Article(id=1240688789530669844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240688783964819588, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710518400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773732858307, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1727625600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773732858307, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773732858307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773732858307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240688783964819588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1463', pageEnd='1645', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773732856979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773733032821, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240689521587712627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240688783964819588, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240689521587712628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240688783964819588, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1475, endPage=1484, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240688789807493910, articleId=1240688789530669844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=GC-MS analysis of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities, columnId=1239256891872833779, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Ingredient Analysi, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To analyze the fractions and relative contents of volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods, to elucidate the dynamic pattern of changes in the chemical composition of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods, and to evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods: The volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods was extracted by water vapour distillation, and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, and the relative content of each constituent was calculated. The constituents of Magnoliae Flos at the five harvesting periods were analyzed by PLS-DA analysis, which was used in combination with the VIP value to screen out the differential compounds. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oil of Magnoliae Flos was determined by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, and its in vitro antimicrobial activity was investigated by 96-well plate method. Results: The total volatile oils content of Magnoliae Flos was the highest in samples at the 4th harvesting period (10 February 2023). Thirty-eight components were identified in the volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos, and 12 differential compounds were screened, including γ-muurolene, elemene, δ-cadinene and α-terpineol, etc. The relative contents of γ-muurolene, alloaeromadendrene, borneol, camphor and cis-4-thujanol were the largest in samples at the 4th harvesting period, which was basically in line with the trend of the change of volatile oil content. The volatile oils in samples at five harvesting period showed certain antioxidant and antibacterial activities. And that in samples at the 4th harvesting period showed the strongest antioxidant activity and the inhibition ability against all five species of bacteria. Conclusion: The chemical composition of the volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos was basically the same in in samples at five harvesting periods, but there is a significant difference in the relative content of its volatile components in each harvesting period, and it is presumed that the beginning of February is the optimal harvesting period for Magnoliae Flos.

