Article(id=1240709666636886619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0235, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773737835797, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773737835797, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773737835797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737835797, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240709662501294254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='361', pageEnd='542', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773737834810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737909503, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=514, endPage=521, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240709668251693737, articleId=1240709666636886619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Determination of residual human factor Ⅻ and prekallikrein in high concentration human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay*, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish, validate and apply an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)method for determination of residual human factor Ⅻ(FⅫ) and prekallikrein (PK) in high concentration human intravenous immunoglobulin (10%IVIG). Methods: Microplates were pre-coated with specific antibodies for FⅫ and PK, respectively, and then blocked. The FⅫ and PK in 10%IVIG were allowed to bind with the pre-coated antibodies on the plates. After appropriate washing steps, biotinylated detection antibodies specific for FⅫ and PK were added. Following a second washing, HRP/Streptavidin-Peroxidase conjugates were added and unbound conjugates were washed away with another washing step. After the addition of a chromogenic substrate and a stop solution, the absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader. The detection method was validated according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Then the validated method was used to determine the residual levels of FⅫ and PK in process intermediates and final products 10%IVIG. Results: The dilution linearity results showed a matrix effect and a hook effect in FⅫ and PK detection methods, respectively,which could be solved by diluting 5-20 times and 80-120 times, respectively. The average recoveries in the spiked experiments were 110.3% and 99.1% for FⅫ and PK respectively, with RSD of 3.6% and 2.7%. indicating good accuracy of the method. The RSDs of the repeatability validation were 8.3%、7.7% for both methods, and the RSD of intermediate precision validation were 7.0% and 9.2% for FⅫ and PK, respectively, indicating good precision of the two methods. The limits of quantitation of the two methods were 1.0 ng · mL-1 and 1.25 ng · mL-1 respectively.Both methods exhibited good linearity (r = 0.999 9). The robustness validation, which included incubation time,the effective period of the opened reagent kit, and different batches of reagent kits, showed good robustness of the method. The residues of high concentration human immunoglobulin FⅫ and PK maintained at low levels by using the method, indicating that octanoic acid precipitation combined with two-step anionic exchange chromatography process could effectively remove FⅫ and PK in 10%IVIG. Conclusion: The detection method shows good applicability and can be used for the determination of FⅫ and PK residues in 10%IVIG.

, correspAuthors=Chang-yong JIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-rong YU, Yong LIU, Long YANG, Liang-yu TANG, Chun-qiao XIAO, Dan LI, Chang-yong JIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240709669807780631, articleId=1240709666636886619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=酶联免疫吸附法测定高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白中人凝血因子Ⅻ与前激肽释放酶的残留量*, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:建立酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法分别检测高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白制品(10%IVIG)中人凝血因子Ⅻ(factor Ⅻ,FⅫ)和前激肽释放酶(prekallikrein,PK)的残留量,并对该方法进行验证。方法:FⅫ、PK特异性抗体预包被在微孔板上并封闭。10%IVIG中的FⅫ、PK分别与预包被抗体结合反应,经洗涤,分别加入FⅫ、PK特异性生物素化检测抗体与结合抗体反应,经第2次洗涤后,分别加入辣根过氧化物酶、链霉亲和素-过氧化物酶反应,再加入显色剂反应后,添加终止液终止反应,置于酶标仪450 nm波长处测定吸收度。参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》验证检测方法,并采用经验证的方法对10%IVIG工艺中间品、成品中FⅫ、PK残留量进行测定。结果:验证结果如下:稀释线性显示FⅫ检测方法存在基质效应,PK检测方法存在钩状效应,可分别通过稀释5~20倍、80~120倍解决;加标实验测定结果的平均回收率分别为110.3%、99.1%,RSD分别为3.6%、2.7%,该方法准确度良好;重复性测定结果的RSD分别为8.3%、7.7%;中间精密度实验的RSD分别为7.0%、9.2%;方法精密度良好;定量限精密度验证符合要求,定量限分别为1.0、1.25 ng · mL-1;该方法在线性范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9)。耐用性验证了孵育时间、试剂盒开启有效期以及不同批号试剂盒,结果显示方法的耐用性良好。应用该方法检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量均维持较低水平,说明辛酸沉淀结合2步阴离子层析工艺能够较好地去除10%IVIG中的FⅫ、PK。结论:建立的方法适用性良好,能够满足实验室对10%IVIG静注人免疫球蛋白中FⅫ、PK残留量的测定。

