Article(id=1240709663134634159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773737834962, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1743350400000, pubDateStr=2025-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773737834962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773737834962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737834962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240709662501294254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='361', pageEnd='542', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773737834810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773737909503, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240709975845163178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240709662501294254, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=361, endPage=391, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240709663453401266, articleId=1240709663134634159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research progress on extraction, isolation, structural identification and analytical methods of oligosaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine*, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oligosaccharides are a class of bioactive components abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. They have clinical effects such as antidepressant and anti-Alzheimer’s disease activities, as well as pharmacological activities such as hypoglycemic, laxative, and immune-enhancing effects. The bioactivity of oligosaccharides is closely related to their structure. However, due to the diversity of glycosidic bond configurations, monosaccharide compositions and linkage patterns, it is difficult to accurately determine their structures by conventional analytical methods. Establishing rapid and reliable analytical methods remains a key challenge in carbohydrate research.Although studies on oligosaccharides are increasing, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the structure and analytical methods of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress over the past decade on extraction, separation, structure identification and analytical methods of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine by consulting domestic and foreign literatures. This review aims to contribute to the development of evaluation method of traditional Chinese medicine based on oligosaccharide components, and provide reference for their application in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

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寡糖是中草药中来源丰富的一类活性成分,具有抗抑郁,抗阿尔茨海默病等临床功效以及降血糖、润肠通便、增强免疫等多种药理活性。寡糖的活性与结构密切相关,但由于糖苷键构型、单糖组成、连接方式的多样性,常规分析手段难以得到准确结构,建立快速、可靠的分析方法仍是糖类物质研究的重点和难点。目前,对于寡糖的研究报道日益增加,但缺乏对于中草药寡糖结构和分析方法的全面总结,本文通过查阅国内外文献,对近10年来中草药中寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定、分析方法等方面进行系统的综述,有助于建立基于寡糖类成分的中药评价方法,为寡糖在中药质量控制中的应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王莹, 杨建波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**王莹 Tel:(010)53852484;E-mail:;
杨建波 Tel:(010)53852101;E-mail:
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Tel:18308251993;E-mail:

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Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240722378985100005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, companyId=1240722378972517090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖南医药学院,怀化 418000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240722383212958577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=GC-MS methylation derivatization process, figureFileSmall=AoH67qdywlY9BLCyG1MxSg==, figureFileBig=hnbMf5QmFZlIKDnjUCg1+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722383284261746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GC-MS甲基化衍生过程, figureFileSmall=AoH67qdywlY9BLCyG1MxSg==, figureFileBig=hnbMf5QmFZlIKDnjUCg1+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240722383431062387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Separation methods of oligosaccharides from different Chinese herbal medicines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寡糖品种
(types of oligosaccharide)
分离方法
(separation method)
参考文献
(reference)
葡萄籽寡糖(grape seed oligosaccharide)正己烷萃取脱脂、固相萃取、Bio-Gel P-6、Bio-Gel P-2(extraction and defatting with n-hexane,solid-phase extraction,Bio Gel P-6,Bio Gel P-2)[22]
枸杞寡糖(Fructus Lycii oligosaccharide)AB-8型大孔树脂、离子交换树脂(AB-8 macroporous resin,ion exchange resin)[23]
铁皮石斛寡糖(Dendrobium officinale oligosaccharide)石墨化碳-硅藻土柱层析、固相萃取(graphitized carbon-diatomaceous earth column chromatography,solid-phase extraction)[15]
甘草地上部分寡糖(Glcyrrhiza uralensis oligosaccharide)AB-8型大孔树脂、DEAE-52纤维素树脂、Sephadex LH-20树脂(AB-8 macroporous resin,DEAE-52 cellulose resin,Sephadex LH-20 resin)[24]
桑叶寡糖(mulberry leaf oligosaccharide)DEAE-52纤维素树脂、Sephadex G–25(DEAE-52 cellulose resin,Sephadex G-25)[25]
沙蓬寡糖(agiophyllumoligosaccharide)D 101大孔树脂、活性炭脱色(D 101 macroporous resin,activated carbon decolorization)[26]
地黄寡糖(Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide)MCI gel CHP20P脱色、Bio-Gel P2(decolorization,Bio-Gel P2)[18]
苍术寡糖(Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. oligosaccharide)D101大孔树脂、Bio-Gel P-2(D101 macroporous resin,Bio Gel P-2)[27]
地黄寡糖(Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides)超滤平板膜、纳滤卷式膜(ultrafiltration flat membrane,nanofiltration spiral-wound membrane)[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383493976948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同中草药寡糖的分离方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寡糖品种
(types of oligosaccharide)
分离方法
(separation method)
参考文献
(reference)
葡萄籽寡糖(grape seed oligosaccharide)正己烷萃取脱脂、固相萃取、Bio-Gel P-6、Bio-Gel P-2(extraction and defatting with n-hexane,solid-phase extraction,Bio Gel P-6,Bio Gel P-2)[22]
枸杞寡糖(Fructus Lycii oligosaccharide)AB-8型大孔树脂、离子交换树脂(AB-8 macroporous resin,ion exchange resin)[23]
铁皮石斛寡糖(Dendrobium officinale oligosaccharide)石墨化碳-硅藻土柱层析、固相萃取(graphitized carbon-diatomaceous earth column chromatography,solid-phase extraction)[15]
