Article(id=1240945595586761416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704729600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773794085642, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773794085642, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773794085642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773794085642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240945593548337937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='2010', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773794085156, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773796488495, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240955673937236736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240955673937236737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240945593548337937, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1852, endPage=1862, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240945595943277261, articleId=1240945595586761416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Flavor characterization of two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils based on sensory evaluation and electronic nose technology,and establishment of nondestructive detection models, columnId=1239148838318043851, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Ingredient Analys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To conduct odor analysis of the main effective components, namely volatile oils, contained in two varieties, Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang and Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss, to provide a feasible method for promptly and accurately distinguishing between the differences in volatile oils of these two varieties of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix. This enriches the traditional evaluation content and serves as a reference for assessing the quality of extracts predominantly governed by volatile oils.

Methods:

The flavors of two samples of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oil were analyzed using electronic nose technology and sensory evaluation. The electronic nose data obtained were subjected to analysis and identification through principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Additionally,two nondestructive testing models-Fisher discrimination and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network discrimination were established for sample differentiation.

Results:

Sensory evaluation results indicated that pine resin flavor,cool flavor and woody flavor were the primary odor characteristics of both Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils. Additionally,the key flavor attribute influencing acceptance and differentiation was identified as spoiled yuba flavor,with the Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil exhibiting a stronger presence of this attribute than the Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. The electronic nose results revealed that the nitrogen oxides’ response values in Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil were significantly higher than those in Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. Meanwhile,the response values of hydrides,alcohol ether aldehydes,and ketones were slightly lower in Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil compared to Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. The Fisher discriminant model demonstrated overall discrimination rates of 93.8% for the training set and 87.5% for the prediction set of the two volatile oils. In contrast,the MLP model achieved discrimination rates of 89.3% for the training set and 91.7% for the prediction set. Notably,the MLP model proved effective for identifying volatile oils,while the Fisher model exhibited greater suitability for discriminating volatile oils with broad-leaved characteristics.

Conclusion:

The combination of artificial senses and intelligent senses can be characterized from both subjective and objective perspectives,elucidating the flavor differences between the two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils. The established Fisher discriminant function and MLP discriminant models can rapidly and accurately distinguish between the two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatiles. This lays a preliminary foundation for quality control in Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatiles and offers new ideas and directions.

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目的:

通过对羌活和宽叶羌活2个品种中所含的主要有效部位挥发油进行气味分析,为快速、准确鉴别2种羌活挥发油差异提供良好可行的方法,丰富传统评价内涵的同时,为以挥发油为主的提取物的质量评价提供参考。

方法:

采用感官评价和电子鼻技术对2种羌活挥发油样品进行气味分析,进一步采用主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)对获得的电子鼻数据进行分析与识别,建立Fisher判别和多层感知器(MLP)神经网络判别2种无损检测模型对样品进行品种区分。

结果:

感官评价结果表明,松脂味、清凉味和木质味是2种羌活挥发油的主要气味特征;变质腐竹味是影响2种羌活挥发油接受度与区分度的关键气味属性,且宽叶羌活挥发油中变质腐竹味气味属性比羌活挥发油的更加强烈;电子鼻结果显示,宽叶羌活挥发油中氮氧类化合物的响应值明显高于羌活挥发油,而氢化物、醇醚醛酮类化合物的响应值相较于羌活挥发油略低;Fisher判别模型对2种羌活挥发油的训练集与预测集的总体判别率分别为93.8%和87.5%,MLP神经网络判别模型对2种羌活挥发油的训练集与预测集的总体判别率分别为89.3%和91.7%。其中,MLP模型适用于判别羌活挥发油,而Fisher模型更适用于判别宽叶羌活挥发油。

结论:

人工感官与智能感官结合,从主观与客观2个层面进行表征,可明确2种羌活挥发油的气味差异;建立的Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型可快速、准确鉴别2种羌活挥发油,可在传统评价角度为羌活挥发油的质量控制奠定前期基础,提供新的思路和方向。

