Article(id=1240709665311486540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0496, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773737835481, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773737835481, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773737835481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737835481, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240709662501294254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='361', pageEnd='542', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773737834810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737909503, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=426, endPage=439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240709665751888472, articleId=1240709665311486540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Spectrum-effect relationship on antioxidant activity of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing based on multivariate statistical analysis*, columnId=1239973082895536544, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Activity Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, and to study the relationship between the fingerprint and antioxidant activity. Methods: Agilent 1200 high-performance liquid chromatograph was used, and the column was Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase system was 0.1% formic acid water-methanol solution. The ultraviolet detection wavelength was 254 nm. The column temperature was 25 ℃. The extraction solvent of the test solution was 70% methanol solution.The injection volume was 5 μL. The flow rate was 1 mL · min-1, and the fingerprints of six batches of gardenia before and after processing were established, and the antioxidant activity of gardenia before and after processing was evaluated by DPPH method, and the spectral effect relationship was studied by grey correlation analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. Results: 23 common peaks were identified in the fingerprint, and five chromatographic peaks were identified by comparison of reference substances, including geniposidic acid (peak 3), genipin gentiobiside (peak 9), gardenside (peak 11), crocetin I (peak 21), and crocetin Ⅱ (peak 22). The mean half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DPPH radical in 5 different processed products (raw gardenia, fried gardenia,wine gardenia, gardenia charcoal and ginger gardenia) were 0.25 mg · mL-1, 28.61 mg · mL-1, 6.34 mg · mL-1,11.79 mg · mL-1, and 0.68 mg · mL-1, respectively. Combined with the three statistical methods, peaks 3, 9, 11, 21,and 22 were the common peaks associated with DPPH radical scavenging. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of 6 batches of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing is the result of the interaction of multiple components, and peaks 3, 9, 11, 21, and 22 are closely related to antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide a reference for the basic research and clinical application of antioxidant substances in Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing.

, correspAuthors=Jun-qiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo-ping HUI, Jing XIAO, Ting TANG, Chuan-ping FENG, Jian-hua HUANG, Jun-qiang LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240709673528128448, articleId=1240709665311486540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于多元统计方法的栀子炮制前后抗氧化谱效关系研究*, columnId=1240709667089871457, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=活性分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:建立栀子炮制前后的HPLC指纹图谱,并研究其与抗氧化活性间的谱效关系。方法:使用Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪,采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水-甲醇溶液为流动相,紫外检测波长254 nm,柱温25 ℃,供试品溶液提取溶剂为70%甲醇溶液,进样量5 μL,流速1 mL · min-1,建立6个批次栀子炮制前后的指纹图谱,采用DPPH法评价栀子炮制前后的抗氧化活性,并结合灰色关联分析和偏最小二乘回归分析研究谱效关系。结果:确定了指纹图谱中23个共有峰,通过对照品比对指认其中5个色谱峰,分别为京尼平苷酸(峰3)、京尼平龙胆双糖苷(峰9)、栀子苷(峰11)、西红花苷-Ⅰ(峰21)和西红花苷-Ⅱ(峰22)。5种栀子炮制前后样品(生栀子、炒栀子、酒栀子、栀子炭和姜栀子)对DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50)均值分别为0.25、28.61、6.34、11.79和0.68 mg · mL-1。结合3种统计学方法,峰3、9、11、21和22是与清除DPPH自由基关联较大的共有峰。结论:6个批次栀子炮制前后抗氧化活性是多个组分共同作用的结果,峰3、9、11、21和22是与抗氧化密切相关的成分。本研究结果为栀子炮制前后抗氧化物质基础研究与临床应用提供了参考依据。

, correspAuthors=李俊强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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figureFileBig=MSZbCspJ9Yl1jgajStHq7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722373662527951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=HCA diagram of six batches Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, figureFileSmall=+6HD9LxSwsDi49MSp8pHTQ==, figureFileBig=xvOfj1NDvhhG4DLrznnRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722373775774168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图2, caption=栀子6个批次炮制前后样品的HCA图, figureFileSmall=+6HD9LxSwsDi49MSp8pHTQ==, figureFileBig=xvOfj1NDvhhG4DLrznnRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722373880631775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=PCA diagram of six batches Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, figureFileSmall=v/9ZVja2pnogozUe7nIYrw==, figureFileBig=YZN6NFs0qDaW5Q35Xs/DFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722373968712161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图3, caption=栀子6个批次炮制前后样品的PCA图, figureFileSmall=v/9ZVja2pnogozUe7nIYrw==, figureFileBig=YZN6NFs0qDaW5Q35Xs/DFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374056792552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=OPLS-DA diagram of six