, correspAuthors=Yu-guang ZHENG, Dong-lai MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie-min WANG, Hao-chuan GUO, Meng-wei ZHAO, Hui-gai SUN, Yong-xing SONG, Yu-guang ZHENG, Dong-lai MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240688793737556852, articleId=1240688789530669844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS分析及其抗氧化、抗菌活性, columnId=1206272756476342615, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=成分分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:分析不同采收期辛夷挥发油的组分和相对含量,探讨5个采收期辛夷化学成分的动态变化规律,并评价其抗氧化、抗菌活性。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法对5个采收期辛夷药材进行挥发油提取,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分,并计算各成分的相对含量;对5个采收期辛夷的成分进行偏最小二乘法判别分析,筛选出差异性化合物;采用铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法测定辛夷挥发油的抗氧化活性,96孔板法研究其体外抗菌活性。结果:第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷药材总挥发油平均含量最高;从辛夷挥发油中鉴定出38个成分,筛选得到12个差异性化合物,包括γ-衣兰油烯、榄香烯、δ-杜松烯、α-松油醇等,其中γ-衣兰油烯、别香橙烯、2-茨醇、樟脑和顺式-4-侧柏醇在第4采收期相对含量最大,与挥发油含量变化趋势基本一致;5个采收期辛夷挥发油均表现出一定的抗氧化、抗菌活性,第4采收期抗氧化能力最强,且对五种菌的抑制作用均较强。结论:5个采收期辛夷挥发油化学成分基本相同,但在各采收阶段其挥发性成分相对含量有明显差异,推测2月初为辛夷最佳采收期。

, correspAuthors=郑玉光, 马东来, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 马东来 Tel: 13831193865; E-mail: ;
郑玉光 Tel: (0311)89926316; E-mail:
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Tel: 15030331834; E-mail:

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J Third Mil Med Univ201335(19):2077, articleTitle=In vitro anti-bacterial activities of R-and S-linalool, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240704454094286941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, awardId=23372504D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省重点研发计划项目(23372504D), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240704454178173026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, awardId=2024094, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省中医药管理局科研计划项目(2024094), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240704454434025574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, awardId=HBCT2023080201, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(HBCT2023080201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240704454538883182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, awardId=HBCT2018060205, language=CN, 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different harvesting periods, figureFileSmall=ktaaHfO1GlerQe9+wrTIlA==, figureFileBig=sKLNLiIa3ti1baJX9HDsZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704450894033913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS总离子流图

X1~X5.不同采收期样品编号(sample No. at different harvesting periods)

, figureFileSmall=ktaaHfO1GlerQe9+wrTIlA==, figureFileBig=sKLNLiIa3ti1baJX9HDsZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451015668734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The PLS-DA score plot of Magnolia Flos at different growing stages, figureFileSmall=PSX6iqs7zYnMEwWN3/yPvw==, figureFileBig=Zr4hrom78cDg7WS3KfrkWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451116331011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同发育时期辛夷PLS-DA得分图, figureFileSmall=PSX6iqs7zYnMEwWN3/yPvw==, figureFileBig=Zr4hrom78cDg7WS3KfrkWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451216994315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The VIP plot of PLS-DA in Magnolia Flos at different growing stages, figureFileSmall=qX9hSWbeZ0LIqw6h4TwjOw==, figureFileBig=HcHHrHqqddiHdwT0W5t75A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451330240530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发育时期辛夷PLS-DA的VIP图, figureFileSmall=qX9hSWbeZ0LIqw6h4TwjOw==, figureFileBig=HcHHrHqqddiHdwT0W5t75A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451409932312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Antioxidant capacity