Article(id=1240997639001526290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773806493759, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773806493759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773806493759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773806493759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240997638351409170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='181', pageEnd='360', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773806493604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773810140860, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241012936110560132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240997638351409170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=181, endPage=194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240997639286738965, articleId=1240997639001526290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Advances in residual host cell DNA detection technology in biopharmaceutical products, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the rapid advancement of biotechnology has significantly increased the proportion of bioharmaceutical products in the global pharmaceutical market. Meanwhile, residual host cell DNA (rcDNA) has become a major concern due to its potential infectious or carcinogenic risks. To ensure the safety of biopharmaceuticals, most biological products require strict monitoring and proof of rcDNA clearance throughout the entire production process. Currently, commonly employed detection methods include real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), DNA probe hybridization, and fluorescent staining methods, among others. While these technologies each offer distinct advantages, they also face challenges in comprehensively detecting potential rcDNA. This review explores the potential sources of rcDNA in biopharmaceutical products and provides an in-depth evaluation of existing detection methods. It systematically analyzes and compares the strengths and limitations of various techniques, and discusses future directions for the development of rcDNA detection technologies. This work aims to offer valuable insights and references for improving the detection and control of rcDNA in biopharmaceutical production.

, correspAuthors=Kai SUN, Zi-hong YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ning MA, Zheng-zi-ang HUANG, Teng-wei WANG, Xiao-ping YU, Kai SUN, Zi-hong YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240997641950122037, articleId=1240997639001526290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=生物制品中宿主细胞残留DNA检测技术进展*, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,生物技术领域的迅猛发展显著提升了生物制品在全球药品市场中的占比。同时,宿主细胞残留DNA(rcDNA)因潜在的传染性或致癌性,引发了广泛的关注。为了确保药品的安全性,多数生物制品需要在整个生产过程中严格监控,并证明rcDNA的清除。目前,常用的检测方法包括实时定量PCR(qPCR)法、微滴式数字PCR(ddPCR)法、DNA探针杂交法和荧光染色法等。这些技术各有优劣,并且在全面检测潜在rcDNA方面还存在一定的挑战。本文旨在探讨生物制品中rcDNA的潜在来源,并对现有的检测方法进行全面的综述,分析比较了各种方法的优势和不足,并对rcDNA检测技术的发展进行了展望,为生物制品中rcDNA的检测提供参考。

, correspAuthors=孙凯, 叶子弘, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**孙凯 Tel:18888923361;E-mail:
叶子弘 Tel:13656686088;E-mail:
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articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[110], rfOrder=149, authorNames=LUO LT, JIANG JM, LI XY, journalName=J Mountain Agric Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO LTJIANG JMLI XY,et al.Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)in virus disease detection of fruit trees[J].J Mountain Agric Biol202241(5):43, articleTitle=Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)in virus disease detection of fruit trees, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157269574330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=9, pageStart=3242, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[111], rfOrder=150, authorNames=HAMBALEK JA, KONG JE, BROWN C, journalName=ACS Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAMBALEK JAKONG JEBROWN C,et al.Methylation-sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP):nucleic acid methylation detection through LAMP with mobile fluorescence readout[J].ACS Sensors20216(9):3242, articleTitle=Methylation-sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP):nucleic acid methylation detection through LAMP with mobile fluorescence readout, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157366043323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=2, pageStart=138, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[112], rfOrder=151, authorNames=LEE PL, journalName=Mol Ecol Resour, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE PL.DNA amplification in the field:move over PCR,here comes LAMP[J].Mol Ecol Resour201717(2):138, articleTitle=DNA amplification in the field:move over PCR,here comes LAMP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157445735100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=7, pageStart=e23281, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[113], rfOrder=152, authorNames=CHEN CM, OUYANG S, LIN LY, journalName=J Clin Lab Anal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN CMOUYANG SLIN LY,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay for HBV infection[J].J Clin Lab Anal202034(7):e23281, articleTitle=Diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay for HBV infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157554787005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=18, issue=9, pageStart=4574, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[114], rfOrder=153, authorNames=CHEN K, MA B, LI J, journalName=Int J Environ Res Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN KMA BLI J,et al.A rapid and sensitive europium nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay combined with recombinase polymerase amplification for simultaneous detection of three food-borne pathogens[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health202118(9):4574, articleTitle=A rapid and sensitive europium nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay combined with recombinase polymerase amplification for simultaneous detection of three food-borne pathogens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157655450302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=27, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[115], rfOrder=154, authorNames=LI JL, MA B, FANG JH, journalName=Foods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI JLMA BFANG JH,et al.Recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)combined with lateral flow immunoassay for rapid detection of Salmonella in food[J].Foods20199(1):27, articleTitle=Recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)combined with lateral flow immunoassay for rapid detection of Salmonella in food, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157730947775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=297, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[116], rfOrder=155, authorNames=王帅, 杨艳歌, 吴占文, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王帅,杨艳歌,吴占文,等.