(96 ng·d-1)。当然,由于转化率的不确定性,这只是一种估算,但在一定程度上也说明,即使是微量的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,也有一定概率促使亚硝胺的形成,从而影响药物的稳定性和安全性。因此,建议药用辅料生产企业和制剂企业对于原淀粉和改性淀粉中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进行充分的分析评估。如发现风险,可从以下几个方面考虑控制:第一,制剂企业应充分考量配方,如果原料药易与亚硝酸盐反应生成基因毒性杂质,应在生产过程中给予特别关注,辅料应对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐进行评估;第二,原淀粉和改性淀粉的生产企业可在工艺中适当增加水洗步骤以减少硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐残留,对于酸水解的糊精,在不影响产品性能的前提下,厂家可探索使用非硝酸水解的可能性(参考可溶性淀粉使用硫酸水解);第三,为尽量降低硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐的概率,应正确贮藏原辅料及制剂,如避免酸性和高温条件;第四,企业在制剂全生命周期监测时,可留意辅料导致基因毒性杂质产生的可能性。
本研究建立了离子色谱法测定原淀粉和改性淀粉中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的方法,并对方法的专属性、线性、精密度、准确度、耐用性等进行了验证,证明方法具有较好的适用性。并运用该方法对119批9种原淀粉及改性淀粉样品进行了分析,根据测定结果进行了风险探讨,并对该类药用辅料中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐风险控制提出了建议。本研究为药用辅料中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的测定及风险研究提供了数据基础,并对从根源上控制药物制剂中的亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质的风险提供了思路。
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0483
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
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    广东省药品检验所 国家药品监督管理局药用辅料质量控制与评价重点实验室,广州 510663

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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