of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods, figureFileSmall=STr4IEEz16bNFCyAs6yFkg==, figureFileBig=nLwq3spJbcHujzJ0Yy4lDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451544150044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同采收期辛夷挥发油的抗氧化能力(n=3), figureFileSmall=STr4IEEz16bNFCyAs6yFkg==, figureFileBig=nLwq3spJbcHujzJ0Yy4lDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451632230434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibition results of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos against Escherichia coli (A),Enterobacter cloacae (B),Staphylococcus aureus (C),Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (D) and Bacillus subtilis (E), figureFileSmall=2yOFyrwjpYZ33aYQ/Jyzpg==, figureFileBig=TjgvdROOqIA612UfvwHt2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451716116519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辛夷挥发油对大肠杆菌(A)、霍氏肠杆菌(B)、金黄色葡萄球菌(C)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(D)和枯草芽孢杆菌(E)的抑制结果(n=3), figureFileSmall=2yOFyrwjpYZ33aYQ/Jyzpg==, figureFileBig=TjgvdROOqIA612UfvwHt2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240704451971969071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Contents and extraction rates of volatile oil in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号
(number of sample)
日期
(date)
出油量
(oil content)/mL
出油率
(oil extraction rate)/(mL·g-1
X12022-11-102.37±0.22c2.37±0.22c
X22022-12-102.63±0.26bc2.63±0.26bc
X32023-01-103.05±0.25ab3.05±0.25ab
X42023-02-103.30±0.22a3.30±0.22a
X52023-03-102.81±0.11bc2.81±0.11bc
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453284786228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同采收时期辛夷挥发油出油量及出油率(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号
(number of sample)
日期
(date)
出油量
(oil content)/mL
出油率
(oil extraction rate)/(mL·g-1
X12022-11-102.37±0.22c2.37±0.22c
X22022-12-102.63±0.26bc2.63±0.26bc
X32023-01-103.05±0.25ab3.05±0.25ab
X42023-02-103.30±0.22a3.30±0.22a
X52023-03-102.81±0.11bc2.81±0.11bc
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453364478008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

GC-MS compositional analysis of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
(type)
序号
(No.)
tR/min化学式
(chemical formula)
名称
(name)
匹配度(matched degree)/%相对百分含量
(relative percentage)/%
X1X2X3X4X5
萜烯烃类
(terpene alkenes)
15.88±0.021C10H16α-侧柏烯(α-thujene)950.550.611.431.301.33
26.16±0.036C10H16α-蒎烯(α-pinene)945.367.528.389.067.29
36.72±0.022C10H16莰烯(camphene)968.1911.900.740.910.73
47.98±0.119C10H16香桧烯(sabinene)935.778.879.9411.369.88
58.11±0.106C10H16β-蒎烯(β-pinene)9610.397.368.879.978.26
68.89±0.041C10H16β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)922.532.273.393.193.28
79.58±0.024C10H16α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene)870.320.300.550.530.61
810.40±0.040C10H164-蒈烯(4-carene)921.621.602.732.492.81
911.00±0.069C10H14邻-伞花烃(o-cymene)952.791.33-1.60-
1013.64±0.036C10H16顺式-β-罗勒烯(cis-β-ocimene)890.690.510.400.380.40
1114.64±0.100C10H16γ-松油烯(γ-terpinene)983.843.626.035.286.14
1216.64±0.011C10H16异松油烯(terpinolene)951.411.840.560.440.50
1327.64±0.004C15H24α-香柑油烯(α-bergamene)950.360.310.300.350.27
1428.64±0.010C15H24石竹烯(caryophyllene)932.790.951.081.811.11
1529.64±0.003C15H24顺式-β-金合欢烯(cis-β-farnesene)961.060.450.400.500.41
1630.64±0.001C15H24别香橙烯(alloaeromadendrene)910.460.430.280.620.14
1731.64±0.002C15H24γ-衣兰油烯(γ-muurolene)860.370.330.530.530.23
1832.64±0.010C15H24吉马烯 D(germacrene D)952.011.021.071.401.11
1933.64±0.003C15H24榄香烯(elemene)990.440.320.430.130.33
2035.64±0.001C15H24α-依兰油烯(α-muurolene)870.580.530.050.060.15
2136.64±0.005C15H24α-金合欢烯(α-farnesene)860.340.430.540.940.47
2237.64±0.005C15H24γ-杜松烯(γ-cadinene)900.920.320.540.270.23
2338.64±0.003C15H24δ-杜松烯(δ-cadinene)892.040.720.94--
萜烯醇类(terpenols)2411.64±0.216C10H18O桉叶油醇(eucalyptol)9119.1021.1323.7025.0023.28