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Studies about Antifungal Mechanism of β-Pinene against Penicillium of Citres[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2017, articleTitle=Studies about Antifungal Mechanism of β-Pinene against Penicillium of Citres, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240954739500839537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=65, issue=38, pageStart=8392, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=65, authorNames=XIAO Z, WU Q, NIU Y, journalName=J Agric Food Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO ZWU QNIU Y,et al. Characterization of the key aroma compounds in five varieties of mandarins by gas chromatography-olfactometry,odor activity values,aroma recombination,and omission analysis[J]. J Agric Food Chem201765 (38):8392, articleTitle=Characterization of the key aroma compounds in five varieties of mandarins by gas chromatography-olfactometry,odor activity values,aroma recombination,and omission analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240954739572142706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=4417, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=66, authorNames=SOUSA LGV, CASTRO J, CAVALEIRO C, journalName=Sci Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOUSA LGVCASTRO JCAVALEIRO C,et al. Synergistic effects of carvacrol,α-terpinene,γ-terpinene,ρ-cymene and linalool against gardnerella species[J]. Sci Rep202212 (1):4417, articleTitle=Synergistic effects of carvacrol,α-terpinene,γ-terpinene,ρ-cymene and linalool against gardnerella species, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240954739651834483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=345, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=67, authorNames=GUO Y, BASCHIERI A, AMORATI R, journalName=Food Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO YBASCHIERI AAMORATI R,et al. Synergic antioxidant activity of γ-terpinene with phenols and polyphenols enabled by hydroperoxyl radicals[J]. Food Chem2021345:128468, articleTitle=Synergic antioxidant activity of γ-terpinene with phenols and polyphenols enabled by hydroperoxyl radicals, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240954725785465053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240954725789659357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, companyId=1240954725785465053, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources,College of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240954725798047966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, companyId=1240954725785465053, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=成都中医药大学药学院 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室,成都 611137)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240954728885055875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Radar charts of sensory evaluation of two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils, figureFileSmall=ciH9xnISP5n4hy/a+vQTMg==, figureFileBig=mCRN3rHOkYrC4CvWW0zzgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954728968941958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图1 , caption=2种羌活挥发油的感官评价雷达图, figureFileSmall=ciH9xnISP5n4hy/a+vQTMg==, figureFileBig=mCRN3rHOkYrC4CvWW0zzgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729077993868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Evaluation results of acceptance of two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils, figureFileSmall=BaaacMknEoCLX5LR0400vQ==, figureFileBig=OKzqfzWGW07YxgcrXzhAdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729208017295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图2 , caption=2种羌活挥发油接受度评价结果, figureFileSmall=BaaacMknEoCLX5LR0400vQ==, figureFileBig=OKzqfzWGW07YxgcrXzhAdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729325457812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Radar diagram of the response of the electronic nose to two samples of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils, figureFileSmall=5jGQlxvMnaKl+3RaDzP3kA==, figureFileBig=7F+nbHBugfmZOlPFFXDAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729442898327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图3 , caption=电子鼻对2种羌活挥发油样品的响应雷达图, figureFileSmall=5jGQlxvMnaKl+3RaDzP3kA==, figureFileBig=7F+nbHBugfmZOlPFFXDAig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729551950237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PCA analysis of two varieties of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oil samples, figureFileSmall=YruyDcB942K9hVJuVmsvFw==, figureFileBig=sL6P3tBSlmHtYXgcq898VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729640030623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图4 , caption=2个品种羌活挥发油样品的PCA分析图, figureFileSmall=YruyDcB942K9hVJuVmsvFw==, figureFileBig=sL6P3tBSlmHtYXgcq898VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729795219878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Loading analysis of two varieties of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oil samples, figureFileSmall=dw801JdA9nmuLe9oDgfmsQ==, figureFileBig=V3NtdvqJ7so1a6NYUrIvkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729883300267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图5 , caption=2个品种羌活挥发油样品的载荷分析图, figureFileSmall=dw801JdA9nmuLe9oDgfmsQ==, figureFileBig=V3NtdvqJ7so1a6NYUrIvkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954729971380655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=LDA analysis of two varieties of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oil samples, figureFileSmall=NW7lyVI7lCMHz/XZGz445A==, figureFileBig=l3btgVK6z/1UnZoaBkpRfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954730101404082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=图6 , caption=2个品种羌活挥发油样品的LDA图, figureFileSmall=NW7lyVI7lCMHz/XZGz445A==, figureFileBig=l3btgVK6z/1UnZoaBkpRfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240954730214650297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Informations of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
产地
(origin)
得油率
(oil yield)/(mL·g-1
收集时间
(collection time)
品种
(species)
1四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.02022.07羌活(Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang)
2四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.802022.07
3四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.07
4四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.62022.07
5四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.02022.07
6四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.07
7四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.82022.11
8四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.12022.11
9四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.52022.11
10四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92022.11
11青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)2.12023.08
12甘肃武威(Wuwei,Gansu)1.62023.08
13甘肃定西(Dingxi,Gansu)2.22023.08
14甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)2.62023.08
15四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.72023.08