重组酶聚合酶扩增、重组酶介导等温扩增及酶促重组等温扩增技术在食源性致病菌快速检测中的研究进展[J].食品科学202344(9):297, articleTitle=重组酶聚合酶扩增、重组酶介导等温扩增及酶促重组等温扩增技术在食源性致病菌快速检测中的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241033157819028160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=297, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[116], rfOrder=156, authorNames=WANG S, YANG YG, WU ZW, journalName=Food Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG SYANG YGWU ZW,et al.A review of the application of recombinase polymerase amplification,recombinase-aided amplification and enzymatic recombinase amplification in rapid detection of foodborne pathogens[J].Food Sci202344(9):297, articleTitle=A review of the application of recombinase polymerase amplification,recombinase-aided amplification and enzymatic recombinase amplification in rapid detection of foodborne pathogens, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241033140756598956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, awardId=2021YFF0600800, language=CN, fundingSource=*国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF0600800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241033140857262261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, awardId=2022YW04, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2022YW04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241033136478409700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, 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A. TaqMan探针法(TaqMan probe method) B.染料法(dye method)

, figureFileSmall=AHxzB2dluhFqLP6P/zg8/g==, figureFileBig=nRxTHiT7IiCT+xve2encOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241033140060344431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic diagram of the ddPCR principle, figureFileSmall=W31fFjv7d57nXIJSSBYWQA==, figureFileBig=c3RgK8Lq1xt4yv4u4j3+/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241033140202950778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ddPCR法原理示意图, figureFileSmall=W31fFjv7d57nXIJSSBYWQA==, figureFileBig=c3RgK8Lq1xt4yv4u4j3+/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241033140286836867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The limits for residual exogenous rcDNA in various biological products specified in the Part Ⅲ of 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物制品名称
(biological product name)
外源性rcDNA残留量
(limits for residual exogenous rcDNA)
冻干乙型脑炎灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[iapanese encephalitis vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated,freeze-dried]不高于100 pg/剂(not exceeding 100 pg/dose)
双价肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome bivalent vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated]不高于100 pg/剂(not exceeding 100 pg/dose)
冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)[rabies vaccine (Vero cell) for human use, freeze-dried]不高于3 ng/剂(not exceeding 3 ng/dose)
sabin 株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[poliomyelitis vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated, sabin strains]不高于50 pg/剂(not exceeding 50 pg/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酿酒酵母)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (saccharomyces cerevisiae)]不高于10 ng/剂(not exceeding 10 ng/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(汉逊酵母)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (hansenula polymorpha)]不高于10 ng/剂(not exceeding 10 ng/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (CHO cell)]不高于10 pg/剂(not exceeding 10 pg/dose)
注射用人促红素(human erythropoietin for injection)每10 000 IU人促红素应不高于100 pg(no more than 100 pg per 10 000 IU of human erythropoietin)
人促红素注射液(human erythropoietin injection)每10 000 IU 人促红素应不高于100 pg(no more than 100 pg per 10 000 IU of human erythropoietin)
注射用人干扰素α1b(human interferon α1b for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α1b注射液(human interferon α1b injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素α2a(human interferon α2a for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2a注射液(human interferon α2a injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2a栓(human interferon α2a vaginal suppository)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素α2b(human interferon α2b for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b注射液(human interferon α2b injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b滴眼液(human interferon α2b eye drops)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b栓(human interferon α2b vaginal suppository)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b乳膏(human interferon α2b cream)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b凝胶(human interferon α2b gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b喷雾剂(human interferon α2b spray)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b软膏(human interferon α2b ointments)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b阴道泡腾片(human interferon α2b vaginal effervescent tablets)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素γ(human interferon γ for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-2(human interleukin-2 for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人白介素-2注射液(human interleukin-2 injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-2(Ⅰ)[human interleukin-2 (Ⅰ) for injection]每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-11(human interleukin-11 for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人粒细胞刺激因子注射液(human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子(human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子凝胶(human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gel for external use)每1次人用剂量应不高于10 ng(each human dose should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子外用溶液(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor liquid for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子凝胶(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子滴眼液(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor eye drops)每l支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用人表皮生长因子(human epidermal growth factor for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子外用溶液(human epidermal growth factor derivative for external use,liquid)(Ⅰ)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子凝胶(human epidermal growth factor gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子滴眼液(human epidermal growth factor eye drops)每100 μg蛋白质应不高于10 ng(each 100 μg of protein should not exceed 10 ng)
尼妥珠单抗注射液(nimotuzumab injection)每1支/瓶应不高于100 pg(each vial/bottle should not exceed 100 pg)
康柏西普眼用注射液(conbercept ophthalmic injection)每1 mg康柏西普应不高于30 pg(the amount of conbercept should not exceed 30 pg per 1 mg)
人胰岛素(human insulin)每1.5 mg人胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of human insulin should not exceed 10 ng)
甘精胰岛素(insulin glargine)每1.5 mg甘精胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of insulin glargine should not exceed 10 ng)
赖脯胰岛素(insulin lispro)每1.5 mg赖脯胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of insulin lispro should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人生长激素(human growth hormone for injection)每1 mg人生长激素中含宿主菌DNA残留量不得过1.5 ng(the residual amount of host bacterial DNA in each 1 mg of human growth hormone should notexceed 1.5 ng)
), ArticleFig(id=1241033140374917262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2020年版《中国药典》三部规定的各生物制品外源性rcDNA残留量限度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物制品名称
(biological product name)
外源性rcDNA残留量
(limits for residual exogenous rcDNA)
冻干乙型脑炎灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[iapanese encephalitis vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated,freeze-dried]不高于100 pg/剂(not exceeding 100 pg/dose)
双价肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome bivalent vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated]不高于100 pg/剂(not exceeding 100 pg/dose)
冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)[rabies vaccine (Vero cell) for human use, freeze-dried]不高于3 ng/剂(not exceeding 3 ng/dose)
sabin 株脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Vero细胞)[poliomyelitis vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated, sabin strains]不高于50 pg/剂(not exceeding 50 pg/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酿酒酵母)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (saccharomyces cerevisiae)]不高于10 ng/剂(not exceeding 10 ng/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(汉逊酵母)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (hansenula polymorpha)]不高于10 ng/剂(not exceeding 10 ng/dose)
重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)[recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (CHO cell)]不高于10 pg/剂(not exceeding 10 pg/dose)
注射用人促红素(human erythropoietin for injection)每10 000 IU人促红素应不高于100 pg(no more than 100 pg per 10 000 IU of human erythropoietin)
人促红素注射液(human erythropoietin injection)每10 000 IU 人促红素应不高于100 pg(no more than 100 pg per 10 000 IU of human erythropoietin)
注射用人干扰素α1b(human interferon α1b for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α1b注射液(human interferon α1b injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素α2a(human interferon α2a for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2a注射液(human interferon α2a injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2a栓(human interferon α2a vaginal suppository)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素α2b(human interferon α2b for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b注射液(human interferon α2b injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b滴眼液(human interferon α2b eye drops)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b栓(human interferon α2b vaginal suppository)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b乳膏(human interferon α2b cream)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b凝胶(human interferon α2b gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b喷雾剂(human interferon α2b spray)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b软膏(human interferon α2b ointments)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人干扰素α2b阴道泡腾片(human interferon α2b vaginal effervescent tablets)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人干扰素γ(human interferon γ for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-2(human interleukin-2 for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人白介素-2注射液(human interleukin-2 injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-2(Ⅰ)[human interleukin-2 (Ⅰ) for injection]每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人白介素-11(human interleukin-11 for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人粒细胞刺激因子注射液(human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子(human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor for injection)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子凝胶(human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gel for external use)每1次人用剂量应不高于10 ng(each human dose should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子外用溶液(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor liquid for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子凝胶(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子滴眼液(bovine basic fibroblast growth factor eye drops)每l支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
外用人表皮生长因子(human epidermal growth factor for external use)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子外用溶液(human epidermal growth factor derivative for external use,liquid)(Ⅰ)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子凝胶(human epidermal growth factor gel)每1支/瓶应不高于10 ng(each vial/bottle should not exceed 10 ng)
