Article(id=1240945597360952083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710432000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773794086065, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773794086065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773794086065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773794086065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240945593548337937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='2010', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773794085156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773796488495, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240955673937236736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240955673937236737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1944, endPage=1950, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240945597574861596, articleId=1240945597360952083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Exploration of matrix effect in drug concentration detection in biological samples, columnId=1240945596857635577, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Process Evaluation • Standard Deliberation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of drug development,the bioanalytical is required generally in pharmacokinetic studies. The accuracy,reliability,and scientificity of bioanalytical method validation are crucial,the investigation of matrix effects has become an important part of the validation system for bioanalytical methods. This article investigated related guidelines from ICH,NMPA,FDA and EMA,searching the related domestic and foreign literature on matrix effect,combining with the case study of matrix effect in actual review,to discuss the method of investigating the matrix effect in the methodological verification of drug concentration detection in unknown biological samples,to clarify the causes and solutions of matrix effect. So as to ensure the standardization of the methodological verification of drug concentration detection in unknown biological samples and the accuracy of the test results,to achieve the optimization of drug concentration detection methods for biological samples.

, correspAuthors=Yu-zhu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fei-fei LIU, Yu-zhu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240945597902017330, articleId=1240945597360952083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应相关问题的探讨, columnId=1240945597025407747, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=过程控制+标准研讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

药物研发过程中的药代动力学研究一般需要进行生物样品药物浓度检测,检测方法的准确性、可靠性、科学性十分重要,其中基质效应考察是检测方法验证体系中的重要组成部分。本文通过调研ICH、NMPA、FDA和EMA相关法规和指导原则,检索国内外基质效应有关文献,结合实际生物样品药物浓度检测方法学验证中基质效应考察的案例,探讨基质效应产生的原因及解决方案,生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应考察的方法,从而保证基质效应考察的合规性,生物样品药物浓度检测方法学验证规范化,检测结果的可靠性和准确性,以实现生物样品药物浓度检测方法的最优化。

, correspAuthors=王玉珠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Tel:(010)80995817;E-mail:
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Tel:(010)80995821;E-mail:

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生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应相关问题的探讨
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刘霏霏 , 王玉珠 *
药物分析杂志 | 过程控制+标准研讨 2024,44(11): 1944-1950
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药物分析杂志 | 过程控制+标准研讨 2024, 44(11): 1944-1950
生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应相关问题的探讨
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刘霏霏 , 王玉珠*
作者信息
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心,北京 100076
  • Tel:(010)80995821;E-mail:

通讯作者:

*Tel:(010)80995817;E-mail:
Exploration of matrix effect in drug concentration detection in biological samples
Fei-fei LIU , Yu-zhu WANG*
Affiliations
  • Center of Drug Evaluation,National Medical Products Administration,Beijing 100076,China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0174
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目的:

药物研发过程中的药代动力学研究一般需要进行生物样品药物浓度检测,检测方法的准确性、可靠性、科学性十分重要,其中基质效应考察是检测方法验证体系中的重要组成部分。本文通过调研ICH、NMPA、FDA和EMA相关法规和指导原则,检索国内外基质效应有关文献,结合实际生物样品药物浓度检测方法学验证中基质效应考察的案例,探讨基质效应产生的原因及解决方案,生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应考察的方法,从而保证基质效应考察的合规性,生物样品药物浓度检测方法学验证规范化,检测结果的可靠性和准确性,以实现生物样品药物浓度检测方法的最优化。

药物浓度检测  /  生物样品  /  基质效应  /  指导原则  /  案例分析

In the process of drug development,the bioanalytical is required generally in pharmacokinetic studies. The accuracy,reliability,and scientificity of bioanalytical method validation are crucial,the investigation of matrix effects has become an important part of the validation system for bioanalytical methods. This article investigated related guidelines from ICH,NMPA,FDA and EMA,searching the related domestic and foreign literature on matrix effect,combining with the case study of matrix effect in actual review,to discuss the method of investigating the matrix effect in the methodological verification of drug concentration detection in unknown biological samples,to clarify the causes and solutions of matrix effect. So as to ensure the standardization of the methodological verification of drug concentration detection in unknown biological samples and the accuracy of the test results,to achieve the optimization of drug concentration detection methods for biological samples.