batches Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, figureFileSmall=3UMRPzKENhoavS4iGoL+Mg==, figureFileBig=2OXRSCXRvwgWFYhuZY4MdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374140678636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图4, caption=栀子6个批次炮制前后样品的OPLS-DA图, figureFileSmall=3UMRPzKENhoavS4iGoL+Mg==, figureFileBig=2OXRSCXRvwgWFYhuZY4MdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374211981810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=VIP score chart of 6 batches of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing in OPLS-DA, figureFileSmall=59W8Fr2oj0WJuafcjIrgHA==, figureFileBig=M3bb+GThkxZ0YBD5iCY9jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374283284980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图5, caption=栀子6个批次炮制前后样品的OPLS-DA中VIP得分图, figureFileSmall=59W8Fr2oj0WJuafcjIrgHA==, figureFileBig=M3bb+GThkxZ0YBD5iCY9jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374367171064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=OPLS-DA displacement test chart of 6 batches of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, figureFileSmall=d4rcxu1D6/0QabqQqg/e5w==, figureFileBig=qEsJvO7gWaLVKEwqeaNQWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374442668540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图6, caption=栀子6个批次炮制前后样品的OPLS-DA置换检验图, figureFileSmall=d4rcxu1D6/0QabqQqg/e5w==, figureFileBig=qEsJvO7gWaLVKEwqeaNQWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374539137537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=HPLC chromatogram of mixed control products(A) and before and after processing products(B) of Gardenia Fructus, figureFileSmall=cZx8lNIbaLEgWiAp34w4Lw==, figureFileBig=jBROI1ZhlDIrQZ/GaKNHCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374593663493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图7, caption=栀子混合对照品(A)及炮制前后样品(B)HPLC色谱图, figureFileSmall=cZx8lNIbaLEgWiAp34w4Lw==, figureFileBig=jBROI1ZhlDIrQZ/GaKNHCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374685938187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Standard regression coefficient plots of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing(A), VIP value map of DPPH radical scavenging activity of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing(B), figureFileSmall=JvNX3XzB614+/UqK7RWytQ==, figureFileBig=ubRqSfblxr8UFeicIGc+SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374803378704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图8, caption=栀子炮制前后样品DPPH自由基清除活性的标准回归系数图(A),栀子炮制前后样品DPPH自由基清除活性的VIP值图(B), figureFileSmall=JvNX3XzB614+/UqK7RWytQ==, figureFileBig=ubRqSfblxr8UFeicIGc+SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722374891459093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Structural diagram of crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=oLr3+K4CRzL6jRMI3QpwDw==, figureFileBig=hhTqLiAYj7h5EcKdp089eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375000511000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=图9, caption=西红花苷-Ⅰ与西红花苷-Ⅱ的结构图, figureFileSmall=oLr3+K4CRzL6jRMI3QpwDw==, figureFileBig=hhTqLiAYj7h5EcKdp089eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722375084397085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Information of 6 batches of Gardeniae Fructus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
药材批号
(herbal medicine batch number)
产地
(origin)
120230619007湖南怀化(Hunan Huaihua)
220230619002江西丰城(Jiangxi Fengcheng)
320230619009江西樟树(Jiangxi Zhangshu)
420230619003湖北孝感(Hubei Xiaogan)
520230619004福建宁德(Fujian Ningde)
620230619008福建福鼎(Fujian Fuding)
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375172477474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6批栀子药材信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
药材批号
(herbal medicine batch number)
产地
(origin)
120230619007湖南怀化(Hunan Huaihua)
220230619002江西丰城(Jiangxi Fengcheng)
320230619009江西樟树(Jiangxi Zhangshu)
420230619003湖北孝感(Hubei Xiaogan)
520230619004福建宁德(Fujian Ningde)
620230619008福建福鼎(Fujian Fuding)
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375239586343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Gradient elution procedure table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
(time)/min
流动相比例(ratio of mobile phase)/%
流动相(mobile phase)A流动相(mobile phase)B
0955
58515
78020
157030
176832
196733
215743
245446
295149
344951
364456
403565
43595
50595
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375315083820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

梯度洗脱程序表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
(time)/min
流动相比例(ratio of mobile phase)/%
流动相(mobile phase)A流动相(mobile phase)B
0955
58515
78020
157030
176832
196733
215743
245446
295149
344951
364456
403565
43595
50595
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375415747121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Regression equation, correlation coefficient and linear range of each component

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
回归方程
(regression equation)
r线性范围
(linear range)/(μg · mL-1
检测限
(limit of detection)/(μg · mL-1
定量限
(limits of quantification)/(μg · mL-1
京尼平苷酸(geniposidic acid) Y=6.0×106X-22 8740.999 736.87~486.010.923.07
京尼平龙胆双糖苷(genipin gentiobiside) Y=4.0×106X+3 099.50.999 132.78~478.320.230.77
栀子苷(gardenside) Y=6.0×106X+13 5930.999 5113.50~3 180.830.280.94
西红花苷- Ⅰ(crocetin I) Y=4.0×106X+9 682.50.999 040.38~914.280.421.39
西红花苷- Ⅱ(crocetin Ⅱ) Y=6.0×106X-35 8090.999 30.62~495.670.270.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375499633207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各成分的回归方程、相关系数和线性范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
回归方程
(regression equation)
r线性范围
(linear range)/(μg · mL-1
检测限
(limit of detection)/(μg · mL-1
定量限
(limits of quantification)/(μg · mL-1
