Article(id=1240372083805442997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1702224000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773657349778, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773657349778, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773657349778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657349778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240372078617096528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773657348540, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657513974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240372085592216518, articleId=1240372083805442997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Study on differential metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in different years based on extensive targeted metabonomics*, columnId=1239148841803501731, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To investigate the accumulation pattern of metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis by qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolic constituents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and to search for its differential metabolites.

Methods:

The separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase B. The gradient elution was carried out at a flow rate of 0.35 mL·min-1, and the column temperature was 40 ℃ with an injection volume of 4 μL. The mass spectrometry was performed with positive and negative ions scanning in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The mass spectrometry was performed in multi-response monitoring mode with positive and negative ion scanning. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis were carried out on the basis of the self-constructed secondary mass spectrometry database, and the multivariate statistical analyses of the metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation were combined with principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and cluster heat map analyses.

Results:

(1) A total of 1 038 metabolites were detected from the samples of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, among which 201 differential metabolites existed between annual and biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 125 up-regulated and 76 down-regulated; 223 differential metabolites existed between biennial and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 64 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated; 185 differential metabolites existed between annual and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 59 up-regulated and 126 down-regulated. Four metabolites specific to annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, six to biennial and one to three-year old were found. (2) K-mean cluster analysis was performed on the differential metabolites, and the differential metabolites were classified according to the different accumulation trends, and it was found that most of the metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, lignans, and coumarins peaked in biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and most of the metabolites such as alkaloids, amino acids and their derivatives peaked in annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and a part of the flavonoids, phenolic acids and other metabolites reached peaks in three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, suggesting that the metabolism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the body reached the peaks. peak value, suggesting that there was a certain pattern of metabolite content changes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. (3) 160 differential metabolites annotated in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) datebase and flavonoids, amino acids and their derivatives, and organic acids were the differential metabolites that accounted for a relatively large number of them. A total of 79 differential metabolic pathways were enriched among different comparison groups, among which 6 differential metabolic pathways were highly significantly enriched (P<0.01) and 23 significantly enriched (P<0.05), and the distributions of compounds involved in the above pathways were basically the same as before enrichment in comparison of different cultivation year.

Conclusion:

The present study elucidate the differences between the metabolic components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and further analyse the metabolic pathways that might cause the differences through the differential metabolites, which can provide a certain reference basis for the determination of the harvesting year of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and the study of the quality formation mechanism.

, correspAuthors=Xian-long CHENG, Fu-de YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=De-lai ZHOU, Miao WANG, Jin-liang FENG, Kun-peng ZHAO, Yun LI, Xian-long CHENG, Fu-de YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240372091682345099, articleId=1240372083805442997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于广泛靶向代谢组学研究甘草不同年限差异代谢物*, columnId=1239148842025799861, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=质量分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

通过对不同栽培年限甘草中的代谢成分进行定性定量分析,寻找其差异代谢物,探究甘草体内代谢物的累积规律。

方法:

采用Agilent SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速0.35 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量4 μL;质谱采用正负离子扫描,多反应监测模式,进行样品质谱信号采集,基于自建二级质谱数据库对不同年限甘草体内的代谢物进行定性与定量分析,结合主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析、聚类热图分析等手段对不同年限甘草的代谢物进行多元统计分析。

结果:

(1)从不同年限甘草样品共检测到1 038个代谢物,其中一年生与二年生甘草间存在201个差异代谢物,125个上调,76个下调;二年生与三年生之间存在223个差异代谢物,64个上调,159个下调;一年生与三年生之间存在185个差异代谢物,59个上调,126个下调;发现一年生甘草特有代谢物4个,二年生6个,三年生1个。(2)对差异代谢物进行K-均值聚类分析,按照积累趋势不同将差异代谢物进行分类,发现大多数黄酮、酚酸、萜、木脂素及香豆素等类代谢物在二年生甘草中达到峰值,大多数生物碱、氨基酸及其衍生物等类代谢物在一年生甘草中达到峰值,一部分黄酮、酚酸等类代谢物在三年生甘草中达到峰值,提示甘草体内代谢物含量变化存在一定的规律。(3)在京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库注释得到160个差异代谢物,黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸是其中占比较多的差异代谢物。不同对比组间共富集到79条差异代谢通路,其中极显著富集的差异代谢通路(P<0.01)6条,显著富集的通路(P<0.05)23条,参与上述通路的化合物在不同年限对比中的分布与富集前基本一致。

结论:

本研究阐明了不同生长年限甘草代谢组分间的差异,并通过差异代谢物进一步分析了可能造成差异的代谢通路,为甘草采收年限的确定及品质形成机制的研究提供一定的参考依据。

, correspAuthors=程显隆, 杨扶德, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**杨扶德 Tel:(0931)5162435;E-mail:
程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
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Tel: 09315162435;E-mail:

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Progress in histological studies of metabolic regulation in medicinal plants[J]. 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journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, companyId=1240376125294178319, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240376129299738869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of representative samples of G. uralensis in different years, figureFileSmall=vGourAiH+TedM9Aih2tWUA==, figureFileBig=HyzfscnV103LrLWch111sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129371042042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同年限甘草代表性样品示意图, figureFileSmall=vGourAiH+TedM9Aih2tWUA==, figureFileBig=HyzfscnV103LrLWch111sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129459122430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Overlay of TIC for mass spectrometry detection of QC samples, figureFileSmall=Klo4YUszsP0qOZUD5HPGqQ==, figureFileBig=8JoWr6K7VQKn9ByP/J7YiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129543008516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图2, caption=QC样品质谱检测TIC重叠图