2515.64±0.032C10H18O顺式-4-侧柏醇(cis-4-thujanol)950.240.350.480.480.37
2618.64±0.066C10H18O芳樟醇(linalool)903.392.401.931.781.88
2720.64±0.044C10H18O水合莰烯(hydroxycineole)870.751.101.361.641.17
2821.64±0.005C10H18O2-茨醇(borneol)860.53-0.240.540.13
2922.64±0.008C10H18O4-松油醇(4-carvomenthenol)970.600.69---
3023.64±0.023C10H18Oα-松油醇(α-terpineol)981.071.531.311.241.22
3124.64±0.005C10H20O香茅醇(citronellol)941.450.320.430.210.31
3225.64±0.005C10H18O香叶醇(geraniol)950.26----
3339.64±0.006C15H26O橙花叔醇(nerolidol)93-0.480.730.950.81
3440.64±0.002C15H26Oτ-杜松醇(τ-cadinol)910.350.320.270.320.29
3541.64±0.002C15H26Oα-杜松醇(α-cadinol)930.340.420.210.030.21
酮类(etones)3617.64±0.003C9H18O2-壬酮(2-nonanone)95-0.260.330.540.34
3719.64±0.091C10H16O樟脑(camphor)959.389.4410.3212.439.66
酯类(esters)3826.64±0.001C12H20O2龙脑乙酯(bornyl acetate)991.430.630.430.340.54
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453473529918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS成分分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
(type)
序号
(No.)
tR/min化学式
(chemical formula)
名称
(name)
匹配度(matched degree)/%相对百分含量
(relative percentage)/%
X1X2X3X4X5
萜烯烃类
(terpene alkenes)
15.88±0.021C10H16α-侧柏烯(α-thujene)950.550.611.431.301.33
26.16±0.036C10H16α-蒎烯(α-pinene)945.367.528.389.067.29
36.72±0.022C10H16莰烯(camphene)968.1911.900.740.910.73
47.98±0.119C10H16香桧烯(sabinene)935.778.879.9411.369.88
58.11±0.106C10H16β-蒎烯(β-pinene)9610.397.368.879.978.26
68.89±0.041C10H16β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)922.532.273.393.193.28
79.58±0.024C10H16α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene)870.320.300.550.530.61
810.40±0.040C10H164-蒈烯(4-carene)921.621.602.732.492.81
911.00±0.069C10H14邻-伞花烃(o-cymene)952.791.33-1.60-
1013.64±0.036C10H16顺式-β-罗勒烯(cis-β-ocimene)890.690.510.400.380.40
1114.64±0.100C10H16γ-松油烯(γ-terpinene)983.843.626.035.286.14
1216.64±0.011C10H16异松油烯(terpinolene)951.411.840.560.440.50
1327.64±0.004C15H24α-香柑油烯(α-bergamene)950.360.310.300.350.27
1428.64±0.010C15H24石竹烯(caryophyllene)932.790.951.081.811.11
1529.64±0.003C15H24顺式-β-金合欢烯(cis-β-farnesene)961.060.450.400.500.41
1630.64±0.001C15H24别香橙烯(alloaeromadendrene)910.460.430.280.620.14
1731.64±0.002C15H24γ-衣兰油烯(γ-muurolene)860.370.330.530.530.23
1832.64±0.010C15H24吉马烯 D(germacrene D)952.011.021.071.401.11
1933.64±0.003C15H24榄香烯(elemene)990.440.320.430.130.33
2035.64±0.001C15H24α-依兰油烯(α-muurolene)870.580.530.050.060.15
2136.64±0.005C15H24α-金合欢烯(α-farnesene)860.340.430.540.940.47
2237.64±0.005C15H24γ-杜松烯(γ-cadinene)900.920.320.540.270.23
2338.64±0.003C15H24δ-杜松烯(δ-cadinene)892.040.720.94--
萜烯醇类(terpenols)2411.64±0.216C10H18O桉叶油醇(eucalyptol)9119.1021.1323.7025.0023.28
2515.64±0.032C10H18O顺式-4-侧柏醇(cis-4-thujanol)950.240.350.480.480.37
2618.64±0.066C10H18O芳樟醇(linalool)903.392.401.931.781.88
2720.64±0.044C10H18O水合莰烯(hydroxycineole)870.751.101.361.641.17
2821.64±0.005C10H18O2-茨醇(borneol)860.53-0.240.540.13
2922.64±0.008C10H18O4-松油醇(4-carvomenthenol)970.600.69---
3023.64±0.023C10H18Oα-松油醇(α-terpineol)981.071.531.311.241.22
3124.64±0.005C10H20O香茅醇(citronellol)941.450.320.430.210.31
3225.64±0.005C10H18O香叶醇(geraniol)950.26----
3339.64±0.006C15H26O橙花叔醇(nerolidol)93-0.480.730.950.81
3440.64±0.002C15H26Oτ-杜松醇(τ-cadinol)910.350.320.270.320.29
3541.64±0.002C15H26Oα-杜松醇(α-cadinol)930.340.420.210.030.21
酮类(etones)3617.64±0.003C9H18O2-壬酮(2-nonanone)95-0.260.330.540.34
3719.64±0.091C10H16O樟脑(camphor)959.389.4410.3212.439.66
酯类(esters)3826.64±0.001C12H20O2龙脑乙酯(bornyl acetate)991.430.630.430.340.54
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453578387522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Compositional classification and relative contents of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
(type)
相对含量(relative content)/%
X1X2X3X4X5