drug concentration detection  /  biological sample  /  matrix effect  /  guidance  /  case analysis
刘霏霏, 王玉珠. 生物样品药物浓度检测中基质效应相关问题的探讨. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (11) : 1944 -1950 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0174
Fei-fei LIU, Yu-zhu WANG. Exploration of matrix effect in drug concentration detection in biological samples[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (11) : 1944 -1950 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0174
近年来,在国家药品审评制度改革的刺激下,国内创新药和仿制药的研发发展迅猛。创新药和仿制药研发过程中一般会进行人体药代动力学研究和生物样品药物浓度检测,人体内药物浓度检测的准确性和可靠性与药物体内吸收、分布、代谢、排泄等药代动力学特征的描述,药物用法用量的确定等密切相关。随着2015年国家启动仿制药一致性评价,一大批新的药物浓度检测机构应运而生。生物样品中药物浓度检测的准确性和可靠性受到行业瞩目,如何确保生物样品中待测物检测的准确性和可靠性,如何科学评价已完成的检测验证方法和检测结果,对于检测机构和监管部门至关重要。
目前,在药物研发过程中,生物样品中药物浓度的检测通常采用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法。生物样品主要包括血液、尿液、胆汁、唾液、细胞培养液等,其中,血液样品最为常见,在采用LC-MS/MS法进行分析时,生物样品中的一些共同提取物质可能会对待测物的分离和离子化效率产生影响,导致整个分析方法在满足所有接受标准的前提下,测得的生物样品浓度与实际浓度之间产生偏差,该影响在仪器上观察时,表现为化合物的信号增强或抑制,这种现象被称为基质效应[1-2]
Min等[3]认为有意义的基质效应一般是对待测物浓度的精密度、准确度、灵敏度产生影响,绝大多数的基质效应可以通过使用内标来校正离子抑制或增强的现象。本文主要探讨采用LC-MS/MS法检测生物样品中药物浓度时涉及的基质效应考察问题。
根据来源,引起基质效应的物质可分为内源性和外源性2个大类[4]:内源性磷脂由于其脂类长链疏水性,使其在反相色谱条件下会相对较晚洗脱下来,且常规的蛋白沉淀法不易有效去除,成为引起基质效应的主要原因之一;外源性物质包括赋形剂、抗凝剂和分析过程中使用的各种媒介产生的聚合物、邻苯二甲酸盐、洗涤剂降解产物和固定相释放的各种杂质等[5]。另外,合并用药也可能导致基质效应[6]
目前,关于基质效应确切的机制尚未明确,主要有以下几个方面:基质分子阻碍待测物液滴气化;基质干扰分子与待测物竞争可利用的电荷;基质分子与待测物结合或与待测物共沉淀;待测物离子通过气相中酸碱反应被中和;离子源的去溶剂化作用等[1-2]
目前,常用的基质效应评价方法包括绝对基质效应和相对基质效应[7]。绝对基质效应一般是指生物样品提取后添加标准量与纯的标准品溶液的比值,需计算每一分析物和内标基质因子(matrix factor,MF)。当MF=1时,可认为没有基质效应;MF<1,则为离子抑制;MF>1,表示离子增强[8]。内标归一化的MF为1时,表示待测物和内标受到离子抑制或增强的程度相同,如果是同位素内标,因基质效应对待测物与内标的影响程度相同,一般测得的内标归一化因子MF都在1左右。目前,国内基质效应的评价方法主要参照国际人用药品注册技术协调会(International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use,ICH)M10和2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)通则9012中的相关规定。
其他例如磷脂类特殊基质组分的基质效应,常用的方法主要有监测所有甘油磷脂(卵磷脂、溶血磷脂和神经鞘磷脂)的特征子离子磷酸胆碱基团m/z 184[9]。这种基质目前的报道数量极少,本文不做探讨。
样品前处理可以有效地减少外部引入的干扰物质,常见的样品前处理方法主要有蛋白沉淀法(PPT)、液液萃取法(LLE)、固相萃取法(SPE)。
