Article(id=1240372084187124674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.18, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1705593600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773657349869, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773657349869, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773657349869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657349869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240372078617096528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773657348540, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657513974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=174, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240372085894206423, articleId=1240372084187124674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of herbicide prometryn in traditional Chinese medicine*, columnId=1239238138040734141, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Rapid Analys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To establish an immunochromatographic method suitable for the rapid detection of residues of triazine herbicide prometryn in Chinese medicine, based on self-made prometryn antigen and monoclonal antibody.

Methods:

An antibody conjugate amount of 7 μg and dilution configuration of 0.1 mol·L-1 PBS with 1% OVA, 0.1% Tween-80 were determined, and dry test strips with a T-line scribing concentration of 0.05 mg·mL-1 and a C-line scribing concentration of 0.5 mg·mL-1 were used. The suitable method was selected to improve the sensitivity of colloidal gold immunochromatography test strip, reduce the matrix effect of traditional Chinese medicine in different parts, and detect a large number of traditional Chinese medicine.

Results:

The detection sensitivity of the test strip could reach 1 ng·mL-1, and the detection limit of the actual sample could reach 0.1 mg·kg-1. The established method was suitable for the detection of prometryn residues in 40 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials such as Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Taraxaci Herba, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma andLonicerae Japonicae Flos.

Conclusion:

This method has the advantages of rapid and accurately detection, simple pretreatment, simple operation and strong generalization, and can be used as an effective method for rapid screening of prometryn residues in the field, so as to ensure the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. At the same time, this study has a certain reference significance for the development of rapid detection of agricultural residues in many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine.

, correspAuthors=Xu-hua QIN, Mei-hua YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong-wei KE, Jiao-yang LUO, Jia-an QIN, Yu-dan WANG, Ya-wen LUO, Chun-jiao HE, Xu-hua QIN, Mei-hua YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240372092303102136, articleId=1240372084187124674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=胶体金免疫层析法快速检测中药材中除草剂扑草净残留*, columnId=1239238138208506308, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=快速分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

基于自制的扑草净抗原和单克隆抗体,建立了一种适用于快速检测中药材、饮片中三嗪类除草剂扑草净残留的免疫层析方法。

方法:

确定了抗体偶联量为7 μg,稀释液配制条件为含1%OVA,0.1% Tween-80的0.1 mol·L-1 PBS优化条件,并采用T线划线浓度为0.05 mg·mL-1,C线划线浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1的湿法试纸条,提升胶体金免疫层析试纸条的灵敏度,降低不同用药部位中药的基质效应,并进行大批量中药材检测。

结果:

试纸条检测灵敏度可达到1 ng·mL-1,实际样品检出限可达到0.1 mg·kg-1,所建立的方法适用于陈皮、蒲公英、三七、金银花等中药材中40种不同部位扑草净残留检测。对10批西洋参、5批山药、12批三七、5批黄芪、3批沙参、4批牛膝、14批菊花、9批生姜、6批菟丝子进行了实际样品快速检测,均未检出扑草净残留。

结论:

本方法检测方法快速准确,前处理简便,操作简单,推广性强,可作为现场快速筛查扑草净残留的有效手段,以保证中药材的质量和安全性。同时,该研究为开发多种中药材的农残快速检测具有一定的参考意义。

, correspAuthors=秦旭华, 杨美华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**秦旭华 Tel:13398199519;E-mail:
杨美华 Tel:(010)57833277;E-mail:
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Tel: 18829152088;E-mail:

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A.叠氮津(aziprotryne) B.仲丁通(secbumeton) C.扑灭通(prometon)

, figureFileSmall=PCR8RdEzMIfNPSyaX15wtA==, figureFileBig=2hIBU4oP7kFO4RdPtWeJ2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376126376301534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372084187124674, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Investigation of detection methods, figureFileSmall=lm0cy+eVv0lTxXRyKbDHuw==, figureFileBig=S7aisRzGpvDDqE01VejAog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376126502130658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372084187124674, language=CN, label=图4, caption=检测方法考察

A.湿法检测(wet detection) B.干法检测(dry detection)

