Article(id=1240372081397920094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1700582400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773657349203, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1706630400000, pubDateStr=2024-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773657349203, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773657349203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657349203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240372078617096528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773657348540, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773657513974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240372772564685718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1240372078617096528, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240372081666355555, articleId=1240372081397920094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=The research progress of patch on in vitro release test, in vitro experimental methodology and in vivo-in vitro, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Patch refers to a thin sheet flexible preparation made of raw drug and suitable material for sticking on the skin, which can produce systemic or local effects. In vitro release test (IVRT) and in vitro permeation test (IVPT) are important contents of preclinical pharmaceutical research for formulation process optimization, quality control and safety and effectiveness evaluation of patch. The experimental equipment and methods used are different, the obtained experimental samples and data are different from each other, and the accuracy and precision of the experimental data are also different. Therefore, the selection of experimental equipment and the establishment of experimental methods in the in vitro experiment of IVRT & IVPT is a problem worthy of attention. In this paper, the research status of patch was summarized, the requirements of pharmacopoeia of different countries for IVRT experiments were briefly introduced, and the differences of different methods were reviewed. For IVPT experiments that have not yet been prescribed by relevant standards, the common types of experimental equipment and experimental conditions were introduced in detail, the applicability of different equipment and the influence of main experimental conditions (temperature, stirring speed, composition of acceptor solution, selected skin, etc.) on the experimental results were summarized, and the research progress of in vivo and in vitro correlation was introduced. At the same time, the validity of the experimental data was discussed, hoping to provide a useful reference for the development and research of the in vitro experimental methodology of the patch.

, correspAuthors=Hua CHEN, Qing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-xuan SI, Xun MA, Hong-xia WANG, Hua CHEN, Qing WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240372087056036334, articleId=1240372081397920094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=贴剂的体外释放与渗透实验方法学及体内外相关性研究进展, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

贴剂系指原料药物与适宜的材料制成的供贴敷在皮肤上的,可产生全身性或局部作用的一种薄片状柔性制剂。体外释放实验(in vitro release test,IVRT)和体外渗透实验(in vitro permeation test,IVPT)是进行贴剂的处方工艺优化、质量控制和安全有效性评价等临床前药学研究的重要内容。采用的实验设备和方法不同,所得实验样品和数据相互之间有差异,实验数据的准确度与精确度也不一样,因此IVRT & IVPT实验设备的选择和实验方法的建立是贴剂体外实验中一个值得重点关注的问题。本文根据国内外相关研究文献和法规指南,总结了贴剂的研究现状,简要介绍了各国药典对于IVRT的要求,综述了各个方法的差异;对于尚未有相关规范规定实验方法的IVPT,详细介绍了常见的实验设备类型和实验条件,并总结了不同设备的适用性和主要实验条件(温度、搅拌速度,接受液组成,选用的皮肤等)对实验结果的影响,介绍了体内外相关性的研究进展,同时对评判实验数据的有效性进行了探讨,期望为贴剂的体外实验方法学的开发和研究提供有益的借鉴。

, correspAuthors=陈华, 汪晴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈华 Tel:(010)53851622;E-mail:
汪晴 Tel:(0411)84986176;E-mail:
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Tel: 15542300558;E-mail:

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label=Fig.3, caption=Disperse patch release model, figureFileSmall=LseFZKKLDCyi6T7Ooi8FsA==, figureFileBig=MKwIH2tnvs6oN6fZ/akS3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129438142529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分散型贴剂释放模型, figureFileSmall=LseFZKKLDCyi6T7Ooi8FsA==, figureFileBig=MKwIH2tnvs6oN6fZ/akS3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129530417223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Paddle over disk apparatus, figureFileSmall=OJfV57qc6m652Q6qGTcskQ==, figureFileBig=OHJIEoZmMTtt9FRtkYXuRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376129626886220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=图4, caption=桨碟法装置, figureFileSmall=OJfV57qc6m652Q6qGTcskQ==, figureFileBig=OHJIEoZmMTtt9FRtkYXuRQ==, tableContent=null), 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caption=垂直扩散池

A.水浴垂直扩散池(water bath vertical diffusion cell)[20]1724 B.固态加热垂直扩散池(solid state heated vertical diffusion cell)[22]

, figureFileSmall=UobhxwbwdhMpz3A5UFdF9Q==, figureFileBig=ocKs0rmzyGeJI1XCHGeDpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130042122331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Horizontal diffusion cell, figureFileSmall=bKeXiXHc5ai1wBeyM86uNQ==, figureFileBig=g9i4YAY0e/kOllfcBRapjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240376130151174239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=图7, caption=水平扩散池

A.水浴水平扩散池(water bath horizontal diffusion cell) B.固态加热水平扩散池(solid state heated horizontal diffusion cell)[22]

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Some patches approved for marketing in China and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家和国际组织
(country and international organization)
药物
(drug)
美国(The United States)东莨菪碱(scopolamine)、硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、可乐定(clonidine)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、睾酮(testosterone)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、哌甲酯(methylphenidate)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、格拉司琼(granisetron)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、司来吉兰(selegiline)、多奈哌齐(donepezil)、阿塞那平(asenapine)、雌二醇/醋酸炔诺酮(estradiol/norethisterone acetate)、乙炔雌二醇/甲基孕酮(ethinyl estradiol/methylprogesterone)、雌二醇/左炔诺孕酮(estradiol/levonorgestrel)、辣椒素(capsaicin)、舒马曲坦(sumatriptan)、双氯芬酸依泊胺(diclofenac epoamide)
欧盟(The European Union)雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、睾酮(testosterone)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、吡罗昔康(piroxicam)
日本(Japan)硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、硝酸异山梨酯(isosorbide nitrate)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、妥布特罗(tobutrol)、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、辣椒素(capsaicin)、布南色林(bonanserin)
中国(China)东莨菪碱(scopolamine)、硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、可乐定(clonidine)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、睾酮(testosterone)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、双氯芬酸钠(diclofenac sodium)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、格拉司琼(granisetron)、吡罗昔康(piroxicam)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)
), ArticleFig(id=1240376130528661612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分国内外获批上市的贴剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家和国际组织
(country and international organization)
药物
(drug)
美国(The United States)东莨菪碱(scopolamine)、硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、可乐定(clonidine)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、睾酮(testosterone)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、哌甲酯(methylphenidate)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、格拉司琼(granisetron)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、司来吉兰(selegiline)、多奈哌齐(donepezil)、阿塞那平(asenapine)、雌二醇/醋酸炔诺酮(estradiol/norethisterone acetate)、乙炔雌二醇/甲基孕酮(ethinyl estradiol/methylprogesterone)、雌二醇/左炔诺孕酮(estradiol/levonorgestrel)、辣椒素(capsaicin)、舒马曲坦(sumatriptan)、双氯芬酸依泊胺(diclofenac epoamide)