产生基质效应的物质往往极性比较大,流经反相色谱柱时常较早出峰。梯度洗脱既可以将基质成分先洗脱出来减少基质干扰,又可以使待测物峰在流出色谱柱时得到充分的富集和浓缩,进而改善色谱峰形,减少基质效应。另外,使用低浓度的流动相添加剂可以提高电离效率,有效减少基质干扰,LC-MS/MS常见的添加剂应有较好的挥发性和较强的电离作用,如:甲酸、乙酸、甲酸铵、醋酸铵等[10-12]
常用的离子源有大气压光电离子源(APPI)、大气压化学电离源(APCI)、电喷雾离子源(ESI),一般认为3种离子源克服基质效应的能力依次为APPI、APCI、ESI[13],但少有文章探讨离子源不同接口设计对基质效应的影响。
稳定的同位素内标是最理想的选择,但Lindegardh等[14]在用LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中哌喹时,通过改变三乙胺的量,氘代内标物不能抵消三乙胺导致的离子抑制现象。同位素标记带来性质上的轻微改变可能造成保留时间的差异,受基质成分的影响就可能显著不同。因此,在内标的选择上应综合考虑待测物性质、色谱条件、经济条件等因素。
生物样品分析发现,抗凝剂也可引起离子抑制进而影响基质效应的评价[13],抗凝剂肝素锂较乙二酸四乙酸(EDTA)的不同耦合离子(NaEDTA、K2EDTA或K3EDTA)更易产生基质效应[15]
溶血的血浆或血清样本中,血红蛋白的浓度,胆红素和钾含量的增加,均可导致LC-MS/MS分析中基质效应的产生,从而形成不完整的浓度-时间曲线,进而影响Cmax的准确计算。溶血对于分析可能产生以下不良影响:(1)红细胞释放的酶导致化合物不稳定;(2)药物具有较高的红细胞表面亲和力;(3)化合物与发生溶血样本的内源性干扰。
有学者提出,在合理的收集时间(如1 h),如果待测物在1~8 ℃条件下全血中不稳定,并且溶血实验失败,则表明不稳定的原因可能与诱导氧化血红蛋白相关。如果全血待测物稳定,但溶血试验失败则表明,失败可能为基质效应或结合问题[3]
目前,国内检测机构溶血样本的制备一般通过将冷冻后全血加入混合空白基质中得到,也可通过加入经超声破坏的全血至未溶血的血浆中进行制备,常见的溶血体积比有0.25%、0.5%和1.0%。
高脂血对药物浓度检测的干扰机制与溶血有很大不同。在高脂血症样品中,乳糜微粒和极低密度脂蛋白的含量高于正常样品,这2种物质是悬浮颗粒,产生混浊或浊度,进而显著影响电离和提取回收率[3]
目前,国内高脂基质可采用模拟的高脂血浆样品进行评估。例如,将一定比例的脂肪乳加入混合空白基质中得到。
2011年和2018年,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)和美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)发布了生物分析方法验证相关指导原则;2020年6月,国家药典委员会发布2020年版《中国药典》,其中,通则9012《生物样品定量分析方法验证指导原则》对于基质效应的考察提出相关的要求;2023年1月19日,为推动药品注册技术标准与国际接轨,国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)发布公告,要求申请人需按照ICH《M10:生物分析方法验证及样品分析》指导原则的要求开展研究,自2023年7月29日起,开始的相关研究(以生物样品分析原始记录时间点为准),均适用M10指导原则。
《M10:生物分析方法验证及样品分析》认为,色谱法中基质效应是指由于生物基质中的干扰物质和通常未识别的成分引起的待测物响应的改变。在方法验证过程中,需要考察不同来源/批次间的基质效应。
基质效应的评估应分析至少3个重复的低和高浓度质控样品,每个重复使用至少6个不同来源/批次的基质制备。对于每一个来源/批次的基质,准确度应在标示浓度的±15%以内,并且精密度(RSD)不应大于15%。如果基质难以获得,可以允许使用更少来源/批次的基质。
如有可能,基质效应也应在相关的患者群体或特殊人群(例如肝功能不全或肾功能不全患者)中进行评估。当预计试验中会出现溶血或高脂基质时,建议在方法验证期间根据具体情况使用溶血或高脂基质进行额外的基质效应考察。
对于同为内源性物质的待测物(例如替代疗法),当检测方法不能区分治疗药物和内源性物质时,待测物检测的准确性成为挑战。此外,待测物的内源性水平可能随年龄、性别、人种、昼夜变化、疾病或药物治疗的副作用而发生变化。