京尼平苷酸(geniposidic acid) Y=6.0×106X-22 8740.999 736.87~486.010.923.07
京尼平龙胆双糖苷(genipin gentiobiside) Y=4.0×106X+3 099.50.999 132.78~478.320.230.77
栀子苷(gardenside) Y=6.0×106X+13 5930.999 5113.50~3 180.830.280.94
西红花苷- Ⅰ(crocetin I) Y=4.0×106X+9 682.50.999 040.38~914.280.421.39
西红花苷- Ⅱ(crocetin Ⅱ) Y=6.0×106X-35 8090.999 30.62~495.670.270.90
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375583519290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Recovery rates of 5 components in raw Gardeniae Fructus samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
加标浓度
(spike concentration)/%
样品含量
(sample content)/mg
加入量
(added amount)/mg
测得量
(measured)/mg
回收率
(recovery)/%
平均回收率
(average recovery)/%
RSD/%
京尼平苷酸
(geniposidic acid)
500.002 60.026 60.028 496.7101.43.8
0.002 60.026 60.028 195.6
0.002 60.026 60.028 496.8
1000.005 20.053 30.060 5103.7
0.005 20.053 30.060 9104.4
0.005 20.053 30.060 2103.0
1500.007 90.079 90.091 6104.7
0.007 90.079 90.091 7104.9
0.007 90.079 90.090 1102.8
京尼平龙胆双糖苷
(genipin gentiobiside)
500.044 20.151 60.164 6101.9102.00.82
0.044 20.151 60.164 0101.5
0.044 20.151 60.162 1100.3
0.201 30.303 20.332 1102.9
1000.201 30.303 20.331 3102.6
0.201 30.303 20.331 6102.8
0.030 20.454 70.491 9101.5
1500.030 20.454 70.497 0102.7
0.030 20.454 70.493 7101.9
0.029 80.666 50.691 699.3
栀子苷
(gardenside)
500.029 80.666 50.703 3101.0101.01.0
0.029 80.666 50.707 2102.0
0.059 71.333 11.401 5100.7
1000.059 71.333 11.394 2100.1
0.059 71.333 11.394 2100.1
0.089 51.999 62.138 6102.5
1500.089 51.999 62.127 1101.9
0.089 51.999 62.125 2101.8
0.005 20.058 70.064 1100.4
西红花苷-Ⅰ
(crocetin Ⅰ)
500.005 20.058 70.064 0100.1100.60.49
0.005 20.058 70.064 7101.4
0.010 30.117 40.128 8100.9
1000.010 30.117 40.129 1101.1
0.010 30.117 40.128 0100.2
0.015 50.176 20.193 1100.8
1500.015 50.176 20.192 0100.2
0.015 50.176 20.191 7100.0
0.000 80.007 40.008 2100.3
西红花苷-Ⅱ
(crocetin Ⅱ)
500.000 80.007 40.008 2100.199.80.61
0.000 80.007 40.008 2100.1
0.001 60.014 90.016 398.8
1000.001 60.014 90.016 398.9
0.001 60.014 90.016 399.1
0.002 40.022 30.024 7100.1
1500.002 40.022 30.024 7100.1
0.002 40.022 30.024 7100.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375688376894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

5个成分在生栀子样品中的加标回收率(n=9)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
加标浓度
(spike concentration)/%
样品含量
(sample content)/mg
加入量
(added amount)/mg
测得量
(measured)/mg
回收率
(recovery)/%
平均回收率
(average recovery)/%
RSD/%
京尼平苷酸
(geniposidic acid)
500.002 60.026 60.028 496.7101.43.8
0.002 60.026 60.028 195.6
0.002 60.026 60.028 496.8
1000.005 20.053 30.060 5103.7
0.005 20.053 30.060 9104.4
0.005 20.053 30.060 2103.0
1500.007 90.079 90.091 6104.7
0.007 90.079 90.091 7104.9
0.007 90.079 90.090 1102.8
京尼平龙胆双糖苷
(genipin gentiobiside)
500.044 20.151 60.164 6101.9102.00.82
0.044 20.151 60.164 0101.5
0.044 20.151 60.162 1100.3
0.201 30.303 20.332 1102.9
1000.201 30.303 20.331 3102.6
0.201 30.303 20.331 6102.8
0.030 20.454 70.491 9101.5
1500.030 20.454 70.497 0102.7
0.030 20.454 70.493 7101.9
0.029 80.666 50.691 699.3
栀子苷
(gardenside)
500.029 80.666 50.703 3101.0101.01.0
0.029 80.666 50.707 2102.0
0.059 71.333 11.401 5100.7
1000.059 71.333 11.394 2100.1
0.059 71.333 11.394 2100.1
0.089 51.999 62.138 6102.5
1500.089 51.999 62.127 1101.9
0.089 51.999 62.125 2101.8
0.005 20.058 70.064 1100.4
西红花苷-Ⅰ
(crocetin Ⅰ)
500.005 20.058 70.064 0100.1100.60.49
0.005 20.058 70.064 7101.4
0.010 30.117 40.128 8100.9
1000.010 30.117 40.129 1101.1
0.010 30.117 40.128 0100.2
0.015 50.176 20.193 1100.8
1500.015 50.176 20.192 0100.2
0.015 50.176 20.191 7100.0
0.000 80.007 40.008 2100.3
西红花苷-Ⅱ
(crocetin Ⅱ)
500.000 80.007 40.008 2100.199.80.61
0.000 80.007 40.008 2100.1
0.001 60.014 90.016 398.8
1000.001 60.014 90.016 398.9
0.001 60.014 90.016 399.1
0.002 40.022 30.024 7100.1
1500.002 40.022 30.024 7100.1
0.002 40.022 30.024 7100.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375801623109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Content determination results of five components in six batches of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(No.)
含量
(content)/(μg · mL-1
京尼平苷酸
(geniposidic acid)
京尼平龙胆双糖苷
(genipin gentiobiside)
栀子苷
(gardenside)
西红花苷-Ⅰ
(crocetin Ⅰ)
西红花苷-Ⅱ
(crocetin Ⅱ)
S159.69192.07946.5887.5321.62
S259.50190.56912.0489.9421.26
S359.54191.30915.1889.9721.28
S459.50190.63912.6991.1121.52
S559.58190.81912.7490.7821.46
S659.52190.90915.0889.4421.59
59.55±0.12191.04±0.27919.05±1.4789.80±1.4121.46±0.72
RSD/%0.120.301.51.40.72
S767.79179.08920.2282.4019.96
S867.92179.08919.4282.3319.92
S967.3178.65918.5882.3319.96
S1068.19181.39936.0386.8920.08
S1167.88179.47925.3881.5920.33
S1268.38188.26929.4085.6519.79
67.81±0.70180.99±2.04924.84±0.7483.53±2.6120.01±0.91
RSD/%0.702.00.741.60.91
S1353.84173.49829.5558.7117.23
S1453.88174.72844.9558.6017.20
S1553.79174.66845.5358.0915.44
S1656.08179.51862.5958.2216.72
S1753.86174.24818.0660.1416.65
S1853.89174.94846.2857.8416.43
54.22±1.68175.26±1.22841.16±1.8358.60±1.4016.61±3.94
RSD/%0.420.981.31.20.86
S1946.68179.14786.37//
S2046.65179.14786.37//
S2146.86178.68782.57//
S2247.10178.69782.76//
S2346.64177.50707.60//
S2446.58183.67775.24//
46.75±0.42179.31±0.98770.15±4.01//
RSD/%0.590.851.0//
S2565.49185.61904.3552.2916.50
S2665.94185.69902.4252.0916.47
S2765.54189.08908.7252.1116.50
S2865.57185.31900.8151.7416.56
S2965.81185.67911.0552.4116.60
S3065.62185.08912.7351.6916.56
65.66±0.27186.08±0.80906.68±0.5452.06±0.5516.53±0.29
RSD/%0.270.800.540.550.29
), ArticleFig(id=1240722375893897802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709665311486540, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

6个批次栀子炮制前后样品中5个成分含量测定结果(n=5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(No.)