欧盟(The European Union)雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、睾酮(testosterone)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、吡罗昔康(piroxicam)
日本(Japan)硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、硝酸异山梨酯(isosorbide nitrate)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、妥布特罗(tobutrol)、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、辣椒素(capsaicin)、布南色林(bonanserin)
中国(China)东莨菪碱(scopolamine)、硝酸甘油(nitroglycerin)、可乐定(clonidine)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、雌二醇(estradiol)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、尼古丁(nicotine)、睾酮(testosterone)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、双氯芬酸钠(diclofenac sodium)、奥昔布宁(oxybutynin)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、格拉司琼(granisetron)、吡罗昔康(piroxicam)、丁丙诺啡(buprenorphine)
), ArticleFig(id=1240376130599964782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Part of the patch under development

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
适应症
(indications)
研究阶段
(research stage)
研究机构
(research institution)
普拉克索(pramipexole)帕金森症(Parkinson’s disease)获得临床研究许可
(obtain clinical research license)
广东红珊瑚药业/大连理工大学/大连科翔科技(Guangdong Hongshanhu Pharmaceutical/Dalian University of Technology/Dalian Kexiang Technology Development)
石杉碱甲(huperzine A)阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)Ⅰ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅰ)Xel Pharmaceuticals
孕酮(progesterone)避孕(contraception)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)Agile Therapeutics
右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine)腹壁成形术后镇痛(analgesia after abdominoplasty)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)人福医药集团股份公司
(Humanwell Healthcare)
安非他命(amphetamine)6~7岁小儿多动障碍(ADHD in children aged 6-7)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)Noven
奥氮平(olanzapine)肿瘤化疗引发的恶心呕吐
(nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy)
Ⅲ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅲ)Starton Therapeutics
阿巴洛肽(abaloparatide)绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis)Ⅲ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅲ)Radius Health
), ArticleFig(id=1240376130696433777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分获批临床和已开展临床实验的贴剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
适应症
(indications)
研究阶段
(research stage)
研究机构
(research institution)
普拉克索(pramipexole)帕金森症(Parkinson’s disease)获得临床研究许可
(obtain clinical research license)
广东红珊瑚药业/大连理工大学/大连科翔科技(Guangdong Hongshanhu Pharmaceutical/Dalian University of Technology/Dalian Kexiang Technology Development)
石杉碱甲(huperzine A)阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)Ⅰ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅰ)Xel Pharmaceuticals
孕酮(progesterone)避孕(contraception)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)Agile Therapeutics
右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine)腹壁成形术后镇痛(analgesia after abdominoplasty)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)人福医药集团股份公司
(Humanwell Healthcare)
安非他命(amphetamine)6~7岁小儿多动障碍(ADHD in children aged 6-7)Ⅱ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅱ)Noven
奥氮平(olanzapine)肿瘤化疗引发的恶心呕吐
(nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy)
Ⅲ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅲ)Starton Therapeutics
阿巴洛肽(abaloparatide)绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis)Ⅲ 期(Clinical Phase Ⅲ)Radius Health
), ArticleFig(id=1240376130776125555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Technical guidelines related to transdermal patches and topical skin preparations in China and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家和国际组织
(country and international
organization)
发布时间
(publication time)
指导原则
(guideline)
中国(China)2015《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的化学药物仿制药人体生物等效性研究技术指导原则》(<Technical Guidelines for Research on Human Bioequivalence of Generic Chemical Drugs with Pharmacokinetic Parameters as The Endpoint Evaluation Index>)