生物标志物不在M10的指导范围内。如有可能,用于制备校正标样和QC样品的生物基质应与研究样品基质(即真实的生物基质)相同,且应如指导原则中色谱法和配体结合分析中所述无基质效应和干扰。选择的生物基质中内源性物质浓度应足够低,以获得足够的信噪比(例如,小于定量下限的20%)。
在没有可用的无干扰基质时,可使用以下方法计算研究样品中待测物的浓度:(1)替代基质法,(2)替代待测物法,(3)背景扣除法,(4)标准添加法。对于替代基质和替代待测物方法,校正标样和研究样品之间的基质效应和提取回收率可能不同,应评估并确保基质效应(特别是在LOQ水平)不会影响准确度和精密度[16]
自2023年7月29日起,我国生物样本检测相关研究(以生物样品分析原始记录时间点为准)均适用ICH M10指导原则,但2020年版《中国药典》通则9012《生物样品定量分析方法验证指导原则》对生物样品药物浓度检测很早就进行指导。一般在我国提交的生物样品指导原则均需同时满足上述2个指导原则的要求。
2020年版《中国药典》通则9012中指出,当采用质谱方法时,应该考察基质效应。使用至少6批来自不同供体的空白基质,不应使用合并的基质。如果基质难以获得,可少于6批基质,但应该说明理由。
对于每批基质,应该通过计算基质存在下的峰面积(由空白基质提取后加入分析物和内标测得),与不含基质的相应峰面积(分析物和内标的纯溶液)比值,计算每一分析物和内标的基质因子,进一步通过分析物的基质因子除以内标的基质因子,计算经内标归一化的基质因子。6批基质计算的内标归一化的基质因子的RSD不得大于15%。该测定应分别在低浓度和高浓度下进行。
如果不能适用上述方式,例如采用在线样品预处理的情况,则应该分析至少6批基质,分别加入高浓度和低浓度(定量下限浓度3倍以内以及接近定量上限),来获得批间响应的变异。其验证报告应包括分析物和内标的峰面积,以及每一样品的计算浓度。这些浓度计算值的总体RSD不得大于15%。
除正常基质外,还应关注其他样品的基质效应,例如溶血的或高血脂的血浆样品等[17]
FDA在《生物分析方法验证行业指导原则》对方法学验证的要求项中明确指出,需验证标准品和关键试剂,制定标准曲线和质量控制样品,方法学验证内容应包括标准曲线下选择性和特异性、灵敏度、准确性、精密度和回收率、稳定性、稀释效应等,必要情况下需提供部分和交叉验证,整个指导原则中未对基质效应考察进行单独项要求,但对基质效应进行了定义。基质效应是由于样品中存在非预期待测物(用于分析)或其他干扰物质而引起的待测物直接或间接的响应改变或干扰反应。其在指南中不同位置均提及基质效应的要求。
FDA在指导原则“质量控制样本”中提到,申请人应在大量没有干扰和基质效应的空白基质中制作标准曲线和质量控制样本;在“选择性和特异性”中描述,申请人应确保在整个分析方法中不存在基质效应,选择性和特异性重要的是研究源自结构或生理上相似的待测物(即外源干扰)或基质效应(即内源性干扰)的任何干扰。基质效应评估包括在多个来源的生物基质中进行校准曲线与基质中的平行性(引起的样品的连续稀释)和非特异性结合的校准曲线比较。申请人应消除或尽量减少任何重大干扰。如果失败,申请人可以考虑开发1种正交方法来消除或最大限度地减少干扰。
在内源性物质检测中强调,用于制备校准标准品的生物基质应与研究样品相同,且不含内源性待测物。为了解决使用不含待测物的生物基质的适用性,应证明该基质具有:(1)没有可测量的内源性待测物;(2)与生物基质相比,没有基质效应或干扰[18]
另外,FDA[19]在2015年7月发布的《药品及生物制品的分析方法和方法验证指导原则》中,针对基质效应没有作出具体的规定。
EMA《生物样品测定方法验证的指导原则》关于基质效应的规定与2020年版《中国药典》的规定基本一致。另说明,如果基质难以获取,可以使用少于6个不同批次的基质,但仍需要进行基质效应研究。EMA还要求,如果某种用于人类或动物的注射剂配方中含有的辅料存在基质效应,例如聚乙二醇、聚山梨醇酯,则应该对除空白基质以外的含有这种辅料的基质进行基质效应研究。用于评价的基质应该从给予人类或动物的赋形剂中获得,除非证明该赋形剂在体内不被代谢或转化。赋形剂的效应可以用MF进行评估,或用不含赋形剂的高浓度空白基质进行稀释研究[20]