萜烯烃类(terpene alkenes)54.8353.5449.1853.1245.68
萜烯醇类(terpenols)28.0828.7430.6632.1929.67
酮类(etones)9.389.7010.6512.9710.00
酯类(esters)1.430.630.430.340.54
合计(total)93.7292.6190.9298.6285.89
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453687439433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同采收期辛夷挥发油的组成分类和相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
(type)
相对含量(relative content)/%
X1X2X3X4X5
萜烯烃类(terpene alkenes)54.8353.5449.1853.1245.68
萜烯醇类(terpenols)28.0828.7430.6632.1929.67
酮类(etones)9.389.7010.6512.9710.00
酯类(esters)1.430.630.430.340.54
合计(total)93.7292.6190.9298.6285.89
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453783908429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Inhibition rates of volatile oils at Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods against five bacterial species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号
(number of sample)
抑菌率(inhibition rates)/%
大肠杆菌
Escherichia coli
霍氏肠杆菌
Enterobacter cloacae
金黄色葡萄球菌
Staphylococcus aureus
解淀粉芽孢杆菌
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
枯草芽孢杆菌
Bacillus subtilis
X128.19±10.84c7.62±2.27c1.50±0.59e1.29±0.53c11.05±5.87b
X233.12±14.01b7.98±2.78c2.79±1.00d1.78±0.64b9.36±4.99d
X332.88±9.87b13.74±5.49b3.36±0.82c1.78±1.05b10.19±3.58c
X450.70±3.47a18.83±2.91a4.80±0.65a2.49±0.93a13.90±3.48a
X524.13±17.24d13.17±5.26b3.57±0.88b1.62±0.81bc5.43±3.44e
), ArticleFig(id=1240704453876183124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240688789530669844, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同采收时期辛夷挥发油对5种细菌的抑制率(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号
(number of sample)
抑菌率(inhibition rates)/%
大肠杆菌
Escherichia coli
霍氏肠杆菌
Enterobacter cloacae
金黄色葡萄球菌
Staphylococcus aureus
解淀粉芽孢杆菌
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
枯草芽孢杆菌
Bacillus subtilis
X128.19±10.84c7.62±2.27c1.50±0.59e1.29±0.53c11.05±5.87b
X233.12±14.01b7.98±2.78c2.79±1.00d1.78±0.64b9.36±4.99d
X332.88±9.87b13.74±5.49b3.36±0.82c1.78±1.05b10.19±3.58c
X450.70±3.47a18.83±2.91a4.80±0.65a2.49±0.93a13.90±3.48a
X524.13±17.24d13.17±5.26b3.57±0.88b1.62±0.81bc5.43±3.44e
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不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS分析及其抗氧化、抗菌活性
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王杰敏 1 , 郭浩川 1 , 赵梦薇 1 , 孙会改 1, 2 , 宋永兴 1, 3 , 郑玉光 2, 4, ** , 马东来 1, 2, 3, **
药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024,44(9): 1475-1484
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药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024, 44(9): 1475-1484
不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS分析及其抗氧化、抗菌活性
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王杰敏1 , 郭浩川1, 赵梦薇1, 孙会改1, 2, 宋永兴1, 3, 郑玉光2, 4, ** , 马东来1, 2, 3, **
作者信息
  • 1.河北中医药大学药学院,石家庄 050200
  • 2.河北省中药炮制技术创新中心,石家庄 050091
  • 3.河北省中药资源利用与质量评价国际联合研究中心,石家庄 050091
  • 4.河北化工医药职业技术学院,石家庄 050026
  • Tel: 15030331834; E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 马东来 Tel: 13831193865; E-mail: ;
郑玉光 Tel: (0311)89926316; E-mail:
GC-MS analysis of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities
Jie-min WANG1 , Hao-chuan GUO1, Meng-wei ZHAO1, Hui-gai SUN1, 2, Yong-xing SONG1, 3, Yu-guang ZHENG2, 4, ** , Dong-lai MA1, 2, 3, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
  • 2.Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
  • 3.International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
  • 4.Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical Vocational and Technical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
出版时间: 2024-09-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0178