16四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92023.08
17四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.42023.11
18甘肃武威(Wuwei,Gansu)2.72023.11
19青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.22023.11
20四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62023.11
21四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.902023.11
22甘肃陇南(Longnan,Gansu)1.52023.11
23青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.32023.11
24四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.802023.11
25四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.902022.07宽叶羌活(Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss)
26四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.11
27四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.32022.11
28四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.72022.11
29四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.72022.11
30四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.52022.11
31四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.02022.11
32青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)2.22023.08
33甘肃定西(Dingxi,Gansu)1.42023.08
34甘肃陇南(Longnan,Gansu)1.32023.08
35甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)0.702023.08
36四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92023.08
37青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)0.802023.08
38青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.32023.11
39青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.12023.11
40甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)2.52023.11
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730327896509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品来源信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
产地
(origin)
得油率
(oil yield)/(mL·g-1
收集时间
(collection time)
品种
(species)
1四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.02022.07羌活(Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang)
2四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.802022.07
3四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.07
4四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.62022.07
5四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.02022.07
6四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.07
7四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.82022.11
8四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.12022.11
9四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.52022.11
10四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92022.11
11青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)2.12023.08
12甘肃武威(Wuwei,Gansu)1.62023.08
13甘肃定西(Dingxi,Gansu)2.22023.08
14甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)2.62023.08
15四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.72023.08
16四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92023.08
17四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.42023.11
18甘肃武威(Wuwei,Gansu)2.72023.11
19青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.22023.11
20四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62023.11
21四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.902023.11
22甘肃陇南(Longnan,Gansu)1.52023.11
23青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.32023.11
24四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.802023.11
25四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)0.902022.07宽叶羌活(Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss)
26四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.62022.11
27四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.32022.11
28四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.72022.11
29四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)2.72022.11
30四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.52022.11
31四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.02022.11
32青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)2.22023.08
33甘肃定西(Dingxi,Gansu)1.42023.08
34甘肃陇南(Longnan,Gansu)1.32023.08
35甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)0.702023.08
36四川阿坝(Aba,Sichuan)1.92023.08
37青海海东(Haidong,Qinghai)0.802023.08
38青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.32023.11
39青海海南(Hainan,Qinghai)1.12023.11
40甘肃甘南(Gannan,Gansu)2.52023.11
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730432754110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Odor characteristics and reference standards for sensory descriptive analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性
(organoleptic attribute)
定义
(definition)
参比样
(reference sample)
浓度
(concentration)/(mg·L-1)
分值
(score)
松脂味(pine resin flavour)松树渗出的树脂味道(the smell of resin oozing from pine trees)α-蒎烯(α-pinene)105
木质味(woody flavor)树木具有的木头香(the woody fragrance of trees)α-紫罗酮(α-ionone)85
青草香(grassy scent)青草或者嫩叶闻起来的味道(the smell of grass or young leaves)顺-3-己烯-1-醇(cis-3-hexen-1-ol)55
泥土香(earthy scent)泥土翻耕后的气味(the smell of the soil after ploughing)1-辛烯-3-醇(oct-1-en-3-ol)85
清凉味(cooling sensation)清凉的、轻的气味(cool and light fragrance) L-薄荷醇(L-menthol)125
中药味(the smell of Chinese medicine)与中药相关的气味(aroma associated with Chinese medicine)藿香正气口服液(Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid)4 mL·L-15
烟熏味(smoky flavor)烟气熏制而产生的一种独特气味(a unique smell produced by smoke fumes)4-乙基愈创木酚(4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol)75
烤香味(roasted aroma)烘烤时产生的香味(aroma produced when baking)2,6-二甲基吡嗪(2,6-dimethylpyrazine)95
脂肪味(fatty flavor)令人不愉快、油腻的味道(unpleasant,greasy smell)(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛
[(E,E)-2,4-heptadienal]
55
变质腐竹味(the smell of spoiled yuba)难闻的变质腐竹的气味(the smell of unpleasant spoiled yuba)变质腐竹:水(spoiled yuba:water) 1:85
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730554388930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官描述分析的气味特征及参比样标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官属性
(organoleptic attribute)
定义
(definition)
参比样
(reference sample)
浓度
(concentration)/(mg·L-1)
分值
(score)
松脂味(pine resin flavour)松树渗出的树脂味道(the smell of resin oozing from pine trees)α-蒎烯(α-pinene)105
木质味(woody flavor)树木具有的木头香(the woody fragrance of trees)α-紫罗酮(α-ionone)85
青草香(grassy scent)青草或者嫩叶闻起来的味道(the smell of grass or young leaves)顺-3-己烯-1-醇(cis-3-hexen-1-ol)55
泥土香(earthy scent)泥土翻耕后的气味(the smell of the soil after ploughing)1-辛烯-3-醇(oct-1-en-3-ol)85
清凉味(cooling sensation)清凉的、轻的气味(cool and light fragrance) L-薄荷醇(L-menthol)125
中药味(the smell of Chinese medicine)与中药相关的气味(aroma associated with Chinese medicine)藿香正气口服液(Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid)4 mL·L-15
烟熏味(smoky flavor)烟气熏制而产生的一种独特气味(a unique smell produced by smoke fumes)4-乙基愈创木酚(4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol)75
烤香味(roasted aroma)烘烤时产生的香味(aroma produced when baking)2,6-二甲基吡嗪(2,6-dimethylpyrazine)95
脂肪味(fatty flavor)令人不愉快、油腻的味道(unpleasant,greasy smell)(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛
[(E,E)-2,4-heptadienal]
55
变质腐竹味(the smell of spoiled yuba)难闻的变质腐竹的气味(the smell of unpleasant spoiled yuba)变质腐竹:水(spoiled yuba:water) 1:85
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730663440839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Detailed scoring criteria for overall odor acceptance