P.正离子模式(positive ion mode) N.负离子模式(negetive ion mode)

, figureFileSmall=Klo4YUszsP0qOZUD5HPGqQ==, figureFileBig=8JoWr6K7VQKn9ByP/J7YiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129626894598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PC1 control chart for all samples, figureFileSmall=n0WTn340EKUk3r7p3eqr0w==, figureFileBig=UXpdJ8MtjbyQscZXsLAjaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129710780683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所有样品PC1控制图, figureFileSmall=n0WTn340EKUk3r7p3eqr0w==, figureFileBig=UXpdJ8MtjbyQscZXsLAjaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129803055374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cycle diagram of metabolite category composition, figureFileSmall=pCD7EycJMCKSDXFO3mdY9A==, figureFileBig=SOtKna7YyG6gywTCOa69zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129886941459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图4, caption=代谢物类别组成环形图, figureFileSmall=pCD7EycJMCKSDXFO3mdY9A==, figureFileBig=SOtKna7YyG6gywTCOa69zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129966633239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Three-dimensional plot of principal component analysis of G. uralensis subgroups of different ages, figureFileSmall=MBpjUz/BflX/Bn+PcTKwHw==, figureFileBig=qo3X9IXi2ycw4urXB7TEiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130042130713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同年限甘草分组主成分分析三维图, figureFileSmall=MBpjUz/BflX/Bn+PcTKwHw==, figureFileBig=qo3X9IXi2ycw4urXB7TEiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130142794013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Heat map of clustering of G. uralensis samples of different ages, figureFileSmall=CWTSbvPPXfSrsJNs4LURiQ==, figureFileBig=tsUgVUG2eHpFPupGzYHusg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130264428835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同年限甘草样品聚类热图, figureFileSmall=CWTSbvPPXfSrsJNs4LURiQ==, figureFileBig=tsUgVUG2eHpFPupGzYHusg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130352509223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=OPLS-DA score diagram and volcanic map of differential metabolites in each group, figureFileSmall=ThlIvzAnQmZCOkIS2jWkqA==, figureFileBig=AlBwt/tDSHwq/UA1g7nP4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130436395309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各对比组OPLS-DA得分图及差异代谢物火山图

A、B、C分别为一年生与二年生、二年生与三年生、一年生与三年生OPLS-DA得分图(A,B,and C are plots of annual versus biennial,biennial versus three-year,and annual versus three-year OPLS-DA scores) D、E、F分别为一年生与二年生、二年生与三年生、一年生与三年生的差异代谢物火山图(D,E,and F are volcano plots of differential metabolites for annuals vs biennials,biennials vs three years old,and annuals vs three years old)

, figureFileSmall=ThlIvzAnQmZCOkIS2jWkqA==, figureFileBig=AlBwt/tDSHwq/UA1g7nP4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130558030131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Differential metabolite K-means cluster analysis plot, figureFileSmall=wGe5L4KrXM4um+uU3vubtw==, figureFileBig=2DrYA0le13VLMrdocGINhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130667082037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图8, caption=差异代谢物K-均值聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=wGe5L4KrXM4um+uU3vubtw==, figureFileBig=2DrYA0le13VLMrdocGINhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130738385209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Classification of metabolites with different cumulative trends, figureFileSmall=/30uI5ba+2YhhJU5zj4MUA==, figureFileBig=yhufmUDb6mCbXnTK3gO3EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130797105468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同累积趋势代谢物分类统计图

A.代表二年与三年间含量变化不明显的差异代谢物(A represents differential metabolites with insignificant changes in content between biennial and three years old) B、C、D.分别代表含量在三年生、二年生、一年生含量最高的差异代谢物(B,C,and D represent the differential metabolites whose contents were the highest in the three years old,biennual,and annual)

, figureFileSmall=/30uI5ba+2YhhJU5zj4MUA==, figureFileBig=yhufmUDb6mCbXnTK3gO3EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130868408639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Differential abundance score map of metabolic pathways based on KEGG database, figureFileSmall=GMt4ylNhd7W2Ok3mquIVOw==, figureFileBig=wDbk1OX8gRSZLl248j/WSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130981654853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=图10, caption=基于KEGG数据库的代谢通路差异丰度得分图

A、B、C.分别为一年生与二年生、二年生与三年生、一年生与三年生通路差异分布得分图(A,B,and C are plots of the distribution of scores for annual versus biennial,biennial versus three-years old,and annual versus three-years old pathway differences,respectively)