含量
(content)/(μg · mL-1
京尼平苷酸
(geniposidic acid)
京尼平龙胆双糖苷
(genipin gentiobiside)
栀子苷
(gardenside)
西红花苷-Ⅰ
(crocetin Ⅰ)
西红花苷-Ⅱ
(crocetin Ⅱ)
S159.69192.07946.5887.5321.62
S259.50190.56912.0489.9421.26
S359.54191.30915.1889.9721.28
S459.50190.63912.6991.1121.52
S559.58190.81912.7490.7821.46
S659.52190.90915.0889.4421.59
59.55±0.12191.04±0.27919.05±1.4789.80±1.4121.46±0.72
RSD/%0.120.301.51.40.72
S767.79179.08920.2282.4019.96
S867.92179.08919.4282.3319.92
S967.3178.65918.5882.3319.96
S1068.19181.39936.0386.8920.08
S1167.88179.47925.3881.5920.33
S1268.38188.26929.4085.6519.79
67.81±0.70180.99±2.04924.84±0.7483.53±2.6120.01±0.91
RSD/%0.702.00.741.60.91
S1353.84173.49829.5558.7117.23
S1453.88174.72844.9558.6017.20
S1553.79174.66845.5358.0915.44
S1656.08179.51862.5958.2216.72
S1753.86174.24818.0660.1416.65
S1853.89174.94846.2857.8416.43
54.22±1.68175.26±1.22841.16±1.8358.60±1.4016.61±3.94
RSD/%0.420.981.31.20.86
S1946.68179.14786.37//
S2046.65179.14786.37//
S2146.86178.68782.57//
S2247.10178.69782.76//
S2346.64177.50707.60//
S2446.58183.67775.24//
46.75±0.42179.31±0.98770.15±4.01//
RSD/%0.590.851.0//
S2565.49185.61904.3552.2916.50
S2665.94185.69902.4252.0916.47
S2765.54189.08908.7252.1116.50
S2865.57185.31900.8151.7416.56
S2965.81185.67911.0552.4116.60
S3065.62185.08912.7351.6916.56
65.66±0.27186.08±0.80906.68±0.5452.06±0.5516.53±0.29
RSD/%0.270.800.540.550.29
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IC50 values of antioxidant of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing

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IC50/
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IC50/
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样品
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IC50/
(mg · mL-1
样品
(sample)
IC50/
(mg · mL-1
样品
(sample)
IC50/
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S20.24S84.72S146.34S2011.82S260.67
S30.25S94.84S156.42S2111.78S270.64
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S50.25S114.72S176.40S2311.72S290.68
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0.25 4.77 6.34 11.79 0.68
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栀子炮制前后样品抗氧化的IC50

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IC50/
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S20.24S84.72S146.34S2011.82S260.67
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Gray correlation between free radical scavenging rate and common peak area of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing

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(peak)
关联度
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峰号
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关联度
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峰号
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关联度
(relevance)
10.85690.871170.822
20.876100.765180.766
30.857110.866190.887
40.829120.766200.847
50.843130.872210.825
60.871140.865220.828
70.821150.858230.834
80.846160.865//
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自由基清除率与栀子炮制前后样品共有峰峰面积的灰色关联度

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峰号
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关联度
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峰号
(peak)
关联度
(relevance)
10.85690.871170.822
20.876100.765180.766
30.857110.866190.887
40.829120.766200.847
50.843130.872210.825
60.871140.865220.828
70.821150.858230.834
80.846160.865//
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基于多元统计方法的栀子炮制前后抗氧化谱效关系研究*
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惠博平 1, 2, 3 , 肖菁 4 , 唐婷 1 , 冯传平 1 , 黄建华 2, 3 , 李俊强 5, **
药物分析杂志 | 活性分析 2025,45(3): 426-439