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分数
(score)
评分标准
(grading criteria)
9~10气味闻着舒适,乐意接受(the smell smells pleasant and acceptable)
7~8气味独特,接受度良好(the smell is unique and the acceptance is good)
5~6气味独特,不刺鼻,可以接受(the smell is unique,non-pungent,and acceptable)
3~4气味刺鼻,闻着不适,不能接受(the smell is pungent,unpleasant,and unacceptable)
0~2气味无法忍受(the smell is unbearable)
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730764104138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

整体气味接受度评分细则

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分数
(score)
评分标准
(grading criteria)
9~10气味闻着舒适,乐意接受(the smell smells pleasant and acceptable)
7~8气味独特,接受度良好(the smell is unique and the acceptance is good)
5~6气味独特,不刺鼻,可以接受(the smell is unique,non-pungent,and acceptable)
3~4气味刺鼻,闻着不适,不能接受(the smell is pungent,unpleasant,and unacceptable)
0~2气味无法忍受(the smell is unbearable)
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730856378833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Electronic nose sensors and their responses to odor compounds

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传感器名称
(the name of the sensor)
性能描述
(performance description)
W1C芳烃化合物(aromatic hydrocarbons)
W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物灵敏(high sensitivity,sensitive to nitrogen oxides)
W3C芳香成分,氨类敏感(sensitive to aromatic ingredients and ammonia)
W6S对氢气(氢化物)有选择性[selective for hydrogen (hydrides)]
W5C烷烃芳香成分(alkane aromatic components)
W1S对甲基类敏感(sensitive to methyl groups)
W1W对无机硫化物敏感(sensitive to inorganic sulfides)
W2S对醇醚醛酮类敏感(sensitive to alcohols,ethers,aldehydes and ketones)
), ArticleFig(id=1240954730944459220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电子鼻传感器及其对气味化合物的响应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器名称
(the name of the sensor)
性能描述
(performance description)
W1C芳烃化合物(aromatic hydrocarbons)
W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物灵敏(high sensitivity,sensitive to nitrogen oxides)
W3C芳香成分,氨类敏感(sensitive to aromatic ingredients and ammonia)
W6S对氢气(氢化物)有选择性[selective for hydrogen (hydrides)]
W5C烷烃芳香成分(alkane aromatic components)
W1S对甲基类敏感(sensitive to methyl groups)
W1W对无机硫化物敏感(sensitive to inorganic sulfides)
W2S对醇醚醛酮类敏感(sensitive to alcohols,ethers,aldehydes and ketones)
), ArticleFig(id=1240954731028345303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Discriminant results of Fisher’s discriminant function on two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
(group)
类别
(category)
预测组别(forecast group)判别率
(discriminant rate)/%
总体判别率
(overall discriminant rate)/%
12
训练集(training set)118194.793.8
211292.3
测试集(test set)14180.087.5
203100
), ArticleFig(id=1240954733003862490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Fisher判别函数对2种羌活挥发油的判别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
(group)
类别
(category)
预测组别(forecast group)判别率
(discriminant rate)/%
总体判别率
(overall discriminant rate)/%
12
训练集(training set)118194.793.8
211292.3
测试集(test set)14180.087.5
203100
), ArticleFig(id=1240954733112914398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Discrimination results of MLP on two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
(group)
类别
(category)
预测组别(forecast group)判别率
(discriminant rate)/%
总体判别率
(overall discriminant rate)/%
12
训练集(training set)115288.289.3
211090.9
预测集(prediction set)17010091.7
21480.0
), ArticleFig(id=1240954733209383395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240945595586761416, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

MLP对2种羌活挥发油的判别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别
(group)
类别
(category)
预测组别(forecast group)判别率
(discriminant rate)/%
总体判别率
(overall discriminant rate)/%
12
训练集(training set)115288.289.3
211090.9
预测集(prediction set)17010091.7
21480.0
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基于感官评价和电子鼻技术表征2种羌活挥发油气味特征及无损检测模型建立
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欧阳辉发 , 李林致 , 吴佳颖 , 胡慧玲 *
药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024,44(11): 1852-1862
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药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024, 44(11): 1852-1862
基于感官评价和电子鼻技术表征2种羌活挥发油气味特征及无损检测模型建立
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欧阳辉发 , 李林致, 吴佳颖, 胡慧玲*
作者信息
  • 成都中医药大学药学院 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室,成都 611137
  • Tel:14779594766;E-mail:

通讯作者:

*Tel:13550332778;E-mail:
Flavor characterization of two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils based on sensory evaluation and electronic nose technology,and establishment of nondestructive detection models
Hui-fa OUYANG , Lin-zhi LI, Jia-ying WU, Hui-ling HU*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources,College of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Chengdu 611137,China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0016
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目的:

通过对羌活和宽叶羌活2个品种中所含的主要有效部位挥发油进行气味分析,为快速、准确鉴别2种羌活挥发油差异提供良好可行的方法,丰富传统评价内涵的同时,为以挥发油为主的提取物的质量评价提供参考。

方法:

采用感官评价和电子鼻技术对2种羌活挥发油样品进行气味分析,进一步采用主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)对获得的电子鼻数据进行分析与识别,建立Fisher判别和多层感知器(MLP)神经网络判别2种无损检测模型对样品进行品种区分。

结果:

感官评价结果表明,松脂味、清凉味和木质味是2种羌活挥发油的主要气味特征;变质腐竹味是影响2种羌活挥发油接受度与区分度的关键气味属性,且宽叶羌活挥发油中变质腐竹味气味属性比羌活挥发油的更加强烈;电子鼻结果显示,宽叶羌活挥发油中氮氧类化合物的响应值明显高于羌活挥发油,而氢化物、醇醚醛酮类化合物的响应值相较于羌活挥发油略低;Fisher判别模型对2种羌活挥发油的训练集与预测集的总体判别率分别为93.8%和87.5%,MLP神经网络判别模型对2种羌活挥发油的训练集与预测集的总体判别率分别为89.3%和91.7%。其中,MLP模型适用于判别羌活挥发油,而Fisher模型更适用于判别宽叶羌活挥发油。