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A.前加标考察(pre-bid inspection) B.后加标考察(post-bid inspection)

, figureFileSmall=chrbtvPfLSy71xdkxky3Xg==, figureFileBig=AXlz0wYUMyqPyyAOxqO1zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376126980281335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372084187124674, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Investigation of different T-line concentrations, figureFileSmall=AxyvDmSL02PJnNo3y7XF2Q==, figureFileBig=vuRwUutXN1YPSMs8wNQVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376127118693372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372084187124674, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同检测线划线浓度考察, figureFileSmall=AxyvDmSL02PJnNo3y7XF2Q==, figureFileBig=vuRwUutXN1YPSMs8wNQVzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376127219355648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372084187124674, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Investigation of the optimal used of Pro-antibody, figureFileSmall=ieTLRHbcFnG9CGGSnFFuTQ==, figureFileBig=c2rhVdHFuE8PG0Auz9nSdA==, 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胶体金免疫层析法快速检测中药材中除草剂扑草净残留*
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柯童炜 1, 2 , 骆骄阳 2 , 秦家安 2 , 王玉丹 2 , 罗雅雯 1, 2 , 何春娇 1, 2 , 秦旭华 1, ** , 杨美华 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 快速分析 2024,44(1): 174-184
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药物分析杂志 | 快速分析 2024, 44(1): 174-184
胶体金免疫层析法快速检测中药材中除草剂扑草净残留*
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柯童炜1, 2 , 骆骄阳2, 秦家安2, 王玉丹2, 罗雅雯1, 2, 何春娇1, 2, 秦旭华1, ** , 杨美华2, **
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院,成都 611137
  • 2.中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院药用植物研究所中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室,北京 100193
  • Tel: 18829152088;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**秦旭华 Tel:13398199519;E-mail:
杨美华 Tel:(010)57833277;E-mail:
Colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of herbicide prometryn in traditional Chinese medicine*
Tong-wei KE1, 2 , Jiao-yang LUO2, Jia-an QIN2, Yu-dan WANG2, Ya-wen LUO1, 2, Chun-jiao HE1, 2, Xu-hua QIN1, ** , Mei-hua YANG2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.18
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目的:

基于自制的扑草净抗原和单克隆抗体,建立了一种适用于快速检测中药材、饮片中三嗪类除草剂扑草净残留的免疫层析方法。

方法:

确定了抗体偶联量为7 μg,稀释液配制条件为含1%OVA,0.1% Tween-80的0.1 mol·L-1 PBS优化条件,并采用T线划线浓度为0.05 mg·mL-1,C线划线浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1的湿法试纸条,提升胶体金免疫层析试纸条的灵敏度,降低不同用药部位中药的基质效应,并进行大批量中药材检测。

结果:

试纸条检测灵敏度可达到1 ng·mL-1,实际样品检出限可达到0.1 mg·kg-1,所建立的方法适用于陈皮、蒲公英、三七、金银花等中药材中40种不同部位扑草净残留检测。对10批西洋参、5批山药、12批三七、5批黄芪、3批沙参、4批牛膝、14批菊花、9批生姜、6批菟丝子进行了实际样品快速检测,均未检出扑草净残留。

结论:

本方法检测方法快速准确,前处理简便,操作简单,推广性强,可作为现场快速筛查扑草净残留的有效手段,以保证中药材的质量和安全性。同时,该研究为开发多种中药材的农残快速检测具有一定的参考意义。

扑草净  /  胶体金试纸条  /  中药材  /  除草剂  /  快速检测  /  适用性  /  基质效应
Objective:

To establish an immunochromatographic method suitable for the rapid detection of residues of triazine herbicide prometryn in Chinese medicine, based on self-made prometryn antigen and monoclonal antibody.

Methods:

An antibody conjugate amount of 7 μg and dilution configuration of 0.1 mol·L-1 PBS with 1% OVA, 0.1% Tween-80 were determined, and dry test strips with a T-line scribing concentration of 0.05 mg·mL-1 and a C-line scribing concentration of 0.5 mg·mL-1 were used. The suitable method was selected to improve the sensitivity of colloidal gold immunochromatography test strip, reduce the matrix effect of traditional Chinese medicine in different parts, and detect a large number of traditional Chinese medicine.