甘草地上部分寡糖(Glcyrrhiza uralensis oligosaccharide)AB-8型大孔树脂、DEAE-52纤维素树脂、Sephadex LH-20树脂(AB-8 macroporous resin,DEAE-52 cellulose resin,Sephadex LH-20 resin)[24]
桑叶寡糖(mulberry leaf oligosaccharide)DEAE-52纤维素树脂、Sephadex G–25(DEAE-52 cellulose resin,Sephadex G-25)[25]
沙蓬寡糖(agiophyllumoligosaccharide)D 101大孔树脂、活性炭脱色(D 101 macroporous resin,activated carbon decolorization)[26]
地黄寡糖(Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide)MCI gel CHP20P脱色、Bio-Gel P2(decolorization,Bio-Gel P2)[18]
苍术寡糖(Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. oligosaccharide)D101大孔树脂、Bio-Gel P-2(D101 macroporous resin,Bio Gel P-2)[27]
地黄寡糖(Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides)超滤平板膜、纳滤卷式膜(ultrafiltration flat membrane,nanofiltration spiral-wound membrane)[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383569474421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Products of glucosyl linkages in different types after periodate oxidation-Smith degradation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连接方式(linkage types)高碘酸氧化(periodate oxidation)Smith降解(Smith degradation)
1→2位连接(1,2-glycosidic bonds)消耗一分子高碘酸,且不生成甲酸(consuming one molecule of periodic acid without generating formic acid)生成甘油(generating glycerol)
1→3位连接(1,3-glycosidic bonds)无邻二羟基,不会被高碘酸氧化(no adjacent hydroxyl groups,and will not be oxidized by periodic acid)仍为原来的糖(remains the original sugar)
1→4位连接(1,4-glycosidic bonds)消耗一分子高碘酸,且不生成甲酸(consuming one molecule of periodic acid without generating formic acid)生成赤藓醇(generating erythritol)
1→6位连接(1,6-glycosidic bonds)消耗两分子高碘酸,生成一分子甲酸(consuming two molecules of periodic acid to generate one molecule of formic acid)生成甘油(generating glycerol)
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383644971894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同方式连接的葡萄糖基经高碘酸氧化-Smith降解后的产物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连接方式(linkage types)高碘酸氧化(periodate oxidation)Smith降解(Smith degradation)
1→2位连接(1,2-glycosidic bonds)消耗一分子高碘酸,且不生成甲酸(consuming one molecule of periodic acid without generating formic acid)生成甘油(generating glycerol)
1→3位连接(1,3-glycosidic bonds)无邻二羟基,不会被高碘酸氧化(no adjacent hydroxyl groups,and will not be oxidized by periodic acid)仍为原来的糖(remains the original sugar)
1→4位连接(1,4-glycosidic bonds)消耗一分子高碘酸,且不生成甲酸(consuming one molecule of periodic acid without generating formic acid)生成赤藓醇(generating erythritol)
1→6位连接(1,6-glycosidic bonds)消耗两分子高碘酸,生成一分子甲酸(consuming two molecules of periodic acid to generate one molecule of formic acid)生成甘油(generating glycerol)
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383716275063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Oligosaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine and their structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
名称
(name)
聚合度
(degree of polymerization)
来源
(source)
化学结构
(chemical structure)
参考文献
(reference)
1麦芽糖(maltose)2葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
2海藻糖(trehalose)2葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
3蔗糖(sucrose)2巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix) [48]
4蜜二糖(melibiose)2酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
5果果二糖(inulobiose)2升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
6巴戟甲素(bajijiasu)2巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix) [51]
7龙胆二糖(gentiobiose)2人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
8blastose2糖槭树液(Acer saccharum Marshall syrup) [53]
9蔗果三糖(kestose)3苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
10α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Fruf3莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
11α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α/β-D-Glcp3莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
12棉子糖(raffinose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
13松三糖(melezitose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
14龙胆糖(gentianose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
15甘露三糖(manninotriose)3酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
16果果三糖(inulotriose)3升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
17麦芽三糖(maltotriose)3北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
18α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→2)-β-Fruf(6→2)-β-Fruf3太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
19α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→4)-α-Glcp3人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
20吡喃葡糖基蔗糖(erlose)3人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [56]
21耐斯糖(nystose)4苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
22α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Fruf4莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
23水苏糖(stachyose)4地笋(Lycopus lucidus Turcz radix) [57]
24毛蕊花四糖(verbascotetraose)4酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
25果果四糖(inulotetraose)4升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
26异麦芽四糖(isomaltotetraose)4人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [58]
28麦芽四糖(maltotetraose)4北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
29α-Galp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→2)-β-Fruf(6→2)-β-Fruf4太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
30α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp(1→4)-α-Glcp4人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
31α-Fruf-(2→4)-β-Glcp-(1→2)-α-Glcp-(4→2)-Fruf4枸杞(Lycii Fructus) [59]
32(1→3,1→6)α-D-葡萄四糖4罂粟(Papaver somniferum pollen) [60]
33蔗果五糖(1F-fructo-furanosylnystose)5苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
34rehmaglupent-asaccharide A (1)5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
35rehmaglupent-asaccharide B5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
36rehmaglupent-asaccharide C5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
37rehmaglupent-asaccharide D5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
38rehmaglupent-asaccharide E5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