2018《新注册分类的皮肤外用仿制药的技术评价要求(征求意见稿)》(<Requirements for Technical Evaluation of Generic topical Skin Drugs of New Registration Classification(Draft for Comment)>)
2020《化学仿制药透皮贴剂药学研究技术指导原则》(<Guideline for Pharmaceutical Research of Transdermal Patches of Chemical Generic Drugs>)
2021《皮肤外用化学仿制药研究技术指导原则(试行)》(<Guiding Principles of Research on Generic Drugs for External Use of Skin Chemicals(Trial)>)
2022《局部给药局部起效药物临床试验技术指导原则》(<Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Locally Administered and Locally Effective Drugs>)
美国(The United States)1997《皮肤外用皮质激素类药物:体内生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Topical Dermatologic Corticosteroids:In Vivo Bioequivalence>)
1997《非无菌半固体制剂扩大规模和上市后变更:体外释放试验和体内生物等效性要求》(<SUPAC-SS:Nonsterile Semisolid Dosage Forms;Scale-Up and Post-Approval Changes:Chemistry,Manufacturing and Controls;In Vitro Release Testing and In Vivo Bioequivalence Documentation>)
2003《FIP/AAPS新型制剂的体外溶出/释放指导原则》(<FIP/AAPS Guidelines to Dissolution/In Vitro Release Testing of Novel/Special Dosage Forms>)
2011《经皮给药及相关药物递送系统中的残留药物》(<Residual Drug in Transdermal and Related Drug Delivery Systems>)
2013《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的ANDA生物等效性研究指南草案》(<Bioequivalence Studies with Pharmacokinetic Endpoints for Drugs Submitted under an ANDA>)
2014《阿昔洛韦指南草案》(<Draft Guidance on Acyclovir>)
2016《拒绝ANDA申报的标准指南》(<ANDA Submissions-Refuse-to-Receive Standards Guidance>)
2016《ANDA透皮给药系统和外用贴剂黏附力的评估》(<Assessing Adhesion with Transdermal Delivery Systems and Topical Patches for ANDAs>)
2018《ANDAs经皮和外用给药系统的刺激性和敏化性评价》(<Assessing the Irritation and Sensitization Potential of Transdermal and Topical Delivery Systems for ANDAs>)
2019《透皮和局部给药系统-产品开发和质量要点》(<Transdermal and Topical Delivery Systems-Product Development and Quality Considerations>)
2020《皮肤用外用药物产品接触性皮炎:工业安全评估指南》(<Contact Dermatitis from Topical Drug Products for Cutaneous Application:Human Safety Assessment Guidance for Industry>)
欧盟(The European Union)2014《透皮贴剂质量指导原则》(<Guideline on Quality of Transdermal Patches>)
2018《外用制剂质量与等效性研究指导原则草案》(<Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products>)
经济合作与发展组织(OECD)2004《皮肤吸收:体内方法》(<Skin Absorption:In Vivo Method>)
2004《OECD皮肤吸收研究指导文件》(<Guidance Document for the Conduct of Skin Absorption Studies>)
2015《皮肤吸收:体外方法》(<Skin Absorption:In Vitro Method>)
日本(Japan)2006《外用仿制药生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products for Topical Use>)
2012《仿制药生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products>)
), ArticleFig(id=1240376130868400247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1240372081397920094, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国内外透皮贴剂和皮肤局部制剂相关的技术指导原则[13]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家和国际组织
(country and international
organization)
发布时间
(publication time)
指导原则
(guideline)
中国(China)2015《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的化学药物仿制药人体生物等效性研究技术指导原则》(<Technical Guidelines for Research on Human Bioequivalence of Generic Chemical Drugs with Pharmacokinetic Parameters as The Endpoint Evaluation Index>)
2018《新注册分类的皮肤外用仿制药的技术评价要求(征求意见稿)》(<Requirements for Technical Evaluation of Generic topical Skin Drugs of New Registration Classification(Draft for Comment)>)
2020《化学仿制药透皮贴剂药学研究技术指导原则》(<Guideline for Pharmaceutical Research of Transdermal Patches of Chemical Generic Drugs>)
2021《皮肤外用化学仿制药研究技术指导原则(试行)》(<Guiding Principles of Research on Generic Drugs for External Use of Skin Chemicals(Trial)>)
2022《局部给药局部起效药物临床试验技术指导原则》(<Technical Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Locally Administered and Locally Effective Drugs>)
美国(The United States)1997《皮肤外用皮质激素类药物:体内生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Topical Dermatologic Corticosteroids:In Vivo Bioequivalence>)
1997《非无菌半固体制剂扩大规模和上市后变更:体外释放试验和体内生物等效性要求》(<SUPAC-SS:Nonsterile Semisolid Dosage Forms;Scale-Up and Post-Approval Changes:Chemistry,Manufacturing and Controls;In Vitro Release Testing and In Vivo Bioequivalence Documentation>)