Results:

The detection sensitivity of the test strip could reach 1 ng·mL-1, and the detection limit of the actual sample could reach 0.1 mg·kg-1. The established method was suitable for the detection of prometryn residues in 40 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials such as Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Taraxaci Herba, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma andLonicerae Japonicae Flos.

Conclusion:

This method has the advantages of rapid and accurately detection, simple pretreatment, simple operation and strong generalization, and can be used as an effective method for rapid screening of prometryn residues in the field, so as to ensure the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. At the same time, this study has a certain reference significance for the development of rapid detection of agricultural residues in many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine.

prometryn  /  colloidal gold test strip  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  herbicides  /  rapid detection  /  applicability  /  matrix effects
柯童炜, 骆骄阳, 秦家安, 王玉丹, 罗雅雯, 何春娇, 秦旭华, 杨美华. 胶体金免疫层析法快速检测中药材中除草剂扑草净残留*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 174 -184 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.18
Tong-wei KE, Jiao-yang LUO, Jia-an QIN, Yu-dan WANG, Ya-wen LUO, Chun-jiao HE, Xu-hua QIN, Mei-hua YANG. Colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of herbicide prometryn in traditional Chinese medicine*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (1) : 174 -184 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.18
随着中药市场不断扩大,野生中药资源已不能满足市场需求,人工种植的中药材成为主要来源[1]。作为一种特殊的经济作物,中药材人工种植的推广,使得中药材农残问题不断突出,对生态环境、药物药效、人类健康造成威胁[2-4]。在国内,出口国际市场的菊花、金银花等常用药材被检出农残超标[5],对我国中药材贸易出口造成经济损失,影响我国外贸声誉,不利于中医药国际化[6]
扑草净(prometryn),化学名为2-甲硫基-4,6-二(异丙胺基)-1,3,5-三氮苯,是一种传统的三嗪类除草剂,用于防除一年生禾和阔叶杂草,在全球范围内广泛使用[7]。因其具有稳定的杂环结构并且类似于动物体内激素,在环境中不易降解,可通过食物链在动物体中聚集,可造成内分泌系统、生殖系统、神经系统以及免疫系统的异常,引起激素分泌异常、智力低下、多动症、过敏性疾病等[8]。2004年扑草净作为可疑内分泌干扰物已经被欧盟禁用,近年来,国内也出台了扑草净残留限量标准[7,9-10]