, figureFileSmall=GMt4ylNhd7W2Ok3mquIVOw==, figureFileBig=wDbk1OX8gRSZLl248j/WSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376131073929546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Differential metabolitesof G. uralensis in different years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
分类
(class)
电离模式
(polarity)
母离子
(precursor ion) m/z
子离子
(product ion) m/z
2’-脱氧肌苷-5’-单磷酸
(2’-deoxyinosine-5’-monophosphate)
核苷酸及其衍生物
(nucleotides and derivatives)
[M+H]+333.052 0137.050 0
樱花素(sakuranetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+287.091 4167.035 0
鼠李素(rhamnetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-315.051 0165.000 0
高丽槐素(maackiain)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-283.061 2253.800 0
美迪紫檀素(medicarpin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-269.081 9209.000 0
泽兰黄酮(nepetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+317.065 6302.040 0
6-甲基木犀草素(6-methyl luteolin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+301.071 7167.034 7
刺果甘草查耳酮C(licoagrochalcone C)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-353.139 5150.100 0
9-甲氧基-6H-[1]苯并呋喃[3,2-c] 色烯-3,4,7-三醇(aracarpene 2)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-299.060 0284.020 0
甘草查耳酮D(licochalcone D)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+355.153 9193.052 1
表儿茶素-4’-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷*
(epicatechin-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)*
黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-451.127 1289.072 9
金圣草黄素-7-O-(6”-乙酰)葡萄糖苷
(chrysoeriol-7-O-(6”-acetyl)glucoside)
黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-503.119 5341.100 0
双氢芝麻脂素(dihydrosesamin)木脂素(lignans)[M+H]+357.132 2307.094 5
山楂酸(maslinic acid)三萜类(triterpenes)[M-H]-471.348 0471.348 0
30-去甲常春藤皂苷元(30-norhederagenin)三萜类(triterpenes)[M-H]-455.318 1455.318 1
甘草皂苷P2(licorice-saponin P2)三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+839.401 5469.330 1
赤豆皂苷Ⅳ(azukisaponin Ⅳ)三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+973.500 3471.346 6
贝萼皂苷元-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷-28-O-
(2”-O-鼠李糖基)葡萄糖苷
[bayogenin-3-O-glucuronide-28-O-
(2”-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside]
三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+973.499 4471.348 6
5-乙酰氨基戊酸(5-acetamidopentanoic acid)有机酸类(organic acids)[M-H]-158.082 3116.071 7
L-缬氨酸(L-valine)氨基酸及其衍生物
(amino acids and derivatives)
[M+H]+118.086 372.100 0
L-赖氨酸丁酸酯(L-lysine-butanoic acid)氨基酸及其衍生物
(amino acids and derivatives)
[M+H]+235.100 0118.300 0
香草酰咖啡酰酒石酸(vnilloylcaffeoyl tartaric acid)酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-461.070 0167.040 0
原苏木素B(protosappanin B)酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-303.087 9231.067 6
1-O-咖啡酰-4-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷
(1-O-caffeoyl-4-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose)
酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-493.098 8169.014 2
), ArticleFig(id=1240376131145232717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同年限甘草对比中均存在的差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
分类
(class)
电离模式
(polarity)
母离子
(precursor ion) m/z
子离子
(product ion) m/z
2’-脱氧肌苷-5’-单磷酸
(2’-deoxyinosine-5’-monophosphate)
核苷酸及其衍生物
(nucleotides and derivatives)
[M+H]+333.052 0137.050 0
樱花素(sakuranetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+287.091 4167.035 0
鼠李素(rhamnetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-315.051 0165.000 0
高丽槐素(maackiain)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-283.061 2253.800 0
美迪紫檀素(medicarpin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-269.081 9209.000 0
泽兰黄酮(nepetin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+317.065 6302.040 0
6-甲基木犀草素(6-methyl luteolin)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+301.071 7167.034 7
刺果甘草查耳酮C(licoagrochalcone C)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-353.139 5150.100 0
9-甲氧基-6H-[1]苯并呋喃[3,2-c] 色烯-3,4,7-三醇(aracarpene 2)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-299.060 0284.020 0
甘草查耳酮D(licochalcone D)黄酮类(flavonoids)[M+H]+355.153 9193.052 1
表儿茶素-4’-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷*
(epicatechin-4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)*
黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-451.127 1289.072 9
金圣草黄素-7-O-(6”-乙酰)葡萄糖苷
(chrysoeriol-7-O-(6”-acetyl)glucoside)
黄酮类(flavonoids)[M-H]-503.119 5341.100 0
双氢芝麻脂素(dihydrosesamin)木脂素(lignans)[M+H]+357.132 2307.094 5
山楂酸(maslinic acid)三萜类(triterpenes)[M-H]-471.348 0471.348 0
30-去甲常春藤皂苷元(30-norhederagenin)三萜类(triterpenes)[M-H]-455.318 1455.318 1
甘草皂苷P2(licorice-saponin P2)三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+839.401 5469.330 1
赤豆皂苷Ⅳ(azukisaponin Ⅳ)三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+973.500 3471.346 6
贝萼皂苷元-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷-28-O-
(2”-O-鼠李糖基)葡萄糖苷
[bayogenin-3-O-glucuronide-28-O-
(2”-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside]
三萜类(triterpenes)[M+H]+973.499 4471.348 6
5-乙酰氨基戊酸(5-acetamidopentanoic acid)有机酸类(organic acids)[M-H]-158.082 3116.071 7
L-缬氨酸(L-valine)氨基酸及其衍生物
(amino acids and derivatives)
[M+H]+118.086 372.100 0
L-赖氨酸丁酸酯(L-lysine-butanoic acid)氨基酸及其衍生物
(amino acids and derivatives)
[M+H]+235.100 0118.300 0
香草酰咖啡酰酒石酸(vnilloylcaffeoyl tartaric acid)酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-461.070 0167.040 0
原苏木素B(protosappanin B)酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-303.087 9231.067 6
1-O-咖啡酰-4-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷
(1-O-caffeoyl-4-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose)
酚酸类(phenolic acids)[M-H]-493.098 8169.014 2
), ArticleFig(id=1240376131233313104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Classification and changing trend of differential metabolites commented on by KEGG