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药物分析杂志 | 活性分析 2025, 45(3): 426-439
基于多元统计方法的栀子炮制前后抗氧化谱效关系研究*
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惠博平1, 2, 3 , 肖菁4, 唐婷1, 冯传平1, 黄建华2, 3, 李俊强5, **
作者信息
  • 1.湖南中医药高等专科学校,株洲 412012
  • 2.湖南中医药大学,长沙 410208
  • 3.湖南省中医药研究院,长沙 410006
  • 4.湖南省药品检验检测研究院,长沙 410001
  • 5.山东省烟台市食品药品检验检测中心,烟台 264000
  • Tel:19307485420;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**Tel:18660021183;E-mail:
Spectrum-effect relationship on antioxidant activity of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing based on multivariate statistical analysis*
Bo-ping HUI1, 2, 3 , Jing XIAO4, Ting TANG1, Chuan-ping FENG1, Jian-hua HUANG2, 3, Jun-qiang LI5, **
Affiliations
  • 1. Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou 412012, China
  • 2. Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208,China
  • 3. Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410006, China
  • 4. Hunan Institute for Drug Control,Changsha 410001, China
  • 5. Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control, Yantai 264000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0496
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目的:建立栀子炮制前后的HPLC指纹图谱,并研究其与抗氧化活性间的谱效关系。方法:使用Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪,采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水-甲醇溶液为流动相,紫外检测波长254 nm,柱温25 ℃,供试品溶液提取溶剂为70%甲醇溶液,进样量5 μL,流速1 mL · min-1,建立6个批次栀子炮制前后的指纹图谱,采用DPPH法评价栀子炮制前后的抗氧化活性,并结合灰色关联分析和偏最小二乘回归分析研究谱效关系。结果:确定了指纹图谱中23个共有峰,通过对照品比对指认其中5个色谱峰,分别为京尼平苷酸(峰3)、京尼平龙胆双糖苷(峰9)、栀子苷(峰11)、西红花苷-Ⅰ(峰21)和西红花苷-Ⅱ(峰22)。5种栀子炮制前后样品(生栀子、炒栀子、酒栀子、栀子炭和姜栀子)对DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50)均值分别为0.25、28.61、6.34、11.79和0.68 mg · mL-1。结合3种统计学方法,峰3、9、11、21和22是与清除DPPH自由基关联较大的共有峰。结论:6个批次栀子炮制前后抗氧化活性是多个组分共同作用的结果,峰3、9、11、21和22是与抗氧化密切相关的成分。本研究结果为栀子炮制前后抗氧化物质基础研究与临床应用提供了参考依据。

栀子  /  炮制  /  指纹图谱  /  栀子炭  /  西红花苷  /  抗氧化活性  /  谱效关系

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing, and to study the relationship between the fingerprint and antioxidant activity. Methods: Agilent 1200 high-performance liquid chromatograph was used, and the column was Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase system was 0.1% formic acid water-methanol solution. The ultraviolet detection wavelength was 254 nm. The column temperature was 25 ℃. The extraction solvent of the test solution was 70% methanol solution.The injection volume was 5 μL. The flow rate was 1 mL · min-1, and the fingerprints of six batches of gardenia before and after processing were established, and the antioxidant activity of gardenia before and after processing was evaluated by DPPH method, and the spectral effect relationship was studied by grey correlation analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. Results: 23 common peaks were identified in the fingerprint, and five chromatographic peaks were identified by comparison of reference substances, including geniposidic acid (peak 3), genipin gentiobiside (peak 9), gardenside (peak 11), crocetin I (peak 21), and crocetin Ⅱ (peak 22). The mean half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DPPH radical in 5 different processed products (raw gardenia, fried gardenia,wine gardenia, gardenia charcoal and ginger gardenia) were 0.25 mg · mL-1, 28.61 mg · mL-1, 6.34 mg · mL-1,11.79 mg · mL-1, and 0.68 mg · mL-1, respectively. Combined with the three statistical methods, peaks 3, 9, 11, 21,and 22 were the common peaks associated with DPPH radical scavenging. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of 6 batches of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing is the result of the interaction of multiple components, and peaks 3, 9, 11, 21, and 22 are closely related to antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide a reference for the basic research and clinical application of antioxidant substances in Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing.