扑草净残留传统检测方法包括高效液相色谱法[11]、气相色谱法[12]、液相色谱-质谱联用法[13-14]、气相色谱-质谱联用法[15-19]等。这些仪器分析方法精准度和灵敏度高,但是无法满足实时实地、快速筛查的市场需求。胶体金免疫层析技术是利用抗原-抗体的特异性,通过待测样品与抗原竞争胶体金标记抗体反应出显色情况进行定性定量检查,具有操作简单,成本低,易携带等特点,该方法契合现场快速检测的需求。已有文献报道中,李伶伶开发的扑草净胶体金免疫层析方法仅应用于水样[20]。本课题组先前已初步开发出了扑草净胶体金免疫层析方法[21],但采用比色法判断,存在主观意识判断,容易误判。因此本研究基于自制的抗体,制备出扑草净高灵敏的胶体金定性试纸条,建立了适用于多种中药材基质的扑草净残留快速检测方法。
XYZ三维划膜喷金仪HM3030(上海金标生物科技有限公司)、微电脑自动斩切机(上海金标生物科技有限公司)、TGL16M台式高速冷冻离心机(上海赵迪生物科技有限公司)、KQ-500DE超声清洗器(昆山超声仪器有限公司)、WH-861型涡旋混合器(太仓华利达实验设备有限公司)、AB-135型电子分析天平(精度为0.01 g)(北京赛多利斯仪器有限公司)。
氯金酸(HAuCl4·4H2O,AR,含量≥47.8%)、柠檬酸三钠购于天津阿法埃莎化学有限公司;磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钠(分析纯)均购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氯化钠(分析纯)购于北京华腾化工有限公司;聚乙二醇(PEG,分析纯)购于北京百灵威科技有限公司;甲醇(色谱纯))购于Fisher公司;扑草净标准品(批号GSB05-2350-2016,100 μg·mL-1)来自于农业部环境保护科研检测所;叠氮津(批号1ST22119-100T,100 μg·mL-1)、仲丁通(批号1ST22226-100A,100 μg·mL-1)、扑灭通(批号1ST22210-100A,100 μg·mL-1)来自于天津阿尔塔科技有限公司,鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)购于Sigma-Aldrich公司;羊抗鼠二抗购于南宁市蓝光生物科技有限公司;扑草净牛血清蛋白抗原(Pro-antigen)和小鼠抗扑草净单克隆抗体(Pro-antibody)由实验室制备[21];硝酸纤维素(NC)膜、样品垫、吸水纸、底板均购于上海杰一生物有限公司。
三七、西洋参、菊花、金银花、陈皮等药材通过批发市场采购,中药种植基地采集,网上购买等途径收集,并经中国医学科学院药用植物研究所杨美华研究员鉴定确认,及时打粉处理。
称取磷酸二氢钾0.027 g、十二水合磷酸氢二钠0.358 g、氯化钠0.8 g,加水定容至100 mL,制成0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS。不同浓度PBS配制时,磷酸二氢钾与十二水合磷酸氢二钠称取等比配制,氯化钠浓度(0.8%)保持不变。
称取十水合四硼酸钠0.021 g,硼酸0.011 g,加水定容至100 mL,制成0.002 mol·L-1 pH 8.6 的溶液,即得。
取0.01 mol·L-1 PBS 100 mL,加入蔗糖5 g,牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 1 g,摇匀,即得。
称取磷酸二氢钾0.27 g、十二水合磷酸氢二钠3.58 g、氯化钠 0.8 g,加水定容至100 mL;取上述溶液50 mL,加吐温80(Tween-80) 50 μL、OVA 1 g,超声(功率250 W,频率4 kHz)5 min,摇匀,即得。
取0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS溶液10 mL,加入聚乙二醇10 mg、蔗糖750 mg、100 mg BSA,超声(功率250 W,频率4 kHz)5 min,摇匀,即得。
取未污染扑草净中药材粉末(过三号筛)1 g,精密称定,加甲醇5 mL,涡旋1 min后,超声(功率250 W,频率4 kHz)5 min,在5 000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上清液,作为阴性样品溶液。取未污染扑草净中药材粉末(过三号筛)1 g,精密称定,加入扑草净100 ng,按上述方法操作,制备质量控制(QC)样品溶液。