39rehmaglupent-asaccharide F5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
40rehmaglupent-asaccharide G5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
41毛蕊花糖(verbascose)5地参(Lycopus lucidus Turcz radix) [57]
42果果五糖(inulopentaose)5升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
43stellariose5繁缕(Stellaria media radix) [62]
44麦芽五糖(maltopentaose)5北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
45DP55太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
46马缨丹糖A(lantana A)5马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
47PFOS-16黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
48PFOS-16黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
49蔗果六糖(GF5)6苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
50果果六糖(inulohexaose)6升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
51麦芽六糖(maltohexaose)6北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
52DP66太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
53甘露六糖(mannohexaose)6铁皮石斛(Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis) [15]
54ABW90-16牛膝(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) [64]
55筋骨草糖(ajugose)6马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
56马缨丹糖B(lantana B)6马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
57蔗果七糖(GF6)7苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
58ABW50-17牛膝(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) [65]
59果果七糖(inuloheptaose)7升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
60麦芽七糖(maltoheptaose)7北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
61DP77太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
62CT70-1A7昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
63蔗果八糖(GF7)8苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
64果果八糖(inulooctaose)8升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
65GLO8灵芝(Ganoderma) [67]
66麦芽八糖(maltooctaose)8人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
67蔗果九糖(GF8)9苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
68果果九糖(inulononaose)9升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
69麦芽九糖(maltononaose)9人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
70CT70-1B9昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
71CT70-26昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
72PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
73PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
74PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
75蔗果十糖(GF9)10苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
76果果十糖(inulodecaose)10升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
77麦芽十糖(maltodecaose)10人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383829521272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中草药寡糖类化合物及结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
名称
(name)
聚合度
(degree of polymerization)
来源
(source)
化学结构
(chemical structure)
参考文献
(reference)
1麦芽糖(maltose)2葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
2海藻糖(trehalose)2葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
3蔗糖(sucrose)2巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix) [48]
4蜜二糖(melibiose)2酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
5果果二糖(inulobiose)2升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
6巴戟甲素(bajijiasu)2巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix) [51]
7龙胆二糖(gentiobiose)2人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
8blastose2糖槭树液(Acer saccharum Marshall syrup) [53]
9蔗果三糖(kestose)3苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
10α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Fruf3莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
11α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α/β-D-Glcp3莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
12棉子糖(raffinose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
13松三糖(melezitose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
14龙胆糖(gentianose)3葡萄籽(Vitis vinifera L. semen) [22]
15甘露三糖(manninotriose)3酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
16果果三糖(inulotriose)3升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
17麦芽三糖(maltotriose)3北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
18α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→2)-β-Fruf(6→2)-β-Fruf3太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
19α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→4)-α-Glcp3人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
20吡喃葡糖基蔗糖(erlose)3人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [56]
21耐斯糖(nystose)4苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
22α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Fruf4莲子(Nelumbinis Semen) [54]
23水苏糖(stachyose)4地笋(Lycopus lucidus Turcz radix) [57]
24毛蕊花四糖(verbascotetraose)4酸枣仁(Ziziphi Spinosae Semen) [49]
25果果四糖(inulotetraose)4升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
26异麦芽四糖(isomaltotetraose)4人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [58]
28麦芽四糖(maltotetraose)4北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
29α-Galp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→2)-β-Fruf(6→2)-β-Fruf4太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
30α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp-(1→6)-α-Glcp(1→4)-α-Glcp4人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
31α-Fruf-(2→4)-β-Glcp-(1→2)-α-Glcp-(4→2)-Fruf4枸杞(Lycii Fructus) [59]
32(1→3,1→6)α-D-葡萄四糖4罂粟(Papaver somniferum pollen) [60]
33蔗果五糖(1F-fructo-furanosylnystose)5苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
34rehmaglupent-asaccharide A (1)5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
35rehmaglupent-asaccharide B5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
36rehmaglupent-asaccharide C5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
37rehmaglupent-asaccharide D5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
38rehmaglupent-asaccharide E5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
39rehmaglupent-asaccharide F5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
40rehmaglupent-asaccharide G5地黄(Rehmanniae Radix) [61]