人表皮生长因子滴眼液(human epidermal growth factor eye drops)每100 μg蛋白质应不高于10 ng(each 100 μg of protein should not exceed 10 ng)
尼妥珠单抗注射液(nimotuzumab injection)每1支/瓶应不高于100 pg(each vial/bottle should not exceed 100 pg)
康柏西普眼用注射液(conbercept ophthalmic injection)每1 mg康柏西普应不高于30 pg(the amount of conbercept should not exceed 30 pg per 1 mg)
人胰岛素(human insulin)每1.5 mg人胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of human insulin should not exceed 10 ng)
甘精胰岛素(insulin glargine)每1.5 mg甘精胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of insulin glargine should not exceed 10 ng)
赖脯胰岛素(insulin lispro)每1.5 mg赖脯胰岛素中rcDNA残留量不得过10 ng(the residual amount of host DNA in 1.5 mg of insulin lispro should not exceed 10 ng)
注射用人生长激素(human growth hormone for injection)每1 mg人生长激素中含宿主菌DNA残留量不得过1.5 ng(the residual amount of host bacterial DNA in each 1 mg of human growth hormone should notexceed 1.5 ng)
), ArticleFig(id=1241033140458803349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of characteristics of different determination methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
(method)
检测时长
(detection time)/h
特异性
(specificity)
一般检测范围
(general detection range)
检测成本
(detection cost)
优点
(advantage)
缺点
(disadvantage)
DNA探针杂交法
(DNA probe hybridization method)
48强(high)0.01~100 pg·μL-1低(low)操作简单,成本低
(easy to operate and cost-effective)
检测时间长,结果容易出现假阳性
(long detection time and prone to false positives in the results)
荧光染色法
(fluorescence staining method)
0.5~1差(low)1.25~80 ng·mL-1低(low)耗时短,成本低
(time-efficient and cost-effective)
非特异性检测
(non-specific detection)
DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法
(DNA-binding protein immunoassay threshold method)
5差(low)3~200 pg/500 μL高(high)灵敏度高,重复性好
(high sensitivity and good repeatability)
非特异性检测,检测成本高
(non-specific detection with high costs)
qPCR1~1.5强(high)0.01~100 pg·μL-1高(high)灵敏度高,特异性好
(high sensitivity and good specificity)
依赖大型设备
(dependent on large-scale equipment)
ddPCR4~5强(high)0.001~100 pg·μL-1高(high)灵敏度高
(high sensitivity)
成本昂贵,依赖大型设备
(expensive and dependent on large-scale equipment)
), ArticleFig(id=1241033140576243866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240997639001526290, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同测定方法特点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法
(method)
检测时长
(detection time)/h
特异性
(specificity)
一般检测范围
(general detection range)
检测成本
(detection cost)
优点
(advantage)
缺点
(disadvantage)
DNA探针杂交法
(DNA probe hybridization method)
48强(high)0.01~100 pg·μL-1低(low)操作简单,成本低
(easy to operate and cost-effective)
检测时间长,结果容易出现假阳性
(long detection time and prone to false positives in the results)
荧光染色法
(fluorescence staining method)
0.5~1差(low)1.25~80 ng·mL-1低(low)耗时短,成本低
(time-efficient and cost-effective)
非特异性检测
(non-specific detection)
DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法
(DNA-binding protein immunoassay threshold method)
5差(low)3~200 pg/500 μL高(high)灵敏度高,重复性好
(high sensitivity and good repeatability)
非特异性检测,检测成本高
(non-specific detection with high costs)
qPCR1~1.5强(high)0.01~100 pg·μL-1高(high)灵敏度高,特异性好
(high sensitivity and good specificity)
依赖大型设备
(dependent on large-scale equipment)
ddPCR4~5强(high)0.001~100 pg·μL-1高(high)灵敏度高
(high sensitivity)
成本昂贵,依赖大型设备
(expensive and dependent on large-scale equipment)
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生物制品中宿主细胞残留DNA检测技术进展*
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马宁 1 , 黄峥梓昂 1 , 王腾苇 1 , 俞晓平 1, 2 , 孙凯 1, 2, ** , 叶子弘 1, 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025,45(2): 181-194
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025, 45(2): 181-194
生物制品中宿主细胞残留DNA检测技术进展*
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马宁1 , 黄峥梓昂1, 王腾苇1, 俞晓平1, 2, 孙凯1, 2, ** , 叶子弘1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1.中国计量大学生命科学学院 浙江省生物计量及检验检疫技术重点实验室,杭州 310018
  • 2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(微生物计量检测与生物制品质量安全),杭州 310018
  • Tel:15841413158;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**孙凯 Tel:18888923361;E-mail:
叶子弘 Tel:13656686088;E-mail:
Advances in residual host cell DNA detection technology in biopharmaceutical products
Ning MA1 , Zheng-zi-ang HUANG1, Teng-wei WANG1, Xiao-ping YU1, 2, Kai SUN1, 2, ** , Zi-hong YE1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Microbiological Metrology, Measurement & Bio-product Quality Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1052
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近年来,生物技术领域的迅猛发展显著提升了生物制品在全球药品市场中的占比。同时,宿主细胞残留DNA(rcDNA)因潜在的传染性或致癌性,引发了广泛的关注。为了确保药品的安全性,多数生物制品需要在整个生产过程中严格监控,并证明rcDNA的清除。目前,常用的检测方法包括实时定量PCR(qPCR)法、微滴式数字PCR(ddPCR)法、DNA探针杂交法和荧光染色法等。这些技术各有优劣,并且在全面检测潜在rcDNA方面还存在一定的挑战。本文旨在探讨生物制品中rcDNA的潜在来源,并对现有的检测方法进行全面的综述,分析比较了各种方法的优势和不足,并对rcDNA检测技术的发展进行了展望,为生物制品中rcDNA的检测提供参考。

生物制品  /  宿主细胞  /  rcDNA  /  检测方法

In recent years, the rapid advancement of biotechnology has significantly increased the proportion of bioharmaceutical products in the global pharmaceutical market. Meanwhile, residual host cell DNA (rcDNA) has become a major concern due to its potential infectious or carcinogenic risks. To ensure the safety of biopharmaceuticals, most biological products require strict monitoring and proof of rcDNA clearance throughout the entire production process. Currently, commonly employed detection methods include real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), DNA probe hybridization, and fluorescent staining methods, among others. While these technologies each offer distinct advantages, they also face challenges in comprehensively detecting potential rcDNA. This review explores the potential sources of rcDNA in biopharmaceutical products and provides an in-depth evaluation of existing detection methods. It systematically analyzes and compares the strengths and limitations of various techniques, and discusses future directions for the development of rcDNA detection technologies. This work aims to offer valuable insights and references for improving the detection and control of rcDNA in biopharmaceutical production.