本方法采用竞争抑制免疫层析原理。样品中残留的扑草净与胶体金标记的特异性Pro-antibody(金标Pro-antibody)结合,抑制金标Pro-antibody与试纸条中检测线(T线)上Pro-antigen的结合,从而导致检测线颜色强度的变化。通过检测线(T线)颜色消失与否,对样品中扑草净残留进行定性判定。
将样品垫浸泡于样品垫处理液中,完全浸泡后,放入37 ℃烘箱中烘干备用。
在聚氯乙烯(PVC)底板上黏贴NC膜,固定在XYZ三维划膜喷金仪划线平台上,用0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS稀释Pro-antigen至0.05 mg·mL-1,划到膜上作为检测线(T线);同样用0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS将羊抗鼠二抗(IgG)稀释至0.5 mg·mL-1,与T线同步划线,作为质控线(C线)。试纸条完成划线后,放置恒温干燥箱中在37 ℃干燥过夜。干燥完毕后,裁剪样品垫、吸水垫黏贴到PVC底板上,边缘均压过NC膜约2 mm。完成后裁掉多余部分,用自动切条机切割成宽度为2.85 mm的试纸条,放入塑封袋中,加入干燥剂后放入干燥器备用。
胶体金根据本课题组先前的制备工艺制备而成[22]。通过柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,在0.1%氯金酸水溶液200 mL中加入柠檬酸三钠65 mg,加热搅拌得到稳定的胶体金(呈酒红色),粒径为20 nm,4 ℃避光保存,备用。
在6支1.5 mL离心管中分别加入胶体金1 mL与0.2 mol·L-1的碳酸钾溶液2 μL,混匀,加入Pro-antibody 7 μg,避光偶联1 h,再加入10% BSA溶液20 μL,避光封闭30 min;分别以12 500 r·min-1,4 ℃离心25 min,弃除上清液,分别加入0.002 mol·L-1硼酸盐缓冲液1 mL混匀,同样条件离心,弃除上清液,分别加入金标Pro-antibody重悬液100 μL,混匀,将6管液体合并,即得,4 ℃避光保存。
取样品待测溶液100 μL与样品稀释液400 μL混合均匀,取100 μL与金标Pro-antibody 2 μL混匀,取80 μL滴加在样品垫上,7~20 min后观察显色情况。若T线与C线均显色,判定为阴性;若T线颜色消失或极浅时,判定为阳性或疑似阳性;若T线与C线均消失,或C线不显色,结果视为无效(见图1)。
用样品稀释液配制不同浓度(0.4、0.6、0.8、1、2、4 ng·mL-1)扑草净标准品溶液。取扑草净标准品溶液100 μL与金标Pro-antibody 2 μL混匀,取80 μL滴加于试纸条上进行检测,以T线消线所对应的扑草净浓度确定为胶体金试纸条的灵敏度。
本实验是以PBS为溶剂下的灵敏度考察。结果如图2,在无基质干扰的情况下,标准品质量浓度为0.6、0.8 ng·mL-1时,逐渐开始消线,当质量浓度为1 ng·mL-1时,T线颜色已达到消线效果。因此,最终认为灵敏度为1 ng·mL-1
先前研究表明叠氮津、仲丁通、扑灭通与扑草净结构相似[21],选取其标准品,用样品稀释液配制成不同浓度(叠氮津3.13、6.25、12.5、25、50、100 ng·mL-1;仲丁通0.78、1.56、3.13、6.25、12.5 ng·mL-1;扑灭通0.78、1.56、3.13、6.25、12.5 ng·mL-1)的标准品溶液。按照“2.7.1”项下方法进行操作,考察胶体金试纸条的特异性。
图3判断灵敏度,叠氮津为25 ng·mL-1,仲丁通为6.25 ng·mL-1,扑灭通为12.5 ng·mL-1。因此,该试纸条与叠氮津的交叉反应率<4%;与仲丁通的交叉反应率<8%;扑灭通的交叉反应率<16%。
扑草净易溶于甲醇中,样品检测时甲醇可能会影响试纸条性能。故需考察胶体金试纸条的甲醇耐受性。在样品稀释液中加入甲醇,使成含不同浓度甲醇的混合液(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%),取100 μL与金标Pro-antibody 2 μL混匀,取80 μL滴加于试纸条上进行检测。通过观察T线出线和消线情况,考察胶体金试纸条的甲醇耐受性。
试验结果表明当甲醇浓度达到40%时,C线出线不清晰;在不超过30%时,金标Pro-antibody释放完全;T线、C线显色情况较好。因此可认为当检测液中甲醇含量不超过30%时试纸条的性能不受影响,能够满足正常检测。
