Article(id=1240997639580340249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773806493896, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773806493896, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773806493896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773806493896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240997638351409170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='181', pageEnd='360', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773806493604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773810140860, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=237, endPage=245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240997639848775711, articleId=1240997639580340249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Investigating pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trilobatin in rats using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, columnId=1239184757519602223, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Metabolism Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To systematically analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability and in vivo metabolites of trilobatin in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Methods:

The chromatographic conditions were performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with 0.1% formic acid (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B) as the mobile phase. A gradient elution program was carried out with an accompanying flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1, a column temperature of 40 ℃, and an injection volume of 2 μL. The mass spectrometry conditions comprised an electrospray ion source in conjunction with negative ionization mode, with an ionogenic temperature of 150 ℃, a capillary voltage of -3.0 kV, and a desolvation-gas flow temperature of 500 ℃. The desolvation-gas flow rate was set at 750 L·h-1, and the conical pore gas volumetric flow rate was fixed at 150 L·h-1. The analysis was conducted in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Trilobatin was given to rats via gavage and intravenous injection, respectively. Plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected, and the drug concentration was determined after methanol precipitation of proteins. Pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolites were analyzed by pharmacokinetic software and metabolite analysis and identification software.

Results:

Following the administration of trilobatin to SD rats at a dose of 100 mg·kg-1 via gavage and intravenous injection, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC0-t) was found to be (423.98 ± 295.42) ng·h·mL-1 and (90 894.75 ± 25 472.44) ng·h·mL-1, respectively. The oral bioavailability was determined to be 0.46%; Cmax was (203.83±25.88) ng·mL-1 and (181 814.90±113 461.60) ng·mL-1, respectively. The oral half-life was 1.65 h, while the intravenous half-life was 3.82 h. Trilobatin was metabolized to phloretin in the intestine and underwent further biotransformation in vivo through deglycosylation, methylation, deoxygenation and hydrolysis.

Conclusion:

The pilot study represents a preliminary investigation into the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trilobatin in rats, providing a foundation for further pharmacodynamics research and subsequent formulation development.

, correspAuthors=Yuan-dong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ze-li CHUN, Xing-yan CHEN, Yan-lei GUO, Jian-mei GAO, Qi-hai GONG, Yuan-dong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240997642549907530, articleId=1240997639580340249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于三重四极杆质谱技术的三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢研究*, columnId=1239184757708345914, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=代谢分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

采用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对三叶苷在Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠体内药动学参数、口服生物利用度以及体内代谢物进行系统分析。

方法:

采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 µm),以0.1%甲酸(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量2 μL。采用电喷雾离子源,负离子化方式,离子源温度150 ℃,毛细管电压-3.0 kV,去溶剂气温度500 ℃,去溶剂气流量750 L·h-1, 锥孔气体积流量150 L·h-1, 多反应监测模式(MRM)检测。三叶苷分别灌胃和静脉注射给予大鼠,收集血浆、尿液、粪便样品,甲醇沉淀蛋白后测定药物浓度,应用药动学软件和代谢物分析鉴定软件对药动学参数、代谢物进行系统分析。

结果:

分别灌胃和静脉注射给予SD大鼠三叶苷(100 mg·kg-1)后,测得AUC0-t分别为(423.98±295.42)ng·h·mL-1和(90 894.75±25 472.44)ng·h·mL-1;口服生物利用度为0.46%;Cmax分别为(203.83 ± 25.88)ng·mL-1和(181 814.90±113 461.60)ng·mL-1;口服半衰期1.65 h,静脉注射半衰期3.82 h;三叶苷在肠道代谢为根皮素,并在体内发生脱糖苷化、甲基化、脱氧、水解等生物转化。

结论:

对三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢进行了初步研究,可为药效研究及后续制剂研发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张远冬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**Tel:18382037398;E-mail:
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淳泽利 Tel:15814019803;E-mail:

陈兴艳 Tel:15286572259;E-mail:

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Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material Medical, Chongqing 400065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241033140328779913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, companyId=1241033140312002694, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.重庆市中药研究院,重庆 400065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241033143738749295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Mass spectrograms, figureFileSmall=BvWcX6GrPjzquGoIUtThbw==, figureFileBig=w7ZoAniU8TuHU+pkfzXeQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241033143835218292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=图1, caption=质谱图

A. MS B. MS2

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A.空白血浆(blank plasma) B. 空白血浆+内标+三叶苷(4.7 ng·mL-1)[blank plasma+ inernal standard +trilobatin(4.7 ng·mL-1)] C. 健康SD大鼠口服50 mg·kg-1三叶苷10 h后的血浆样品[a plasma sample from one healthy sprague-dawley rat 10 h after oral administration of trilobatin(50 mg·kg-1)]

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A. 内标(internal standard) B. 三叶苷(trilobatin) C. 根皮素(phloretin) D.总离子流色谱图(total ion chromatogram)

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Retention time (tR) and main mass spectrum parameters of trilobatin and internal standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物(compound) tR/minMS1MS2锥孔电压(cone)/V碰撞能(collision energy)/V
三叶苷(trilobatin)1.94 m/z 435.1 m/z 273.12416
内标(internal standard,IS)1.38 m/z 303.1 m/z 285.02512
), ArticleFig(id=1241033144871211428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三叶苷、内标的保留时间(tR)和主要质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物(compound) tR/minMS1MS2锥孔电压(cone)/V碰撞能(collision energy)/V
三叶苷(trilobatin)1.94 m/z 435.1 m/z 273.12416
内标(internal standard,IS)1.38 m/z 303.1 m/z 285.02512
), ArticleFig(id=1241033144955097513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Results of precision and accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理论浓度
(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1
批内(intra-day)(n=6)批间(inter-day)(n=18)
实测值
(determined)±SD
准确度
(accuracy)/%
精密度
(precision)RSD/%
实测值
(determined)±SD
准确度
(accuracy)/%
精密度
(precision)RSD/%
4.75.15±0.54109.610.75.18±0.48110.99.5
18.818.48±0.6698.43.619.06±1.47101.57.8
93.996.05±1.61102.31.798.45±5.07105.25.2
469.5466.0±8.0199.31.8485.6±21.53103.74.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145043177899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

准确度和精密度结果

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理论浓度
(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1
批内(intra-day)(n=6)批间(inter-day)(n=18)
实测值
(determined)±SD
准确度
(accuracy)/%
精密度
(precision)RSD/%
实测值
(determined)±SD
准确度
(accuracy)/%
精密度
(precision)RSD/%
4.75.15±0.54109.610.75.18±0.48110.99.5
18.818.48±0.6698.43.619.06±1.47101.57.8
93.996.05±1.61102.31.798.45±5.07105.25.2
469.5466.0±8.0199.31.8485.6±21.53103.74.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145143841199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Results of matrix effect and extraction recoveries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
理论浓度(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1基质效应(matrix effect)提取回收率(extraction recoveries)
平均值(mean)/%RSD/%平均值(mean)/%RSD/%
三叶苷(trilobatin)18.8103.34.286.67.8
93.9104.01.979.32.3
469.5102.43.082.32.8
内标(internal standard)1 036.499.93.482.54.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145248698803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基质效应和提取回收率结果(n=3)

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化合物
(compound)
理论浓度(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1基质效应(matrix effect)提取回收率(extraction recoveries)
平均值(mean)/%RSD/%平均值(mean)/%RSD/%
三叶苷(trilobatin)18.8103.34.286.67.8
93.9104.01.979.32.3
469.5102.43.082.32.8
内标(internal standard)1 036.499.93.482.54.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145374527927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

The stability of trilobatin in plasma

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理论浓度
(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1
室温(room temperature)24 h进样器(autosampler)24 h冻融循环3次(three freeze thaw cycles)
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
18.819.77±1.00105.119.73±1.18106.018.54±1.0098.6
469.5479.2±20.77102.1474.0±4.80101.0438.6±23.7693.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145475191227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三叶苷在血浆中的稳定性(n=3)