结论:

人工感官与智能感官结合,从主观与客观2个层面进行表征,可明确2种羌活挥发油的气味差异;建立的Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型可快速、准确鉴别2种羌活挥发油,可在传统评价角度为羌活挥发油的质量控制奠定前期基础,提供新的思路和方向。

羌活  /  宽叶羌活  /  挥发油  /  电子鼻  /  感官评价  /  主成分分析(PCA)  /  线性判别分析(LDA)  /  无损检测模型
Objective:

To conduct odor analysis of the main effective components, namely volatile oils, contained in two varieties, Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang and Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss, to provide a feasible method for promptly and accurately distinguishing between the differences in volatile oils of these two varieties of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix. This enriches the traditional evaluation content and serves as a reference for assessing the quality of extracts predominantly governed by volatile oils.

Methods:

The flavors of two samples of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oil were analyzed using electronic nose technology and sensory evaluation. The electronic nose data obtained were subjected to analysis and identification through principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Additionally,two nondestructive testing models-Fisher discrimination and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network discrimination were established for sample differentiation.

Results:

Sensory evaluation results indicated that pine resin flavor,cool flavor and woody flavor were the primary odor characteristics of both Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils. Additionally,the key flavor attribute influencing acceptance and differentiation was identified as spoiled yuba flavor,with the Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil exhibiting a stronger presence of this attribute than the Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. The electronic nose results revealed that the nitrogen oxides’ response values in Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil were significantly higher than those in Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. Meanwhile,the response values of hydrides,alcohol ether aldehydes,and ketones were slightly lower in Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss volatile oil compared to Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang volatile oil. The Fisher discriminant model demonstrated overall discrimination rates of 93.8% for the training set and 87.5% for the prediction set of the two volatile oils. In contrast,the MLP model achieved discrimination rates of 89.3% for the training set and 91.7% for the prediction set. Notably,the MLP model proved effective for identifying volatile oils,while the Fisher model exhibited greater suitability for discriminating volatile oils with broad-leaved characteristics.

Conclusion:

The combination of artificial senses and intelligent senses can be characterized from both subjective and objective perspectives,elucidating the flavor differences between the two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils. The established Fisher discriminant function and MLP discriminant models can rapidly and accurately distinguish between the two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatiles. This lays a preliminary foundation for quality control in Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatiles and offers new ideas and directions.

Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang  /  Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boiss  /  volatile oil  /  electronic nose  /  sensory evaluation  /  principal component analysis(PCA)  /  linear discriminant analysis(LDA)  /  nondestructive testing model
欧阳辉发, 李林致, 吴佳颖, 胡慧玲. 基于感官评价和电子鼻技术表征2种羌活挥发油气味特征及无损检测模型建立. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (11) : 1852 -1862 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0016
Hui-fa OUYANG, Lin-zhi LI, Jia-ying WU, Hui-ling HU. Flavor characterization of two kinds of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix volatile oils based on sensory evaluation and electronic nose technology,and establishment of nondestructive detection models[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (11) : 1852 -1862 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0016
羌活为伞形科植物羌活(Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang)或宽叶羌活(Notopterygium franchetii H.de Boiss)的干燥根茎和根[1],应用历史悠久,在临床上常与其他药物配伍使用,用于多种疼痛病的治疗,如头痛、身痛、腰痛等[2]。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》记载,2种基原的羌活均具有解表散寒、祛风除湿、止痛的功效,均可用于风寒感冒、头痛项强、风湿痹痛、肩背酸痛等症。但研究表明,羌活挥发油和宽叶羌活挥发油中的主要成分α-蒎烯与β-蒎烯的相对含量存在明显差异[3];在二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀实验[4]中,羌活比宽叶羌活的体内抗炎效果更显著;此外,宽叶羌活还具有抗海洋污损活性[5]。挥发油是中药羌活的主要有效成分,具有抗炎、解热、镇痛等药理作用[6],其质量差异对药效的发挥及临床应用有着较大影响。
现代研究常通过谱学技术对物质差异进行分析,而往往忽略了对传统评价方式和指标的应用。智能感官分析技术的出现,为客观量化物理参数提供了可能,也为中药挥发油传统评价指标的数字化提供了技术支撑[7]。电子鼻是一种根据仿生学原理模仿人类嗅觉系统的智能感官分析仪器,可以准确识别与分析样品整体气味特征[8],满足了羌活挥发油不同品种气味差异分析的需求。人工感官分析是集心理学、生理学、统计学等学科知识发展起来的,结合智能感官技术,从主观与客观2个层面进行表征,可双重验证2种羌活挥发油气味的差异性。本文以羌活挥发油和宽叶羌活挥发油为研究对象,采用感官评价结合电子鼻技术进行气味差异分析,运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)、载荷分析(Loadings)对其进行品种区分,并建立Fisher判别模型和多层感知器(MLP)神经网络判别模型,为快速、准确鉴别2种羌活挥发油提供合理的实验依据,同时从传统评价角度为羌活挥发油的质量控制研究提供前期基础。
AIT-N1200型电子鼻(北京艾森泰科科技有限责任公司);SQP型万分之一电子天平(赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司);ZDHW-调温电热套、3 000 mL短颈圆底烧瓶、挥发油提取器(成都市科隆化学品有限公司);DFY-500摇摆式高速中药粉碎机(温岭市林大机械有限公司);Milli-Q纯水仪(Reference宝赛思科技有限公司)。
无水硫酸钠为分析纯,藿香正气口服液(批号22050515,太极集团重庆涪陵制药厂有限公司),实验用水均为去离子水。对照品α-蒎烯(批号K2120251,GC法测得纯度为98%)、α-紫罗酮(批号F2102128,GC法测得纯度为90%)、顺-3-己烯-1-醇(批号J1909083,GC法测得纯度为98%)、1-辛烯-3-醇(批号BTZ722,GC法测得纯度为98%)、L-薄荷醇(批号CKZ2040,GC法测得纯度为99%)、4-乙基愈创木酚(批号H2105041,HPLC法测得纯度为99%)、2,6-二甲基吡嗪(批号RH328984,GC法测得纯度为98%)、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛(批号143HGW,GC法测得纯度为90%)均购于上海化源世纪贸易有限公司。
羌活及宽叶羌活药材共40批,经成都中医药大学龙飞副教授鉴定,详情见表1
样品粉碎过40目筛,精密称取药材粉末100 g,置于2 000 mL圆底烧瓶中,加入蒸馏水1 200 mL与玻璃珠数粒,振荡混匀,冷浸1 h,连接挥发油提取装置。按2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部2204挥发油提取方法(甲法)操作,从沸腾开始计时,连续提取约8 h,直至挥发油不再增加为止。收集挥发油后高速离心,取上层挥发油,加入少量无水硫酸钠,静置24 h,取上清液,在4 ℃保存备用。
按照GB/T 16291.1-2012《感官分析选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则第1部分:优选评价员》,对评价成员进行筛选及培训,最终选择感官识别能力好、灵敏度高、表达能力强的感官评价人员22人,建立感官评价小组,其中女性16名,男性6名,年龄范围在22~26周岁。