胶体金免疫层析方法中,使用方法可分为干法与湿法[24]。本课题组先前使用扑草净检测试纸条干法检测[21],出于pH、色素、淀粉干扰因素考虑,本实验选用山楂、甘草、麦芽基质为例,进行加标实验,比较干法湿法检测效果。按照“2.2”项下中药材样品处理过程获取阴性样品溶液。阴性样品溶液用样品稀释液稀释5倍后加标扑草净(4 ng·mL-1)作为阳性对照液。取阳性对照液100 μL与金标Pro-antibody 2 μL混匀,取80 μL滴加于试纸条上进行检测。通过观察T线出线和消线情况,比较干法湿法检测效果。
结果(见图4)表明麦芽基质干扰较小,金标Pro-antibody的释放均较好,背景干净。山楂、甘草基质干扰均较重,有关实验表明,干法抗干扰能力优于湿法,湿法灵敏度优于干法。本实验中,中药基质干扰强,干法与湿法的抗基质干扰能力没有明显差距,因此选用湿法试纸条检测。
不同的中药基质对试纸条的检测有不同的干扰影响。目前国内,并没有中药有关的扑草净限量,根据GB 2763-2021限量标准中,对食品扑草净农残限量要求,设定QC样品(0.1 mg·kg-1)进行检测,保证试纸条能够适用于中药材不同部位。通过在“2.2”项下方法处理得到阴性样品溶液与QC样品溶液,按“2.6”项下方法进行检测。利用基质溶液中的扑草净与T线的Pro-antigen竞争金标Pro-antibody,观察T线是否显色,以确定试纸条在不同中药基质中的适用性。
本实验选择64种药材(根及根茎类27种,种子及果实类)进行筛选,结果(见图5)表明,常用种子、果实类中药15种(陈皮、柏子仁、山楂、麦芽、薏苡仁、使君子、大茴香、栀壳、益智仁、菟丝子、决明子、大枣、胡椒、莲子、枸杞);根茎类中药21种(党参、当归、山药、人参、甘草、黄芪、红参、麦冬、半夏、沙参、白术、太子参、西洋参、三七、白芍、柴胡、无花果、怀牛膝、生姜、牛蒡,桔梗)和花、叶及全草类中药4种(菊花、金银花、蒲公英、白花蛇舌草)的QC样品溶液的检测结果均观察到T线消失,而阴性样品溶液检测T线显色,表明这些中药材均有良好的适用性。
进一步选取丹参、栀子、酸枣仁、艾叶4个严重影响灵敏度的样品,按“2.2”项方法操作得阴性样品溶液,用样品稀释液稀释后再加入分别不同量的扑草净标准品,配制成4、8、12 ng·mL-1后加标样品溶液,确定方法对4种基质的灵敏度。并按“2.2”项方法操作得到的1 g中药材粉末,加入200 ng扑草净标准品溶液,提取涡旋离心,获得前加标溶液进行检测,即以0.2 mg·kg-1为前加标浓度进行检测,确定方法回收率。结果如图6,丹参、栀子、艾叶、酸枣仁后加标灵敏度达到8 ng·mL-1,前加标在0.2 mg·kg-1(提取后质量浓度为8 ng·mL-1)均能消线,表明复杂中药基质灵敏度有所下降,实际为8 ng·mL-1且该方法回收率良好。
将此建立的胶体金免疫层析方法对10批西洋参、5批山药、12批三七、5批黄芪、3批沙参、4批牛膝、14批菊花、9批生姜、6批菟丝子药材进行实际样品中扑草净残留检测。药材按照“2.2”项下方法处理中药材样品,并按“2.6”项下方法进行实际样品快速检测,结果均未检出扑草净残留。
划线速度固定为1 μL·cm-1,C线浓度固定为0.5 mg·mL-1。用0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS稀释Pro-antigen为0.05、0.1、0.2 mg·mL-1;同样用0.01 mol·L-1 pH 7.4 PBS稀释羊抗鼠二抗(IgG)稀释成0.2 mg·mL-1。用XYZ三维划膜喷金仪在NC膜上划出T线以及C线,组装试纸条。观察试纸条显线和消线情况,确定最佳划线浓度。
检测线划线浓度的大小是影响试纸条灵敏度的重要因素之一,划线浓度过高会使得灵敏度下降,划线浓度过低会影响实际检测效果。C线划线浓度影响着试纸条性能好坏,划线浓度不宜太低,因此本实验选择固定C线划线浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1。实验结果如图7,从左到右,T线划线浓度分别为0.2、0.1、0.5 mg·mL-1,当T线划线浓度越高时,会产生截流现象,导致C线出线不清晰,T线划线浓度为0.2、0.1 mg·mL-1时,当加标浓度为0 mg·mL-1时,明显出现T线清晰,C线不清晰的情况。当T线为0.05 mg·mL-1时,灵敏度最高,且T线C线出现良好。因此选用T线划线浓度为0.05 mg·mL-1,C线划线浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1的试纸条检测。