41毛蕊花糖(verbascose)5地参(Lycopus lucidus Turcz radix) [57]
42果果五糖(inulopentaose)5升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
43stellariose5繁缕(Stellaria media radix) [62]
44麦芽五糖(maltopentaose)5北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
45DP55太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
46马缨丹糖A(lantana A)5马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
47PFOS-16黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
48PFOS-16黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
49蔗果六糖(GF5)6苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
50果果六糖(inulohexaose)6升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
51麦芽六糖(maltohexaose)6北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
52DP66太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
53甘露六糖(mannohexaose)6铁皮石斛(Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis) [15]
54ABW90-16牛膝(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) [64]
55筋骨草糖(ajugose)6马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
56马缨丹糖B(lantana B)6马缨丹根(Lantana camara radix) [63]
57蔗果七糖(GF6)7苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
58ABW50-17牛膝(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) [65]
59果果七糖(inuloheptaose)7升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
60麦芽七糖(maltoheptaose)7北五味子(Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) [55]
61DP77太子参(Pseudostellariae Radix) [33]
62CT70-1A7昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
63蔗果八糖(GF7)8苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
64果果八糖(inulooctaose)8升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
65GLO8灵芝(Ganoderma) [67]
66麦芽八糖(maltooctaose)8人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
67蔗果九糖(GF8)9苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
68果果九糖(inulononaose)9升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
69麦芽九糖(maltononaose)9人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
70CT70-1B9昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
71CT70-26昆仑菊花(Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. flos) [66]
72PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
73PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
74PFOS-210黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma) [34]
75蔗果十糖(GF9)10苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma) [27]
76果果十糖(inulodecaose)10升麻(Cimicifugae Rhizoma) [50]
77麦芽十糖(maltodecaose)10人参(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) [52]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722383930184569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Application of LC in the analysis of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源
(sample source)
检测器
(detector)
检测寡糖
(detected oligosaccharides)
色谱柱
(chromatographic column)
流动相
(mobile phase)
参考文献
(reference)
苍术
(Atractylodis rhizome)
HPLC-ELSD蔗果五糖
(GF4)
Waters XBridge Amide column
(250 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm)
水(A)-乙腈(B)
[water (A)-acetonitrile (B)]
0~6 min,75%B→68%B;
6~21 min,68%B→50%B;
21~25 min,50%B→75%B;
25~30 min,75%B
[85]
铁皮石斛
(Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、麦芽糖~麦芽七糖
(sucrose,maltose-maltoheptaose)
Waters XBridge BEH Amide
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
乙腈(A)-0.1%三乙胺水溶液(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-0.1% triethylamine aqueous solution (B)]
0~18 min,12%B;
18~25 min,12%B→20%B;
25~40 min,20%B→35%B;
40~65 min,35 %B
[80]
巴戟天
Morinda officinalis How)
HPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果七糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF6)
ZORBAX NH2
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
0.1%醋酸水(A)-乙腈(B)
[0.1% acetic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B)]
0~35 min,30%B→33%B
[86]
苍术
(Atractylodis Rhizoma)
UPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果十糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF10)
ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide
(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
0.1%氨水乙腈溶液(A)-0.1% 氨水溶液(B)
[0.1% ammonia acetonitrile solution (A)-0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B)]
0~1 min,2%B→25%B;
1~7 min,25%B→30%B;
7~18 min,30%B→45%B;
18~23 min,45%B;
23~23.5 min,45%B→2%B;
23.5~28 min,2%B
[87]
地黄
(Radix Rehmanniae)
HPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蜜二糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖、水苏糖
(sucrose,melibiose,raffinose,manninotriose,stachyose)
XBridge BEH Amide
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
30%乙腈水+0.1%氨水(A)-90%乙腈水+0.1%氨水(B)
[30% acetonitrile aqueous solution+0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (A)-90% acetonitrile aqueous solution +0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B)]
0~22 min,85% B
流速(flow rate)0.6 mL · min-1
22~64 min,85%B→60%B
流速(flow rate)1.0 mL · min-1
[83]
党参
(Codonopsis Radix)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果六糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF5)
Waters XBridge™ Amide column
(250 mm×4.6mm,3.5 μm)
乙腈(A)-0.1%三乙胺水溶液(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-0.1% triethylamine aqueous solution (B)]
0~30 min,20%B→35%B;
30~45 min,35%B
[88]
牛膝
(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、蔗果三糖
(sucrose,kestose)
Asahipak NH2P-50 4E
(250 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm)
乙腈(A)-水(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-water (B)]
0~8 min,75%A;
8~10 min,75%A→71%A;
10~15 min,71%A;
15~20 min,71%A→69%A
[89]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722384009876346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LC在中草药寡糖分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源
(sample source)
检测器
(detector)
检测寡糖
(detected oligosaccharides)
色谱柱
(chromatographic column)
流动相
(mobile phase)
参考文献
(reference)
苍术
(Atractylodis rhizome)
HPLC-ELSD蔗果五糖
(GF4)
Waters XBridge Amide column
(250 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm)
水(A)-乙腈(B)
[water (A)-acetonitrile (B)]
0~6 min,75%B→68%B;
6~21 min,68%B→50%B;
21~25 min,50%B→75%B;
25~30 min,75%B
[85]