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理论浓度
(theoretical concentration)/(ng·mL-1
室温(room temperature)24 h进样器(autosampler)24 h冻融循环3次(three freeze thaw cycles)
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
实测值
(determined)±SD /(ng·mL-1
回收率
(recovery)/%
18.819.77±1.00105.119.73±1.18106.018.54±1.0098.6
469.5479.2±20.77102.1474.0±4.80101.0438.6±23.7693.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145571660220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters for trilobatin were determined after oral administration (p.o.) at doses of 50 mg·kg-1 and 100 mg·kg-1, as well as intravenous administration (i.v.) at a dose of 100 mg·kg-1

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参数(parameter)计算数值(value)
50 mg·kg-1(p.o.)100 mg·kg-1(p.o.)100 mg·kg-1(i.v.)
AUC0-t/(ng·h·mL-1233.37±51.75423.98±295.4290 894.75±25 472.44****
AUC0-∞/(ng·h·mL-1247.46±46.21430.04±299.1191 543.00±25 035.42****
MRT0-t/h3.67±0.942.83±0.771.49±0.86*
MRT0-∞/h4.53±1.453.03±0.751.67±0.99*
t1/2/h2.10±1.991.65±0.923.82±1.35*
Tmax/h1.07±0.321.06±0.310.12±0.08****
Cmax/(ng·mL-190.43±32.63203.83±25.88181 814.90±113 461.60****
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145714266562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三叶苷口服(p.o.,50、100 mg·kg-1)和静脉注射(i.v.,100 mg·kg-1)后的药动学参数(n=5)

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参数(parameter)计算数值(value)
50 mg·kg-1(p.o.)100 mg·kg-1(p.o.)100 mg·kg-1(i.v.)
AUC0-t/(ng·h·mL-1233.37±51.75423.98±295.4290 894.75±25 472.44****
AUC0-∞/(ng·h·mL-1247.46±46.21430.04±299.1191 543.00±25 035.42****
MRT0-t/h3.67±0.942.83±0.771.49±0.86*
MRT0-∞/h4.53±1.453.03±0.751.67±0.99*
t1/2/h2.10±1.991.65±0.923.82±1.35*
Tmax/h1.07±0.321.06±0.310.12±0.08****
Cmax/(ng·mL-190.43±32.63203.83±25.88181 814.90±113 461.60****
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145831707078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Potential metabolites of trilobatin in vivo

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峰编号
(peak No.)
名称
(name)
化学式
(formula)
m/z分子量偏差
(mass error)
tR/min峰面积
(peak area)
M1ParentC20H20O11437.101 414.85.602.34×105
M2Loss of C6H10O5C15H14O5275.091 50.56.172.75×105
M3Tri-OxidationC21H24O13485.135 012.45.451.55×105
M4Loss of C6H10O6 and OC15H14O3243.101 80.86.818.09×104
M5Loss of C6H10O6 +Internal HydrolysisC15H16O5277.108 86.44.301.07×105
M6Loss of C6H10O5 + Oxidationand Internal HydrolysisC15H16O7309.101 013.27.771.21×105
M7Loss of C6H10O5 + Oxidation and MethylationC16H16O6305.097 7-14.06.157.28×104
M8Oxidation and Internal HydrolysisC21H26O12471.143 4-13.35.844.14×104
M9Loss of O + Di-HydrogenationC21H28O9425.179 0-3.85.901.46×105
M10Loss of O + MethylationC22H26O9435.162 9-4.76.727.12×104
), ArticleFig(id=1241033145940758984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639580340249, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