, correspAuthors=菅长永, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**Tel:(0851)83605097;E-mail:
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Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240722371791868249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, companyId=1240722371775091031, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.贵阳康养职业大学,贵阳 550081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240722375495438901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The trend of changes in detection results of PK residues at different dilution multiples, figureFileSmall=Dg9kSNC1cby/4vI1e15irQ==, figureFileBig=dKoyf7CjpnmpJCsGsIhqKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375587713594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同稀释倍数PK残留量检测结果变化趋势, figureFileSmall=Dg9kSNC1cby/4vI1e15irQ==, figureFileBig=dKoyf7CjpnmpJCsGsIhqKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375717737024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Four-parameter fitting curve of FⅫ standard, figureFileSmall=2QYy3cyLBZVBvSYWb0QE4g==, figureFileBig=ajLzVekInRiE8bx6SfXgHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375801623110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FⅫ标准曲线, figureFileSmall=2QYy3cyLBZVBvSYWb0QE4g==, figureFileBig=ajLzVekInRiE8bx6SfXgHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375889703497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Four-parameter fitting curve of PK standard, figureFileSmall=iJgg6fcT7tI9qwjNH1z4mw==, figureFileBig=lOgDfHRNjPdUD8hpXLD+FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375994561103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PK标准曲线, figureFileSmall=iJgg6fcT7tI9qwjNH1z4mw==, figureFileBig=lOgDfHRNjPdUD8hpXLD+FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722376078447186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Dilution linear validation results of FⅫ detection method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)
FⅫ残留量检测结果(FⅫ residue test result)/(ng · mL-1RSD /%
123456平均值(average)
115.014.514.614.714.014.814.62.3
270.663.569.965.071.983.870.810
586.986.681.883.281.984.884.23.9
1075.271.775.971.976.183.575.75.7
2094.191.589.193.296.195.693.32.8
40115.794.4108.0114.6106.1108.3108.37.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376162333272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FⅫ检测方法稀释线性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)
FⅫ残留量检测结果(FⅫ residue test result)/(ng · mL-1RSD /%
123456平均值(average)
115.014.514.614.714.014.814.62.3
270.663.569.965.071.983.870.810
586.986.681.883.281.984.884.23.9
1075.271.775.971.976.183.575.75.7
2094.191.589.193.296.195.693.32.8
40115.794.4108.0114.6106.1108.3108.37.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376237830747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Dilution linear validation results of PK detection method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)
PK残留量检测结果(PK residue test result)/(ng · mL-1RSD/%
123456平均值(average)
40707.6658.2649.9636.8639.6650.9657.23.9
80624.7675.1683.4670.1679.7718.0675.24.4
100704.1679.5682.4709.6734.7650.8693.54.2
120650.2643.3703.4647.8647.8688.0663.43.9
160535.1468.7547.1440.5478.7473.7490.68.4
200347.6432.2457.9389.0361.3411.3399.911
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376334299746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PK检测方法稀释线性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
稀释倍数
(dilution multiple)
PK残留量检测结果(PK residue test result)/(ng · mL-1RSD/%
123456平均值(average)
40707.6658.2649.9636.8639.6650.9657.23.9
80624.7675.1683.4670.1679.7718.0675.24.4
100704.1679.5682.4709.6734.7650.8693.54.2
120650.2643.3703.4647.8647.8688.0663.43.9
160535.1468.7547.1440.5478.7473.7490.68.4
200347.6432.2457.9389.0361.3411.3399.911
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376430768744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Limit of quantification verification results of F XII、PK dectection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法
(detection method)
实验项目
(experimental project)
标准品浓度
(standard concentration)/(ng · mL-1
标准品测定平均值
(average value of standard determination)/(ng · mL-1)(n=6)
回收率
(recovery)/%(n=6)
RSD1/%(n=6)回收率平均值
(average recovery)/%
n=12)
RSD2/%
n=12)
FⅫ重复性(repeatability)1.001.13105.7~119.64.9110.95.2
中间精密度(intermediate precision)1.0998.3~113.75.0
PK重复性(repeatability)1.251.3896.8~120.88.8101.712