biopharmaceutical products  /  host cells  /  rcDNA  /  detection methods
马宁, 黄峥梓昂, 王腾苇, 俞晓平, 孙凯, 叶子弘. 生物制品中宿主细胞残留DNA检测技术进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 181 -194 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1052
Ning MA, Zheng-zi-ang HUANG, Teng-wei WANG, Xiao-ping YU, Kai SUN, Zi-hong YE. Advances in residual host cell DNA detection technology in biopharmaceutical products[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (2) : 181 -194 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1052
生物制品是指应用生物技术生产的用于预防、治疗和诊断人类疾病的制剂,包括疫苗、血液制品、诊断制品、微生态制剂、免疫调节剂、生物技术药物等[1]。生物制品具有药理活性高,毒副作用低,特异性强等优势,在抗病毒、肿瘤与免疫、血液病等领域具有不可替代的治疗作用[2]。与传统小分子化学药相比,生物制品的生产涉及复杂的工艺流程和严格的质量控制。近年来,随着全球重组蛋白药物市场规模持续扩大,生物制品的安全性问题也越来越引起重视。在生产过程中,生物制品往往需要选用不同细胞系作为生产基质[3],例如鸡胚细胞、中华仓鼠卵巢细胞(Chinese hamster ovary cell,CHO)、非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero cells)、狗肾传代细胞(madin-darby canine kidney cell,MDCK)、巴斯德毕赤酵母细胞、大肠埃希菌等,这些细胞被称为宿主细胞[4-8]。使用宿主细胞生产药品时,需要在生产过程中去除来自宿主细胞的杂质,尽可能排除宿主细胞残留DNA(residual host cell DNA,rcDNA)对产品质量的影响[9-10]
rcDNA被定义为在重组宿主细胞表达过程中产生的DNA及其片段的总和[11]。rcDNA具有潜在的风险性[12],主要表现为传染性[13](通过如HIV等病毒)、致癌性[14-15](通过如Ras等癌基因)、免疫原性[16-17](通过细菌的CpG丰富序列)和诱导突变性[18-20](通过转座子、逆转录子和DNA重组)。因此,确保生物制品生产过程中rcDNA的清除至关重要。为了满足这一需求,rcDNA检测方法必须具备准确性、灵敏度和定量能力,以保证DNA的清除达到规定的安全水平。
随着生物制品的不断研发,一系列rcDNA分析方法应运而生[21-23]。这些方法极大地提升了rcDNA残留水平的检测精度,同时也深化了大众对rcDNA潜在风险的理解。本文综述了近年来关于rcDNA检测的相关研究方法,并分析比较了各种方法的优势和不足,详细列举了各国药典的相关规定,为生物制品领域的研究者、开发者以及监管机构提供宝贵的信息和指导。
生物制品中rcDNA可能来自多种宿主,相关的潜在风险也不尽相同。此外,rcDNA可能以复杂的形式存在,大小和组成各异,风险难以概括。目前相关研究已经明确的rcDNA潜在风险包括传染性、致癌性、免疫原性和突变性等[24-29]
当rcDNA进入人体后,存在在体内发生重组或表达的可能性[30]。若rcDNA与肿瘤发生有关联,则可能构成潜在的致癌风险[31];若rcDNA与病毒表达相关,则可能会引起机体患相关疾病,从而对患者健康构成威胁[10]。rcDNA的感染性源于细胞DNA中可能存在的传染性病毒基因组。以HIV为例[32],该基因组无论是以染色体外组分的形式存在,还是整合入人体基因组,均具备扩增并产生传染性病毒粒子的能力。Sheng等[33]的研究进一步探讨了rcDNA的致癌性,他们使用H-ras和c-myc基因开展肿瘤诱导研究。研究结果显示,需使用含有H-ras和c-myc的质粒12.5 mg,才能在成年或新生小鼠中诱导肿瘤生长,这相当于1~10 g的基因组DNA才具有类似的细胞转化效应。基于该模型,建议将每剂残留DNA的含量限制在10 ng以内(超过105倍),如此可为病毒的传染性和致癌性提供显著的安全系数。
在生物制品用于治疗性给药的背景下,rcDNA所引发的人类免疫反应具有不可预测性。已有研究报道,在高剂量特定核酸的作用下,可以诱导机体发生免疫反应,如CpG寡脱氧核苷酸作为DNA疫苗或佐剂,在临床前和临床研究中所展现的免疫刺激性[34-41],以及抗DNA抗体的诱导现象[42-47],这些研究进一步强调了rcDNA免疫原性的潜在威胁。此外,值得特别注意的是,细菌DNA相较于哺乳动物细胞DNA,具有更高的免疫原性[48-50],这一现象部分源于细菌DNA中高比例的CpG基序以及较低的甲基化程度[51]。这些发现强调了rcDNA序列与免疫系统交互作用在生物制品质量安全考量中的重要性。
哺乳动物的基因组中充斥着大量重复元件,且这些元件广泛散布于基因组的各个位置[52]。基因组测序研究发现,人类和小鼠的基因组中至少有一半的序列属于重复序列[53]。这些重复序列主要分为4个大类:自主长散在核元件(long interspersed nuclear elements,LINEs)、短散在核元件(short interspersed nuclear elements,SINEs)、具有末端重复序列(long terminal repeat retrotransposons,LTRs)的类逆转录病毒元素以及DNA转座子[54-64]。其中,前三类通过RNA中间体的逆转录过程产生,而DNA转座子则通过DNA序列的剪切和插入机制进行移动[65-66]。这些重复序列被认为是基因组进化过程中转座元件的遗留物,它们在基因组中的作用不仅限于简单的填充,而是通过多种机制影响着基因组的结构和功能[67-68]。例如,它们能够引起基因组的异位重排,创造新的基因,修改现有基因,甚至调节基因组的整体GC含量[69-71]。因此,生物制品中残留的重复序列可能对人体健康构成潜在风险。若生物制品中含有rcDNA,其中很可能包含大量的重复序列。这些残留的重复序列可能通过一些未知的机制对人体内产生影响,进而引发健康问题。