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目的:分析不同采收期辛夷挥发油的组分和相对含量,探讨5个采收期辛夷化学成分的动态变化规律,并评价其抗氧化、抗菌活性。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法对5个采收期辛夷药材进行挥发油提取,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分,并计算各成分的相对含量;对5个采收期辛夷的成分进行偏最小二乘法判别分析,筛选出差异性化合物;采用铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法测定辛夷挥发油的抗氧化活性,96孔板法研究其体外抗菌活性。结果:第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷药材总挥发油平均含量最高;从辛夷挥发油中鉴定出38个成分,筛选得到12个差异性化合物,包括γ-衣兰油烯、榄香烯、δ-杜松烯、α-松油醇等,其中γ-衣兰油烯、别香橙烯、2-茨醇、樟脑和顺式-4-侧柏醇在第4采收期相对含量最大,与挥发油含量变化趋势基本一致;5个采收期辛夷挥发油均表现出一定的抗氧化、抗菌活性,第4采收期抗氧化能力最强,且对五种菌的抑制作用均较强。结论:5个采收期辛夷挥发油化学成分基本相同,但在各采收阶段其挥发性成分相对含量有明显差异,推测2月初为辛夷最佳采收期。

辛夷  /  挥发油  /  气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)  /  偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)  /  抗氧化  /  抗菌

Objective: To analyze the fractions and relative contents of volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods, to elucidate the dynamic pattern of changes in the chemical composition of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods, and to evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods: The volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos at five harvesting periods was extracted by water vapour distillation, and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, and the relative content of each constituent was calculated. The constituents of Magnoliae Flos at the five harvesting periods were analyzed by PLS-DA analysis, which was used in combination with the VIP value to screen out the differential compounds. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oil of Magnoliae Flos was determined by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, and its in vitro antimicrobial activity was investigated by 96-well plate method. Results: The total volatile oils content of Magnoliae Flos was the highest in samples at the 4th harvesting period (10 February 2023). Thirty-eight components were identified in the volatile oils of Magnoliae Flos, and 12 differential compounds were screened, including γ-muurolene, elemene, δ-cadinene and α-terpineol, etc. The relative contents of γ-muurolene, alloaeromadendrene, borneol, camphor and cis-4-thujanol were the largest in samples at the 4th harvesting period, which was basically in line with the trend of the change of volatile oil content. The volatile oils in samples at five harvesting period showed certain antioxidant and antibacterial activities. And that in samples at the 4th harvesting period showed the strongest antioxidant activity and the inhibition ability against all five species of bacteria. Conclusion: The chemical composition of the volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos was basically the same in in samples at five harvesting periods, but there is a significant difference in the relative content of its volatile components in each harvesting period, and it is presumed that the beginning of February is the optimal harvesting period for Magnoliae Flos.

Magnoliae Flos (Xinyi)  /  volatiles  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)  /  partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)  /  antioxidant  /  antimicrobial
王杰敏, 郭浩川, 赵梦薇, 孙会改, 宋永兴, 郑玉光, 马东来. 不同采收期辛夷挥发油GC-MS分析及其抗氧化、抗菌活性. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (9) : 1475 -1484 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0178
Jie-min WANG, Hao-chuan GUO, Meng-wei ZHAO, Hui-gai SUN, Yong-xing SONG, Yu-guang ZHENG, Dong-lai MA. GC-MS analysis of volatile oils in Magnoliae Flos at different harvesting periods and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (9) : 1475 -1484 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0178
辛夷为木兰科(Magnoliaceae)植物望春花(Magnolia biondii Pamp.)、玉兰(Magnolia denudata Desr.)或武当玉兰(Magnolia sprengeri Pamp.)的干燥花蕾,味辛、性温,具有散风寒,通鼻窍的功效[1]。现代研究表明,辛夷具有抗炎、抗过敏、抗菌、平喘、降血压等多种药理作用,可治疗变应性鼻炎、过敏性鼻炎、鼻窦炎等[2-3],是重要的中药材。辛夷主要成分有挥发油、生物碱、木脂素类、酚酸性化合物及水溶性成分等,其中挥发性成分是辛夷的主要化学组成[4],包括萜烯类、醇类、酯类和醛酮类等。因其具有特殊的香气,所以辛夷也是重要的香精原料[5]