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别
(compound
class)
总数
(total number)
一年生vs二年生
(annual vs biennial)
二年生vs三年生
(biennial vs three years old)
一年生vs三年生
(annual vs three years old)
上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)
黄酮类(flavonoids)4022642147
氨基酸及其衍生物(amino acids and derivatives)24-5310117
有机酸类(organic acid)163124310
糖类及维生素类(saccharides)1131-353
酚酸类(phenolic acids)10411812
核苷酸及其衍生物(nucleotides and derivatives)8-43314
生物碱类(alkaloids)7321212
脂质类(lipids)2---1-2
维生素(vitamins)2---2-2
), ArticleFig(id=1240376131313004882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

KEGG注释到的差异代谢物分类及变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别
(compound
class)
总数
(total number)
一年生vs二年生
(annual vs biennial)
二年生vs三年生
(biennial vs three years old)
一年生vs三年生
(annual vs three years old)
上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)
黄酮类(flavonoids)4022642147
氨基酸及其衍生物(amino acids and derivatives)24-5310117
有机酸类(organic acid)163124310
糖类及维生素类(saccharides)1131-353
酚酸类(phenolic acids)10411812
核苷酸及其衍生物(nucleotides and derivatives)8-43314
生物碱类(alkaloids)7321212
脂质类(lipids)2---1-2
维生素(vitamins)2---2-2
), ArticleFig(id=1240376131401085269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Types of metabolites involved in 23 significantly enriched metabolic pathways and their changing trends

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别
(compound
class)
总数
(total number)
一年生vs二年生
(annual vs biennial)
二年生vs三年生
(biennial vs three years old)
一年生vs三年生
(annual vs three years old)
上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)
黄酮类(flavonoids)3019531625
氨基酸及其衍生物(amino acids and derivatives)24-5310117
有机酸类(organic acid)163124310
糖类及维生素类(saccharides)1031-252
酚酸类(phenolic acids)7301611
核苷酸及其衍生物(nucleotides and derivatives)6-32203
生物碱类(alkaloids)5311110
脂质类(lipids)1---0-1
维生素(vitamins)2---2-2
), ArticleFig(id=1240376131489165655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372083805442997, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

参与23条被显著富集到的代谢通路的代谢物类别及其变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质类别
(compound
class)
总数
(total number)
一年生vs二年生
(annual vs biennial)
二年生vs三年生
(biennial vs three years old)
一年生vs三年生
(annual vs three years old)
上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)上调(up)下调(down)
黄酮类(flavonoids)3019531625
氨基酸及其衍生物(amino acids and derivatives)24-5310117
有机酸类(organic acid)163124310
糖类及维生素类(saccharides)1031-252
酚酸类(phenolic acids)7301611
核苷酸及其衍生物(nucleotides and derivatives)6-32203
生物碱类(alkaloids)5311110
脂质类(lipids)1---0-1
维生素(vitamins)2---2-2
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基于广泛靶向代谢组学研究甘草不同年限差异代谢物*
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周德来 1 , 王苗 1 , 冯金梁 2 , 赵鲲鹏 3 , 李运 4 , 程显隆 5, ** , 杨扶德 1, **
药物分析杂志 | 质量分析 2024,44(1): 144-157
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药物分析杂志 | 质量分析 2024, 44(1): 144-157
基于广泛靶向代谢组学研究甘草不同年限差异代谢物*
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周德来1 , 王苗1, 冯金梁2, 赵鲲鹏3, 李运4, 程显隆5, ** , 杨扶德1, **
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,兰州 730000
  • 2.甘肃康乐药业有限责任公司,兰州 730300
  • 3.甘肃中医药大学中医临床学院,兰州 730000
  • 4.兰州食品药品检验检测研究院,兰州 730050
  • 5.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • Tel: 09315162435;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**杨扶德 Tel:(0931)5162435;E-mail:
程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
Study on differential metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in different years based on extensive targeted metabonomics*
De-lai ZHOU1 , Miao WANG1, Jin-liang FENG2, Kun-peng ZHAO3, Yun LI4, Xian-long CHENG5, ** , Fu-de YANG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2.Gansu Kangle Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730300, China
  • 3.Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4.Lanzhou Institute of Food and Drug Control, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 5.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.15
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目的:

通过对不同栽培年限甘草中的代谢成分进行定性定量分析,寻找其差异代谢物,探究甘草体内代谢物的累积规律。

方法:

采用Agilent SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A,0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速0.35 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量4 μL;质谱采用正负离子扫描,多反应监测模式,进行样品质谱信号采集,基于自建二级质谱数据库对不同年限甘草体内的代谢物进行定性与定量分析,结合主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析、聚类热图分析等手段对不同年限甘草的代谢物进行多元统计分析。

结果:

(1)从不同年限甘草样品共检测到1 038个代谢物,其中一年生与二年生甘草间存在201个差异代谢物,125个上调,76个下调;二年生与三年生之间存在223个差异代谢物,64个上调,159个下调;一年生与三年生之间存在185个差异代谢物,59个上调,126个下调;发现一年生甘草特有代谢物4个,二年生6个,三年生1个。(2)对差异代谢物进行K-均值聚类分析,按照积累趋势不同将差异代谢物进行分类,发现大多数黄酮、酚酸、萜、木脂素及香豆素等类代谢物在二年生甘草中达到峰值,大多数生物碱、氨基酸及其衍生物等类代谢物在一年生甘草中达到峰值,一部分黄酮、酚酸等类代谢物在三年生甘草中达到峰值,提示甘草体内代谢物含量变化存在一定的规律。(3)在京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库注释得到160个差异代谢物,黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸是其中占比较多的差异代谢物。不同对比组间共富集到79条差异代谢通路,其中极显著富集的差异代谢通路(P<0.01)6条,显著富集的通路(P<0.05)23条,参与上述通路的化合物在不同年限对比中的分布与富集前基本一致。