Gardeniae Fructus  /  processing  /  fingerprint  /  carbonized Gardeniae Fructus  /  crocins  /  antioxidant activity  /  spectrum-effect relationship
惠博平, 肖菁, 唐婷, 冯传平, 黄建华, 李俊强. 基于多元统计方法的栀子炮制前后抗氧化谱效关系研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (3) : 426 -439 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0496
Bo-ping HUI, Jing XIAO, Ting TANG, Chuan-ping FENG, Jian-hua HUANG, Jun-qiang LI. Spectrum-effect relationship on antioxidant activity of Gardeniae Fructus before and after processing based on multivariate statistical analysis*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (3) : 426 -439 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0496
栀子为茜草科植物栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)的干燥成熟果实,味苦,寒,归心、肺、三焦经,始载于《神农本草经》[1],有降血糖和血脂,抗氧化,炎症,病原,护肝等多种药理活性[2],是中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会颁布的首批药食两用的天然产物[3]。其化学成分种类丰富,主要成分为栀子油、环烯醚萜类、三萜类、二萜类、黄酮类、有机酸类、多糖类等成分[4]
栀子原产于中国,现分布于中国江西、湖南、江苏、安徽等地;国外分布于日本、朝鲜、巴基斯坦和美洲北部等地[5]。历代医家认为栀子“生用泻火、炒焦止血、姜汁炒止烦呕[6-7]”“虚寒者……炒透用”,中药材炮制的目的是增效减毒或者转变药性[8],故认为栀子炮制目的为增强止血作用,降低苦寒之性[9]。生栀子苦寒之性甚强,善于泻火多用于治疗热病心烦、黄疸尿赤、扭挫伤痛[10];炒焦后苦寒之性得以缓和,且增加止血作用,达到凉血止血之目的,可以治疗血热吐妞,尿血崩漏等病症[11];炒炭后性涩偏于止血、多用于治疗咯血,衄血,便血,崩漏,血痢等出血症的治疗[12],栀子炭在多种名方及成药中均有应用,如治鼻中衄,治暴吐衄血等症。现代药理研究表明,栀子炒焦后解热效应相较于生栀子显著减弱,然而,其镇静作用显著增强,与此同时,焦栀子的凝血能力进一步增强[13]。酒栀子有明显的降肝酶能力,且可改善肝脏蛋白质合成功能,具有一定的保肝作用[9]。这些与古时医家研究结果一致。姜栀子在一定程度上也增强了和胃止呕的作用[6]
目前已有研究表明多个产地不同批次栀子的化学成分含量差异[14]以及栀子具有良好的抗氧化作用[15],栀子、栀子花及其挥发油能够清除多种自由基,具有良好的抗氧化效果[16]。中药是一个多组分、多靶点共同起效的综合体,仅仅是通过中药物质基础或者是药效活性为出发点显然难以全面评估和研究中药材的药效与物质基础。中药质量评价是现代中药研究的重要部分,其成分复杂,单一或几个化学成分的检测难以全面评价中药质量优劣。化学指纹图谱的建立是中药谱效关系研究的基础,可最大程度地获取能有效代表中药化学成分信息。然而,化学指纹图谱与中药药效的相关性并不明确,单纯的化学指纹图谱难以有效评价中药药效[17]。因此,有必要通过中药谱效关系的研究,将化学指纹图谱与中药药效有机结合,阐明中药药效的物质基础。中药谱效关系研究将中药中各成分的指纹图谱与药效结果联系起来建立“谱-效”数学模型,从而确定出与药效相关的化合物群,建立与其功效基本一致的、反映中药内在品质的质量评价方法[8]。故本研究通过对炮制前后化学指纹图谱及药效变化研究,准确找到与药效变化相关的物质,合理地解释中药材炮制前后药效变化,科学阐释炮制方法的内涵。
1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基广泛用来测试各种天然产物的抗自由基活性,由于该试验操作简单,重现性好。因此,其被广泛应用于从植物中寻找新的抗氧化成分[18]。现代研究表明,栀子具有良好的抗氧化活性作用[19],其中西红花苷类成分是自然界唯一的一种天然类胡萝卜素色素,可发挥较强的抗氧化活性[20-21],栀子经过多种方式炮制后,药性药味,化学成分多方面发生了变化,那么经过炮制后的栀子在抗氧化活性上是否被影响。故本研究通过对炮制前后化学指纹图谱及药效变化研究,利用多元统计学方法解析谱图信息,并结合抗氧化活性实验探讨炮制前后对栀子抗氧化活性的影响,准确找到与药效变化相关的物质,合理地解释中药材炮制前后药效变化,科学阐释炮制方法的内涵。
Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪(VWD检测器),安捷伦科技有限公司;KQ2200DB型超声波清洗器,昆山市超声仪器有限公司;RS-FS1612型粉碎机,合肥荣事达三洋电器股份有限公司;LGJ-10DG-50型真空冷冻干燥机,杭州旌斐仪器科技有限公司;C21-WK2102型电磁炉,广州佛山美的集团股份有限公司;Mettler Toledo XS205型十万分之一天平,梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;V-5100B紫外分光光度计,上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司。
栀子购自安徽华貅药业有限公司,药材详细信息见表1,经湖南省中医药研究院中药资源研究所刘浩副教授鉴定为茜草科植物栀子Gardenia jasminoides Ellis的干燥成熟果实。
对照品京尼平苷酸(批号CHB20120X,纯度≥98%)、京尼平龙胆双糖苷(批号CHB201203,纯度≥98%)、栀子苷(批号DST200506060,纯度≥98%)、西红花苷-Ⅰ(批号CHB201218,纯度≥98%)、西红花苷-Ⅱ(批号CHB201219,纯度≥98%)均购自于中国食品药品检定研究院,维生素C(批号1028N035)购自于北京索莱宝科技有限公司,DPPH(批号A14IS212603,纯度98%)购自于源叶生物科技有限公司。
甲酸(分析纯)、甲醇(分析纯)为天津科密欧试剂厂产品;甲醇、乙腈为色谱纯,采购于默克公司;怡宝水为华润怡宝饮料有限公司产品。
取6个不同产地的中药材栀子各500 g除去杂质,粉碎过筛(40目)后备用,编号为S1~S6。
取6个不同产地的中药材栀子各500 g于炒制容器中,照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》通则0213清炒法用文火加热,炒至深黄色或黄褐色,取出晾凉,粉碎过筛(40目)后备用,编号为S13~S18。
取6个不同产地的中药材栀子各500 g于炒制容器中,用武火炒至表面焦黑色,转文火,观察其内部呈现焦黄或焦褐色,用喷壶喷洒适量水熄灭火星,取出晾凉,粉碎过筛(40目)后备用,编号为S7~S12。