中间精密度(intermediate precision)1.1680.4~99.07.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376539820654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FⅫ、PK检测方法定量限验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法
(detection method)
实验项目
(experimental project)
标准品浓度
(standard concentration)/(ng · mL-1
标准品测定平均值
(average value of standard determination)/(ng · mL-1)(n=6)
回收率
(recovery)/%(n=6)
RSD1/%(n=6)回收率平均值
(average recovery)/%
n=12)
RSD2/%
n=12)
FⅫ重复性(repeatability)1.001.13105.7~119.64.9110.95.2
中间精密度(intermediate precision)1.0998.3~113.75.0
PK重复性(repeatability)1.251.3896.8~120.88.8101.712
中间精密度(intermediate precision)1.1680.4~99.07.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376623706738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Robustness validation results of FⅫ detection method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验证项目
(validation items)
FⅫ残留量检测平均值
(average FⅫ residue test value)/(ng · mL-1
RSD1/%
n=3)
RSD2/%
n=9)
孵育时间
(incubation time)/min
2888.01.96.3
3082.71.2
3295.41.4
开启效期
(open-use period)
第0天(day 0)91.64.84.0
第15天(day 15)87.61.5
批号
(different lot)
批号1(lot 1)82.71.45.3
批号2(lot 2)88.85.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376715981431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FⅫ检测方法耐用性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验证项目
(validation items)
FⅫ残留量检测平均值
(average FⅫ residue test value)/(ng · mL-1
RSD1/%
n=3)
RSD2/%
n=9)
孵育时间
(incubation time)/min
2888.01.96.3
3082.71.2
3295.41.4
开启效期
(open-use period)
第0天(day 0)91.64.84.0
第15天(day 15)87.61.5
批号
(different lot)
批号1(lot 1)82.71.45.3
批号2(lot 2)88.85.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376854393470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Robustness validation results of PK detection method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验证项目
(validation items)
PK残留量检测平均值
(average PK residue test value)/(ng · mL-1
RSD1/%
n=3)
RSD2/%
n=9)
孵育时间
(incubation time)
规定时间-5 min(5 min less than the set time)736.02.08.3
规定时间(set time)669.612.4
规定时间+5 min(5 min longer than the set time)748.05.4
开启效期
(open-use period)
第0天(day 0)669.612.49.3
第30天(day 30)740.40.81
不同批号
(different lot)
批号1(lot 1)669.612.49.7
批号2(lot 2)726.96.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240722376938279554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

PK检测方法耐用性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验证项目
(validation items)
PK残留量检测平均值
(average PK residue test value)/(ng · mL-1
RSD1/%
n=3)
RSD2/%
n=9)
孵育时间
(incubation time)
规定时间-5 min(5 min less than the set time)736.02.08.3
规定时间(set time)669.612.4
规定时间+5 min(5 min longer than the set time)748.05.4
开启效期
(open-use period)
第0天(day 0)669.612.49.3
第30天(day 30)740.40.81
不同批号
(different lot)
批号1(lot 1)669.612.49.7
批号2(lot 2)726.96.1
), ArticleFig(id=1240722377101857415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Detection results of FⅫ and PK residual levels in intermediate products during the production process of 10%IVIG

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺步骤
(process steps)
PK含量/残留量
(PK content)
FⅫ含量/残留量
(FⅫ content)
测定值
(measured)/(ng · mL-1
去除率
(removal rate)/%
测定值
(measured)/(ng · mL-1
去除率
(removal rate)/%
组分Ⅰ + Ⅱ + Ⅲ溶解液
(component Ⅰ + Ⅱ + Ⅲ dissolution solution)
6 834.9/25 177.1/
辛酸沉淀后(caprylic acid precipitates)3 810.844.33 496.486.1
第1步超滤后(after step 1 ultrafiltration)31.699.8263.898.1
第1步层析前(before step 1 chromatography)12.7/129.6/
第1步层析后(after step 1 chromatography)11.4/66.6/
第2步层析前(before step 2 chromatography)9.3/68.1/
第2步层析后(after step 2 chromatography)9.723.673.043.7
第2步超滤后(after step 2 ultrafiltration)31.5/183.0/
成品(final product)114.598.3814.396.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240722377215103627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709666636886619, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

10%IVIG生产工艺过程中间品FⅫ、PK含量/残留量检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺步骤
(process steps)
PK含量/残留量
(PK content)
FⅫ含量/残留量
(FⅫ content)
测定值
(measured)/(ng · mL-1
去除率
(removal rate)/%
测定值
(measured)/(ng · mL-1
去除率
(removal rate)/%
组分Ⅰ + Ⅱ + Ⅲ溶解液
(component Ⅰ + Ⅱ + Ⅲ dissolution solution)
6 834.9/25 177.1/
辛酸沉淀后(caprylic acid precipitates)3 810.844.33 496.486.1
第1步超滤后(after step 1 ultrafiltration)31.699.8263.898.1
第1步层析前(before step 1 chromatography)12.7/129.6/
第1步层析后(after step 1 chromatography)11.4/66.6/
第2步层析前(before step 2 chromatography)9.3/68.1/
第2步层析后(after step 2 chromatography)9.723.673.043.7
第2步超滤后(after step 2 ultrafiltration)31.5/183.0/
成品(final product)114.598.3814.396.8