此外,研究还表明,rcDNA片段的长度与潜在的健康风险之间存在正相关关系[72]。这意味着,宿主细胞中残留的DNA片段越长,其致病基因或转座子的完整性越高,从而也就增加了这些片段感染生物体的可能性。因此,在关注生物制品中DNA残留总量的同时,还必须对残留DNA的片段大小给予特别的关注。
世界卫生组织和各国药物注册监管机构,对生物制品终产品中宿主细胞DNA的残留量做出了严格的规定[73-74],且某些生物制品还需考虑纯化工艺、给药剂量、检测方法等因素,其残留量被要求控制在更低水平[75]。监管机构会对药品生产工艺进行严格审查评估,要求药品生产企业将宿主细胞DNA残留量降至可接受限度,对于生物药品rcDNA的严格限定,有助于确保生物药品的质量安全,降低潜在风险,保障患者的生命健康。
为保障生物制品的质量安全,欧美等发达国家对生物制品中残留DNA的可接受限度有明确规定。美国FDA在其指导原则中规定,生物制品rcDNA残余限度不得超过100 pg/剂量[76],对于大剂量的单抗药物可放宽至10 ng/剂量。此外,美国FDA还建议,rcDNA片段不大于200 bp以减少风险[77]。EP规定,生物制品DNA残留量不得超过10 ng/剂量[78]。欧洲药品管理局(EMA)对于某些疫苗产品,如甲型肝炎灭活疫苗和乙型肝炎疫苗,则提出更为严格的规定,要求rcDNA残留量分别不得超过100 pg/剂和10 pg/剂[79]。国际药品监管机构论坛(ICH)在其指导原则中提到,原液中的工艺相关杂质,包括宿主细胞蛋白和rcDNA等,应采用合适的可控的生产工艺,将其残留量降至最低限度。同时,ICH还明确指出,对于生物技术产品和生物制品,应建立经过质量特性分析的内部一级参考品,并使用适宜的检测方法对原液进行精准定量[80]。这些规定体现了监管机构对生物制品中rcDNA的严格管制态度,旨在确保药品的安全性和有效性。尽管不同机构和不同地区在具体数值限制上存在差异,但它们共同的目标都是尽可能减少rcDNA可能带来的风险。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)三部对不同生物制品中rcDNA的可接受限度做出了详细规定,如表1所示。此外,2022年发布的《体内基因治疗产品药学研究与评价技术指导原则(试行)》中提到,生产中如果使用了肿瘤细胞系、致瘤细胞系,或携带有致瘤基因、病毒来源序列的细胞,需要对rcDNA的残留量和残留片段大小进行控制,并建议将rcDNA片段大小控制在200 bp以下。在生产工艺的优化过程中,应采用适宜的方式,将rcDNA总量降至可接受的限度,并就如何降低rcDNA片段的大小或者灭活DNA活性进行说明。
针对rcDNA,国内外药典都规定了相应的检测方法。EP介绍了qPCR法和DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法;USP推荐了3种外源性DNA残留量测定的方法,分别为DNA探针杂交法、DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法和实时定量PCR法;2020年版《中国药典》通则3407推荐了DNA探针杂交法、荧光染色法和定量PCR法;美国FDA主要推荐定量PCR法。除药典推荐的方法外,国内外各研究团队还开发了很多新的方法,如微滴式数字PCR(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)等,本文对几种方法的特点进行了比较和整理,见表2。这些方法各有利弊,使用时应根据实际情况具体分析,筛选合适的方法。
荧光染色法作为2020年版《中国药典》收载的1种检测技术,其核心原理在于利用双链DNA荧光染料与双链DNA的特异性结合,引起荧光信号的显著增强(如图1所示),而未与DNA结合的染料则几乎不产生荧光[81]。该方法因操作流程简便和成本效益高而受到青睐,尤其适合于一些DNA含量较高的样本,如生物制药过程中的上游样品。但荧光染色法在灵敏度方面存在局限,对于rcDNA残留量的一般检测范围为1.25~80 ng·mL-1。与其他rcDNA检测方法相似,荧光染色法也可能受到样品中其他成分的干扰,尤其是当存在高浓度的重组蛋白时[82]。为了获得可靠的测量结果,通常需要先进行DNA的提取。灵敏度的限制是该方法应用的最大阻碍,尤其在WHO建议的每剂药物中rcDNA含量不超过10 ng的严格标准下,荧光染色法在高剂量蛋白质产品的检测中可能不太适用[83]。然而,在低剂量蛋白质产品,如某些疫苗的检测中[22],荧光染色法能够展现出其在高通量筛选和成本效益方面的独特优势。
DNA探针杂交法的基本原理,如图2所示,先通过变性处理,将样品中的双链DNA变为单链;随后利用固相膜吸附处理后的单链DNA,再将被标记过的特异性单链DNA与之进行杂交;最后,通过与标记物匹配的显色系统来显示杂交结果[84]。这种方法通常用于定性检测,如需进行定量检测,则可将杂交结果与已知含量的DNA标准品进行对照,从而测定检测样品中外源性DNA的残留量[85]。该技术的1个优点是它类似于Southern Blot技术,不需要特殊培训,成本相对较低;另1个优点是可以在印迹之前,通过确定大小的DNA Marker电泳估计rcDNA的大小。然而,与荧光染色法类似,这种方法的主要缺点也是灵敏度较低。研究表明[78],当样品DNA含量<10 pg时,样品中的其他化学物质会对检测结果产生较大影响,甚至可能导致出现假阳性结果;而当样品浓度更高,超过背景水平时,通常会低估检测量。此外,较长的检测周期也在一定程度上限制了该方法的进一步应用[86]
DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法是一种基于单链DNA结合蛋白的rcDNA检测技术。其工作原理为,利用单链DNA结合蛋白特异性捕获变性后的单链rcDNA [87],具体过程如图3所示。在此基础上,利用与尿素酶偶联的单克隆抗DNA抗体来精准识别并结合这些捕获的DNA分子。随后,通过酶催化水解尿素产生pH变化,而pH变化的速率与样本中DNA的含量成正比。这一变化过程在一个封闭的小反应室内进行,通过与DNA标准品的信号进行对比,便能准确计算出样本中的DNA量[88]。此方法以其卓越的灵敏度和标准化的操作流程,在精确定量DNA残留方面表现出显著优势[89]。但该方法也存在一些局限性。首先,其相对较高的成本以及较低的通量,可能在一定程度上限制了其在大规模筛选或高通量检测中的应用;其次,该技术对可检测的DNA片段大小有一定的限制。由于其检测过程依赖于变性DNA与单链DNA结合蛋白及单克隆抗DNA抗体的结合,对小于600 bp的DNA片段,可能无法实现有效检测,这在一定程度上影响了对小片段DNA残留的全面评估[80]
在过去几年中,基于PCR的技术(如qPCR、ddPCR)已被用于检测rcDNA,现在已成为生物技术行业中最广泛使用的方法。在PCR反应中,特定序列的DNA模板被扩增,可在1~2 h内产生数十亿份拷贝,因此,这项技术可以检测到极低水平的DNA。
qPCR法作为2020年版《中国药典》新增的检测方法,同时在USP和EP中均有收录[4],其重要性不言而喻。qPCR技术通过实时监测PCR扩增过程中的荧光信号,实现了对核酸的精确定量,其工作原理如图4所示。该技术常用的几种检测原理均涉及荧光染料的应用,以下2种应用较为广泛:(1)SYBR Green染料法[86]。基于双链DNA结合染料,SYBR Green在未结合时背景荧光极低,一旦与PCR产生的双链DNA结合,荧光输出便会显著增加,从而提供了优异的信噪比。(2)TaqMan探针法[90]。利用带有荧光标记的特异性探针,探针内含有1个淬灭分子。在PCR反应过程中,DNA聚合酶的外切核酸酶活性切割探针,释放荧光染料,从而实现荧光的显著增加。TaqMan技术因其超过1 000的信噪比,成为极其灵敏的检测手段。
qPCR被广泛应用于rcDNA的定量,该过程始于标准曲线的建立。在已知浓度的DNA标准品中加入荧光标记的特异性探针或荧光染料,随着PCR反应的进行,荧光信号会逐渐积累。通过实时监测和分析这些荧光信号,可以准确地判断特异性扩增产物量的动态变化,从而实现对rcDNA的精确定量检测[91]
ddPCR是1种先进的核酸分子绝对定量技术,代表了PCR技术的第三代发展。ddPCR技术通过将含有核酸分子的反应体系分成成千上万个的纳升级微滴,每个微滴可能包含零个或多个目标核酸分子。经过PCR扩增后,通过检测每个微滴的荧光信号,可确定微滴中是否含有目标DNA,最后根据泊松分布原理,借助数学公式就可以计算出样品中DNA的浓度[92],从而实现对目标分子的绝对定量,其工作原理如图5所示。与qPCR相比,ddPCR定量过程不需要依靠DNA标准品来测定标准曲线,且不易受到基质干扰,近年来在宿主细胞残留DNA检测中得到了广泛的应用[93]。例如,Wang等[94]利用ddPCR技术建立了1种检测BHK细胞残留DNA的方法,这种方法具有较高的灵敏度和准确性。Anderson等[95]则进一步展示了ddPCR技术无须DNA提取,即可对大肠埃希菌rcDNA进行检测的能力,证明了该技术的高灵敏度和实用性。
下一代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)技术是一种高通量的测序方法,可以同时对数百万DNA片段进行测序[96],从而获得更为全面的基因组信息。现有的rcDNA检测方法大多针对基因组中的特异性片段进行检测,其检测结果的特异性受到引物所靶向序列的限制。NGS技术可以对待测样本中存在的遗传信息进行全面分析,有效摆脱靶向序列的限制。目前,已有研究将NGS技术用于转基因植物的rcDNA检测[97],若能将其推广至生物制品的rcDNA检测,或许能为生物制品的质量控制提供新的思路和方法。在生物制品的生产过程中,通常会包含去除rcDNA的工艺操作,因此生物制品中DNA含量往往很低[98]。在利用基于扩增的方法进行检测时,要尽可能选取基因组中重复性好,保守程度高的序列作为目的片段,这有助于扩增反应的顺利进行,可以更好地对残留DNA含量进行检测。利用NGS技术,能够获得更准确、更完整的宿主细胞全基因组序列信息,从中可以选取到重复性更高的保守序列,应用于现有检测方法。
当前,残留DNA检测技术面临着诸多挑战,尤其是在核酸提取和纯化过程中。基质干扰,如聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)、蛋白质和多糖等,会对qPCR等方法的检测结果产生显著影响[99]。虽然对样品进行稀释可以在一定程度上降低这种干扰,但同时也会影响检测结果的灵敏度。因此,选择合适的核酸提取方法对残留DNA检测至关重要。
目前主要使用的核酸前处理方法包括酚/氯仿法[100]、碘化钠沉淀法[101]、柱提取法[102]和磁珠法[103]。酚/氯仿法利用酚使蛋白质变性,将蛋白质与DNA分离,再利用氯仿加速有机相与液相的分层,经过反复抽提,获得高纯度、高含量的DNA。这种方法提取效率高,但会残留部分有机溶剂,可能影响后续的实验结果。碘化钠沉淀法,收载于2020年版《中国药典》四部通则3407中,以碘化钠作为蛋白质增溶剂,与表面活性剂一同将样品中的蛋白质等成分转变为可溶状态,加入的异丙醇能够选择性地使核酸(主要是DNA)和糖原产生沉淀(即共沉淀)。该方法操作简单,但是耗时比较长,且回收率不稳定。柱提取法是利用吸附材料的特性,将DNA分子从混合物中分离出来,操作简单,提取时间短,但处理后的样本DNA纯度不高,且不同批次的膜柱之间回收效率可能存在一定差异。磁珠法通常选择具有一定磁性的微米级珠子作为DNA富集的固相载体,利用磁性珠子及其表面修饰的特定分子与DNA之间的亲和性,实现DNA的富集与分离。此法操作简单,耗费时间短,并且可以实现自动化高通量操作,但其稳定性受技术和设备的限制。