结论:

本研究阐明了不同生长年限甘草代谢组分间的差异,并通过差异代谢物进一步分析了可能造成差异的代谢通路,为甘草采收年限的确定及品质形成机制的研究提供一定的参考依据。

甘草  /  栽培年限  /  广泛靶向代谢组学  /  超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆/线性离子阱质谱法  /  差异代谢物  /  KEGG通路  /  正交偏最小二乘法判别分析
Objective:

To investigate the accumulation pattern of metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis by qualitative and quantitative analyses of metabolic constituents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and to search for its differential metabolites.

Methods:

The separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C18 (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase A and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase B. The gradient elution was carried out at a flow rate of 0.35 mL·min-1, and the column temperature was 40 ℃ with an injection volume of 4 μL. The mass spectrometry was performed with positive and negative ions scanning in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The mass spectrometry was performed in multi-response monitoring mode with positive and negative ion scanning. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the metabolites in Glycyrrhiza uralensis were carried out on the basis of the self-constructed secondary mass spectrometry database, and the multivariate statistical analyses of the metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation were combined with principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and cluster heat map analyses.

Results:

(1) A total of 1 038 metabolites were detected from the samples of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, among which 201 differential metabolites existed between annual and biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 125 up-regulated and 76 down-regulated; 223 differential metabolites existed between biennial and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 64 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated; 185 differential metabolites existed between annual and three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 59 up-regulated and 126 down-regulated. Four metabolites specific to annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, six to biennial and one to three-year old were found. (2) K-mean cluster analysis was performed on the differential metabolites, and the differential metabolites were classified according to the different accumulation trends, and it was found that most of the metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, lignans, and coumarins peaked in biennial Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and most of the metabolites such as alkaloids, amino acids and their derivatives peaked in annual Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and a part of the flavonoids, phenolic acids and other metabolites reached peaks in three years old Glycyrrhiza uralensis, suggesting that the metabolism of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the body reached the peaks. peak value, suggesting that there was a certain pattern of metabolite content changes in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. (3) 160 differential metabolites annotated in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) datebase and flavonoids, amino acids and their derivatives, and organic acids were the differential metabolites that accounted for a relatively large number of them. A total of 79 differential metabolic pathways were enriched among different comparison groups, among which 6 differential metabolic pathways were highly significantly enriched (P<0.01) and 23 significantly enriched (P<0.05), and the distributions of compounds involved in the above pathways were basically the same as before enrichment in comparison of different cultivation year.

Conclusion:

The present study elucidate the differences between the metabolic components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis with different cultivation years, and further analyse the metabolic pathways that might cause the differences through the differential metabolites, which can provide a certain reference basis for the determination of the harvesting year of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and the study of the quality formation mechanism.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.  /  cultivated years  /  widely targeted metabolomics  /  UPLC-QTRAP MS  /  differential metabolites  /  KEGG pathways  /  OPLS-DA
周德来, 王苗, 冯金梁, 赵鲲鹏, 李运, 程显隆, 杨扶德. 基于广泛靶向代谢组学研究甘草不同年限差异代谢物*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 144 -157 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.15
De-lai ZHOU, Miao WANG, Jin-liang FENG, Kun-peng ZHAO, Yun LI, Xian-long CHENG, Fu-de YANG. Study on differential metabolites of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in different years based on extensive targeted metabonomics*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (1) : 144 -157 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.15
甘草作为药食两用的中药材品种,来源于豆科植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)、胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.)或光果甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)的干燥根及根茎,作为我国传统大宗药材,素有“十方九草”之说[1],但随着长期的掠夺式采挖,甘草的野生资源逐渐枯竭,目前栽培品已成为商品主流[2]。栽培甘草与野生甘草相比,存在质量良莠不齐,有效成分含量低等问题[3],开展甘草栽培过程中代谢成分的变化规律研究,对甘草质量的科学评价与控制具有重要意义。前人研究发现不同栽培年限甘草的有效成分及药理活性存在差异[4-5],化学成分作为药理活性的物质基础,有研究针对不同年限甘草中的黄酮类和三萜类化合物展开研究[6],发现甘草苷、甘草酸、芹糖甘草苷等成分在不同年限甘草间存在差异,且彼此之间存在一定的相关性[7],也有学者发现不同生长期甘草地上部分黄酮类化合物的含量变化存在一定的规律[8]。上述研究一定程度上揭示了不同栽培年限甘草间化学成分的差异,但受制于方法自身定性能力不足,追踪研究的化合物种类有限,也没有深入探究导致不同年限甘草化学成分差异的代谢机制。
代谢组学作为一种对生物所含代谢物整体进行定性和定量分析的技术手段,可通过对大量小分子化合物进行定性定量分析,从而反映生物体内代谢物的种类、相对含量及其在内外因素作用下的变化规律[9],作为一种高通量、高精度的研究方法,其研究思路与中药作用的整体观具有一致性[10]。目前在甘草基原鉴定[11]、生长方式[12]、炮制加工[13]、药理作用机制[14]等多项研究中已得到应用。广泛靶向代谢组学技术作为结合非靶向和靶向代谢组学技术的新兴技术,与传统代谢组学技术相比,具有覆盖面更广和灵敏度更高的优势[15]。本研究利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术,对不同栽培年限甘草中的代谢物进行系统性分析,明确不同栽培年限甘草间的差异代谢物及其含量变化趋势,利用京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库进行代谢通路富集分析,为甘草采收年限确定、品质形成机制及物质基础研究提供一定的参考依据。
实验所用一年生、二生生、三年生甘草均于2022年4月采集于甘肃省兰州市榆中县上花叉乡黑虎村(海拔2 351米,36°8’91”N,104°36’13”E)。所有样品均经甘肃中医药大学杨扶德教授鉴定为豆科植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)的干燥根及根茎,不同年限甘草的代表性样品如图1所示。材料采集后迅速用无菌水冲洗擦干,经真空冷冻干燥后,粉碎过三号筛,得一年生、二年生、三年生共3组样品,分别编组为GUY1、GUY2、GUY3。
实验用甲醇、乙腈为色谱纯(默克公司),甲酸为色谱纯(上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司)。SHIMADZU Nexera X2型超高效液相色谱仪(岛津公司),4500 QTRAP串联质谱仪(应用生物系统公司),XSE205DU型万分之一天平(梅特勒-托利多公司),Scirntz-100F冻干机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司),MM400研磨机(莱驰公司)。
甘草样品经冷冻干燥后,粉碎过3号筛,取粉碎后样品粉末适量使用研磨仪(30 Hz,1.5 min)再次研磨,精密称取50 mg,置于离心管,加入70%甲醇1.2 mL,每30 min涡旋1次,每次持续30 s,共涡旋6次,在12 000 r·min-1离心3 min,取上清液过微孔滤膜(0.22 μm),置进样小瓶中备用[16],每组样品按上述方法处理3次,制备3份平行样品溶液。质控样品(QC)由3组不同年限甘草样品等量混合制备而成,与分析样本采用相同的方法处理和检测,重复测定3次,分别作为第1、第5、第12检测分析样品进行检测分析,以监测整个分析过程的重复性。
采用Agilent SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)色谱柱,柱温40 ℃,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0 min,5% B;0~9 min,5% B→95% B,9~10 min,95% B;10~11.10 min,95% B→5% B;11.10~14 min,5% B),流速0.35 mL·min-1,进样体积4 μL。