2003《FIP/AAPS新型制剂的体外溶出/释放指导原则》(<FIP/AAPS Guidelines to Dissolution/In Vitro Release Testing of Novel/Special Dosage Forms>)
2011《经皮给药及相关药物递送系统中的残留药物》(<Residual Drug in Transdermal and Related Drug Delivery Systems>)
2013《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的ANDA生物等效性研究指南草案》(<Bioequivalence Studies with Pharmacokinetic Endpoints for Drugs Submitted under an ANDA>)
2014《阿昔洛韦指南草案》(<Draft Guidance on Acyclovir>)
2016《拒绝ANDA申报的标准指南》(<ANDA Submissions-Refuse-to-Receive Standards Guidance>)
2016《ANDA透皮给药系统和外用贴剂黏附力的评估》(<Assessing Adhesion with Transdermal Delivery Systems and Topical Patches for ANDAs>)
2018《ANDAs经皮和外用给药系统的刺激性和敏化性评价》(<Assessing the Irritation and Sensitization Potential of Transdermal and Topical Delivery Systems for ANDAs>)
2019《透皮和局部给药系统-产品开发和质量要点》(<Transdermal and Topical Delivery Systems-Product Development and Quality Considerations>)
2020《皮肤用外用药物产品接触性皮炎:工业安全评估指南》(<Contact Dermatitis from Topical Drug Products for Cutaneous Application:Human Safety Assessment Guidance for Industry>)
欧盟(The European Union)2014《透皮贴剂质量指导原则》(<Guideline on Quality of Transdermal Patches>)
2018《外用制剂质量与等效性研究指导原则草案》(<Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products>)
经济合作与发展组织(OECD)2004《皮肤吸收:体内方法》(<Skin Absorption:In Vivo Method>)
2004《OECD皮肤吸收研究指导文件》(<Guidance Document for the Conduct of Skin Absorption Studies>)
2015《皮肤吸收:体外方法》(<Skin Absorption:In Vitro Method>)
日本(Japan)2006《外用仿制药生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products for Topical Use>)
2012《仿制药生物等效性研究指导原则》(<Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products>)
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贴剂的体外释放与渗透实验方法学及体内外相关性研究进展
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司文轩 1 , 马迅 2 , 王红霞 3 , 陈华 2, * , 汪晴 1, *
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024,44(1): 11-22
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024, 44(1): 11-22
贴剂的体外释放与渗透实验方法学及体内外相关性研究进展
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司文轩1 , 马迅2, 王红霞3, 陈华2, * , 汪晴1, *
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学化工学院药学系,大连 116024
  • 2.中国食品药品检定研究院化学药品检定所,北京102629
  • 3.大连科翔科技开发有限公司,大连 116085
  • Tel: 15542300558;E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈华 Tel:(010)53851622;E-mail:
汪晴 Tel:(0411)84986176;E-mail:
The research progress of patch on in vitro release test, in vitro experimental methodology and in vivo-in vitro
Wen-xuan SI1 , Xun MA2, Hong-xia WANG3, Hua CHEN2, * , Qing WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Dalian University of Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chemical Drug Control Agency, Beijing 102629, China
  • 3.Dalian Kexiang Technology Development Co., Ltd., Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2024-01-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.02
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贴剂系指原料药物与适宜的材料制成的供贴敷在皮肤上的,可产生全身性或局部作用的一种薄片状柔性制剂。体外释放实验(in vitro release test,IVRT)和体外渗透实验(in vitro permeation test,IVPT)是进行贴剂的处方工艺优化、质量控制和安全有效性评价等临床前药学研究的重要内容。采用的实验设备和方法不同,所得实验样品和数据相互之间有差异,实验数据的准确度与精确度也不一样,因此IVRT & IVPT实验设备的选择和实验方法的建立是贴剂体外实验中一个值得重点关注的问题。本文根据国内外相关研究文献和法规指南,总结了贴剂的研究现状,简要介绍了各国药典对于IVRT的要求,综述了各个方法的差异;对于尚未有相关规范规定实验方法的IVPT,详细介绍了常见的实验设备类型和实验条件,并总结了不同设备的适用性和主要实验条件(温度、搅拌速度,接受液组成,选用的皮肤等)对实验结果的影响,介绍了体内外相关性的研究进展,同时对评判实验数据的有效性进行了探讨,期望为贴剂的体外实验方法学的开发和研究提供有益的借鉴。

贴剂  /  透皮给药  /  体外释放实验(IVRT)  /  体外渗透实验(IVPT)  /  体内体外相关性(IVIVC)  /  实验方法学  /  垂直扩散池  /  水平扩散池  /  流通池