取6个不同产地的中药材栀子各500 g,加入黄酒60 mL搅拌,润湿3 h,待药材完全浸湿后,置于炒制容器内,用文火加热炒干,取出晾凉,粉碎过筛(40目)后备用,编号为S19~S24。
取6个不同产地的中药材栀子各500 g,加入姜汁(10 ∶ 1)混合均匀,浸润5 h,待药材完全浸湿后,置于炒制容器内,用文火加热,炒至表面金黄色,具姜辣味,取出晾凉,粉碎过筛(40目)后备用,编号为S25~S30。
分别精密称取6个批次栀子炮制前后样品(生栀子、炒栀子、栀子炭,酒栀子和姜栀子)粉末0.25 g,加70%甲醇100 mL,超声(功率360 W,频率40 kHz)提取30 min,摇匀,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,即得。
精密称取对照品京尼平苷酸2.51 mg、京尼平龙胆双糖苷2.54 mg、栀子苷2.56 mg、西红花苷-Ⅰ 2.53 mg和西红花苷-Ⅱ 2.54 mg分别于5 mL量瓶中,加甲醇制成每1 mL各约含0.502、0.508、0.512、0.506、0.508 mg的溶液,摇匀,过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,即得。
甲醇溶液为空白溶液。
采用Agilent 1200高效液相色谱仪,Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,柱温25 ℃,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-甲醇(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(洗脱程序见表2),紫外检测器检测波长254 nm,进样量5 μL,流速1 mL · min-1
取6个批次栀子炮制前后样品(生栀子、炒栀子、栀子炭,酒栀子和姜栀子)样品(S1~S30),按“2.1”项方法制备供试品溶液,按“2.2”项下色谱条件进样测定,将图谱导入国家药典委员会《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004版)软件,以S1号色谱图为参考,采用多点校正及自动匹配,时间窗宽度设为0.1,中位数法生成对照图谱,采用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”进行共有峰标识,获得了23个共有峰,结果见图1
聚类分析(HCA)是1种多元分析技术,可以为复杂的数据提供1种可视化的表示方法。为了区分这些样本的差异,本研究采用SIMCA 14.0软件,以6个批次栀子的不同炮制品中23个共有峰的峰面积为变量,采用组间连接法,以平方欧氏距离为测度进行系统聚类分析,结果见图2。栀子炮制前后样品分为5类:S1~S6为生栀子聚为一类,S7~S12为炒栀子聚为一类,S13~S18为酒栀子聚为一类,S19~S24为栀子炭聚为一类和S25~S30为姜栀子聚为一类。说明栀子炮制前后样品能通过聚类分析得到有效判别,表明栀子炮制前后样品之间在化学成分含量上均存在差异。
将6个批次栀子炮制前后样品中23个共有峰峰面积导入SIMCA 14.1软件进行无监督模式的主成分分析(PCA),观察样品间聚集情况,结果见图3。根据PCA得分图,6个批次的生栀子、炒栀子、栀子炭,酒栀子和姜栀子基本上可以区分开,趋势与HCA结果基本符合,可相互印证。
为进一步观察不同样品间的差异,在PCA的基础上,以栀子炮制前后样品为监督变量,将6批栀子不同炮制品的23个共有峰的峰面积输入SIMCA 14.1进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析法(OPLS-DA)分析,如图4所示,生栀子、炒栀子、栀子炭,酒栀子和姜栀子分为5类,说明栀子炮制前后样品的化学成分含量发生变化。对以上峰面积数据建立的模型进行200次置换检验,结果如图5所示。Q2点的蓝色回归线与纵轴(左侧)相交点低于0点,说明由OPLS-DA创建的模型未出现拟合现象,且预测能力强,可用于栀子炮制前后样品的判别分析。为确认对上述分类结果贡献较大的成分,在OPLS-DA的基础上,以变量投影重要度VIP>1.0为筛选标准对数据进行分析,其VIP值越大,表示自变量对因变量的解释能力越强。对23个共有峰进行VIP值大小的排列,如图6所示,峰3、9、11、21、22的VIP值均远大于1,表明这几个化学成分对判别栀子炮制前后样品分类具有显著影响。
分别取“2.1.2”项下的5个对照品溶液各20 μL,加甲醇100 μL,制备得到中药化学对照品混合溶液,按“2.2”项下色谱条件进样测定,比较保留时间和紫外吸收光谱图,对栀子样品23个共有峰中的5个色谱峰进行了指认:分别为3号色谱峰(京尼平苷酸);9号色谱峰(京尼平龙胆双糖苷);11号色谱峰(京尼平龙胆双糖苷),21号色谱峰(西红花苷-Ⅰ),22号色谱峰(西红花苷-Ⅱ),结果见图7
取“2.1”项下同一个批次(样品批号20230619009)栀子炮制前后样品的供试品溶液,按“2.2”项下色谱条件连续进样6次,栀子炮制前后样品中分别以京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ等色谱峰为参照峰,计算峰面积和保留时间的RSD,各特征峰峰面积RSD均<1%。结果表明仪器精密度良好。
取“2.1”项下同一个批次(样品批号20230619009)栀子炮制前后样品的供试品溶液,按“2.2”项下色谱条件,分别于制备后的0、2、6、10、12、18、24 h进样检测,栀子炮制前后样品中分别以京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ等色谱峰为参照峰,计算峰面积和保留时间的RSD,各特征峰峰面积RSD均<1%。结果表明供试品溶液24 h内稳定性良好。
取“2.1”项下同一个批次(样品批号20230619009)栀子炮制前后样品的超声提取液适量进行冷冻干燥,精密称取冻干粉末约1 g(6份)置于带塞锥形瓶中,按“2.1”项下方法进行供试品溶液制备,按“2.2”项下色谱条件进样测定,栀子炮制前后样品中分别以京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ等色谱峰为参照峰,计算峰面积和保留时间的RSD,各特征峰峰面积RSD均<3%。结果说明方法重复性良好。
精密量取“2.1”项下对照品溶液5 mL于10 mL量瓶中,加入甲醇至刻度,摇匀,分别稀释2、10、50、100倍得到5个成分的系列浓度混合对照品溶液,按“2.2”项下色谱条件测定,以对照品质量浓度(X)为横坐标,峰面积(Y)为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,计算回归方程和线性范围,取对照品溶液进行稀释,分别按信噪比为10 ∶ 1和3 ∶ 1时的进样量计算定量限和检测限。结果见表3
取“2.6.3”项下(样品批号20230619009)已知含量的生栀子冻干粉末1 g,平行9份,精密称定,按已知成分含量的50%、100%、150%加入“2.1”项下相应量对照品制备供试品溶液后,按“2.2”项下条件进样测定,记录峰面积并计算京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ的加标回收率。结果显示,5个成分的平均加样回收率(n=9)在99.8%~102.0%,RSD在0.49%~3.8%,表明该方法的准确度较好,结果见表4
取“2.1”项下6个批次栀子炮制前后样品(S1~S30)的供试品溶液适量进行冷冻干燥,精密6个批次栀子炮制前后样品(n=5)称取冻干粉末1 g置于带塞锥形瓶中,量取适量70%甲醇溶液复溶,按“2.2”项下色谱条件进样测定,计算样品中京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ的含量,结果见表6
称取DPPH 4.00 mg于100 mL棕色量瓶中,现配现用,加入无水乙醇定容至刻度,配制成0.04 mg · mL-1的溶液,摇匀,超声(功率360 W,频率40 kHz)10 min,避光保存。
分别称取栀子炮制前后样品各5 g于锥形瓶中,加入80%乙醇500 mL回流提取1 h,冷却,抽滤,水浴锅浓缩至浸膏,冷冻干燥得粗粉,粉碎过筛(40目)。精密称取各粉末20 mg于5 mL量瓶中,加纯水溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为母液,吸取不同体积母液,用纯水稀释,制得浓度分别为1、2、2.5、3、3.5、4 mg · mL-1的系列供试品溶液,用于DPPH自由基清除率的测定。