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酶联免疫吸附法测定高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白中人凝血因子Ⅻ与前激肽释放酶的残留量*
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余雨蓉 1 , 刘勇 2 , 杨龙 1 , 唐良玉 1 , 肖春桥 1 , 李丹 1 , 菅长永 1, **
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2025,45(3): 514-521
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2025, 45(3): 514-521
酶联免疫吸附法测定高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白中人凝血因子Ⅻ与前激肽释放酶的残留量*
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余雨蓉1 , 刘勇2, 杨龙1, 唐良玉1, 肖春桥1, 李丹1, 菅长永1, **
作者信息
  • 1.贵州泰邦生物制品有限公司,贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵阳康养职业大学,贵阳 550081
  • Tel:(0851)83652601;E-mail:

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**Tel:(0851)83605097;E-mail:
Determination of residual human factor Ⅻ and prekallikrein in high concentration human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay*
Yu-rong YU1 , Yong LIU2, Long YANG1, Liang-yu TANG1, Chun-qiao XIAO1, Dan LI1, Chang-yong JIAN1, **
Affiliations
  • 1. Guizhou Taibang Biological Products Co. Ltd., Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2. Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0235
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目的:建立酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法分别检测高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白制品(10%IVIG)中人凝血因子Ⅻ(factor Ⅻ,FⅫ)和前激肽释放酶(prekallikrein,PK)的残留量,并对该方法进行验证。方法:FⅫ、PK特异性抗体预包被在微孔板上并封闭。10%IVIG中的FⅫ、PK分别与预包被抗体结合反应,经洗涤,分别加入FⅫ、PK特异性生物素化检测抗体与结合抗体反应,经第2次洗涤后,分别加入辣根过氧化物酶、链霉亲和素-过氧化物酶反应,再加入显色剂反应后,添加终止液终止反应,置于酶标仪450 nm波长处测定吸收度。参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》验证检测方法,并采用经验证的方法对10%IVIG工艺中间品、成品中FⅫ、PK残留量进行测定。结果:验证结果如下:稀释线性显示FⅫ检测方法存在基质效应,PK检测方法存在钩状效应,可分别通过稀释5~20倍、80~120倍解决;加标实验测定结果的平均回收率分别为110.3%、99.1%,RSD分别为3.6%、2.7%,该方法准确度良好;重复性测定结果的RSD分别为8.3%、7.7%;中间精密度实验的RSD分别为7.0%、9.2%;方法精密度良好;定量限精密度验证符合要求,定量限分别为1.0、1.25 ng · mL-1;该方法在线性范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9)。耐用性验证了孵育时间、试剂盒开启有效期以及不同批号试剂盒,结果显示方法的耐用性良好。应用该方法检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量均维持较低水平,说明辛酸沉淀结合2步阴离子层析工艺能够较好地去除10%IVIG中的FⅫ、PK。结论:建立的方法适用性良好,能够满足实验室对10%IVIG静注人免疫球蛋白中FⅫ、PK残留量的测定。

高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白  /  人凝血因子Ⅻ  /  前激肽释放酶  /  酶联免疫吸附法  /  基质效应  /  钩状效应

Objective: To establish, validate and apply an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)method for determination of residual human factor Ⅻ(FⅫ) and prekallikrein (PK) in high concentration human intravenous immunoglobulin (10%IVIG). Methods: Microplates were pre-coated with specific antibodies for FⅫ and PK, respectively, and then blocked. The FⅫ and PK in 10%IVIG were allowed to bind with the pre-coated antibodies on the plates. After appropriate washing steps, biotinylated detection antibodies specific for FⅫ and PK were added. Following a second washing, HRP/Streptavidin-Peroxidase conjugates were added and unbound conjugates were washed away with another washing step. After the addition of a chromogenic substrate and a stop solution, the absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader. The detection method was validated according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Then the validated method was used to determine the residual levels of FⅫ and PK in process intermediates and final products 10%IVIG. Results: The dilution linearity results showed a matrix effect and a hook effect in FⅫ and PK detection methods, respectively,which could be solved by diluting 5-20 times and 80-120 times, respectively. The average recoveries in the spiked experiments were 110.3% and 99.1% for FⅫ and PK respectively, with RSD of 3.6% and 2.7%. indicating good accuracy of the method. The RSDs of the repeatability validation were 8.3%、7.7% for both methods, and the RSD of intermediate precision validation were 7.0% and 9.2% for FⅫ and PK, respectively, indicating good precision of the two methods. The limits of quantitation of the two methods were 1.0 ng · mL-1 and 1.25 ng · mL-1 respectively.Both methods exhibited good linearity (r = 0.999 9). The robustness validation, which included incubation time,the effective period of the opened reagent kit, and different batches of reagent kits, showed good robustness of the method. The residues of high concentration human immunoglobulin FⅫ and PK maintained at low levels by using the method, indicating that octanoic acid precipitation combined with two-step anionic exchange chromatography process could effectively remove FⅫ and PK in 10%IVIG. Conclusion: The detection method shows good applicability and can be used for the determination of FⅫ and PK residues in 10%IVIG.