受光照、温度、湿度等因素的影响,辛夷药材会产生不同的次生代谢产物,这些物质对药材的品质起着重要作用,因此科学的采收时期可保证药材品质[6-7]。汪宁等[8]通过测定11月至次年3月的5批玉兰花蕾挥发油含量,得出2月初是玉兰花蕾最佳采摘期的结论。倪天宇等[9]根据古籍记载,并结合现代文献,认为我国辛夷采收时间多在一月和二月,但目前有关辛夷采收时期对其化学成分影响的研究报道较少。因此,规范和确定辛夷的适宜采收期及挥发油成分差异是确保其品质的关键。
本研究基于气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gaschromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对11月份至次年3月份的5批辛夷药材挥发油中化学成分进行了定性分析和比较,以期为辛夷的适宜采收期提供参考。同时,以铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法(ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)研究辛夷挥发油的抗氧化活性;用96孔板法研究其对大肠杆菌、霍氏肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等体外抑制能力,从而为辛夷在药物、食品等领域的开发利用提供理论基础。
5批辛夷药材分别为2022年11月10日(X1)、2022年12月10日(X2)、2023年1月10日(X3)、2023年2月10日(X4)、2023年3月10日(X5)于道地产区河南南召辛夷种植基地采摘,每个采摘期选取种植基地中长势相同的树木,人工采摘3份样品,每份样品2000g,所有样品经河北中医药大学药学院郑玉光教授鉴定为木兰科植物望春花(Magnolia biondii Pamp.)的干燥花蕾;总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)测定试剂盒:南京建成生物工程研究所;正己烷(色谱纯):天津市大茂化学试剂厂;其他试剂均为分析纯。
7890-5977B型GC-MS联用仪(Agilent公司)、BSA224S-CW型万分之一电子分析天平(赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司)、Varioskan LUX多功能酶标仪(微孔板检测仪)(赛默飞世尔科技公司)、1788型挥发油测定计(郑州益康化工产品有限公司)。
取辛夷药材100 g,精密称定,放入研钵中研碎,置于2 000 mL圆底烧瓶中,加水1 000 mL后静置浸泡1 h,照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)四部通则挥发油测定法(甲法)操作,提取5 h,静置分液,计算挥发油得率。挥发油经无水硫酸钠脱水后,用正己烷溶解稀释,待GC-MS检测。
采用Agilent HP-5色谱柱(30 mm×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),载气为He;载气流速1.0 mL·min-1,进样量1 μL,分流比10∶1,进样口温度230 ℃,程序升温(起始柱温60 ℃,以0.2 ℃·min-1升至64 ℃,以10 ℃·min-1升至140 ℃,以1 ℃·min-1升至150 ℃,保持1 min,共用时41 min),质谱检测采用电子轰击离子源(electron impaction source,EI),离子能量70 eV,离子源温度230 ℃,四极杆温度150 ℃,TIC扫描质量范围m/z 50~500,溶剂延迟时间为3 min。
采用NIST11标准数据库和相关文献[10-13],对辛夷药材挥发油组分进行定性研究,并根据峰面积归一化法确定其相对含量。
以不同采收时期下各挥发性成分的相对百分含量为特征值,利用SIMCA 14.1软件进行PLS-DA分析,根据VIP值大于1评估差异性化合物[14-15];采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析,统计结果以表示。为评估各组间的显著差异,在数据符合正态分布且方差齐的基础上采用邓肯新多重范围检验(DNMRT)对不同组间的平均数进行显著性比较。首先,将所有平均数按降序排列。然后,以最大平均数为基准,标记为a,并与相邻平均数进行比较。若差异不显著,则相邻平均数同样标记为a;若显著,则下一个平均数标记为b。重复此过程,直至所有平均数均被标记。最终,相同标记的平均数表示差异不显著,不同标记的平均数表示差异显著,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。使用GraphPad Prism 9软件进行柱形图的绘制。
参考SZYDŁOWSKA-CZERNIAK等[16]的方法测定铁离子还原能力,将检测缓冲液、基质液和底物液参照体积比10∶1∶1混匀充分后得FRAP工作液,用蒸馏水配制浓度为100 mmol·L-1的FeSO4·7H2O母液。取适量FeSO4·7H2O母液再稀释至0.15、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2和1.5 mmol·L-1。在96孔板中添加FRAP工作液180μL与FeSO4·7H2O溶液5 μL,37 ℃孵育3~5 min,于593 nm处测定各孔吸收度(A)值,各孔减去空白孔A值后,以标准品的A为横坐标,各A对应的标准品浓度C为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程:
将辛夷挥发油用无水甲醇稀释成5个质量浓度梯度,分别为10、5、2.5、1.25、0.625 mg·mL-1,每个梯度重复3次,以无水甲醇做空白对照。酶标仪平板每孔中加入NB培养基8 μL、菌液90 μL(大肠杆菌、霍氏肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌)和不同浓度梯度的辛夷挥发油2 μL。配好的平板于37 ℃恒温培养箱培养8~10 h,其中大肠杆菌和霍氏肠杆菌在570 nm下测A,金黄色葡萄球菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌在630 nm测A,计算不同采收时期辛夷挥发油的抑菌率[17]
采用水蒸气蒸馏法对5个采收时期的辛夷药材进行挥发油提取,记录出油量和出油率,见表1。5个采收期辛夷药材挥发油含量均满足2020年版《中国药典》有关规定。不同采收期辛夷的挥发油含量均存在一定变化,其中第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷药材出油量最高,平均含量为3.30 mL·g-1,并且其显著高于第1采收期、第2采收期和第5采收期。
5个采收时期辛夷药材挥发油的代表性总离子流图如图1所示。由表23可知,在5批不同采收时期辛夷药材挥发油中共鉴定出36、36、35、35、34个成分,分别占总挥发性成分的93.72%、92.61%、90.92%、98.62%、85.89%。5批不同采收时期辛夷药材挥发油均以萜烯烃类和萜烯醇类化合物为主,萜烯烃类化合物分别有23、23、22、22、21个,在各批次中分别占比54.83%、53.54%、49.18%、53.12%、45.68%;萜烯醇类化合物分别有11、10、10、10、10个,在各批次中分别占比28.08%、28.74%、30.66%、32.19%、29.67%。相较于其他采收期,第1采收期中萜烯烃类和酯类的占比较大,分别为54.83%和1.43%;第4采收期中萜烯醇类和酮类的占比较大,分别为32.19%和12.97%。
5个采收时期辛夷的共有成分为31个,其中相对含量较高的有桉叶油醇、β-蒎烯、樟脑、α-蒎烯、香桧烯和莰烯等。桉叶油醇、樟脑、香桧烯和α-蒎烯在5个采收时期中占比呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其中均在第4采收期的占比最大,分别为25.00%、12.43%、11.36%、9.06%;β-蒎烯在第1采收期的占比最大,为10.39%,其次为第4采收期,占比为9.97%;莰烯在第1采收期和第2采收期的占比分别为8.19%和11.90%,高于其他3个时期(0.74%、0.91%和0.73%)。