胶体金是通过静电吸附作用与抗体偶联,高浓度盐离子会破坏标记物与抗体偶联稳定性,利用这一特性考察最佳抗体标记量。取胶体金1 mL至1.5 mL离心管中,分别加入Pro-antibody 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 μg,涡旋混匀后,加入10%氯化钠溶液100 μL混匀,观察颜色反应。结果表明(见图8),随着Pro-antibody的增加,胶体金坏死的量也不断减少,颜色由暗灰色逐渐变成稳定的酒红色。当Pro-antibody加入量在6 μg即稳定显红色,在实际应用中应适当增加10%~20%Pro-antibody,作为实际用量,因此选用7 μg作为稳定胶体金蛋白用量。
胶体金标记抗体过程中,pH环境直接影响胶体金与抗体结合效果。使用抗体过多,会造成抗体浪费,且会增大非特异性吸附效应。因此,需要考察偶联Pro-antibody pH、Pro-antibody标记量以及金标Pro-antibody使用量。取胶体金1 mL加入1.5 mL离心管中,再分别加入0.2 mol·L-1的碳酸钾溶液0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7 μL,混匀后加入适量Pro-antibody,制备出金标Pro-antibody,再通过胶体金试纸条出线和消线情况,确定最佳碳酸钾用量。
pH是影响金标抗体稳定性的因素之一,本实验采用0.2 mol·L-1碳酸钾溶液调节抗体偶联时的pH。结果表明(见图9),随着碳酸钾加入量增加,T线越来越浅,C线越来越深。当加入量为3 μL时T线与C线出线颜色均匀且清晰。因此,最终选择加入3 μL的碳酸钾作为最佳偶联pH,pH检测为8.7。
分别吸取金标Pro-antibody 0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5 μL用100 μL样品稀释液稀释后点样,观察试纸条出线消线情况,确定最佳的金标Pro-antibody用量。
金标Pro-antibody用量是影响试纸条灵敏度的原因之一,过量的金标Pro-antibody会增大非特异性吸附,降低灵敏度,金标Pro-antibody用量不足则容易使得肉眼无法判断。实验结果表明金标Pro-antibody用量为1~2 μL时,消线出线情况均较好,用量越多,颜色越鲜明。考虑到实际测样过程中,有基质干扰的因素,选用2 μL金标Pro-antibody,削弱基质效应带来的影响。
不同的离子浓度会影响金标抗体与抗原免疫结合,进而影响显色效果。参考“2.1.1”项下制备0.01 mol·L-1 PBS方法,调整磷酸二氢钾与十二水合磷酸氢二钠的比例,配制出0.5、0.2、0.1、0.05、0.02、0.01 mol·L-1 PBS并加入Tween-80,使含量为0.1%,制成样品稀释液。取金标Pro-antibody 2 μL加入到酶标条中,用不同离子浓度的PBS配制的样品稀释液100 μL分别稀释,混匀,吸取80 μL滴加在试纸条上,观察出线和消线情况确定最佳样品稀释液离子浓度条件。
结果表明样品稀释液用离子浓度为0.02~0.2 mol·L-1 PBS配制,试纸条显色效果较好。考虑到实际上样过程中,也有基质造成离子干扰,因此选用0.1 mol·L-1 PBS作为稀释液溶剂以此降低负面影响。
表面活性剂有助于金标抗体与抗原,二抗结合,增强样品的流动性。本研究选用Tween-20和Tween-80 作为表面活性剂。在0.1 mol·L-1 PBS中分别加入不同量表面活性剂,涡旋使活性剂完全溶解,配制出0.5%、0.2%、0.1%、0.05%、0.02%、0.01%的Tween-20和Tween-80的样品稀释液。取金标Pro-antibody 2 μL加入到酶标条中,用含不同表面活性剂浓度的样品稀释液 100 μL稀释,吸取80 μL滴加在试纸条上,观察出线和消线情况确定最佳浓度。
结果表明稀释液加入Tween-80后试纸条显色优于加入Tween-20,且Tween-80含量为0.05%~0.2%时显色效果较佳。0.1%Tween-80完全满足出线和消线显色效果,最终选定0.1% Tween-80作为表面活性剂添加浓度。
添加封闭剂会封闭非特异性结合位点,减少胶体金非特异性吸附。以人参基质为例,按照“2.2”项下中药材样品处理过程获取人参阴性样品溶液。将0.1 mol·L-1 PBS(含0.1% Tween-80)中分别加入封闭剂OVA和 BSA,且含量为1%作为样品稀释液。取含不同封闭剂的样品稀释液400 μL与人参阴性样品溶液100 μL混合,分别进行点样检测[23],观察出线和消线情况确定最佳封闭剂种类。