high concentration human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection  /  human factor Ⅻ  /  prekallikrein  /  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)  /  matrix effect  /  hook effect
余雨蓉, 刘勇, 杨龙, 唐良玉, 肖春桥, 李丹, 菅长永. 酶联免疫吸附法测定高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白中人凝血因子Ⅻ与前激肽释放酶的残留量*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (3) : 514 -521 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0235
Yu-rong YU, Yong LIU, Long YANG, Liang-yu TANG, Chun-qiao XIAO, Dan LI, Chang-yong JIAN. Determination of residual human factor Ⅻ and prekallikrein in high concentration human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (3) : 514 -521 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0235
静注人免疫球蛋白(human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection,IVIG)是以1 000名以上供血浆者的血浆为原料,经融浆、分离纯化,并经灭活等工艺制成,主要成分为IgG[1-2]。临床上,IVIG用于与抗体产生缺陷相关的原发和继发免疫缺陷患者的免疫替代疗法,还可作为自身免疫性疾病、全身炎症性疾病和神经免疫学疾病的免疫调节治疗[3-6],在临床上的安全性和耐受性得到了验证,但也存在一些不良反应报道,严重不良反应有过敏性休克、心律失常、血栓等[7]。在IVIG制品中,凝血因子尤其是活化人凝血因子Ⅺ(activation of factor Ⅺ,FⅪa)浓度过高会引起血栓栓塞事件,严重时可导致死亡[8-10]。2010年,美国Octapharma公司的Octagam产品。产品由于与血栓栓塞症的突然增加有关,被暂时退出市场,欧洲药品管理局调查结果显示,在最终产品中存在的与工艺相关的杂质FⅪa是引起血栓栓塞的主要原因,另1种酶——激肽释放酶被认为起次要作用[11]。EP规定,IVIG生产工艺需包含去除血栓形成剂(凝血因子及其酶原)且不引起酶原激活的步骤,或提交证据表明产品不会诱导酶原激活[12]。2022年5月,国家药品监督管理局发布的《特异性人免疫球蛋白药学研究与评价技术指导原则》指出,质量研究和控制部分鼓励对凝血激活物水平进行检测并建立标准。因此,IVIG制造商需对其生产工艺去除凝血激活物的能力进行监测。
本文关注到内源性凝血途径,首先激活人凝血因子Ⅻ(factor Ⅻ,FⅫ),其与带负电荷的表面接触会引起酶原的构象变化,从而产生少量的活化人凝血因子Ⅻ(activation of factor Ⅻ,FⅫa)。接触激活FⅫa激活前激肽释放酶(prekallikrein, PK)为激肽释放酶原(prekallikrein activator,PKa),PKa会反馈激活F Ⅻ为F Ⅻ a,形成F Ⅻ激活的反馈调节环。这个调节环通过F Ⅻ a介导F Ⅺ激活为F Ⅺ a,FⅪa促进钙离子依赖性因子Ⅸ(factor Ⅸ,FⅨ)的激活,从而启动内在凝血途径。在血浆激肽释放酶-激肽系统中,PK在血浆中与高分子量激肽酶原(high-molecular-weight kininogen,HK)以非共价键结合,FⅫa促进PK裂解HK释放炎症介质缓激肽(inflammatory mediator bradykinin,BK),通过与特定细胞受体的相互作用促进炎症、血管扩张和血管通透性。研究表明,FⅫ、PK或HK缺陷小鼠具有抗血栓表型,不会大量出血[13-15]。由于FⅫ、PK为内源性凝血途径上游的凝血激活物,IVIG生产商应关注工艺过程对二者的去除能力,为临床不良反应监测与分析提供参考。