尽管基于PCR的检测方法因其广泛应用而备受青睐,但这种方法存在一定的局限性。它依赖于对特定序列的特异性识别,这些序列并不全面代表整个基因组。因此,如果目标序列未被包含,其他序列可能不会被检测到。这一点至关重要,因为生物过程可能会将DNA切割成较小的片段,只有当目标DNA序列存在时,PCR技术才能识别出rcDNA。尽管基于杂交和抗体/亲和性的DNA检测技术试图识别所有可能的DNA序列,但其灵敏度有限,且与PCR相比,DNA没有经历扩增过程。DNA结合蛋白免疫阈值法提供的基于抗体/亲和性技术的检测存在对DNA片段大小的限制。
为应对残留DNA检测中的诸多挑战,非靶向扩增技术应运而生,其中包括多次退火环状循环扩增技术(MALBAC)、非序列依赖性单引物扩增(SISPA)和多重置换恒温扩增法(MDA)[104-106]。这些技术的基本原理是在待检测的DNA片段两端引入特定的DNA序列,将其作为PCR扩增的起始点。这种方法能够利用已知的序列扩增出未知的片段,从而实现对样本中所有rcDNA片段的全面扩增[107]。通过MALBAC和SISPA等扩增技术,可以实现核酸的高效富集,结合磁珠捕获和末端修复等技术,可以从微量样本中提取足够的DNA。近年来,已有研究将这些非靶向扩增技术成功应用于残留DNA的检测[30]。与传统方法相比,非靶向扩增技术能够进行非选择性的扩增,减少扩增偏好性,从而获取准确的、均一性良好且高覆盖度的扩增基因组序列[108-109]。其优势在于,仅需特定引物即可实施,无须预先确定特定的DNA片段,这在rcDNA检测领域尤为突出,给检测工作带来了极大的便利与精准性。
随着医药产业的蓬勃发展和生物技术的飞速进步,制药企业和监管机构对快速检测技术及现场检测能力的需求日益迫切。然而,rcDNA检测技术往往依赖于高昂的设备和专业的操作人员,这些条件难以满足日益增长的检测需求。近年来,等温扩增技术作为一种新的分子诊断方法,能够在恒定的温度条件下实现核酸的快速且高效扩增,具有操作简单,不依赖大型设备的特点,在rcDNA检测领域展现出巨大的应用潜力和实用价值。
常用的等温扩增技术包括环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)和重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)。LAMP需针对靶序列的6~8个特异性位点设计4~6条特异性引物,且均能特异性结合才能实现扩增[110],因而具有较强的特异性,反应过程分为起始和扩增循环2个阶段[111],起始阶段即初始反应物的合成,DNA延伸形成哑铃状结构;扩增循环阶段以哑铃状结构为模板继续延伸和再循环扩增[112]。LAMP反应过程始终维持在65 ℃左右的恒定温度,且同一时间内对模板的拷贝数比常规PCR高出1~2个数量级,具有极高的扩增效率,操作简便快捷[113]。RPA是1种新型的等温扩增技术,通过重组酶、重组酶加载因子和单链结合蛋白与引物和靶序列的相互作用,完成核酸靶序列的体外扩增[114]。该技术主要通过重组酶与引物结合形成蛋白质-DNA复合物[115],在双链DNA中定位同源序列,发生链交换反应形成并启动DNA合成,对模板上的目标区域进行指数式扩增[116]。未来,如果能利用等温扩增技术对rcDNA进行检测,将会使检测更加简便、快捷。
rcDNA在生物制品中可能引发致瘤和感染风险,随着生物制品的广泛应用,rcDNA的残留问题已成为影响产品质量和安全性的重要因素。各国药品监督管理机构对rcDNA的含量设定了严格的控制标准,以确保生物制品的安全性。目前,qPCR法是检测残留DNA的常用方法之一,但其局限在于只能检测特定的目标片段,无法满足全面检测药品中rcDNA的需求。而非靶向扩增技术可被引入作为有效的替代方案,由于该技术不依赖于特定基因片段,能够实现对rcDNA的非特异性扩增,从而更准确地评估其片段大小及含量。此外,以LAMP和RPA为代表的等温扩增技术的发展,也为rcDNA快速检测提供了新的研究方向。这些技术的不断发展,有助于完善生物制品的质量控制体系,从而保障其临床应用的安全性和有效性,为人类健康事业的发展提供更有力的支持。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF0600800)
  • 浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2022YW04)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1052
  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
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*国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF0600800)
浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(2022YW04)
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    1.中国计量大学生命科学学院 浙江省生物计量及检验检疫技术重点实验室,杭州 310018
    2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(微生物计量检测与生物制品质量安全),杭州 310018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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