精密称取维生素C 5 mg置于100 mL量瓶中,加纯水溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为阳性对照母液。临用前进行稀释,吸取不同体积母液,用纯水稀释,制得浓度分别为0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 mg · mL-1的系列对照品溶液,用于DPPH自由基清除率线性关系的测定,以维生素C质量浓度(X)为横坐标,溶液吸收度(A)为纵坐标,得到标准曲线为
表明其线性关系较好。
依照DPPH自由基清除能力试剂盒说明书,DPPH和纯水作为对照组,无水乙醇与供试品溶液为空白组,将“2.8”项下6个批次栀子炮制前后样品(S1~S30)的提取液作为供试品溶液,于2 mL离心管中加入供试品溶液60 μL和无水乙醇140 μL,而后加入0.04 mg · mL-1 DPPH溶液400 μL,充分振摇。测试前需在暗处反应30 min,于517 nm处测定吸收度(A),进行3次平行试验。按下式计算自由基清除率。
其中,A为供试品吸收度;A为空白组吸收度;A为对照组吸收度。
半数抑制浓度(IC50),表示样品清除一半自由基的溶液浓度,IC50越小,说明受试物对自由基清除效果越好,其抗氧化能力越强。使用SPSS Pro在线统计平台对栀子炮制前后样品抗氧化活性测定值做非线性拟合,计算得到栀子炮制前后样品的IC50表7。由表7可知,生栀子(S1~S6)清除DPPH的能力最强,与其所含化学成分含量相对应,其IC50在0.24~0.26 mg · mL-1范围内波动;其次是姜栀子(S25~S30),栀子炭(S19~S24)清除DPPH的能力最弱,其IC50在11.70~11.90 mg · mL-1范围内波动,推测这可能与栀子炭中化学成分西红花苷的含量减少有着直接关系。
灰色关联度分析是通过分析各组因素间数据变化过程中的相关联性,判断色谱峰与药效指标之间相关性的大小,可以通过已获得的信息来预测暂未获得的信息。采用SPSS Pro在线数据分析,将栀子炮制前后样品共有峰图谱数据导入平台。将炮制前后样品抗氧化活性(自由基清除率)的药效指标作为母序列,栀子炮制前后样品的共有峰面积作为子序列,软件自动进行处理并计算生成关联度,结果见表7,共有峰中3、9、11、21、22号色谱峰关联度均>0.8,表明均参与了自由基清除反应过程,产生正向或负向的作用,但由于灰色关联分析无法确定这些峰对自由基清除率产生的是正相关还是负相关的影响,且不同分析手段与计算公式产生的结果可能有所差异,故仍需进行其他相关性分析从而进一步确定各共有峰与DPPH自由基清除率的关系。
采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)法分析栀子炮制前后样品的HPLC指纹图谱共有峰峰面积与DPPH法得到的抗氧化IC50之间的关系。DPPH法的PLSR方程的回归系数和VIP值见图8。23个共有峰中的峰3、9、11、21和22对应的回归系数为正值,表明这些共有峰的峰面积越大,IC50值就越低,即清除DPPH的能力越强。VIP值是PLSR分析中一个重要的指标,VIP值越大,表明自变量X的解释能力越强;当VIP值>1时,表明该活性成分对药效呈显著相。在DPPH法的PLSR分析中,VIP值>1的共有峰有峰3,9、11、21和22,表明这些共有峰代表的化合物与栀子抗氧化活性的大小呈显著相关。结合PLSR方程的回归系数和VIP值,表明峰3、9、11、21和22对抗氧化活性的贡献值较大,这5个共有峰代表的化合物是栀子抗氧化的主要活性物质。
综合栀子炮制前后样品指纹图谱共有峰与药效指标的PLSR分析结果,峰3、9、11、21和22与药效指标均呈正相关,均为与抗氧化活性关联性较大的正相关峰。灰色关联度分析与偏最小二乘回归分析结果基本一致。
汉代《伤寒杂病论》与明代李中梓所著《本草征》曾记载栀子“大苦大寒,能损胃伐气,虚者忌之。心腹痛,不因火者,尤为大戒”。表明栀子苦寒之性较强,可损伤脾胃[22]。因此,过炮制减毒是中医药保证临床用药安全的重要方法,应用化学指纹图谱可以更加整体、宏观地反映中药材及其复方中化学成分的种类及含量[23]。本研究对栀子中的京尼平苷酸、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷-I和西红花苷-Ⅱ这5个化学成分进行定量分析研究,明确了栀子炮制前后5个化学成分含量的变化趋势。栀子药材中活性有效成分主要为环烯醚萜类与西红花苷类,本研究针对栀子炮制前后样品成分进行含量测定发现,生栀子中所含主要药效成分基本上高于栀子炮制品,西红花苷类成分尤为显著,在栀子炭中已完全检测不到,这与已有报道相一致[24]
本研究运用多元统计分析方法对栀子炮制前后样品HPLC指纹图谱进行分析。分析时发现炮制前后样品都可分别单独聚为一类,说明炮制前后样品的化学成分或其含量虽然比较相近,但实验建立的HPLC指纹图谱在已有样本间还是可以将其区分开。DPPH清除测试结果显示,与生栀子相比,栀子炭的抗氧化活性水平明显降低,可能是栀子经炭制后西红花苷类成分含量降低所致。西红花苷类与西红花中的西红花素、西红花酸成分相同,是抗氧化机制的主要活性物质。因此,栀子黄在食品中作为添加剂应用广泛,着色能力强,易氧化,所以需避免与强氧化剂接触[25]
随着炮制时间的延长和炮制剧烈程度的加深,姜栀子、炒栀子、酒栀子和栀子炭中的这5个成分含量均有下降趋势,其中栀子炭中的栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ成分含量下降最显著,西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ2个成分甚至检测不到。说明栀子中这2个成分(西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ)的含量受炮制条件的强烈程度影响最大,其基本结构为红花酸与不同糖结合而成的一系列酯苷(见图9),而末端葡萄糖上又常常连接有芥子酰基、咖啡酰基等基团,因此推测主要与其热稳定性差,容易降解有关[26-27]
综上,本研究通过将栀子炮制前后样品化学指纹图谱与抗氧化活性检测进行结合,以期能够更加合理、综合地区分栀子炮制前后样品的成分含量差异,进一步完善了其炮制前后样品抗氧化活性的物质基础,为其的质量研究以及临床应用提供了参考依据。本研究存在一定的局限性,如HPLC指纹图谱中指认的化合物较少,不利于进一步深入研究和探讨;该方法的色谱条件下,难以兼顾栀子所含成分环烯醚萜类、二萜类和多糖类成分达到更全面比较和筛选抗氧化的药效物质基础的目标,因此本研究有待进一步优化。
  • *国家自然科学基金面上项目(82474502)
  • 湖南省高新技术产业科技创新引领计划(2022GK4015)
  • 湖南省中医药管理局十四五第二批学科带头人(中药药剂学)项目(11)
  • 湖南中医药大学研究生创新课题(2023CX57)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0496
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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基金
*国家自然科学基金面上项目(82474502)
湖南省高新技术产业科技创新引领计划(2022GK4015)
湖南省中医药管理局十四五第二批学科带头人(中药药剂学)项目(11)
湖南中医药大学研究生创新课题(2023CX57)
作者信息
    1.湖南中医药高等专科学校,株洲 412012
    2.湖南中医药大学,长沙 410208
    3.湖南省中医药研究院,长沙 410006
    4.湖南省药品检验检测研究院,长沙 410001
    5.山东省烟台市食品药品检验检测中心,烟台 264000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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