三叶苷体内主要潜在代谢物

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峰编号
(peak No.)
名称
(name)
化学式
(formula)
m/z分子量偏差
(mass error)
tR/min峰面积
(peak area)
M1ParentC20H20O11437.101 414.85.602.34×105
M2Loss of C6H10O5C15H14O5275.091 50.56.172.75×105
M3Tri-OxidationC21H24O13485.135 012.45.451.55×105
M4Loss of C6H10O6 and OC15H14O3243.101 80.86.818.09×104
M5Loss of C6H10O6 +Internal HydrolysisC15H16O5277.108 86.44.301.07×105
M6Loss of C6H10O5 + Oxidationand Internal HydrolysisC15H16O7309.101 013.27.771.21×105
M7Loss of C6H10O5 + Oxidation and MethylationC16H16O6305.097 7-14.06.157.28×104
M8Oxidation and Internal HydrolysisC21H26O12471.143 4-13.35.844.14×104
M9Loss of O + Di-HydrogenationC21H28O9425.179 0-3.85.901.46×105
M10Loss of O + MethylationC22H26O9435.162 9-4.76.727.12×104
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基于三重四极杆质谱技术的三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢研究*
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淳泽利 2 , 陈兴艳 1 , 郭延垒 3 , 高健美 1 , 龚其海 1 , 张远冬 1, **
药物分析杂志 | 代谢分析 2025,45(2): 237-245
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药物分析杂志 | 代谢分析 2025, 45(2): 237-245
基于三重四极杆质谱技术的三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢研究*
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淳泽利2 , 陈兴艳1 , 郭延垒3, 高健美1, 龚其海1, 张远冬1, **
作者信息
  • 1.遵义医科大学药学院,遵义 563000
  • 2.遵义医科大学生命科学研究院,遵义 563000
  • 3.重庆市中药研究院,重庆 400065
  • 淳泽利 Tel:15814019803;E-mail:

    陈兴艳 Tel:15286572259;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**Tel:18382037398;E-mail:
Investigating pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trilobatin in rats using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Ze-li CHUN2 , Xing-yan CHEN1 , Yan-lei GUO3, Jian-mei GAO1, Qi-hai GONG1, Yuan-dong ZHANG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
  • 2. Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
  • 3. Chongqing Academy of Chinese Material Medical, Chongqing 400065, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0391
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目的:

采用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对三叶苷在Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠体内药动学参数、口服生物利用度以及体内代谢物进行系统分析。

方法:

采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 µm),以0.1%甲酸(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量2 μL。采用电喷雾离子源,负离子化方式,离子源温度150 ℃,毛细管电压-3.0 kV,去溶剂气温度500 ℃,去溶剂气流量750 L·h-1, 锥孔气体积流量150 L·h-1, 多反应监测模式(MRM)检测。三叶苷分别灌胃和静脉注射给予大鼠,收集血浆、尿液、粪便样品,甲醇沉淀蛋白后测定药物浓度,应用药动学软件和代谢物分析鉴定软件对药动学参数、代谢物进行系统分析。

结果:

分别灌胃和静脉注射给予SD大鼠三叶苷(100 mg·kg-1)后,测得AUC0-t分别为(423.98±295.42)ng·h·mL-1和(90 894.75±25 472.44)ng·h·mL-1;口服生物利用度为0.46%;Cmax分别为(203.83 ± 25.88)ng·mL-1和(181 814.90±113 461.60)ng·mL-1;口服半衰期1.65 h,静脉注射半衰期3.82 h;三叶苷在肠道代谢为根皮素,并在体内发生脱糖苷化、甲基化、脱氧、水解等生物转化。

结论:

对三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢进行了初步研究,可为药效研究及后续制剂研发提供参考。

液相色谱-质谱联用  /  三叶苷  /  根皮素  /  甜茶  /  药动学  /  代谢物
Objective:

To systematically analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability and in vivo metabolites of trilobatin in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Methods:

The chromatographic conditions were performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with 0.1% formic acid (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B) as the mobile phase. A gradient elution program was carried out with an accompanying flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1, a column temperature of 40 ℃, and an injection volume of 2 μL. The mass spectrometry conditions comprised an electrospray ion source in conjunction with negative ionization mode, with an ionogenic temperature of 150 ℃, a capillary voltage of -3.0 kV, and a desolvation-gas flow temperature of 500 ℃. The desolvation-gas flow rate was set at 750 L·h-1, and the conical pore gas volumetric flow rate was fixed at 150 L·h-1. The analysis was conducted in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Trilobatin was given to rats via gavage and intravenous injection, respectively. Plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected, and the drug concentration was determined after methanol precipitation of proteins. Pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolites were analyzed by pharmacokinetic software and metabolite analysis and identification software.