铁皮石斛
(Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、麦芽糖~麦芽七糖
(sucrose,maltose-maltoheptaose)
Waters XBridge BEH Amide
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
乙腈(A)-0.1%三乙胺水溶液(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-0.1% triethylamine aqueous solution (B)]
0~18 min,12%B;
18~25 min,12%B→20%B;
25~40 min,20%B→35%B;
40~65 min,35 %B
[80]
巴戟天
Morinda officinalis How)
HPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果七糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF6)
ZORBAX NH2
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
0.1%醋酸水(A)-乙腈(B)
[0.1% acetic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B)]
0~35 min,30%B→33%B
[86]
苍术
(Atractylodis Rhizoma)
UPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果十糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF10)
ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide
(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)
0.1%氨水乙腈溶液(A)-0.1% 氨水溶液(B)
[0.1% ammonia acetonitrile solution (A)-0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B)]
0~1 min,2%B→25%B;
1~7 min,25%B→30%B;
7~18 min,30%B→45%B;
18~23 min,45%B;
23~23.5 min,45%B→2%B;
23.5~28 min,2%B
[87]
地黄
(Radix Rehmanniae)
HPLC-ELSD蔗糖、蜜二糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖、水苏糖
(sucrose,melibiose,raffinose,manninotriose,stachyose)
XBridge BEH Amide
(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)
30%乙腈水+0.1%氨水(A)-90%乙腈水+0.1%氨水(B)
[30% acetonitrile aqueous solution+0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (A)-90% acetonitrile aqueous solution +0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B)]
0~22 min,85% B
流速(flow rate)0.6 mL · min-1
22~64 min,85%B→60%B
流速(flow rate)1.0 mL · min-1
[83]
党参
(Codonopsis Radix)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果六糖
(sucrose,kestose-GF5)
Waters XBridge™ Amide column
(250 mm×4.6mm,3.5 μm)
乙腈(A)-0.1%三乙胺水溶液(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-0.1% triethylamine aqueous solution (B)]
0~30 min,20%B→35%B;
30~45 min,35%B
[88]
牛膝
(Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix)
HPLC-CAD蔗糖、蔗果三糖
(sucrose,kestose)
Asahipak NH2P-50 4E
(250 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm)
乙腈(A)-水(B)
[acetonitrile (A)-water (B)]
0~8 min,75%A;
8~10 min,75%A→71%A;
10~15 min,71%A;
15~20 min,71%A→69%A
[89]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722384102151035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Application of LC-MS in the analysis of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源
(sample source)
检测寡糖
(detected oligosaccharide)
方法
(method)
液相条件
(liquid phase conditions)
质谱条件
(mass spectrometry conditions)
参考文献
(reference)
巴戟天、盐巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix,Morindae Officinalis Radix processed with salt)蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果十糖(sucrose,kestose-GF9)定性(qualitative):UPLC-Q TOF MS以0.1%氨水乙腈(A)-0.1%氨水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% ammonia acetonitrile (A)-0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode);电离源温度120 ℃,脱溶剂温度450 ℃(ionization source temperature 120 ℃,desolvation temperature 450 ℃)[92]
人参(Panax ginseng麦芽糖~麦芽九糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖,erlose(maltose-maltononaose,sucrose,kestose,nystose,erlose)定性(qualitative):UHPLC-Q Orbitrap MS以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);毛细管温度333 ℃,辅助气温度317 ℃(capillary temperature 333 ℃ and aux gas heater temperature 317 ℃)[56]
黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma)蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果八糖(sucrose,kestose-GF7)定性(qualitative):UHPLC-Q TOF MS以乙腈(A)-8 mmol · L-1甲酸铵水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using acetonitrile (A)-8 mmol · L-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温55 ℃(column temperature 55 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode);离子源温度120 ℃,脱溶剂气温度350 ℃(ion source temperature 120 ℃,desolvation gas temperature 350 ℃)[93]
熟地黄(Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata)蜜二糖、甘露三糖(melibiose,manninotriose)定性(qualitative):LC-MS以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式;毛细管温度350 ℃(ESI source,positive ion mode,capillary temperature 350 ℃)[94]
大豆(legumes)棉子糖、水苏糖、毛蕊花糖(raffinose,stachyose,verbascose)定量(quantitative):LC-QQQ MS/MS,MRM mode以0.1%甲酸水-0.1%甲酸乙腈(40 ∶ 60)为流动相,等度洗脱(0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (40 ∶ 60) as the mobile phase,isocratic elution)ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);鞘气温度350 ℃,干燥气温度340 ℃(sheath gas temperature 350 ℃,drying gas temperature 340 ℃)[95]
北五味子(Schisandra chinensis麦芽糖~麦芽七糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖(maltose-maltoheptaose,sucrose,kestose,nystose)定量(quantitative):UPLC-QQQ MS,MRM mode以0.1%甲酸溶液(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);毛细管温度340 ℃(capillary temperature 340 ℃)[55]
人参(ginseng)蔗糖、麦芽糖~麦芽四糖、异麦芽糖~异麦芽四糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖(sucros,maltose-maltotetraose,isomaltose -isomaltotetraose,kestose,nystose)定量(quantitative):LC-MS/MS,MRM mode以0.02%氨水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0.02% ammonia aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温40 ℃(column temperature 40 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式,雾化温度350 ℃(ESI source,positive ion mode,atomization temperature 350 ℃)[96]
当归(Angelica蔗糖(sucros)定量(quantify):UPLC-Q TOF MS以水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[water (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温40 ℃(column temperature 40 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode)[97]
地黄(Rehmannia蔗糖、蜜二糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖、水苏糖(sucros,melibiose,raffinose,manninotriose,stachyose)定量(quantify):UPLC-Q TOF MS以67%甲醇与1.25%氢氧化铵混合溶液(A)-乙腈与1.25%氢氧化铵混合溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[67% methanol and 1.25% ammonium hydroxide mixed solution (A)-acetonitrile and 1.25% ammonium hydroxide mixed solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温60 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式;(ESI source,negative ion mode)[97]