多年来,许多学者对如何消除或降低基质对待测物检测的影响进行了研究。Lindegardh等[21]在用LC-MS/MS方法测定人血浆中哌喹时,通过改变三乙胺的量发现:氘代内标物不能抵消三乙胺导致的离子抑制现象。李丹等[22]认为,采用同位素内标、液液萃取、正己烷萃取、梯度洗脱,并采用柱后灌注法,可以基本消除人血浆中氨氯地平浓度检测中基质效应对准确定量的影响。张妍等[23]在检测莎巴比星及其代谢产物M3的研究中证实,采用EDTA-K2作为抗凝剂,比肝素产生的基质效应要小,通过改变洗脱方式和样品前处理中液液萃取试剂的组成,可在一定程度上降低基质效应。González等[24]对生物分析中常用的参数,包括选择性、线性范围、精密度、准确度、稳定性等整体验证过程作了介绍,并详细介绍了基质效应产生的原因及处理方法,强调其重要性。姚梦侃等[25]从基质效应产生的原因、基质效应的评价及如何消除基质效应三方面进行简要综述,认为不恰当的内标和药物溶剂也是造成基质效应的原因之一。向平等[26]指出,基质效应可能影响LC-MS法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度,通过样品前处理、氘代内标的使用、色谱分离、质谱分析等过程的优化,可有效消除基质效应。
在不同生物基质中也进行了大量的基质效应研究,白梦如等[27]在测定人乳汁中贝他斯汀和羟氯喹的浓度时,采用空白乳汁作进行了基质效应的考察。刘富邦等[28]采用实时直接分析串联质谱法检验血液和尿液中12个苯二氮䓬类药物时,通过考察基质效应和回收率,确定乙酸乙酯为最佳萃取溶剂,进而完善了检验方法。在非生物样品目标分析物检测过程中,基质效应同样需要重点关注,王成龙等[29]采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测6种样品基质中的百草枯农药残留,在方法学考察中,基质效应结果表明,6种基质表现为基质抑制效应,大白菜、雪梨、米的基质效应影响较小,玉米、猪尿、牛血清的存在较强基质效应。为克服样品基质效应对定量结果的影响,使用百草枯氘带内标化合物,并采用稳定同位素稀释内标法的定量方式,能较好地补偿基质效应,确保了定量结果的准确性。
生物样品检测评价的依据,一般是ICH 《M10:生物分析方法验证及样品分析》和2020年版《中国药典》通则9012 《生物样品定量分析方法验证指导原则》。新药申报时,在方法学验证资料中提供关于基质效应考察计划和结果,包括基质的来源、仪器、时间、实验方法、验证结果、接受标准,失败或超限的原因分析及详细的解决方案等。
以瑞舒伐他汀钙为例,瑞舒伐他汀钙是1种HMG-CoA还原酶选择性竞争抑制剂,主要适应症为原发性高胆固醇血症等。方法学验证中常见基质效应考察方法为验证来自6个不同个体(每个个体n=3)血浆基质对低、中、高3个浓度待测物及内标检测的影响,此时不仅要求3个浓度下瑞舒伐他汀的基质因子和RSD、平均基质效应因子和RSD、内标的基质因子和RSD均符合接受标准,还应计算内标归一化的基质效应因子,同时结合药物作用特点及实际生物样品检测的需要,进行溶血基质和高脂基质的基质效应考察。结合瑞舒伐他汀钙的药理作用基质和血浆蛋白结合率高的特点,在方法学中进行高脂基质和溶血基质的效应考察是必要的。
以依诺肝素钠注射液为例,依诺肝素是1种低分子量肝素,临床主要用于血栓的治疗,除常规基质效应考察要求外,溶血基质效应的考察尤为重要。这类产品的生物样品采集中经常会遇到大量的不同程度的溶血样本,方法学中一般会制备不同溶血体积比的溶血基质进行基质效应考察,尽可能覆盖实际生物样品出现溶血情况的范围。
基质效应是生物样品定量分析中必须考察的一部分,也是检测方法学建立过程中可能面临的难题之一。在具体研究和评价过程中,若出现基质效应,往往需要采取措施,尽可能地消除基质效应的影响,以保证检测方法的准确度和可靠性。在多年实践中,研究者们摸索并总结了一系列消除或降低基质效应的有效方法,但在实际检测中,有些基质效应仍无法完全消除,因此,药物研发者在申报新药和仿制药时,均需提交完整的样品检测分析报告,科学、合理地评价其中涉及的验证项目和检测情况,确保药物在生物样品中的浓度检测结果准确可靠,以促进药物的审评时效。
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2024年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0174
  • 接收时间:2024-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-15
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    国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心,北京 100076

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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