Patch refers to a thin sheet flexible preparation made of raw drug and suitable material for sticking on the skin, which can produce systemic or local effects. In vitro release test (IVRT) and in vitro permeation test (IVPT) are important contents of preclinical pharmaceutical research for formulation process optimization, quality control and safety and effectiveness evaluation of patch. The experimental equipment and methods used are different, the obtained experimental samples and data are different from each other, and the accuracy and precision of the experimental data are also different. Therefore, the selection of experimental equipment and the establishment of experimental methods in the in vitro experiment of IVRT & IVPT is a problem worthy of attention. In this paper, the research status of patch was summarized, the requirements of pharmacopoeia of different countries for IVRT experiments were briefly introduced, and the differences of different methods were reviewed. For IVPT experiments that have not yet been prescribed by relevant standards, the common types of experimental equipment and experimental conditions were introduced in detail, the applicability of different equipment and the influence of main experimental conditions (temperature, stirring speed, composition of acceptor solution, selected skin, etc.) on the experimental results were summarized, and the research progress of in vivo and in vitro correlation was introduced. At the same time, the validity of the experimental data was discussed, hoping to provide a useful reference for the development and research of the in vitro experimental methodology of the patch.

patch  /  transdermal drug delivery  /  in vitro release test(IVRT)  /  in vitro penetration test(IVPT)  /  in vivo and in vitro correlation  /  experimental methodology  /  vertical diffusion cell  /  horizontal diffusion cell  /  flow-through cell
司文轩, 马迅, 王红霞, 陈华, 汪晴. 贴剂的体外释放与渗透实验方法学及体内外相关性研究进展. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.02
Wen-xuan SI, Xun MA, Hong-xia WANG, Hua CHEN, Qing WANG. The research progress of patch on in vitro release test, in vitro experimental methodology and in vivo-in vitro[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (1) : 11 -22 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.01.02
贴剂是将原料药与适宜的材料制成的供黏贴在皮肤上的可产生全身性或局部作用的一种薄片状制剂[1]22,是目前通过皮肤进行给药的系统中应用最广泛的制剂之一。对于贴剂而言,药物吸收的限速步骤通常是通过皮肤角质层的速率,也有储库型贴剂通过使用控释膜等结构来控制药物释放从而控制药物经皮吸收速度。贴剂需采用体外药物释放实验对其体外释放度进行检验[2-3],以确保质量的一致性,并考察其与贴剂安全性和有效性的关联。此外,在处方设计和产品的评价阶段,体内吸收研究是一个重要环节,但由于安全性、实验伦理、个体差异及经济等原因,研究人员主要采用体外模型来评估药物的透皮吸收过程和途径[4],体外渗透实验(in vitro penetration test,IVPT)在贴剂研究过程中发挥着重要的作用。
透皮贴剂是通过完整皮肤传递药物,并进入血液循环,以产生全身药物作用的贴剂。透皮贴剂作为一种修释(modified release)剂型,其体内外相关性(in vitro and in vivo correlation,IVIVC)的研究可以显著减少临床前药学研究时间、成本和监管负担[5]。贴剂的体外实验方法所得数据的准确性和精确性(平行性)也有所差异,对IVIVC结果影响显著[6],因此选择合适的实验方法是获得有效的IVIVC信息的必要条件。
贴剂(patch)中既有将活性成分通过皮肤输送到血液循环的透皮贴剂,也有将活性成分输送到局部组织起效的局部作用贴剂。《中华人民共和国药典》中的贴膏剂包括巴布剂(cataplasms)和橡胶膏剂(plaster),与贴剂类似也同时具有局部和全身作用。本文将贴剂和贴膏剂的体外释放实验(in vitro release test,IVRT)和IVPT一并进行说明。
贴剂大致可分为骨架型和储库型2种结构。图1展示了经典的分为3层的骨架型贴剂的结构示意图,此外骨架型贴剂还可以加入附加层等更复杂的设计。
储库型贴剂的结构如图2所示。控释膜的存在可以使贮库层的药物按零级释放到皮肤,一旦出现损坏,会造成药物大量释放,患者很难察觉到损坏情况,有可能造成不良影响。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)建议贴剂制造商和申请人将开发工作重点放在骨架型贴剂上[7]
与传统的注射和口服方法相比,透皮贴剂是药物通过皮肤吸收进入人体血液循环并达到有效血药浓度,实现疾病治疗或预防的一类制剂。透皮贴剂有许多优点,它减少了口腔途径通常对消化道和肝脏的负荷,可以最大限度地减少药物的暂时过量造成的有害副作用[8]。它侵入性更小(有些方法是完全非侵入性的),可以提高病人的依从性[9]。另一个优点是便捷性,比如每周只需要应用1次的贴片。这种简单的给药方案可以帮助病人坚持药物治疗。但贴剂也存在一些缺点,包括潜在的皮肤敏感性或刺激性,粘合剂引起的不适,皮肤粘附性不佳,成本以及对药物理化性质的选择性[10]
目前已获批上市的贴剂适应症主要集中在精神神经、抗炎镇痛等领域。虽然中枢神经系统疾病相关药物的新药开发的失败率最高,但在近10年获批创新制剂中仍占据首位,其中针对疼痛相关症状的药品最多,这主要是由于贴剂的特点导致它比较适合用于这些方面。在中枢神经系统疾病治疗领域,透皮给药方法满足了巨大的、未满足的临床需求,透皮贴剂产品可控制药物释放的浓度,使之维持在所需范围,同时消除药物过量的可能性,从而避免不良反应,并可提高患者在疼痛管理中的依从性,有效改善治疗效果。表1列举了一些贴剂的代表性市售产品[11]
表2汇总了部分在研的贴剂产品,主要集中在中枢神经领域[12]
国内外相关机构发布了一系列关于透皮贴剂和皮肤局部制剂的政策法规及体内外研究技术指导原则,在具体要求上各有侧重,如表3所示。其中,1997年FDA发布的SUPAC-SS是第1个关于IVRT的技术指南,提出了通过IVRT可判断产品变更前后一致性的思路。自此,制药企业对于开发IVRT方法的需求大幅增加[13]
在贴剂的体外研究中,体外释放和体外渗透的结果直接影响到对贴剂处方的有效性评价,是药物开发人员的研究重点内容。体外释放度的测定是药物质量评价的重要组成之一,各个国家和地区的药典均对贴剂的体外释放度的测定的标准方法进行了说明。而对于体外渗透实验,相关的指南和法规较少,欧洲药品管理局EMA的指导原则《Guideline on Quality of Transdermal Patches》[14]和经济合作与发展组织OECD的《OECD Test Guideline 428 (2004) Skin Absorption In Vitro Method》[15]对渗透实验通常采用的设备进行了说明。对于体外实验可以使用的皮肤的必要条件,不同国家地区均有相关规定。