Results:

Following the administration of trilobatin to SD rats at a dose of 100 mg·kg-1 via gavage and intravenous injection, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC0-t) was found to be (423.98 ± 295.42) ng·h·mL-1 and (90 894.75 ± 25 472.44) ng·h·mL-1, respectively. The oral bioavailability was determined to be 0.46%; Cmax was (203.83±25.88) ng·mL-1 and (181 814.90±113 461.60) ng·mL-1, respectively. The oral half-life was 1.65 h, while the intravenous half-life was 3.82 h. Trilobatin was metabolized to phloretin in the intestine and underwent further biotransformation in vivo through deglycosylation, methylation, deoxygenation and hydrolysis.

Conclusion:

The pilot study represents a preliminary investigation into the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trilobatin in rats, providing a foundation for further pharmacodynamics research and subsequent formulation development.

LC-MS/MS  /  trilobatin  /  phloretin  /  Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.  /  pharmacokinetics  /  metabolite
淳泽利, 陈兴艳, 郭延垒, 高健美, 龚其海, 张远冬. 基于三重四极杆质谱技术的三叶苷大鼠体内药动学和体内代谢研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 237 -245 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0391
Ze-li CHUN, Xing-yan CHEN, Yan-lei GUO, Jian-mei GAO, Qi-hai GONG, Yuan-dong ZHANG. Investigating pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trilobatin in rats using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (2) : 237 -245 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0391
大量天然产物具有治疗疾病的潜力以及良好的生物活性,在维护人类生命健康方面起着至关重要的作用。三叶苷(trilobatin)是一种来源于甜茶的二氢查耳酮化合物,具有较低的细胞毒性和可接受的溶解度,被广泛用作天然食品甜味剂[1-2]。研究证实,三叶苷具有较好的抗炎、抗氧化和降血糖能力[3-5],并且还显示出抑制癌细胞、心血管保护、保肝及防治阿尔茨海默病等多种特性[6-7]。新的研究证据表明,三叶苷还具有抗HIV-1、抗肥胖、延长寿命、抗运动疲劳等多种药效[7]。目前的研究进一步证实了其在骨质疏松症、缺血性中风、癌细胞及酪氨酸酶抑制方面的有效性[8-10],表明三叶苷具有较大的药用开发潜力。
三叶苷和根皮苷(phlorizin)是根皮素的葡萄糖苷衍生物,是彼此的位置异构体。根皮素通过糖基转移酶的催化发生糖基化反应,形成三叶苷和根皮苷[11]。以往的研究表明,根皮苷的口服生物利用度很差,正常大鼠口服给予根皮苷后体内AUC0-t是缺失的,故认为根皮苷在正常大鼠体内的绝对生物利用度为0;此外,正常大鼠静脉注射根皮苷后,在体内发生Ⅱ相代谢,转化成根皮素的占比为41.9%~69.0%[12]。根皮素能非选择性抑制钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白(sodium-glucose co-transporter,SGLT),减少肠道糖的吸收,降低血糖;但同时也能抑制大脑等组织对葡萄糖的摄取,导致潜在不良反应[13]。这些药动学特征严重限制了根皮苷的临床治疗价值。目前的许多重要研究以探索三叶苷的药理特性为主,关于三叶苷的药动学参数和体内代谢物的研究尚未见报道。三叶苷在体内是否具有和根皮苷一样的药动学特征,或在体内是否大量转化为根皮素尚不清楚。因此,本文基于三重四极杆质谱技术,研究大鼠体内三叶苷的药动学参数、口服生物利用度以及代谢产物,以解决与三叶苷有关的药动学问题,并为三叶苷新药研发提供参考。