), ArticleFig(id=1240722384190231420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240709663134634159, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

LC-MS在中草药寡糖分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源
(sample source)
检测寡糖
(detected oligosaccharide)
方法
(method)
液相条件
(liquid phase conditions)
质谱条件
(mass spectrometry conditions)
参考文献
(reference)
巴戟天、盐巴戟天(Morindae Officinalis Radix,Morindae Officinalis Radix processed with salt)蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果十糖(sucrose,kestose-GF9)定性(qualitative):UPLC-Q TOF MS以0.1%氨水乙腈(A)-0.1%氨水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% ammonia acetonitrile (A)-0.1% ammonia aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode);电离源温度120 ℃,脱溶剂温度450 ℃(ionization source temperature 120 ℃,desolvation temperature 450 ℃)[92]
人参(Panax ginseng麦芽糖~麦芽九糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖,erlose(maltose-maltononaose,sucrose,kestose,nystose,erlose)定性(qualitative):UHPLC-Q Orbitrap MS以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);毛细管温度333 ℃,辅助气温度317 ℃(capillary temperature 333 ℃ and aux gas heater temperature 317 ℃)[56]
黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma)蔗糖、蔗果三糖~蔗果八糖(sucrose,kestose-GF7)定性(qualitative):UHPLC-Q TOF MS以乙腈(A)-8 mmol · L-1甲酸铵水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using acetonitrile (A)-8 mmol · L-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温55 ℃(column temperature 55 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode);离子源温度120 ℃,脱溶剂气温度350 ℃(ion source temperature 120 ℃,desolvation gas temperature 350 ℃)[93]
熟地黄(Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata)蜜二糖、甘露三糖(melibiose,manninotriose)定性(qualitative):LC-MS以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase]
柱温30 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式;毛细管温度350 ℃(ESI source,positive ion mode,capillary temperature 350 ℃)[94]
大豆(legumes)棉子糖、水苏糖、毛蕊花糖(raffinose,stachyose,verbascose)定量(quantitative):LC-QQQ MS/MS,MRM mode以0.1%甲酸水-0.1%甲酸乙腈(40 ∶ 60)为流动相,等度洗脱(0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (40 ∶ 60) as the mobile phase,isocratic elution)ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);鞘气温度350 ℃,干燥气温度340 ℃(sheath gas temperature 350 ℃,drying gas temperature 340 ℃)[95]
北五味子(Schisandra chinensis麦芽糖~麦芽七糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖(maltose-maltoheptaose,sucrose,kestose,nystose)定量(quantitative):UPLC-QQQ MS,MRM mode以0.1%甲酸溶液(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A)-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]ESI源,正离子模式(ESI source,positive ion mode);毛细管温度340 ℃(capillary temperature 340 ℃)[55]
人参(ginseng)蔗糖、麦芽糖~麦芽四糖、异麦芽糖~异麦芽四糖、蔗果三糖、耐斯糖(sucros,maltose-maltotetraose,isomaltose -isomaltotetraose,kestose,nystose)定量(quantitative):LC-MS/MS,MRM mode以0.02%氨水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0.02% ammonia aqueous solution (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温40 ℃(column temperature 40 ℃)
ESI源,正离子模式,雾化温度350 ℃(ESI source,positive ion mode,atomization temperature 350 ℃)[96]
当归(Angelica蔗糖(sucros)定量(quantify):UPLC-Q TOF MS以水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[water (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温40 ℃(column temperature 40 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式(ESI source,negative ion mode)[97]
地黄(Rehmannia蔗糖、蜜二糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖、水苏糖(sucros,melibiose,raffinose,manninotriose,stachyose)定量(quantify):UPLC-Q TOF MS以67%甲醇与1.25%氢氧化铵混合溶液(A)-乙腈与1.25%氢氧化铵混合溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[67% methanol and 1.25% ammonium hydroxide mixed solution (A)-acetonitrile and 1.25% ammonium hydroxide mixed solution (B) as the mobile phase,gradient elution]
柱温60 ℃(column temperature 30 ℃)
ESI源,负离子模式;(ESI source,negative ion mode)[97]
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中草药寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定及分析方法研究进展*
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郭鸿 1 , 么蕊 1 , 范晶 1 , 郭晓晗 1 , 陈佳 1 , 段宝忠 2 , 王莹 1, ** , 杨建波 1, ** , 蔡伟 3 , 荆文光 1 , 程显隆 1 , 魏锋 1
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025,45(3): 361-391
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025, 45(3): 361-391
中草药寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定及分析方法研究进展*
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郭鸿1 , 么蕊1, 范晶1, 郭晓晗1, 陈佳1, 段宝忠2, 王莹1, ** , 杨建波1, ** , 蔡伟3, 荆文光1, 程显隆1, 魏锋1
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 100050
  • 2.大理大学药学院,大理 671000
  • 3.湖南医药学院,怀化 418000
  • Tel:18308251993;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**王莹 Tel:(010)53852484;E-mail:;
杨建波 Tel:(010)53852101;E-mail:
Research progress on extraction, isolation, structural identification and analytical methods of oligosaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine*
Hong GUO1 , Rui YAO1, Jing FAN1, Xiao-han GUO1, Jia CHEN1, Bao-zhong DUAN2, Ying WANG1, ** , Jian-bo YANG1, ** , Wei CAI3, Wen-guang JING1, Xian-long CHENG1, Feng WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. College of Pharmaceutical Science,Dali University, Dali 671000, China
  • 3. Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1061
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寡糖是中草药中来源丰富的一类活性成分,具有抗抑郁,抗阿尔茨海默病等临床功效以及降血糖、润肠通便、增强免疫等多种药理活性。寡糖的活性与结构密切相关,但由于糖苷键构型、单糖组成、连接方式的多样性,常规分析手段难以得到准确结构,建立快速、可靠的分析方法仍是糖类物质研究的重点和难点。目前,对于寡糖的研究报道日益增加,但缺乏对于中草药寡糖结构和分析方法的全面总结,本文通过查阅国内外文献,对近10年来中草药中寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定、分析方法等方面进行系统的综述,有助于建立基于寡糖类成分的中药评价方法,为寡糖在中药质量控制中的应用提供参考。

中草药  /  寡糖  /  提取分离  /  结构鉴定  /  分析方法  /  质量控制