综上,为更好地监控10%IVIG生产工艺去除凝血激活物FⅫ、PK的能力,并防范制品致血栓的风险,本文建立了酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA法)检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量,并参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》 (以下简称《中国药典》)四部通则9012、通则9101[16],对方法的稀释线性、准确度、专属性、重复性、中间精密度、定量限、线性范围、耐用性进行验证。
Multiskan GO全波长酶标仪(赛默飞公司);VM-500-1P微孔板振荡器(群安实验仪器有限公司);XSR603S电子天平(d=1 mg,Mettler Toledo公司)。
10%IVIG工艺中间品、成品[规格:5 g · 瓶-1(10%,50 mL)],由贵州泰邦生物制品有限公司提供。
试剂盒:人凝血因子Ⅻ ELISA试剂盒[ FⅫ标准品1 000 ng · mL-1、96孔抗体包被微孔滴定板、抗人凝血因子Ⅻ一抗、浓缩辣根过氧化物酶标记链霉亲和素(HRP)、3,3’,5,5’–四甲基对二氨基联苯(TMB)显色底物、浓缩清洗液],Innovations Research公司。人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒[PK标准品80 ng · mL-1、96孔抗体包被的微孔滴定板、浓缩稀释液N、生物素化人前激肽释放酶检测抗体、链霉亲和素-过氧化物酶共轭物(SP共轭物)、TMB显色底物、浓缩洗涤缓冲液、终止液],Abcam公司。
其他试剂:氯化钠(重庆川东化工集团有限公司,规格为500 g · 瓶-1);三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(Tris) (阿拉丁公司,规格为100 g · 瓶-1);无蛋白酶牛血清白蛋白[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司,规格为50 g · 瓶-1];盐酸(重庆川东化工集团有限公司,规格为500 mL · 瓶-1)。
配制0.1 mol · L-1 Tris,0.15 mol · L-1 氯化钠,pH 7.4的TBS缓冲液,称取无蛋白酶牛血清白蛋白3 g,溶于100 mL TBS缓冲液作为样品稀释液。将F ⅫELISA试剂盒中的FⅫ标准品按线性浓度(100.0、50.0、25.0、10.0、5.0、1.0、0.5、0 ng · mL-1)稀释,待测样品稀释至线性范围内。测定步骤:取100 μL标准品/待测样品,室温振摇孵育30 min;300 μL清洗缓冲液洗板3次,加入100 μL抗人FⅫ一抗,室温振摇孵育30 min;300 μL清洗缓冲液洗板3次,加入100 μL 2 000倍稀释后HRP,室温振摇孵育30 min;300 μL清洗缓冲液洗板3次,加入100 μL TMB显色底物,室温振摇孵育10 min;加50 μL终止液,混匀,酶标仪450 nm测定吸收度。
取人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒中的浓缩稀释剂N进行10倍稀释,配制成样品稀释液。将人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒中的PK标准品按线性浓度(80.0、40.0、20.0、10.0、5.0、2.5、1.25、0 ng · mL-1)稀释,待测样品稀释至线性范围内。测定步骤:取50 μL标准品/待测样品,混匀,室温孵育2 h;200 μL清洗缓冲液洗板5次,加入50 μL 50倍稀释后的生物素化人PK检测抗体,混匀,室温孵育1 h;200 μL清洗缓冲液洗板5次,加入50 μL100倍稀释后的SP共轭物,混匀,室温孵育30 min;200 μL清洗缓冲液洗板5次,加50 μL TMB显色底物,混匀,室温孵育20 min;加50 μL终止液,混匀,酶标仪450 nm测定吸收度。
将各浓度梯度标准品A450值与相应浓度一起输入ELISA Calc分析软件中(版本号:02)进行Logistic曲线拟合(四参数),得到标准曲线(线性相关系数r≥0.99)。
将样品A450值代入标准曲线,计算即得稀释后样品FⅫ、PK含量,再乘以稀释倍数,即得待测样中FⅫ、PK残留量。参照2020年版《中国药典》四部通则9101分析方法验证指导原则,确定测定结果的回收率限度和精密度可接受范围。采用Office 2016版Excel软件完成结果统计。
考察用样品稀释液将待测样品浓度稀释至定量范围后,方法能否准确测定,同时考察方法是否存在基质效应或钩状效应。用样品稀释液将10%IVIG稀释制备6种不同浓度的供试品溶液,每个浓度平行测定6次,RSD应≤15%。