ACQUITY UPLC I-Class-Xevo TQ-s超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱仪,含有电喷雾离子源(ESI)及MassLynx V 4.1数据处理系统(Waters公司);ST 8R高速冷冻离心机(Thermo Fisher公司);Purelab Chorus纯水及超纯水系统(ELGA公司);NewClassic MS十万分之一电子天平(Mettler Toledo公司);VORTEX-5涡旋震荡器(海门其林贝尔公司)。
对照品三叶苷(纯度≥98%,批号DST220705-191)、根皮素(纯度≥99.68%,批号MUST-22112508)、内标花旗松素(纯度≥98.14%,批号MUST-22021207),均购自成都曼斯特生物科技有限公司;甲酸为LC-MS级(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司),乙腈为LC-MS级(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司);甲醇为色谱纯(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na,国药集团化学试剂有限公司);实验用水为超纯水(实验室自制);其余试剂为分析纯。
遵义医科大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会(伦理编号:ZMU21-2403-391)批准了本研究中进行的所有动物实验。雄性SD大鼠(250 g±20 g)由湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司提供,实验动物生产许可证号为SCXK(湘)2019-0004。所有大鼠饲养于SPF级动物房中,提供标准的食物、水以及标准温度、湿度和光照条件,大鼠可自由进食和自由活动。
采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 µm),以0.1%甲酸(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0~2.5 min,85%A→60%A;2.5~3.0 min,60%A→15%A;3.0~3.1 min,15%A→5%A;3.1~4.0 min,5%A;4.0~4.1 min,5%A→85%A;4.1~5.5 min,85%A),流速0.3 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,自动进样器温度4 ℃,进样量2 μL。
采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源),负离子化方式,离子原温度150℃,毛细管电压-3.0 kV,去溶剂气温度500 ℃,去溶剂气流量750 L·h-1,锥孔气体积流量150 L·h-1,多反应监测(MRM)。三叶苷和内标花旗松素的质谱参数见表1,质谱图见图1
精密称取三叶苷对照品5.27 mg,置5 mL量瓶中,加甲醇溶解并定容,混合均匀,配制成1.0 mg·mL-1的对照品储备液。取上述对照品储备液适量,加50%甲醇稀释,得到三叶苷质量浓度为51.7、103.3、258.2、516.5、1032.9、2 582.3、5 164.6、10 329.2 ng·mL-1的系列对照品工作液。分别吸取上述系列对照品工作液5 μL,加入SD大鼠空白血浆50 μL,涡旋混匀30 s,得到标准血浆样品,血浆中三叶苷的质量浓度为4.7、9.4、23.5、47.0、93.9、234.8、469.5、939.0 ng·mL-1
另取上述对照品储备液适量,加50%甲醇稀释,得三叶苷质量浓度为206.6、1 032.9和5 164.6 ng·mL-1的质控工作液,同法配制三叶苷质量浓度为18.8、93.9和469.5 ng·mL-1的标准血浆样品作为质控样品。
精密称取内标花旗松素5.28 mg,置5 mL量瓶中,用甲醇溶解并定容,配制质量浓度为1 036.4 μg·mL-1的内标储备液,用50%甲醇稀释,配制成质量浓度为1 036.4 ng·mL-1的内标溶液。
精密吸取血浆样品55 μL,加入内标溶液10 μL,再加甲醇200 μL,涡旋混匀1 min,于4℃ 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min(离心半径为8 cm),取上清液待测。
分别取6只SD大鼠的空白血浆,制备空白血浆样品、空白血浆+内标+三叶苷对照品的标准血浆样品。按“2.4”项下方法处理空白血浆样品、标准血浆样品及健康SD大鼠给药(50 mg·kg-1)10 h后的血浆样品,进样测定,结果如图2所示,内标和三叶苷的保留时间分别为1.38 min和1.93 min,无杂质峰干扰,专属性强。
按“2.2”项下方法制备标准血浆样品,按“2.4”项下方法处理,并按“2.1”项下LC-MS/MS条件进样测定。以三叶苷血浆的质量浓度X为横坐标,三叶苷峰面积与内标峰面积的比值Y为纵坐标进行线性回归。三叶苷质量浓度在4.7~939.0 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,线性回归方程为