Oligosaccharides are a class of bioactive components abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. They have clinical effects such as antidepressant and anti-Alzheimer’s disease activities, as well as pharmacological activities such as hypoglycemic, laxative, and immune-enhancing effects. The bioactivity of oligosaccharides is closely related to their structure. However, due to the diversity of glycosidic bond configurations, monosaccharide compositions and linkage patterns, it is difficult to accurately determine their structures by conventional analytical methods. Establishing rapid and reliable analytical methods remains a key challenge in carbohydrate research.Although studies on oligosaccharides are increasing, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the structure and analytical methods of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress over the past decade on extraction, separation, structure identification and analytical methods of oligosaccharides in Chinese herbal medicine by consulting domestic and foreign literatures. This review aims to contribute to the development of evaluation method of traditional Chinese medicine based on oligosaccharide components, and provide reference for their application in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

Chinese herbal medicine  /  oligosaccharides  /  extraction and separation  /  structure identification  /  analytical methods  /  quality control
郭鸿, 么蕊, 范晶, 郭晓晗, 陈佳, 段宝忠, 王莹, 杨建波, 蔡伟, 荆文光, 程显隆, 魏锋. 中草药寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定及分析方法研究进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (3) : 361 -391 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1061
Hong GUO, Rui YAO, Jing FAN, Xiao-han GUO, Jia CHEN, Bao-zhong DUAN, Ying WANG, Jian-bo YANG, Wei CAI, Wen-guang JING, Xian-long CHENG, Feng WEI. Research progress on extraction, isolation, structural identification and analytical methods of oligosaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (3) : 361 -391 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1061
寡糖又名低聚糖,是由2~10个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的直链或者支链聚糖,在自然界中分布广泛,且参与生物体的各种生理过程。随着对中药作用模式的深入探索,研究表明中药寡糖具有降血糖[1],润肠通便[2],免疫调节[3],抗骨质疏松[4],调节肠道菌群[5]等药理活性。目前临床上一些治疗疾病的药物存在着不良反应严重的问题[6],来源于天然的糖类成分相比其他活性物质安全性更高[7],具有稳定,无毒副作用等优点,已成为药物开发的重点,有望给人类疾病的研究和治疗带来新的突破。铁皮石斛中的寡糖是发挥抗结肠癌活性的物质基础,对应的核心化学结构为β-D-Manp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp[8]。熟地黄寡糖能够降低高脂饮食大鼠的血糖和血脂水平,改善糖脂代谢以及应激引起的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)功能受损[9]
质量控制是保证中药寡糖安全性和有效性的关键,巴戟天寡糖胶囊作为我国具有独立自主知识产权的中药五类抗抑郁症新药,由北京同仁堂股份有限公司与军事医学科学院等机构共同研制,已被批准用于临床治疗轻中度抑郁症(肾阳虚证),2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》 (简称《中国药典》)也以特征性的四糖耐斯糖作为巴戟天的含量测定物[10],可靠的分析手段对于建立基于结构特征的中药寡糖质量控制方法至关重要。中药寡糖的研究包括制备、分离纯化、结构鉴定等一系列工作,由于寡糖本身没有紫外吸收,加上复杂的异构体和支链结构,使得寡糖的分析相比其他成分更加困难,传统的分析方法包括化学法、核磁共振波谱法、红外吸收光谱法、色谱法、质谱法。但当下少有对中草药寡糖研究方法系统性的概括,也缺乏来源于中草药寡糖的化学成分总结,基于此,本文检索了中国知网、PubMed、Scopus、SciFinder、Wiley Online Library等中英文数据库,总结了中草药寡糖的提取分离、结构鉴定方法,期望为中药寡糖的开发和利用提供参考。
提取分离是研究寡糖结构、成分、药理活性的基础,从中草药里获得寡糖的主要方式有天然原料中提取(醇提、水提、超声提取、微波提取法)和多糖降解(不同酶或酸、过氧化氢),得到总寡糖后,再结合色谱法、膜分离等多种方法得到纯化的单一寡糖。
醇提法能够减少多糖等大分子的提出,但乙醇消耗量较大,不适合寡糖的大规模制备;水提法操作简单,成本低,且与中草药临床上煎煮使用的特性相一致;微波和超声波辅助提取能够缩短时间,提高提取效率;酶法降解可以切断特定的糖苷键,条件温和,但酶的来源受限,价格较为昂贵,且未知结构的多糖难以选择相应的酶;多糖在酸性溶液中糖苷键易断裂分解成聚合度不同的寡糖,酸降解方法会受酸种类、酸浓度、底物浓度、水解时间和温度等条件影响[11]
采用不同制备方法得到的中草药寡糖可能有一定的差异,需要考虑中草药提取量、药材性质,结合实验室设备进行选择。Xiong等[12]对比了热水、超声辅助、酶解和微波辅助提取4种方法对吴茱萸寡糖的理化性质、结构特征、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性的影响,发现酶解法的寡糖得率最高,微波辅助提取的寡糖有相对更强的抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。
中草药成分复杂,糖类物质极性较高,导致纯化相对困难[13],只采用一步分离往往达不到很高的纯度,需根据寡糖分子量大小,是否带电荷,结合后续研究需求,选用多种分离方法。粗寡糖的获取常常采用水提醇沉法,加入一定量乙醇使终浓度为60%~80%[14-15],常用的分离方法还有葡聚糖凝胶层析、石墨化碳柱色谱、高效毛细管电泳、活性炭柱、纤维柱、硅胶柱、离子交换色谱等[16],凝胶色谱法利用分子筛作用,根据待分离寡糖的大小不同进行分离[17],操作条件温和,应用广泛。离子交换色谱灵敏度高,重复性,选择性好,分析速度快,常与PAD联用。大孔吸附树脂选择性好,吸附速度快,解吸条件温和,常用于中草药寡糖的纯化脱色。活性炭柱层析常用于寡糖的初步分离和大量制备。毛细管电泳法以高压直流电场为驱动力,对样品的制备要求低,但对复杂混合物的分辨率较差。
各种分离方法中,色谱法分离效果明显,操作简单,获得了广泛应用。葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G25可用于脱盐、分离相对分子质量在1 000~5 000的糖类;Sephadex LH20可分离相对分子质量150~4 000的糖类物质,Sephadex G15和羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶Bio-Gel P2能有效分离相对分子质量在150~1 800的寡糖[18]
膜分离技术利用膜的选择透过性,对寡糖进行分离、分级、提纯和富集[19],具有高效节能的特点,不同孔径的膜可用于分离不同分子量范围的寡糖,能够应用于大规模工业化的分离。微滤膜的孔径在0.05~10 μm范围,一般用于寡糖分离纯化的前处理过程,最常用的膜材料有聚醚砜(PES)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)。超滤的膜孔径在0.01~0.1 μm,可除去蛋白质、多糖等大分子,常用于寡糖的分级、浓缩。纳滤膜的孔径在1 nm左右,能够截留相对分子质量150~2 000的小分子,适用于不同聚合度寡糖的分离[20]。张蕙竹[11]使用超滤膜分离酶解后的西洋参寡糖,得到相对分子质量为1 361且分布均一的寡糖。
需注意的是,不同分离方法获得的寡糖种类可能存在一定差异,邱建国等[21]分别用阴、阳离子交换树脂与活性炭联用及单独用活性炭分离地黄寡糖,前者用10%乙醇洗脱,主要成分为水苏糖;而活性炭分离出的主要成分为甘露三糖。文献报道的一些寡糖分离方法总结见表1
中草药寡糖的生物活性与其结构密切相关,确定活性寡糖的组成和结构是寡糖药效研究中不可缺少的一部分,也是糖类物质研究的热点和难点[29]。技术难点主要是由于糖类化合物中存在着大量的位置异构体和差向异构体,相对于DNA和氨基酸的直链型序列,寡糖的支链结构使得解析难度大大增加[30]。Laine[31]曾计算出,仅六糖可能的直链和支链异构体数量,已超过1.05×1012种。目前结构鉴定主要针对于中草药寡糖的一级结构,包括分子量、单糖组成、糖苷键连接方式及构型。
高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)常配备示差折光检测器(RID),用于寡糖的纯度分析和分子量测定,由于不同分子量寡糖的洗脱保留时间有一定差异,选取与样品结构相似的对照品寡糖(通常为葡聚糖系列标准品)制成标准曲线为参考,获得校正曲线来估计分子量。Bai等[3]在配备有TSKPWxl-2500凝胶柱和Agilent 1260折光率检测器的HPGPC上,测定了党参寡糖的平均分子量为318,对应聚合度为2。
质谱能够为复杂的中草药样品提供精确分子量等信息,是目前寡糖分子量测定常用的方法。Bai等[32]采用ESI-MS/MS,在负离子模式下检测到了党参中聚合度为3~9的寡糖。Hu等[33]借助LC-Q TOF MS/MS,分析了太子参中的8种寡糖,聚合度为2~7。He等[34]采用MALDI-TOF MS对黄精寡糖进行了相对分子质量测定,2种寡糖的m/z分别为1 029.440(钾和水的加合物)、1 663.766(钠和水的加合物),聚合度分别为6、10。
Seliwanoff试剂是间二苯酚的盐酸溶液,可用于定性检测样品中是否含有果糖(己酮糖)。寡糖水解后,己酮糖进一步脱水生成羟甲基糠醛,与间二苯酚反应变红,以不同浓度的果糖对照品作标准曲线,通过测定吸收度,还可得到寡糖中果糖的含量。
寡糖在酸性热条件下水解为单糖,可通过氮吹或者旋蒸除去多余的有机酸。水解后的还原糖能够与PMP(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮)溶液反应,生成“糖-PMP衍生物”,在248 nm附近有紫外吸收信号。通过比较寡糖样品与衍生化的单糖标准品,可确定单糖的组成和比例。Wang等[35]采用响应面法优化并比较了葡萄糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇等16种糖类物质与PMP试剂反应的最佳温度、时间,推测果糖不能反应的原因可能是羰基更稳定以及羟甲基的空间位阻。Zhu等[36]通过PMP衍生化,确定茯苓寡糖水解后的单糖主要有半乳糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和甘露糖。
糖类是多羟基物质,高碘酸可以特异性地断裂连有邻二羟基的C-C键,反应比为1 ∶ 1,糖苷键连接位点处的键不会受影响,不同连接方式可能生成糖醛、甲醛或甲酸。高碘酸氧化产物经硼氢化钠(NaBH4)等硼氢化合物还原,生成多羟基化合物,加酸水解糖苷键,可能生成甘油、赤藓醇、乙二醇等物质,如表2所示。因此,通过检测高碘酸消耗量及Smith降解生成的产物,可以判断糖苷键的连接位置、聚合度、分支数等信息[37]
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)法常用于检测寡糖的糖苷键构型,表征官能团,确定醛糖、酮糖中的吡喃或呋喃环。由于寡糖中含有大量羟基,各分子间形成氢键彼此相连,因此在3 500~3 200 cm-1处有1个强而宽的吸收峰,归属为O-H的伸缩振动;3 000~2 850 cm-1处的谱带是C-H的拉伸振动;1 740 cm-1附近是糖醛酸的特征吸收,存在吸收带表明寡糖结构中有酸性寡糖[34]。不同构型的糖苷键在800~950 cm-1处有1个或者几个弱的吸收信号,(844±8)cm-1处的峰对应α构型,(891±7)cm-1处的峰对应β构型。此外,1 100~1 010 cm-1处的峰可以判断吡喃糖和呋喃糖,吡喃糖基在该区域有3个吸收峰,而呋喃糖只有2个吸收峰。