FⅫ检测方法稀释线性验证结果见表1,不同稀释倍数FⅫ残留量6次平行测定结果的RSD在2.3%~10%,符合判定标准。当稀释倍数为1时,FⅫ检测结果不准确,说明使用该方法检测10%IVIG中FⅫ残留量时存在基质效应,基质成分会影响抗体活性,从而影响检测结果的准确度,可通过合适稀释度(5~20倍)消除基质效应对检测结果的影响。
PK检测方法稀释线性结果见表2,不同稀释倍数PK残留量6次平行测定结果的RSD在3.9%~11%,符合判定标准。如图1所示,使用该方法检测不同浓度梯度的10%IVIG中的PK残留量,当稀释倍数大于120倍,抗原-抗体反应不等价存在钩状效应,导致检测结果偏低,当稀释为80~120倍,检测结果处于高峰区,此范围内抗原-抗体结合达到平衡点,可有效避免钩状效应,从而确保检测结果的准确性。
确定在10%IVIG成品各成分存在的条件下,该方法能准确地测定FⅫ、PK残留量,测定结果的回收率应在70.0%~125.0%,RSD应≤15%。
取10%IVIG成品,根据稀释线性测定的FⅫ残留量,配制FⅫ标准品加入量为其FⅫ残留量100%的加标供试品6份,将10%IVIG样品和加标供试品按方法测定FⅫ含量,计算加标回收率以及RSD。10%IVIG成品中FⅫ残留量测定结果为72.5 ng · mL-1,6份加标供试品FⅫ添加回收率在98.5%~118.7%,RSD为3.6%,符合判定标准,FⅫ检测方法准确度良好。
取10%IVIG成品,将其用稀释液稀释至线性范围内作为供试品溶液,同时用稀释后的10%IVIG配制PK标准品加入量为其稀释后PK含量100%的加标供试品6份,按本法测定PK含量,计算加标回收率以及RSD。用稀释40倍的10%IVIG配制PK标准品添加质量浓度为17.5 ng · mL-1的加标供试品6份,10%IVIG成品稀释40倍PK含量测定结果为18.6 ng · mL-1,6份加标供试品PK添加回收率在91.4%~108.6%,RSD为2.7%,符合判定标准,PK检测方法准确度良好。
取1批10%IVIG成品,用样品稀释液稀释成品至3种不同浓度、每种浓度制备3个平行作为供试品溶液,按FⅫ、PK检测方法分别测定其中的FⅫ、PK残留量,测定结果的RSD应≤15%。FⅫ、PK检测方法,重复性试验结果的相对标准偏差用RSD1表示;不同实验人员开展重复性试验结果的相对标准偏差用RSD2表示;2次重复性试验结果核算的相对标准偏差用RSD表示,该RSD≤15%则表明该方法的中间精密度符合要求。分别为8.3%、7.7%,符合接受标准,FⅫ、PK检测方法重复性良好。
由不同实验人员在不同时间进行重复性试验,测定结果的RSD2应≤15%;结合重复性测定结果计算RSD应≤15%。FⅫ、PK检测方法中间精密度,测定结果的RSD2分别为5.8%、5.6%,结合该检测方法重复性测定结果计算RSD分别为7.0%、9.2%,符合接受标准,FⅫ、PK检测方法中间精密度均良好。
2020年版《中国药典》四部通则9101分析方法验证指导原则中定量限系指试样中被测物能被定量测定的最低量,参照直观法用已知浓度的被测物,考察方法能定量测定FⅫ、PK最低浓度作为定量限,并对其准确度、精密度进行验证,回收率在70.0%~125.0%,RSD应≤15%。
结果如表3所示,FⅫ检测方法的定量限为1.0 ng · mL-1,PK检测方法的定量限为1.25 ng · mL-1。对FⅫ、PK检测方法的定量限准确度和精密度进行验证,回收率分别在98.3%~119.6%、80.4%~120.8%,RSD分别为5.2%、12%,符合接受标准。
用样品稀释液将复溶后的FⅫ标准品溶液稀释成质量浓度为100.0、50.0、25.0、10.0、5.0、1.0、0.5、0 ng · mL-1的系列标准品溶液,作标准曲线。结果如图2所示,FⅫ标准品质量浓度在0~100.0 ng · mL-1范围内,与吸收度呈线性关系,回归方程为
符合接受标准(r≥0.99)。
用样品稀释液将复溶后的PK标准品溶液稀释成质量浓度为80.0、40.0、20.0、10.0、5.0、2.5、1.25、0 ng · mL-1的系列标准品溶液,作标准曲线。PK标准品质量浓度在0~80.0 ng · mL-1范围内,与吸收度呈线性关系,结果如图3所示,回归方程为
符合接受标准(r≥0.99)。
考察不同的孵育时间对检测结果的影响,结果见表45。该检测方法下,3组不同孵育时间检测结果的RSD分别为6.3%、8.3%,精密度符合要求,说明FⅫ、PK检测方法孵育时间分别控制在28~32 min、规定时间±5 min内对检测结果无显著影响。