电喷雾离子源(ESI)温度为550 ℃,正负离子扫描模式进行样品质谱信号采集,离子喷雾电压分别为5 500 V(ESI+)和-4 500 V(ESI-),离子源气体I(GSI)、离子源气体II(GSII)、气帘气(CUR)分别设置为344.75、413.70、172.38 kPa,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高,QQQ数据的采集使用分段多反应监测(MRM)模式,并将碰撞气体(氮气)设置为中等,针对筛选的代谢物特征碎片离子进行DP和CE的优化,同时根据每个时期洗脱的代谢物,利用优化后的DP和CE在每个时期内监测一组特定的MRM离子对。
原始数据经Analyst 1.6.3处理后,基于武汉迈特维尔生物科技有限公司商业自建库(Metware datebase)进行化合物定性分析,定量分析利用三重四极杆质谱的MRM模式分析完成,用MultiQuant软件打开样品下机质谱文件,进行色谱峰的积分和校正工作,每个色谱峰的峰面积代表对应物质的相对含量[17]。基于KEGG数据库进行代谢物的注释与代谢通路富集分析。对提取到的原始数据,利用R软件进行主成分分析(PCA)、聚类热图分析及正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)。
为了监测分析过程中可靠性,在分析序列中不同时间段添加随行QC样品溶液进行检测分析,将不同采集时间下QC样品溶液的正负离子流图重叠,如图2所示,可见不同采集时间下QC样品溶液色谱峰的响应强度和保留时间基本一致,重叠性较好,同时通过建立PCA模型对所有样品溶液分析结果进行监控,如图3所示,不同采集时间下QC样品溶液的PC1 scores均在正、负3个标准差(standard deviation,SD)范围内,上述结果表明实验过程中仪器状态稳定可靠、分析方法重复性良好。
对不同栽培年限的甘草样品,按“2.1”项下方法处理,按“2.2”项下条件进样分析,根据二级质谱信息在Metwar datebase中进行定性分析,分析过程中去除同位素信号,含K+、Na+、NH4+离子的重复信号,以及本身是其他更大分子量代谢物碎片离子的重复信号,按照鉴定条件不同划分为3个等级,样品所含代谢物的二级质谱(代谢物的所有碎片子离子)、保留时间与数据库代谢物匹配得分≥0.7为等级1,鉴定得到372个;匹配得分为0.5~0.7为等级2,鉴定得到243个;样品所含代谢物的母离子、子离子、保留时间、去簇电压、碰撞能量与数据库代谢物核对一致的为等级3,鉴定得到423个,共鉴定1 038个代谢物。如图4所示,其中黄酮类、酚酸类、脂质、萜类是占比较多的代谢物类别,分别占总代谢物的33.82%、13.29%、10.21%和9.73%。
为了分析甘草不同年限代谢产物组的动态变化,对不同生长年限的甘草进行非监督模式识别的PCA,结果如图5所示,前3个主成分贡献率分别为37.18%、35.54%和6.01%,累计达78.73%,能较好地区分不同年限的甘草,表明不同年限甘草的化学成分存在一定差异,为了直观地表达这种差异,对所有样品进行聚类分析,并绘制聚类热图,如图6所示,不同年限甘草中可以得到很好的区分,各类成分在不同年限甘草间均存在不同程度的差异。
本研究利用R软件中的MetaboAnalystR包OPLSR.Anal函数进行有监督的OPLS-DA,建立的OPLS-DA模型采用7次循环交互验证和200次响应排序检验(RPT)的方法来防止OPLS-DA模型过拟合并考察模型的质量,3组模型的Q2均>0.9(P<0.05),R2YR2X均>0.5,表明当前建立的OPLS-DA模型较为可靠。如图7所示,一年生与二年生、二年生与三年生、一年生与三年生可均匀地分布在两侧,依据所建立的OPLS-DA模型筛选差异代谢物,以差异倍数值(fold change)和OPLS-DA模型变量重要性投影(VIP)筛选差异代谢物(VIP≥1、Fold change≥2或Fold change≤0.5),一年生与二生、二年生与三年生、一年生与三年生对比组中差异代谢物数目分别为200、222和184个,在3组对比中均存在差异的有24个,见表1所示。发现一年生特有化合物4个(1-O-阿魏酰基-3-O-咖啡酰甘油、3-甲基-L-组氨酸、3-吲哚丙酸、荭草素-2”-O-半乳糖苷)、二年生6个(木犀草素-7,3’-O-二葡萄糖苷、3-O-甲基鞣花酸、橙皮素-7-O-(6”-丙二酰)葡萄糖苷、蟛蜞菊内酯、异鼠李素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、泽兰黄酮-7-O-阿洛糖苷)、三年生1个(间苯三酚)。
为了直观地表达差异代谢物在不同年限甘草中的变化趋势,本研究对所有的差异代谢物进行K-均值聚类分析,见图8所示。按照积累趋势的不同将所有差异代谢物分为10组,可见有53个代谢物(第1组、第5组)在三年生甘草中含量相对较高,有171个代谢物(第2组、第3组、第4组、第9组)在二年生甘草中含量相对较高,有108个(第6组、第8组、第10组)在一年生甘草中含量相对较高,34个代谢物在二年生与三年生中含量差异不明显,但都显著高于一年生甘草(第7组)。进一步对上述4种趋势的差异代谢物进行分类,如图9所示,可见大多数黄酮、酚酸、萜、木脂素及香豆素等类代谢物在二年生或三年生甘草中含量较高,如甘草苷C2、甘草苷B、甘草苷D2、木犀草苷、樱花素、甘草皂苷J2等。大部分生物碱、脂质、氨基酸及其衍生物等代谢物在一年生甘草中含量较高。不同年限甘草中代谢产物含量的变化趋势呈现出一定的规律性,其中黄酮和三萜类化合物作为甘草主要的活性成分类型,在栽培期第2年得到大量累积,因此认为生长期第2年可能是甘草品质形成的重要阶段。
通过与KEGG数据库进行比对,有160个差异代谢物在KEGG数据库中查询到ID,120个差异代谢物得到注释,对这些差异代谢物在不同对比组间的变化趋势及类别进行统计,如表2所示,黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物类、有机酸、糖类占比较高,同未注释前基本一致,但是萜类化合物注释到的相对较少,与KEGG数据库中萜类代谢通路的不完善有关。
通过KEGG通路富集分析发现,一年生与二年生甘草中共富集到54条差异代谢通路,其中显著富集差异代谢通路3条,分别为异黄酮生物合成途径、硫中继系统、黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成(P<0.05)。二年生与三年生甘草中共富集到59条代谢通路,其中显著富集1条,为异黄酮生物合成途径。一年生与三年生中共富集到代谢通路76条,显著富集的差异代谢通路19条,其中极显著富集6条(P<0.01),分别为ABC转运蛋白、氨基酸生物合成途径、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成途径、2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲脂代谢途径、氨酰tRNA的生物合成途径和单环内酰胺化合物的生物合成途径。将参与显著富集与极显著富集KEGG通路的差异代谢物进行统计,见表3所示,发现参与这些代谢通路的主要代谢物是黄酮类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸等,同富集前基本一致(表2),说明这些代谢通路可能在甘草的生长发育及物质积累过程中发挥作用,从而导致不同年限甘草代谢物间产生差异。