组织22人评价小组,参照GB/T 12313-1990《感官分析方法风味剖面检验》进行培训。每个评价员使用滴管吸取羌活挥发油样品,将挥发油滴到每个闻香纸底端,从闻香纸底端向前渗延5~10 mm即可。用镊子夹取已制备的含有羌活挥发油的闻香纸,交给每一位评价员,指导其进行如下操作:评价员将闻香纸距离鼻子几厘米轻轻挥动,通过嗅闻来评价气味,要求闻香纸应不得接触鼻、嘴或皮肤。
感官评价人员对含羌活挥发油的闻香纸多次重复进行闻香,尽可能多地描述出每个样品的感官属性,整理并综合每位感官评价人员的感官描述词,讨论、筛选并确定本实验感官分析用的描述词为松脂味、木质味、泥土味、清凉味、青草味、烤香味、烟熏味、脂肪味、中药味、变质腐竹味。
根据GB/T 29604-2013《感官分析建立感官特性参比样的一般导则》及文献[11-16],依据最终参比样需要涵盖的范围与发挥的作用来采集或构建备选参比样,通过量值确定,即参比样的感觉强度的标度值及与感官特性相关的特征物理量的参考值,最终确定所有描述词对应的参比样化合物,通过对比化合物阈值[17]及评价员感官测评,确定各参比样工作浓度,见表2。配制参比样时,根据GB/T 16291.1-2012《感官分析选拔、培训与管理评价员一般导则第1部分:优选评价员》进行,原液用乙醇配制,配制后用水稀释,且乙醇含量(体积分数)不超过2%。
嗅闻的具体操作按照培训的方法进行,感官评价人员进行嗅闻,记录各评价人员的评价打分结果,允许多次嗅闻,评价人员可通过嗅闻咖啡豆缓解嗅觉疲劳。感官评价采用十分制,从0~10分,味感逐步增强,0分表示无气味强度,5分表示气味强度中等,10分表示气味强度极强,去除极端评分,计算剩余评分的平均值作为描述气味的最终得分。同时,以表3中的整体气味接受度评分细则对样品的接受度进行评分,同样去除极端评分,计算剩余评分的平均值作为最终得分。
取20 μL挥发油于4 mL顶空进样瓶内,密封,25 ℃下平衡30 min,插入电子鼻探头进行检测。传感器在使用前经过校准和充分洗脱,待传感器响应信号稳定后再进行检测。检测条件:气体进样流量300 mL·min-1,传感器清洗时间120 s,采样时间间隔1 s,测试时间60 s,样品平行测定3次。电子鼻传感器对应的敏感成分见表4
采用电子鼻数据分析软件Winmuster 1.6.2进行PCA、LDA和Loadings,利用SPSS 25.0软件建立羌活挥发油Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型,采用Microsoft Excel 2020进行雷达图的绘制,应用Graphpad Prism 5软件处理分析数据。
根据22人感官评价小组对2种羌活挥发油的快闪剖面分析和整体气味接受度评分结果,将相关属性强度与整体气味接受度进行统计并分别绘制成雷达图(图1)和柱状图(图2)。由图1可知,松脂味、清凉味和木质味是2种羌活挥发油的主要气味特征。2种羌活挥发油中,青草味、中药味、泥土味和木质味属性的气味强度相同,烟熏味和清凉味属性的气味强度相近,脂肪味、松脂味与烤香味属性的气味强度差异较为显著,而变质腐竹味属性的气味强度差异极其显著。根据图2所示,感官评价员对于2种羌活挥发油的接受度存在差异,羌活挥发油的整体气味接受度高于宽叶羌活挥发油。由2种羌活挥发油的整体气味接受度和气味属性结果可知,变质腐竹味是影响2种羌活挥发油气味差异的主要气味属性,不被感官评价员所接受,其气味强度越高,接受度越低,是影响2种羌活挥发油接受度的关键气味属性。
电子鼻数据雷达图直观反映各个传感器对羌活挥发油整体气味响应强度和差异,根据8个传感器(W1C、W5S、W3C、W6S、W5C、W1S、W1W、W2S)对羌活挥发油整体气味响应强度进行分析。由图3可知,各样品的气味组成基本相同,只是各类气味的强度和比例略有不同。传感器W5S、W2S、W1S和W6S对2种羌活挥发油整体气味响应强,即氮氧化合物类、醇醚醛酮类、甲基类和氢化物类在2种羌活挥发油样品中含量较高且区别较大,表明电子鼻对于2种羌活挥发油的醇醚醛酮类、甲基类、氢化物类、氮氧化合物成分敏感。
PCA是1种无监督的线性降维技术,可以在不丢失重要信息的情况下有效地降低数据的维数,它是对所得电子鼻数据信息进行处理,将矩阵多项复杂指标转化为几个简单的综合指标并制图分析[20],以清晰地传达2种羌活挥发油气味差异和各自的气味特征。对40批羌活挥发油样品进行PCA,结果如图4所示,PC1、PC2的贡献率分别为87.52%、11.65%,贡献率总和99.17%,说明2个主成分可以代表羌活挥发油样品的气味成分的主要信息。从图4可以看出,2种羌活挥发油聚集在不同的区域,可以被成功区分,说明2种羌活挥发油样品成分差异显著,具有各自的气味特征。然而,2种羌活挥发油离散程度较大,各自均有再分组的趋势。文献[21-22]调研发现,中药挥发油不仅受其药材品种影响,且药材产地、储存时间、种植季节等因素也会对中药挥发油成分造成不同程度的差异。此外,羌活与宽叶羌活按形态性状分别可分为“蚕羌”“竹节羌”与“条羌”“大头羌”,不同规格羌活挥发油主要成分虽基本一致,但其得油率、化学成分组成及含量上存在一定差异[23-24]。由图4可知,这种趋势是在可接受范围内,2种羌活挥发油样品之间没有相互重合部分,可以互相区分。因此,采用电子鼻可以准确识别和区分2种羌活挥发油样品的整体气味。
在PCA的基础上,运用Loadings分析反映不同传感器对羌活挥发油气味的作用大小,通过传感器在负荷加载分析图中的位置来判断其对样本挥发性气味贡献率的大小,从而进一步考察羌活挥发油气味差异的来源。结果显示,在2种羌活挥发油样品中,W5S、W1S、W6S和W2S这4个传感器起主要作用,传感器W5S在横坐标方向距离原点最远,即氮氧化合物类化合物对区别2种羌活挥发油样品整体气味的贡献最大,而醇、醛酮类、甲基类和氢化物类化合物为主要的气味差异贡献成分,见图5,这与电子鼻雷达图的结果相一致。
LDA是另1种常用的数据分类和降维方法,可以基本保留样品的全部信息,让气体相近的样品距离靠近,性质不同的样品尽可能分开[25]。采用电子鼻结合LDA对2种羌活挥发油样品进行区分,累计方差的大小反映了LDA的可靠性,一般要求累计方差百分比达到70%以上[26]图6是2种羌活挥发油的LDA图,2个主成分贡献率之和为82.35%,反映了羌活挥发油的绝大部分信息。图6中2种羌活挥发油样品分布于各自区域,无重合区域,能将2种羌活挥发油气味信息完全区分。因此,基于电子鼻技术的LDA可以准确鉴别和区分2种羌活挥发油。