Y=0.012 2X + 0.065 2  r=0.999 6

标准曲线的最低点(4.7 ng·mL-1),采用大鼠空白血浆逐步稀释,以信噪比S/N=3时的浓度为检测限,结果为0.166 ng·mL-1
按“2.2”项下方法制备定量限及低、中、高质量浓度分别为4.7、18.8、93.9、469.5 ng·mL-1的三叶苷质控样品,平行6份,并按“2.4”项下方法处理血浆样品后进样分析。按照本文色谱条件连续测定3 d,计算批内、批间准确度和精密度。结果见表2。批内和批间精密度RSD均小于15%,准确度在85%~115%,表明仪器精密度、准确度均符合要求。
备低、中、高质量浓度分别为18.8、93.9、469.5 ng·mL-1的三叶苷质控样品,各取55 μL,按“2.4”项下方法处理后进样分析,每一质量浓度平行制备3份,记录峰面积为A。另取空白血浆50 μL,加入甲醇200 μL,涡旋混匀1 min,于4 ℃,12 000 r·min-1离心10 min(离心半径为8 cm),取上清液作为空白基质,加入三叶苷质控工作液5 μL和内标溶液10 μL,涡旋混匀,进样分析,每一质量浓度平行制备3份,记录峰面积为B。取甲醇250 μL,加入三叶苷质控工作液5 μL和内标10 μL,涡旋混匀,进样分析,每一质量浓度平行制备3份,记录峰面积为C。分别按公式提取回收率=A/B×100%,基质效应=B/C×100%计算提取回收率及基质效应。三叶苷与内标的基质效应因子的比值为内标归一化基质效应因子。结果(表3)表明,低、中、高3个浓度下的基质效应均在90%~110%,且RSD<15%,说明基质效应不影响分析方法的精密度和准确度。
按“2.2”项下方法制备低、高质量浓度分别为18.8、469.5 ng·mL-1的三叶苷质控样品,分别考察其在室温下放置24 h,血浆样品蛋白沉淀后自动进样器放置24 h,-80 ℃冻融循环3次的稳定性,结果(表4)表明,三叶苷在上述条件下稳定性良好。
取定量上限(939.0 ng·mL-1)标准血浆样品,按“2.4”项下方法处理后进样分析,并立即进样专属性项下处理后的空白血浆样品。在空白血浆样品色谱图上,残留的三叶苷响应值不超过当日定量限(4.7 ng·mL-1)响应值的20%,残留的内标响应值不超过当日响应值的5%,说明残留效应对测定的影响可以忽略不计。
在血浆样品进样分析过程中,有个别血浆样品浓度超过定量上限,对其进行了稀释考察。稀释样品的准确度在±15%范围内,RSD<15%,符合要求。
取5只体质量在230~260 g的成年雄性SD大鼠,禁食12 h。用1%CMC-Na溶液配制三叶苷溶液,分别灌胃给予大鼠50、100 mg·kg-1剂量的三叶苷;用热水溶解三叶苷后,对大鼠尾静脉注射100 mg·kg-1剂量的三叶苷。在灌胃和静脉注射后的不同时间点进行眼眶静脉取血,收集血浆处理后进行LC-MS/MS分析。结果(图3)显示,三叶苷口服给药1 h后,血浆中同时检测到三叶苷(1.94 min)和根皮素(2.59 min),给药后约6~12 h,根皮素色谱峰峰面积达到最大,随后降低,表明三叶苷在大鼠体内大量转化为根皮素。将不同时间点三叶苷的血药浓度与时间拟合,得血药浓度-时间曲线(图4),使用DAS 3.2.8软件智能化模块进行非房室模型分析,获得三叶苷口服给药和静脉注射后的药动学参数(表5)。计算不同给药剂量的口服生物利用度分别为0.13%和0.46%。
收集大鼠给药后的血浆、尿液和粪便,粪便加甲醇进行匀浆后,再超声(30 min)获得粪便萃取液。尿液和粪便样品采用“2.4”项下方法进行处理,取上清液进行分析,收集数据后采用MetabolitePilotTM 1.2.1软件(SCIEX公司)进行代谢物分析鉴定。相关参考文献[7],采用基于精确相对分子质量的多重质量亏损方法,对三叶苷在大鼠体内的代谢物进行系统分析,结果(表6)发现,三叶苷主要在体内发生脱糖苷化、氧化、糖苷化、甲基化、内水解等多种代谢产物,其生物转化过程如图5所示。