Baker等[16-17]针对平板基质中药物的释放行为进行了描述,并建立了数学模型。
对于基质中溶解型药物,其释放行为可以描述为
其中M是基质中溶解的药物总量,Mt是在时间t时已释放的量,D是扩散系数,l是基质的厚度。将上述2个公式进行简化,其释放行为可以简化描述为
对应药物释放速率可以通过对公式3和4求导得出:
以及
上述2个公式可分别用于溶解型药物释放前期和后期的近似计算,在释放前60%的过程中,释放速率以t-1/2的形式递减,此后按照公式6以指数方式衰减。
对于基质中分散型药物,药物的载药量C0大于基质的溶解度Cs,其释放动力学已由Higuchi[18]根据图3所示的模型进行推导得出。
根据该模型,分散型贴片中药物的释放可以表示为
其中Mt是在时间t时已释放的量,A是贴剂总面积,D是扩散系数,C0是总载药量,Cs是药物在基质中的溶解度。由于C0Cs,该式可化为
释放速率可表示为
从简化公式看,分散型贴剂的释放方程与溶解性贴剂有着相似的形式,但二者之间的释放原理并不相同。贴剂中药物释放的行为往往是比较复杂的,其中一个重要的原因是贴剂基质随时间会受到接受介质的影响而发生变化。
《中华人民共和国药典》在溶出度与释放度测定<0931>中[1]130,使用桨碟法和转筒法作为贴剂的溶出度和释放度的测定方法,其中桨碟法又根据网碟的尺寸分2种方法。欧洲药典在溶出度检查法<2.9.4>中[19],使用桨碟法、转筒法和桨池法测定释放度。美国药典在药物释放<724>中[20]724,使用桨碟法、转筒法和往复支架法来测定贴剂的释放度。日本药局方在释放度测试中[21],采用桨碟法、转筒法和垂直扩散池法测定释放度。
桨碟法:使用规定形状的搅拌桨与溶出杯,根据不同的方法将相应尺寸的网碟放在溶出杯相应的位置,如图4所示。贴剂释药面朝上置于2层网碟之间。
转筒法:溶出杯与桨碟法相同,将搅拌桨替换为转筒组件,如图5所示,贴剂释药面朝外固定在转筒外部。
垂直扩散池法:将规定容量的接受液预先放入装有转子的接受池中,将试验液的温度保持在(32±1.0) ℃。根据需要可以将多孔膜粘贴在药物释放一侧,需要注明所用多孔膜疏水性、亲水性的不同和孔径等。将样品均匀地设置在给体池侧,迅速打开磁力搅拌器使转子以一定的转速旋转。在规定的间隔或规定的时间,采集试验液。取样时防止气泡进入试验液内。
由于桨碟法和转筒法是各个国家和地区均认可的方式,因此释放实验方法的比较主要是对桨碟法和转筒法的比较。陈亚楠等[6]以市售的2种规格利斯的明透皮贴剂为模型药物,比较采用《中华人民共和国药典》和美国药典收载的释放度测定方法(2种桨碟法和1种转筒法)对体外释放度测定结果的影响。桨碟法与转筒法的试验装置结构不同,导致贴剂表面与释放介质的剪切力有所差异。相对来说,转筒法测得的累积释放率相对较高。碟片的结构存在差异,当贴剂面积较大时会影响碟片上下方释放介质的混合,导致碟片上方的浓度相对偏高。因此,采用转筒法测定具有不同规格且贴剂面积较大的贴剂的释放度更合适[6]
Khire等[23]以奥昔布宁贴剂为模型药物,用卷积-去卷积方法将所获得的药动学数据与体外释药相关联。使用体内累积释药量(以百分比为单位)和体外累积释药量(以百分比为单位)作为2个参数来研究IVIVC。通过拉普拉斯变换,将奥昔布宁的血药浓度换算为体内累积释药量参数。其结果显示USP 6型仪器(转筒法)比USP 5型仪器(桨碟法)提供更好的相关性。
目前使用扩散池法进行贴剂的IVRT越来越多,由于扩散池法不需要将贴剂完全浸没在接收介质中,在某些情况下可以提供便利。Ali等[24]开发一种无细胞毒性的聚合物基生物纳米复合材料(BNCs)透皮贴剂,以纤维素纳米晶为酮咯酸氨丁三醇的载体,进行了理化性质的测定后使用Franz扩散池中对透皮贴片进行了体外控释研究,结果表明含1wt%纤维素纳米晶的BNC具有最好的缓释效果。生物衍生的纤维素纳米晶提高了BNC药物的生物利用度,具有作为药物载体应用于透皮给药的潜力。Sittisanguanphan等[25]采用透明质酸和氧化石墨烯复合水凝胶作为抗肿瘤药物柠檬酸他莫昔芬在电场作用下释放的药物基体,使用改进的Franz扩散池考察了交联率、电势、石墨烯等因素对药物释放的影响。实验中为了产生电场,将铝板作为阳极放置在样品的顶部,并与电源连接。Franz扩散池开放的供体池使得电场等外部条件的施加更为容易。垂直扩散池法进行IVRT实验尽管有诸多便利,但设备、实验条件和实验方法的规范性问题亟待解决。
目前IVPT的实验设备有垂直扩散池(图6-A、B)、水平扩散池(图7-A、B)和流通式扩散池(图8)3类。
FDA在指导原则[27]中指出适用于IVPT方法的设备包括垂直扩散池和流通池,均需要对设备进行验证。不同设备的工作原理和验证程序各不相同,可使用制造商提供的相关程序进行安装、操作和性能验证。扩散池的验证至少应包括安装皮肤的孔口的扩散面积、每个扩散池中接收池的体积、(32±1) ℃(皮肤表面)温度的控制以及搅拌速度或流速的控制。
EMA的指导原则[14]中指出体外渗透研究通常使用扩散池进行,其皮肤扩散面积在0.5~2 cm2。同样重要的是,扩散池在恒温(32 ℃)下可维持,提供容易的取样和接受液补充,并保持膜的完整性。实验室最常见的扩散池是Franz型(静态)扩散池,由2个腔室组成,可以并排或垂直地被皮肤分开。
OECD在化学品检测指南[15]中指出扩散池由供体池和接受池组成,皮肤在供体池和接受池之间位置。扩散池应该在皮肤周围提供良好的密封性,使与皮肤底部接触的受体溶液混合均匀并易于取样,并对扩散池及其内容物进行良好的温度控制。静态扩散池和流通式扩散池均可接受。
国家药品监督管理局药审中心在《化学仿制药透皮贴剂药学研究技术指导原则》中指出体外透皮试验目前主流方法为Franz扩散池法(diffusion cells),也可采用流通池法(flow through cell)或其他经过方法学研究证明可行的体外透皮试验方法[28]
垂直扩散池测定简便,重现好,是目前主流的方法。流通式扩散池使用合适的泵不断替换接收液,更好地模拟人体环境,适合溶解度很低的药物,还可以在线分析。水平扩散池一般适用于喷雾剂等溶液剂的研究[29]和采用饱和溶液等液体开展的药物经皮渗透动力学研究[30],也有部分研究者采用水平扩散池开展贴剂的研究。
对于不同的实验设备,均需要对设备的关键参数,包括扩散池的扩散面积和接收池容积、仪器的温控、取样精度和搅拌速度等进行校验和验证。想要获取有效的实验数据,需要设定合适的温度和转速等参数并选用恰当的接收介质。
由于渗透实验通常采用人体或动物皮肤进行测试,本身具有一定的差异,因此使用渗透实验评估实验参数对结果的影响较为困难。Naik等[31]研究了垂直扩散池中实验参数对药物释放率的影响。其研究表明操作变量(包括搅拌速度和接受液组成)显著影响原料药的释放速率,而温度和扩散池外壳的填充状态的影响不大。搅拌速度越低,氢化可的松释放速度越慢,释放程度越低;接受液的构成对实验的影响最为显著,氢化可的松释放速率与95%酒精占比关系遵循10%<20%<30%(v/v)的顺序;扩散池外壳的液体是否填满对氢化可的松的释放没有显著影响;在该研究中,温度升高导致药物扩散增加,因为温度增加接受液的溶剂能力,但±2 ℃的温度变化没有导致氢化可的松的释放产生统计学上的差异。
Klein等[32]研究了搅拌器类型、搅拌速度、接受液pH等因素对双氯芬酸外用制剂在垂直扩散池中的释放行为的影响,其结论与之类似,搅拌条件与接受液的组成会对药物释放产生显著影响。在该研究中,所选制剂的最佳实验条件为温度32 ℃,接受液选择pH为7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液,使用0.45 μm孔径的聚砜膜,通过转速设置为800 r·min-1的磁力搅拌棒进行搅拌。但同时指出,由于药物性质和仪器细节都可能对体外药物释放研究的结果产生巨大影响,其所得的最佳试验参数不应简单地应用于其他实验,因为它们取决于垂直扩散池的尺寸和药物性质。为了确保研究的可重复性,当公布扩散池实验的设置和结果时,报告所有相关的测试参数以确保报告的测试结果的有效性是至关重要的。上述结果可以看出,对扩散池结构进行优化是十分必要的。
无论是半固体制剂还是贴剂进行IVRT和IVPT,接受介质的选择需要考虑是否满足漏槽条件(sink condition)。满足漏槽条件是确保实验区分度的重要因素之一[33]。Balzus等[34]采用包括Franz扩散池在内的3种药物释放方法考察了4种纳米载体在漏槽条件和非漏槽条件下的药物释放情况。在满足漏槽条件的实验设置下100%释药时接收池中地塞米松的量等于其饱和溶解度的10%(w/v),对于未满足漏槽条件组该值则为50%。所选用的3种方法在满足漏槽条件和未满足漏槽条件下得到的纳米载体的药物释放曲线均存在差异,在应用Franz扩散池方法时,满足漏槽条件能够使得释放速度较慢的2组载体的区分度更显著,不满足漏槽条件会使得释放速度较快的2组载体有较为显著的差异,而释放速度较慢的载体间的差异会消失。贴剂的渗透实验中药物渗透速率往往较低,符合漏槽条件能够使得实验具备较好的区分度。
当药物溶解度较低时可以采取一些方式来改善漏槽条件,比如添加乙醇、PEG等有机溶剂或表面活性剂[35]