Zhu等[36]用红外光谱法对茯苓寡糖进行了结构鉴定,1 158.77、1 073.65和1 027.97 cm-1处的吸收带表明吡喃糖的存在。党参寡糖800~1 000 cm-1处的吸收峰值表明存在呋喃环,923.8、867.6 和 818.6 cm-1处的吸收归因于寡糖的β构型[3]。田家屹等[38]用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR),在4 000~400 cm-1范围内采集鲜地黄、生地黄与熟地黄的红外光谱,根据样品与糖类标准品糖区特征峰的不同范围与形状,计算了二阶导数红外光谱,鲜地黄炮制过程中多糖发生水解生成寡糖及单糖。ATR-FTIR法相较于一般红外光谱法,制样更为简洁,无需压片,拓展了红外光谱的应用范围[39]
核磁共振波谱(NMR)常用于确定寡糖链的连接顺序和位置、糖苷键构型、糖残基种类及数目等。寡糖结构中含C、H、O原子,一维核磁共振波谱(1D-NMR)主要用于糖苷键构型和单糖数量的分析,1D-1H谱可初步得到不同糖残基数目比,1D-13C谱可得到异头碳原子信号、构型构象、取代基位置等信息[40],DEPT谱可以区分寡糖中的仲碳、叔碳、季碳。但寡糖类物质的1D-NMR图重叠较为严重,需要借助二维核磁共振波谱(2D-NMR)技术来提供更多信息,1H-1H COSY谱可提供相邻碳上的氢原子信息;HMQC与HSQC可以给出直接相连的C-H之间的信息。HMBC能提供相隔2根或3根化学键的碳原子和氢原子之间的信息,可以用于区分异头碳与非异头碳信号;1H-1H TOCSY、DQF-COSY可有效确定糖残基种类; 1H-1H NOESY和1H-13C HMBC谱可以确定糖残基之间的连接顺序[41]
Zhu等[36]采用一维和二维核磁技术对茯苓中的低聚糖进行结构测定,1H NMR和13C NMR谱化学位移分别集中在δ 3.0~δ 5.4和δ 60~δ 120,分布较窄,具有典型的糖类特征,13C NMR光谱中糖醛酸的特征信号在δ 170处,δ 92~δ 102.55范围内的异头碳信号说明α-(δ 90~δ 100)和β-(δ 100~δ 110)糖苷构型的同时存在,结合HSQC、HMBC、1H-1H COSY谱图,推测茯苓低聚糖的糖残基主要包括(1→2)-β-D-Glcp,(1→2)-α-D-Glcp和(1→4)-α-D-Glcp。Xing等[42]利用1D和2D NMR分析从奇亚籽中纯化得到的三糖,对采集的一系列2D-NMR图(COSY、TOCSY、ROESY、HSQC、HMBC)进行完整分配,识别了残基α-D-Glcp-(1→、α-D-Galp-(1→、→6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→以及单糖的序列,鉴定该寡糖为车前三糖。
气相色谱结合质谱联用技术(GC-MS)广泛应用于寡糖的糖残基连接位置分析。由于寡糖为难挥发物质,需先进行衍生化处理降低极性,常用的衍生化方法有甲基化、三甲基硅烷(TMS)、酰基化等。寡糖样品经甲基化衍生、水解、还原、乙酰化后,结合GC-MS分析,可以推断寡糖样品的单糖组成和大致的连接位点,其原理及流程如图1所示。
Gao等[43]从猴头菇中分离纯化出1个寡糖组分Hep-2,通过柱前衍生化方法分析单糖组成,葡萄糖和半乳糖比例为1 ∶ 0.35,是多个直链寡糖的混合物,可能存在→1)-Galp、(1→4)-Glcp及(1→6)-Galp连接。Bai等[3]采用三甲基硅烷柱前衍生结合GC-MS分析从党参中提取的寡糖,单糖组成为葡萄糖和果糖。
不同连接位点的寡糖有不同的跨环裂解方式和途径,结合二级质谱特征碎片,可以判断寡糖的连接位点。1→1连接时,由于异头碳上的羟基成键,形成的非还原环不易断裂,难以产生环内裂解碎片[44]。1→2连接的寡糖中性丢失120的碎片,1→3连接的寡糖丢失90的碎片,1→4连接丢失60、78、120的碎片,1→6连接丢失60、90、120的碎片[45-46],刘宇冲等[47]通过ESI-Q Exactive-MS在正离子模式下分析了黄芪中聚合度2~9和10~14的寡糖,10~14糖中均有1→4和1→6连接方式,推测这2种连接方式共存是黄芪寡糖发挥免疫活性的关键。
人参、地黄、巴戟天等药材寡糖含量丰富,相关研究较多。表3总结了从中药里分离鉴定出的寡糖结构,来源于植物的寡糖主要由葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、甘露糖4种六碳糖组成。
目前中草药寡糖的分析方法主要有薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、质谱法等。对于中草药糖类的定性定量方法已有学者进行综述[68],但大都集中在单糖及多糖,缺乏对寡糖的系统性总结。
薄层色谱(TLC)法能够通过比移值定性纯化出的寡糖,是一种成本低,耗时短的鉴定方法。通过对斑点颜色的检测,还可以用于定量分析,所需样品量少,但重现性较差。刘桂馨等[69]借助TLC检测不同酸降解条件下茯苓多糖的3种单糖及部分寡糖的变化,并结合TLC扫描仪对展开的斑点进行定量检测。陈芷馨等[70]采用高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)法对4种发酵虫草菌粉胶囊的寡糖进行快速分析,宁心宝胶囊中主要寡糖为α-1,4-葡聚寡糖。Singh等[71]开发了1种基于HPTIC测定菊粉水解产物中低聚果糖含量的方法,使用丁醇-乙醇-水(60 ∶ 24 ∶ 16)等度洗脱,具有良好的准确性。
GC-MS广泛应用于可溶性糖组分的定性和定量分析研究[72],Daniela等[22]从葡萄籽中提取分离出寡糖,将三糖部分乙酰化,以硼氢化钠为还原剂,乙酸酐和1-甲基咪唑为催化剂进行乙酰化反应,后进行GC-qMS分析,首次从葡萄籽中鉴定出龙胆糖。Soledad等[73]结合硅烷化和GC-MS/MS,对橄榄茎、叶、果实中的蔗糖、麦芽三糖、棉子糖、水苏糖及单糖进行了定性和定量分析。
液相色谱法分析速度快,结果准确,是糖类定量测定和定性鉴别最有效的方法之一[74]表4总结了不同文献采用液相色谱法分析中草药寡糖的流动相条件等。
RID是一种传统的检测器,在糖类物质鉴别中应用较多,线性和稳定性良好,常与体积排阻色谱法等分离技术联用,其主要缺点是不能进行梯度洗脱,检测结果受流动相、温度、流速等条件的影响较大[75-76]。蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)是寡糖研究中最常用的检测器,可以进行梯度洗脱,但灵敏度和稳定性欠佳。电喷雾式检测器(CAD)的响应不依赖于待分析物结构的强发色团,定量限、灵敏度、重现性和线性优于ELSD和RID,故而成为目前寡糖测定的有力工具[1577],已被用于对党参[78]、太子参[79]、铁皮石斛[80]等中的系列寡糖进行分析。马百平等[81]建立了一种UHPLC-CAD方法,考察了色谱柱、流动相、洗脱条件、流速和色谱柱温度对于分离效果的影响,最终以乙腈为有机相,流速0.5 mL · min-1,柱温30 ℃,分析了9种中性寡糖对照品,并将该方法成功应用于巴戟天、酸枣仁、薄荷、野菊花、山楂、鸭跖草6种中药中的寡糖检测。
脉冲安培检测器是1种电化学检测器,糖类物质在pH 12~14时呈现轻微的酸性,羟基在碱性条件下转化为含氧阴离子,通过高效阴离子交换柱实现选择性分离。在寡糖分析中,脉冲安培检测器常与高效阴离子交换色谱 (HPAEC-PAD)结合,用于糖醛酸和中性糖类的检测[82],Cui等[50]运用HPACE-PAD,结合MALDI-TOF MS,确定了从升麻中分离出的26种低聚糖的分子量与聚合度,并进行了定量测定,检测限和定量限分别在0.002 8~0.012 5 μmol · L-1和0.008 3~0.062 5 μmol · L-1
亲水作用色谱(HILIC)采用极性的固定相和流动相,在分析未经衍生化的寡糖等水溶性极性化合物方面发挥着重要作用。常以氨基或酰胺柱作为固定相,酰胺柱重复性好、pH范围广[83],且不会与还原糖发生反应。乙腈是最为常用的有机相,它截止吸收波长低、不提供或接受质子、也不会与固定相发生氢键作用[84]。水相比例一般在3%~30%,水相比例过高,糖类在色谱柱上保留减弱,过低则固定相表面无法形成水膜进行液液分配。
液质联用(LC-MS)技术结合了LC的高分离能力以及MS独特的选择性、灵敏度[90],能够实现中草药寡糖的快速分析,LC-MS在中草药分析中的应用见表5。常用的MS离子源有电喷雾电离源(ESI)和基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDI)。ESI是目前最软的电离方式之一,可以提供寡糖的分子量信息。MALDI-MS的灵敏度、分辨率高,对盐和缓冲液的耐受性高,是目前寡糖分析强大而广泛的一种工具[91]。离子迁移质谱(IM-MS)是1种新型的二维质谱分析技术,能够根据离子的质量、电荷、大小和形状进行分离,近年来广泛用于糖类的结构和活性研究。
唐湘华等[98]利用MALDI-TOF MS对膜分离后的魔芋寡糖进行成分分析,从一级质谱图中可以检测到聚合度2~20的糖,其中,三糖的比例最高,达21.5%。研究者们开发了激光解吸/电离质谱(LDI-MS),用碳纳米材料、硅纳米材料、金属有机框架(MOFs)、量子点等无机纳米材料代替有机基质[99],解决MALDI-MS分析小分子寡糖的电离干扰问题[100]。Luo等[101]用钯纳米颗粒修饰了硫醇功能化金属有机骨架纳米复合材料,作为LDI-MS的基质,成功用于3批亚洲人参和西洋参中蔗糖、麦芽糖的鉴别和定量。
清华大学欧阳证教授团队[102]提出了1种超高场离子云扫描技术,对海藻糖、麦芽糖、纤维二糖、乳糖4种二糖异构体进行了结构分析,并成功分离了串联质谱中碎裂模式相同的乳糖和纤维二糖混合物。邵思梦[96]通过建立16种单糖及寡糖标准品的离子迁移率色谱图,鉴定了不同人参中的寡糖成分,结合PMP衍生和IM-MS/MS分析,推测了5种未知寡糖的可能结构。
敞开式离子化质谱(AI-MS)可以避免复杂的样品前处理,进行实时直接分析,简便快速,环保,灵敏度高,且能与各种质谱仪器联用[103]。刘晓宁等[104]用MALDI-MS分析桑叶中的寡糖等小分子成分在组织中的空间分布,发现单糖(m/z 219.02)和二糖(m/z 381.07)主要分布在桑叶叶脉中。
基于糖类成分的研究一直以来都是药物领域的重要方向,在中药质量控制方面,2020年版《中国药典》中共有11种药材以多糖含量作为质量评价指标,包括云芝、玉竹、石斛、百合、灵芝、昆布、金樱子、枸杞子、铁皮石斛、海藻、黄精,采用无水葡萄糖、甘露糖或岩藻糖对照品,对总糖含量进行测定,但该种方法存在专属性和准确性不佳的问题[105]。近年来,基于特征降解糖谱和标记寡糖分析中药质量的研究不断发展,寡糖有着比多糖更明确的结构,分子量低,生物利用度更高[106],且部分寡糖也呈现出与多糖相似甚至优于多糖的活性,有望开发作为评价药材质量的指标成分。Liu等[107]研究了分子量对于灵芝葡聚糖治疗小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的影响,发现微波降解后聚合度在2~26的灵芝低聚糖活性优于高分子量的灵芝多糖。Zhang等[27]发现从苍术中分离的聚合度3~9的寡糖对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用优于8~11和11~17的组分及寡糖单体。寡糖作为巴戟天的有效成分,占药材干重的20%以上[108],四糖耐斯糖也是巴戟天药材质量控制的标志物。可见,对于糖类物质含量高的药材,建立基于结构特征的中药寡糖质量控制方法存在可行性。
寡糖以其独特的活性及本身的安全性,有着巨大的潜力,从中草药制备的寡糖可进一步开发作为评价药材质量的指标成分。目前,关于中草药寡糖的全面综述较少,基于此,本文从中草药寡糖的制备、分离纯化、结构鉴定、分析方法等方面进行了系统归纳和总结,期望进一步推动中药寡糖的研究与应用。
提取分离是寡糖研究的前提,水提法成本低廉,契合中草药临床使用的方式,但多糖和蛋白质的共同提出会给后续研究带来一定困难。结构解析是研究寡糖构效关系的基础,受寡糖的组成、连接位点、异构体和支链结构多样性的限制,稳定、可靠的检测方法始终是制约其发展的瓶颈,单糖组成和序列分析依赖于衍生法、化学法,缺乏快速鉴别的技术和通用检测方法。现阶段,在对未知寡糖的结构进行测定时,常常结合NMR、IR、HPLC、MS等多种方法互相印证,其中,LC和MS有分析速度快,灵敏度高的优点,有望进一步开发新型适用于糖类物质的分析方法。寡糖的绝对定量需要可靠的标准品,但由于中药复杂的成分及糖链组成,大规模的制备与分离仍然存在困难。
  • *国家自然基金青年资助项目(82204617)
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院学科带头人培养基金课题(2023x8)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1061
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
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*国家自然基金青年资助项目(82204617)
中国食品药品检定研究院学科带头人培养基金课题(2023x8)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 100050
    2.大理大学药学院,大理 671000
    3.湖南医药学院,怀化 418000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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