本研究验证了LC-MS/MS方法用于测定大鼠血浆中三叶苷血药浓度,结果显示,三叶苷灌胃给予大鼠后,血药浓度达峰时间为1 h,t1/2在1~2 h内,体内消除较快,给药12 h后血药浓度接近基线;在正常大鼠体内的绝对生物利用度与根皮苷一样,基本接近于0[13]。三叶苷口服24 h后,存在血药浓度回升的现象。此外,三叶苷口服1 h后即在血浆中检测到根皮素,随着时间变化,根皮素血药浓度出现不同时间的降低和上升。这些结果与根皮苷相关研究结论一致,即根皮素为三叶苷主要体内代谢物,根皮素和三叶苷均存在于体循环中,并伴有明显的肠肝循环[14]
三叶苷口服后,在粪便和血液中均检测到高浓度的根皮素;且三叶苷口服后代谢为根皮素的效率明显高于静脉注射,推测三叶苷部分在肠道被代谢为根皮素后被吸收。以往研究表明,类黄酮葡萄糖苷在小肠中的吸收机制常常通过钠依赖性葡萄糖转运体(SGLT1)主动摄取,随后在肠上皮细胞内胞质β-葡萄糖苷酶作用下脱糖;或者在肠道乳糖酶-根皮苷水解酶作用下水解,释放的糖苷配基通过被动扩散吸收。糖苷配基被认为比糖苷具有更早的吸收和更高的生物利用度[15]。因此,后续研究需要进一步探明三叶苷在肠道的摄取机制以及转化为根皮素的效率。
鉴定具有潜在药物开发价值的生物活性物质代谢物有助于阐明其疗效、机理和毒性。经初步鉴定,三叶苷的Ⅰ期代谢转化有脱糖苷化、羟基化、还原、甲基化等,Ⅱ期代谢有羟基化、去甲基化。文献表明,三叶苷、根皮素表现出多种相似的生物学和药理学特性,包括抗氧化,抗炎,抗癌、神经保护作用等[16-17],但三叶苷又具有比根皮素更宽的药理功效[8,18],其可能是三叶苷比根皮素在体内产生更多的活性代谢产物的结果。如OH-根皮素是三叶苷的重要代谢产物之一。Woo等[19]认为,3-OH-根皮素可以通过防止巨噬细胞浸润到脂肪组织和缓解胰岛素抵抗来抑制肥胖。另一项研究表明,根皮素的一系列甲基化衍生物对癌细胞系表现出中等强度的细胞毒性,如CH3-根皮素,2CH3-根皮素和3CH3-根皮素[20]。因此,本研究对三叶苷代谢物的鉴定有助于阐明其药效学物质基础和作用机制,新发现的Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期代谢物有待评估其疗效和毒性,这可能有助于开发有效的和新型的二氢查耳酮类药物,因此,后续研究需对代谢物进一步的探索和定量检测,以全面认识其真正的药效作用机制。
  • *贵州省卫生健康委科研基金项目(gzwkj2020-1-213)
  • 遵义医科大学未来“科技菁英”人才项目(ZYSE-2022-02)
  • 遵市科合HZ字((2022)412号)
  • 遵市科合HZ字((2023)182号)
  • 黔科平台人才项目([2021]1350-018)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0391
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
基金
*贵州省卫生健康委科研基金项目(gzwkj2020-1-213)
遵义医科大学未来“科技菁英”人才项目(ZYSE-2022-02)
遵市科合HZ字((2022)412号)
遵市科合HZ字((2023)182号)
黔科平台人才项目([2021]1350-018)
作者信息
    1.遵义医科大学药学院,遵义 563000
    2.遵义医科大学生命科学研究院,遵义 563000
    3.重庆市中药研究院,重庆 400065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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