将不同发育时期辛夷数据导入SIMCA 14.1软件对进行主成分分析,得到5个时期辛夷挥发性成分的PLS-DA得分图,见图2。PLS-DA提供2个主成分,分别占总方差贡献率的58.6%和23.0%,总和为81.6%,表明这2个成分可以很好地说明5个发育时期辛夷的挥发性成分组成,解释度较好且稳定。由图2可知,5个采收时期数据各组独立分布,表明不同采收时期辛夷的挥发性成分存在差异。
化合物的VIP值越大,说明该化合物越是关键的差异代谢物。以VIP值>1作为条件进行筛选,见图3,可知12个差异性成分对主成分的贡献较大,分别为γ-衣兰油烯(No.17)、榄香烯(No.19)、δ-杜松烯(No.23)、α-松油醇(No.30)、别香橙烯(No.16)、γ-杜松烯(No.22)、τ-杜松醇(No.34)、β-蒎烯(No.5)、2-茨醇(No.28)、樟脑(No.37)、α-水芹烯(No.7)和顺式-4-侧柏醇(No.25)。
图4可知,不同采收期辛夷挥发油均具有一定的铁离子还原/抗氧化能力。随着采收时间的延后,辛夷挥发油的还原/抗氧化能力表现出先升高再降低的形势,其中第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷挥发油的铁离子还原/抗氧化能力最强,显著高于其他4个采收期。图中柱上无相同小写字母表示不同组间差异显著(P<0.05)。
图5可知(柱上无相同小写字母表示不同组间差异显著,P<0.05),不同采收期辛夷挥发油均具有一定的抗菌能力。辛夷挥发油对大肠杆菌表现出较强的抑制作用,但对金黄色葡萄球菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较弱。一定质量浓度的辛夷挥发油能有效抑制细菌的生长,随着挥发油质量浓度升高其抑菌效果总体上表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷挥发油的变化趋势相对平缓,且对5种菌的抑制作用均较强,显著高于其余4个采收期(表4)。
辛夷可散风寒、通鼻窍,为治疗鼻渊之要药[2-3]。不同采收时期对药材质量和疗效均具有影响。
本研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法对11月至次年3月份的5个采收时期辛夷药材的总挥发油进行提取,分别对浸泡时间、提取时间和料液比等进行考察,确定了“1.3.1”项下提取条件。结果表明,挥发油含量随着生长时间的延长表现出先增加后减少的趋势,其中第4采收时期(2023年2月10日)辛夷平均出油量最高,为3.30 mL·g-1。11月份为辛夷生长初期,随着时间的推移,挥发油含量不断积累,在次年2月初达到顶峰,此时辛夷身干、个大、色黄绿、内瓣紧实、气味芳香,结合辛夷采收相关文献及2020年版《中国药典》中规定“冬末春初花未开放时采收”[18],可推测辛夷最佳采收期为2月初。3月初辛夷挥发油含量下降,推测可能为春季气温回暖、空气干燥等因素导致。
为探究不同发育时期辛夷挥发性成分的差异和变化规律,本研究对5个发育时期采摘烘干的辛夷进行GC-MS分析。经匹配鉴定,共得38个化合物,与胡静等[13]研究结果相似,分别属于萜烯烃类、萜烯醇类、酮类和酯类。结果表明,辛夷在不同采收时期,其化学成分基本相同,但在各采收阶段其挥发性成分相对含量有明显差异。为进一步明确辛夷各采收时期挥发性成分差异,采用偏最小二乘法判别分析。结果可知,不同采收阶段辛夷挥发油样本独立分布于5个区域,其中第3采收时期和第5采收时期距离较近,第1采收时期和第2采收期距其他样本均较远,表明第3采收时期和第5采收时期挥发性成分含量差异较小,第1采收时期和第2采收期挥发性成分含量教其他采收期差异较大,揭示辛夷挥发性成分含量的积累在前期较快。依据VIP值大于1,筛选出γ-衣兰油烯、榄香烯、δ-杜松烯、α-松油醇等12个差异成分。在此基础上,对12个差异组分的相对含量进行了动态分析,γ-衣兰油烯、别香橙烯、2-茨醇、樟脑和顺式-4-侧柏醇在第4采收时期相对含量最大,与挥发油含量变化趋势基本一致;榄香烯、δ-杜松烯、γ-杜松烯、τ-杜松醇和β-蒎烯在第1采收时期相对含量最大;α-松油醇在第2采收时期相对含量最大;α-水芹烯在第3采收时期相对含量最大,这一现象可能原因是辛夷花蕾在前期低温条件下,其化学物质积累更为丰富。
在当前对抗生素耐药性问题日益关注的背景下,中药抗菌的研究受到了越来越多的关注。研究表明,中药的抗菌作用主要通过干扰细菌细胞膜的完整性、蛋白质结构和功能以及核酸的稳定性来实现,进而影响细菌细胞壁的结构和功能,实现抑制细菌生长的效果[19]。因此,对具有抗菌潜力的中药成分进行筛选,不仅有助于理解其抗菌机制,也能为开发新型抗菌药物提供科学依据和新的思路。HANDALI和REZAEI的研究指出细胞死亡机制和表型以及随后的细胞毒性药物均严格依赖于浓度[20]。本研究中随着挥发油质量浓度升高其抑菌效果总体上表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中第4采收期(2023年2月10日)辛夷挥发油的变化趋势相对平缓。在不同采收期中,浓度为5mg·mL-1的辛夷挥发油对大肠杆菌、霍氏肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果均最强,而在挥发油浓度为10 mg·mL-1时,其对5种菌的抑制作用却表示出下降的趋势,推测原因可能是在高浓度下,挥发油中的不同成分发生相互作用,这些相互作用抑制了某些有效成分的抑菌活性。为了准确解释这一现象,需要后期进一步的研究来确定具体的原因,包括对细菌的抗性机制、挥发油成分的相互作用、以及挥发油在不同浓度下的稳定性和溶解性等方面的深入分析。
人体受到伤害后,自身的抗氧化清除能力若不能抵消蓄积过多的的活性氧簇(ROS)等氧化物质,则会产生氧化应激反应,进而可能造成多种疾病的附带发生,例如皮肤损伤、高血压、糖尿病、器官纤维化、脓毒症等[21]。有研究表明橙花叔醇和蒎烯具有良好的抗炎和抗氧化活性[22-23];金合欢醇具有抗敏、抑菌功效[24],樟脑可起到镇痛、止咳等作用[25],这与辛夷药材抗炎、抗过敏、抑菌、平喘、降血压等药理作用相符。桉叶油醇能够抗菌、杀虫[26]R-和S-芳樟醇对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌具有良好的抗菌活性[27],由此推断,上述组分是辛夷用于预防和治疗疾病的重要物质基础。本研究通过对辛夷挥发油总抗氧化能力和抗菌活性分析表明,各采收阶段挥发油均具有一定的抗氧化能力和抗菌活性,其中第4采收期抗氧化能力最强,且对五种菌的抑制作用均较强,显著高于其他4个时期,故推测2月初为辛夷最佳采收期。
本研究阐述了五个时期辛夷中的12个差异性成分及其含量变化,推测2月初为辛夷最佳采收时期,为中药资源的合理利用和临床选药用药提供了化学依据,但化学成分的含量与药理作用的相关性仍需进一步的研究。
  • 河北省重点研发计划项目(23372504D)
  • 河北省中医药管理局科研计划项目(2024094)
  • 河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(HBCT2023080201)
  • 河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(HBCT2018060205)
  • 道地药材可持续利用项目(202400262157-3)
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2024年第44卷第9期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0178
  • 接收时间:2024-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-16
基金
河北省重点研发计划项目(23372504D)
河北省中医药管理局科研计划项目(2024094)
河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(HBCT2023080201)
河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(HBCT2018060205)
道地药材可持续利用项目(202400262157-3)
作者信息
    1.河北中医药大学药学院,石家庄 050200
    2.河北省中药炮制技术创新中心,石家庄 050091
    3.河北省中药资源利用与质量评价国际联合研究中心,石家庄 050091
    4.河北化工医药职业技术学院,石家庄 050026

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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