取样会导致接收池内药物浓度的变化,特别是对于静态扩散池。因此取样方式也会对漏槽条件产生一定的影响。FDA、EMA和OECD的指导原则中都指出,可以根据实验要求选择部分取样或者全取样的取样方式,部分取样操作方便,取样所需时间短,不易产生气泡,不会对接收池中皮肤和膜产生扰动和影响,精度较高。随着接收池中药物浓度的增加,如果难以达到漏槽条件,可采用替换更高溶解度接受介质或采用替换全部的接收介质等方法以保持较佳的漏槽条件[36]。无论取样量为多少,都需要采取适当措施防止在取样过程中产生气泡。
取样时间的误差也需要控制在一定的范围内。在USP 1724[20]中,对于使用垂直扩散池进行的实验,要求每一个样品取样时间应在实验方法规定的时间内获得,误差范围为±2 min。而在其修订讨论稿USP 1724 PG48(3)[37]中,考虑到IVRT&IVPT不同的取样时间点,更科学地将取样时间误差规定为<±15 min或取样时间的±2%,取二者中区间较小的值。
FDA在《Graft Guidance on Acyclovir》等指导原则中仅推荐使用人类皮肤进行试验[20,27,38]。EMA在《Guideline on Quality of Transdermal Patches》中建议使用新鲜的人体胸部或腹部的皮肤。如果难以实现也可以使用来自其他物种(例如猪、啮齿动物、豚鼠)的皮肤。在某些情况下人造皮肤或合成膜也是合适的。而在《Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products》中,EMA明确指出对于局部作用的贴剂,仅推荐使用人类离体皮肤[15,39]。日本医药食品局(PMDA)规定可以使用鼠或猪的离体皮肤进行试验[40-41]。中国国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)指出可以采用人体或动物皮肤,研究中大多采用鼠或猪的皮肤。
由于伦理道德、个体差异和来源等方面的原因,用于研究的人体皮肤的质量和数量难以得到保证,因此大多数研究主要使用动物皮肤,同时研究人员试图通过实验寻找体外实验中最接近人皮肤的动物模型。由于猪在解剖学、生理学、代谢等方面与人类相似,被广泛应用于生物医学领域。用于透皮研究的品种有哥廷根小型猪、尤卡坦小型猪、约克夏猪、兰德瑞斯猪及巴马香猪等[42]。猪耳皮肤表现出与人类皮肤相似的结构和生化特征,非常适合渗透研究,可以提供与人类皮肤相似的结果[43-45]。对于动物实验常用的鼠,Roy等[46]研究发现,吗啡、芬太尼和舒芬太尼在裸鼠皮肤中的渗透系数比在人皮肤中高出1个数量级,存在显著的种间差异。Ravenzwaay等[47]的体内、体外实验结果表明,对于亲脂性的化合物,大鼠皮肤的体外渗透性高于体内实验,同时大鼠皮肤对所有受试物质的渗透性均高于人体皮肤。
尽管研究表明猪皮肤与人体皮肤各项属性较为一致,其渗透实验的结果也比较接近,但并不意味着猪皮肤为渗透实验的最优解。大鼠皮肤和裸鼠皮肤渗透率略高,意味着对不同处方的渗透效果可能有更高的区分力,因此对于以处方优化为目的的体外渗透实验,使用小鼠、大鼠或裸鼠等皮肤可能有利于处方和工艺等优化研究的开展。讨论体内外数据的一致性或对药物在体内的透皮吸收情况进行评估,人体皮肤或猪皮肤是很好的选择。
由于自然组织样本可能会表现出物种间的差异,甚至在同一物种内(例如基于年龄、性别、种族、水合程度)也会表现出不同程度的差异,可能会影响药物对皮肤的渗透性,阻碍了贴剂在Franz扩散池中的体外性能测试的应用[48]。为了避免皮肤的差异性问题,一些组织培养分化的皮肤类似物被开发出来,其目的是用来代替人体皮肤进行实验。但在Schmook等[49]和Roy等[50]开展的研究中表明目前的人工皮肤模型和真实皮肤相比,对于不同的物质其渗透率的比例不同,在进行体外透皮研究时会受到很大的限制,不建议在IVPT中使用。
在使用扩散池进行IVRT研究时,通常会使用合成膜作为药物的支持膜,例如聚砜、聚醚砜、纤维素或聚二甲基硅氧烷。然而,根据合成膜的物理化学特性,Franz扩散池测试可能仅反映药物的释放,而不能反映药物在皮肤上的渗透,提供的有关贴剂有效性的信息有限。但也有研究者采用人工膜开展IVPT实验,如Simon等[48]在Franz扩散池中使用名为STRM的特殊合成膜,对Exelon贴剂进行IVPT。
IVIVC是指制剂的生物学性质与其物理化学性质(如体外释放分数)之间建立的定量关系。IVIVC可用于确保缓释制剂配方在放大和批准后变更中产品质量和性能特征,如配方、批大小、设备、工艺和生产现场的变更,还可以显著减少产品开发时间、成本和监管负担,而不牺牲药品的安全性和有效性。FDA发布了行业指南,描述了用于缓释产品的IVIVC的开发、评估和应用。这样的IVIVC有助于建立溶出标准,并允许某些变更在没有体内生物等效性研究的情况下使用。
Yang等[52]通过去卷积法测定蟾酥贴片的体内释药速率和蓄积量,其体内药代动力学研究中体外透皮吸收与血浆AUC具有双相相关性,在初始阶段和稳定阶段观察到良好的线性相关系数,由此构建了能够根据体外渗透结果预测蟾酥的药代动力学特征的IVIVC。Khire等[23]以奥昔布宁贴剂为模型药物,用卷积-去卷积方法将所获得的药动学数据与体外释药相关联。使用体内累积释药量和体外累积释药量建立IVIVC,并使用已上市的配方对相关性进行了验证。Yang等[51]使用上市的雌二醇贴剂作为模型药物来开发用于透皮吸收系统的IVIVC模型,并通过了相同配方的不同释放速率的产品的验证,但使用配方略有不同的产品时未能通过验证,因此IVIVC模型的可预测性是针对特定产品的。Patel等[52]分别使用卷积法和去卷积法对依托泊苷离子导入的抗癌药物建立的IVIVC,卷积法仅能对药物吸收阶段进行较好的预测,去卷积法则在校正滞后时间并引入一个估算得到的比例因子后得到了理想的相关性。Kondamudi等[53]使用利多卡因透皮贴剂比较了数值去卷积和非室分析方法构建IVIVC的差异,在预测给药后的Cmax和AUClast方面,非室分析方法优于去卷积方法。如果药物具有较长的吸收半衰期和较短的消除半衰期,非室分析方法将是最有用的,但同时指出这一结论需要进一步的验证。Shin等[54]通过使用文献中报道的PK方程和PK参数构建相关性,并根据IVPT数据预测体内尼古丁浓度。Zambrana等[55]制造了用于控制体内实验环境条件的装置,从而获得了更精确的IVIVC模型。韩雪等[56]采用计算机模拟系统辅助开发利斯的明透皮贴剂,建立了良好的IVIVC模型,并根据模拟结果对贴片处方和工艺进行了优化。
当前的大多数IVIVC模型是使用频域方法进行评估的,例如线性回归,基于平均数据,并且需要复杂且潜在不稳定的数学反卷积。其中应用最广泛的是基于反卷积的方法,这可能是因为它们的实施相对容易。Gaynor等[57]证明了这种方法可能会引入偏差。Erhardt等[58]采用贝叶斯方法以确保不同信息源之间的信息整合,平衡了样本大小的差异以及体外和体内研究的参数不确定性。当使用不同研究的数据进行IVIVC的构建时贝叶斯方法具有一定的优势。
TTS开展IVIVC的前提是实验数据的有效性,如何能够获得有效的体外渗透数据,是需要深入研究的重要领域。有效性可以分为准确性和精确性2个方面,准确性意味着体外实验需要取得针对皮肤本身的数据,避免实验条件的干扰和影响,从而反映贴剂应用于人体时的释放与渗透行为。实验条件,如实验设备的种类、实验中皮肤的温度、接收介质的成分与搅拌速度、皮肤的种类均会对实验数据的准确性产生影响,在实验设计时应进行充分的考量。精确性则意味着实验要具备良好的平行性,首先要确保实验设备的精密度,对仪器的温控、取样精度和搅拌速度等关键参数进行校验。对于IVPT,皮肤的均一度也是影响实验平行性的重要因素,皮肤的厚度、部位、保存时间、完整性等参数应尽可能一致。合理的实验方法得到具备准确性和精确性的有效数据是构建良好IVIVC的必要条件。
虽然贴剂已经经过了数十年的发展,诞生了诸多的上市产品,形成了一些质量控制与评价的标准,但在体外实验方面仍存在一些问题:对于贴剂释放度的检测缺少深入研究和理论支撑,不同的方法之间的效果存在差异,IVPT方法还未形成共识,所得数据的准确性和精确性不能得到保证;尚未有具有泛用性的构建IVIVC的方式,现有研究中的构建方式大多仅适用于特定产品;由于体外实验方法学的不完善和体内体外相关性研究的不足,体外实验数据未必能很好地对制剂在体内实验的行为做出预测。展望未来,贴剂的体外释放和体外渗透研究将会越来越受到大家的重视。建立泛用性强的体外实验方法学是确保有效开展贴剂体外实验的一项十分重要的工作。通过体外实验有效数据建立具有IVIVC的TTS体外实验方法,又将是对TTS体外实验研究的重大机遇和挑战。
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    1.大连理工大学化工学院药学系,大连 116024
    2.中国食品药品检定研究院化学药品检定所,北京102629
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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