考察试剂盒开启效期验证:分别开启FⅫ ELISA试剂盒、人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒,对10%IVIG成品中FⅫ、PK残留量进行检测后,将剩余试剂按相应要求保存15、30 d后对同1批次10%IVIG成品中FⅫ、PK残留量进行检测。结果见表45。该试剂盒分别开启15、30 d前后检测结果的RSD分别为4.0%、9.3%,精密度符合要求,说明人凝血因子ⅫELISA试剂盒、人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒开启后相关试剂按要求分别保存15、30 d检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量无显著影响。
考察不同批号试剂盒检测结果差异,结果见表45,不同批号人凝血因子Ⅻ ELISA试剂盒FⅫ检测结果的RSD为5.3%,人前激肽释放酶ELISA试剂盒PK检测结果的RSD为9.7%,精密度符合要求,说明不同批号试剂盒分别检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量无显著性差异。
采用经验证的酶联免疫吸附法检测10%IVIG制备工艺中间品、成品中FⅫ、PK残留量。结果见表6。组分Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ溶解液中FⅫ、PK含量均能检出,经辛酸反应后单步去除率分别为44.3%、86.1%;经第1步超滤后,FⅫ、PK含量分别减少约99.8%、98.1%。第1步超滤后将料液等倍稀释FⅫ、PK含量相应降低;经2步阴离子层析后FⅫ含量降低约23.6%,PK含量降低约43.7%。层析结束后,FⅫ、PK含量随料液超滤浓缩而增加,但均维持较低水平,到成品阶段,FⅫ、PK残留量总体去除率达96%以上。综上,10%IVIG制备工艺过程能有效去除FⅫ、PK残留量,降低了产品致血栓的风险。
本文建立的ELISA法用以检测10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量,并进行了方法的线性、准确度、重复性、中间精密度、定量限、线性与范围、耐用性验证,结果显示该检测方法灵敏度高,准确度、精密度良好。
应用该方法对10%IVIG工艺过程中间品中的FⅫ、PK含量进行检测,结果显示辛酸反应、第1次超滤后FⅫ、PK含量显著降低,说明辛酸反应能够沉淀大部分杂蛋白并结合超滤工艺将其去除,2步阴离子交换层析后FⅫ、PK含量均有降低,说明阴离子交换层析能够去除FⅫ、PK,与文献[17-19]报道的辛酸沉淀结合阴离子交换层析可有效去除血浆来源的杂质和促凝剂的结论一致。正常人血浆中的FⅫ平均含量约为30 μg · mL-1[20],PK平均含量约为50 μg · mL-1[14],检测公司生产的多批次成品中FⅫ残留量约为0.06~0.15 μg · mL-1,PK含量约为0.6~0.9 ng · mL-1,均远低于正常人血浆中含量。同时本公司对10%IVIG多批次成品以及长期稳定性考察产品中激肽释放酶原激活剂(PKA)进行检测,结果均未检出,远低于2020年版《中国药典》 (三部)[21]静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)PKA应≤35 IU · mL-1的规定,说明本公司辛酸反应结合2步阴离子层析工艺能够很好地去除FⅫ、PK、PKA。结合本品已完成的Ⅲ期临床安全性和有效性研究结果,未出现血栓栓塞不良事件,说明本品可能引起血栓栓塞事件的潜在风险很小。
综上,本文验证了ELISA法测定10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量,该方法简便快捷,准确度高,精密度好,利用该方法检测工艺过程中间品中FⅫ、PK含量,结果准确可靠,能够满足实验室对10%IVIG中FⅫ、PK残留量测定的要求。
  • *贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般148)
  • 贵州省工业和信息化发展专项科技创新项目(KJ202143)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0235
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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基金
*贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般148)
贵州省工业和信息化发展专项科技创新项目(KJ202143)
作者信息
    1.贵州泰邦生物制品有限公司,贵阳 550025
    2.贵阳康养职业大学,贵阳 550081

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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