为了直观表示不同代谢途径中差异代谢的变化趋势,采用基于KEGG代谢通路的差异丰度(DA)分析,计算了各对比组中显著富集程度前20的代谢通路的差异丰度得分,见图10所示,得分>0表示表达趋势上调,反之为下调。一年生甘草与二年生甘草差异代谢物显著富集的通路中,异黄酮生物合成途径表达趋势上调,硫中继系统下调,二年生与三年生中异黄酮生物合成途径表达趋势下调,其中参与异黄酮生物合成途径的差异代谢物全为黄酮类代谢物,表达趋势与上文中黄酮类差异代谢物的累积趋势相一致,说明异黄酮生物合成途径可能是造成不同年限甘草中黄酮类代谢物差异的主要原因。此外一年与三年生甘草差异代谢物的19条显著富集通路表达趋势全部下调,而参与这些通路的差异代谢物主要是以氨基酸及其衍生物(35.29%)、有机酸类(25.49%)、糖类(13.73%)为主的初级代谢物,分析认为生长过程中大量初级代谢产物不断参与到植物的代谢活动中是甘草一年生与三年生甘草间大量初级代谢物产生差异的主要原因,如氨基酸可作为黄酮类和其他类化合物合成的前体化合物[18],葡萄糖参与糖酵解、磷酸戊糖、糖原合成与分解、糖异生等多种代谢途径,为植物生长发育提供能量的同时,也是多种次生代谢物合成的原料。
中药的质量差异很大程度上源于其生化基础,即活性成分的含量及数量,从化学成分的角度来看,代谢组学在完善中药质量控制体系具有巨大优势[19]。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》以甘草苷、甘草酸为指标性成分对甘草的质量进行控制[20],先后有研究发现利用甘草苷、甘草酸及其代谢相关物质含量可以对甘草的不同炮制品及不同炮制程度、不同基原进行区分[13,21-23]。本研究中甘草苷与甘草酸含量变化趋势与前人研究一致,但甘草苷、甘草酸含量在不同年限甘草中差异并不显著,通过查阅相关文献发现本研究筛选的某些共有差异代谢物活性与甘草及其配伍应用的药理活性存在密切关系[24],如甘草查尔酮D、刺果甘草查耳酮C、鼠李素等黄酮类成分具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗病毒、抗菌等多种药理活性[25-28],甘草皂苷P2具有一定的肝保护活性[29]L-缬氨酸可减轻心律失常,并具有降压作用[30],山楂酸具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、降低血糖等多种药理活性[31]。庞溢媛等[32]研究发现以不同的化合物作为目标成分的往往最佳采收期存在差异,通过对不同年限甘草的差异代谢物及其相关代谢物的生物活性进行深入研究对甘草不同用途下采收期确定具有一定的参考价值。
黄酮类和三萜类化合物作为甘草中主要的活性物质,也是导致品质差异的主要内在原因[6]。本研究筛选到的黄酮类和三萜类差异代谢物分别占差异代谢物物总数(366个)的42.08%和8.47%,通过K-均值聚类分析分析可见大多数黄酮类和三萜类差异代谢物随生长年限的延长在甘草体内得到生成与累积,部分该类代谢物含量随生长年限的增长而降低可能与代谢物间的相互转化有关,如查尔酮可在查尔酮异构酶的催化下生成二氢黄酮,二氢黄酮在各种酶的催化下又可转化为类黄酮物质及花青素[33],本研究中甘草在第3年生长期中随着黄酮醇、黄酮、异黄酮等差异代谢物上调,大多数二氢黄酮和查尔酮类差异代谢呈现下调趋势或与此有关。一些氨基酸及其衍生物、酚酸类、有机酸类、核苷酸及其衍生物等差异代谢物也可以说明不同栽培年限甘草品质间存在的差异,特别是L-缬氨酸、L-赖氨酸丁酸酯、5-乙酰氨基戊酸、双氢芝麻酥等随生长年限的延长一直呈现固定变化趋势的代谢物可作为重点关注的对象,对其生物活性及其在甘草体内活性物质生成中所发挥的作用进行深入研究,对不同年限甘草品质差异的识别及评价有重要意义,如L-缬氨酸不仅具有一定的生物活性,同时也是黄酮类和其他类化合物的前体化合物[18,30],通过其含量变化一定程度上也可以用来说明不同年限甘草间品质存在的差异。
植物代谢物的生成与转化会受到功能基因的调控,以甘草酸为例,甘草次酸作为甘草酸合成的前体化合物,其向甘草酸的转移过程受到GuGT14、UGT73P12等多种糖基转移酶的催化[34],甘草次酸之前的合成又涉及3-羟基-3甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶、鲨烯合酶、细胞色素P450等多种酶的调控[35],研究表明这些酶基因的表达与甘草酸的生成密切相关[36],本研究中栽培期第2年甘草酸与甘草次酸含量均升高,甘草次酸显著升高并表现为差异代谢物,但随着栽培期第3年甘草酸大量生成,甘草次酸含量又呈现显著降低的变化趋势,分析认为甘草酸与甘草次酸之间糖基转化酶及上述相关酶基因在不同时期的选择性表达可能是造成这种差异的主要原因,如刘颖等[37]研究发现甘草的不同部位及不同时期同一部位中β-AS基因的表达存在差异,同时考虑到目前植物代谢物数据库所搜集的代谢物数量种类尚不能完全满足对植物所有代谢物进行分析的要求,已有的研究表明多组学在揭示代谢物合成通路、调控基因和异源合成等方面具有重要作用[38],因此结合基因组、转录组从多个层面解析不同时期甘草的生长发育及生物合成和调控机制,对甘草品质形成、质量评价及活性化合物的生物合成机制研究具有重要意义,可为甘草品质提升及资源可持续利用提供参考依据。
  • *2021年度甘肃高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2021CYZC-40)
  • 甘肃省科技小巨人企业培育计划项目(17CXIJA084)
  • 甘肃省委组织部人才发展专项资金项目(2018年)
  • 2018年兰州市人才创新创业科技计划项目(2017-RC-112)
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2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2024-01-31
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  • 修回日期:2023-12-11
基金
*2021年度甘肃高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2021CYZC-40)
甘肃省科技小巨人企业培育计划项目(17CXIJA084)
甘肃省委组织部人才发展专项资金项目(2018年)
2018年兰州市人才创新创业科技计划项目(2017-RC-112)
作者信息
    1.甘肃中医药大学药学院,兰州 730000
    2.甘肃康乐药业有限责任公司,兰州 730300
    3.甘肃中医药大学中医临床学院,兰州 730000
    4.兰州食品药品检验检测研究院,兰州 730050
    5.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629

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**杨扶德 Tel:(0931)5162435;E-mail:
程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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