Fisher判别可以将高维空间的自变量组合投影到维度较低的空间,然后在低维空间再进行分类[27]。本文利用电子鼻响应值对2种羌活挥发油建立Fisher函数判别模型,用数字1代表羌活挥发油,数字2代表宽叶羌活挥发油,从所有样本中随机选取19个羌活挥发油样品和13个宽叶羌活挥发油样品数据作为建模集,用余下的8个挥发油样品(包括5个羌活挥发油和3个宽叶羌活挥发油)作为验证集。将较平稳的第57~59 s电子鼻数据的平均值输入SPSS 25.0软件,建立Fisher函数判别模型。
建立的Fisher判别函数:
式中,R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8分别代表电子鼻W1C、W5S、W3C、W6S、W5C、W1S、W1W和W2S的响应值。
表5可知:Fisher判别函数对羌活挥发油的训练集和测试集的准确率分别为94.7%和80.0%,对宽叶羌活挥发油的训练集和测试集的准确率分别为92.3%和100%,具有很好的判别效果;该模型训练集总体判别率为93.8%,测试集总体判别率为87.5%,可以将2种羌活挥发油进行准确区分,具有较好的判别效果。因此,利用电子鼻结合Fisher判别模型对区分羌活挥发油的气味具有实际应用意义。
MLP也称人工神经网络,由多个节点层组成,包括输入层、1个或多个隐藏层、输出层,为实现羌活挥发油不同品种间的判别区分,对其电子鼻响应值进行MLP分析[28]。以8根传感器响应值为输入层,2个品种羌活挥发油为输出层,采用8-2-2网格结构进行分析,即8个输入层神经元、2个隐藏层神经元、2个输出层神经元。随机抽取不同品种羌活挥发油样品的70%作为训练集,剩余的30%作为测试集。协变量的重新标度方法为标准化,激活函数为Softmax,误差函数为交叉商,1层隐藏层,其单位数为2,激活函数为双曲正切。
根据上述MLP模型建立羌活挥发油品种判别模型,样品的分布情况以及判别结果见表6。MLP模型对羌活挥发油的训练集和预测集的准确率分别为88.2%和100%,对宽叶羌活挥发油的训练集和预测集的准确率分别为90.9%和80.0%,具有较好的判别效果。MLP模型对训练集和预测集的总体判别率分别为89.3%和91.7%。建模结果表明,电子鼻结合MLP模型能够较好地识别羌活挥发油和宽叶羌活挥发油,利用电子鼻结合MLP模型对2种羌活挥发油的区分同样具有实际应用意义。
气味是中药挥发油品质重要标志之一,常作为鉴别中药挥发油质量优劣的重要依据,是质量控制的重要参数,在中药挥发油的规范化及在线控制中发挥着重要作用[7]。本文采用人工感官评价与电子鼻技术,对2种羌活挥发油气味特征进行分析。人工感官分析结果表明:2种羌活挥发油气味属性中除变质腐竹味外,其余气味属性强度均无显著差别,且松脂味、清凉味和木质味是2种羌活挥发油的主要气味特征;变质腐竹味气味属性的强弱直接影响感官鉴别的准确性,是2种羌活挥发油气味差异的关键气味属性,且宽叶羌活挥发油中的变质腐竹味气味属性比羌活挥发油的更加强烈。电子鼻分析结果显示:2种羌活挥发油气味物质主要为氮氧化合物、醇醚醛酮类、甲基类和氢化物类化合物,其中氮氧化合物为气味差异的主要贡献成分;PCA累计贡献率大于99%,表明电子鼻对2种羌活挥发油气味差异鉴别能力较强,涵盖了样品的大部分信息;LDA中,2个主成分贡献率之和大于80%,略低于PCA,同样能较好地鉴别2种羌活挥发油的气味差异[26]。感官评价与电子鼻响应雷达图、PCA和LDA结果相符合,基于感观评价的电子鼻分析比单一的感官评价更客观准确。
中药羌活挥发油具有抗炎、解热、镇痛等[6]药理作用,研究人员运用GC-MS等现代研究技术发现[29-30],其主要成分有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯等。α-蒎烯与β-蒎烯具有特有的松脂香与木香[31],并且α-蒎烯具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、改善溃疡等[32]药理活性,β-蒎烯具有抗菌活性[33];γ-萜品烯气味清新柔和[34],具有抗菌[35]、抗氧化[36]的作用。这与本文感官评价中松脂味、清凉味和木质味是2种羌活挥发油的主要气味特征的结果相一致,由此推测α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯可能既是中药羌活挥发油的主要药效成分,又是其关键气味活性成分。
利用SPSS 25.0软件建立2种羌活挥发油Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型,结果表明Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型对2种羌活挥发油均具有较好的判别效果,Fisher判别函数的训练集和测试集的总体判别率分别为93.8%和87.5%,MLP判别模型的训练集和预测集的总体判别率分别为89.3%和91.7%,其中,MLP模型适用于判别羌活挥发油,而Fisher模型更适用于判别宽叶羌活挥发油。可以看出,电子鼻结合2种判别模型均可很好地鉴别2种羌活挥发油,为快速、准确地分析2种羌活挥发油的气味差异提供了良好可行的判别模型。
本文通过对2种羌活挥发油的气味差异进行分析,初步明确了2种羌活挥发油在感官上的气味属性,通过电子鼻的智能感官技术,进一步明确了2种羌活挥发油的气味差异。人工感官与智能感官结合,从主观与客观2个层面进行表征,更加具体地体现了2种羌活挥发油的气味差异。基于电子鼻数据建立的Fisher判别函数和MLP判别模型,可以快速、准确地鉴别2种羌活挥发油,从传统评价角度为羌活挥发油的质量控制奠定前期基础,提供新的思路和方向,在丰富传统评价内涵的同时,为以挥发油为主的提取物的质量评价提供参考。
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2024年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0016
  • 接收时间:2024-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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    成都中医药大学药学院 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室,成都 611137

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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