结果表明含量为1%封闭剂足够达到封闭效果,1% OVA在0.05 mg·kg-1加标下,T线显色较浅,封闭效果相对较好。最终选定1% OVA作为封闭剂添加浓度。
本实验选择64种药材通过分别对阴性样品溶液及QC样品溶液(0.1 mg·kg-1)进行检测,确定不同种类中药基质对试纸条检测的影响,考察中药材对于快速检测的适用性。
从中国科学院上海有机化学研究所化学专业数据库[25]中初步检索相关药材主要化学成分寻找相关规律。以药材用药部位分类分析,根及根茎类,以及种子果实类的药材多达36种药材,能够适用于快速检测,适用性接近80%。茎木类以及皮类药材只考察了厚朴,杜仲,陈皮,不足以体现规律,只能初步认为适用性不强。肉桂、厚朴和杜仲属于茎木树皮,猜测是由于树皮类成分复杂[26-28],而陈皮具有较好的检测适用性,可能是因为陈皮属于果实皮,主要含黄酮类,高达50%[29],因此对试纸条适用性比较强。
以药材含量分析而言,富含淀粉、皂苷类成分的中药基质例如人参、党参、西洋参、三七、麦芽等对检测干扰较小,普遍适合试纸条检测。挥发油对试纸条的适用性是一大影响因素。大部分种子,花类药材都含有挥发油,根茎类药材当归、白术、白芍也含有一定的挥发油,这些挥发油含量不足以影响试纸条检测,能够良好适用。但酸枣仁、肉桂、丁香中T、C线显色均不明显,有研究表明酸枣仁的油脂含量高于30%[30],肉桂[28]以及丁香[31]富含的挥发油影响了金标Pro-antibody与T、C线结合的因素,导致对试纸条适用性比较差。部分中药材含有的黄酮类色素,易造成颜色干扰,从而影响结果判断。这些基质大部分可以通过稀释提取液解决颜色干扰问题,诸如生姜、甘草、菊花、蒲公英,经稀释以后背景干扰不大,不影响结果判断。但是部分基质含有大量的色素,诸如栀子、黄连、丹参、艾叶、半枝莲严重影响判断,不利于试纸条检测。
在考察过程中,部分基质干扰比较严重,影响结果判断。进一步选取丹参、栀子、酸枣仁、艾叶4个有影响的样品,通过后加标,检测反映实际灵敏度。结果表明,虽然基质干扰严重的中药样品检测灵敏度下降,可达到0.2 mg·kg-1,但该检测限低于食品安全国家标准食品农残限量标准GB 2763-2021中扑草净最高限量0.5 mg·kg-1的要求。尽管痕量检测中,检测方法灵敏度只需满足满足相关限量要求即可,但是中药基质复杂多样,不同的基质对试纸条的灵敏度干扰程度不同,开发出高灵敏且普遍适用的农药残留试纸条还是具有重要意义。
本研究通过实验条件优化,使无基质干扰下的检测灵敏度能够达到1 ng·mL-1。为保证在中药基质适用性,参考相关标准设定QC样品溶液进行筛选,最终筛选出40种适用基质,并对部分复杂基质进行实际灵敏度检测,实际检测灵敏度也低于相关标准最高限量。因此,本方法可作为现场快速筛查中药中扑草净残留的有效手段。同时,为多种中药材农残快速检测方法开发的适用性筛选提供了一定的参考意义。
  • *中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-071)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82173971)
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2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-01-31
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基金
*中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-071)
国家自然科学基金(82173971)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院,成都 611137
    2.中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院药用植物研究所中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室,北京 100193

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**秦旭华 Tel:13398199519;E-mail:
杨美华 Tel:(010)57833277;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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