Article(id=1239973085475033633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239973077845603299, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773562221163, onlineDateStr=2026-03-15, pubDate=1730304000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773562221163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773562221163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773562221163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239973077845603299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1647', pageEnd='1826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773562219344, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773563041495, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239976526251356920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239973077845603299, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239976526251356921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239973077845603299, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1647, endPage=1654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239973087056286267, articleId=1239973085475033633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Application of modern analytical techniques to the study of stereoisomers of natural products*, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stereoisomers are a common form in natural products,and the pharmacological activities of isomers with different configurations are various. Efficient separation and analysis of stereoisomers is one of the urgent problems for the study of pharmacodynamic substances of natural products. In order to comprehensively and systematically review the separation and analysis methods of stereoisomers,this review used online databases PubMed,Web of Science,Google Scholar,ACS,CNKI,and others to comprehensive search for the separation and analysis of the isomeric,and systematically summaries the advantages,disadvantages and scope of application. The results showed that the separation methods of stereoisomers mainly included high performance liquid chromatography,two-dimensional liquid chromatography,supercritical fluid chromatography,gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. In addition,non-chromatographic methods such as preferential crystallization,membrane separation and kinetic splitting can also be used for stereoisomers splitting. Commonly used stereoisomer resolution methods include conventional mass spectrometry,ion mobility mass spectrometry,nuclear magnetic resonance techniques,single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. The study of common stereoisomer separation and analysis methods is summarized with a view to laying a foundation for the research and application of stereoisomers in natural products.

, correspAuthors=Yuan-gui YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng-juan LI, Hong-bo XU, Yuan-gui YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239973087500882522, articleId=1239973085475033633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=现代分析技术在天然产物立体异构体研究中的应用*, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

立体异构体是天然产物中的一种常见形式,不同构型异构体药理活性差异较大。高效分离解析立体异构体是研究天然产物药效物质亟待解决的问题之一。为了全面系统地综述立体异构体的分离解析方法,本文利用PubMed、Web of Science、Google Scholar、ACS、CNKI等在线数据库全面检索分离分析立体异构体的方法,系统归纳各方法的优缺点及适用范围。结果表明,立体异构体的分离方法主要有高效液相色谱法、二维液相色谱法、超临界流体色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法等。此外,优先结晶法、膜分离和动力学拆分法等非色谱法也可用于立体异构体的拆分。常用的立体异构体解析方法有传统质谱法、离子淌度质谱法、核磁共振技术、单晶X-射线衍射法和光谱法等。通过对常见立体异构体分离分析方法的研究归纳总结,以期为天然产物中立体异构体的研究应用奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=杨远贵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** Tel:(029)38182201;E-mail:
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现代分析技术在天然产物立体异构体研究中的应用*
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李鹏娟 , 许洪波 , 杨远贵 **
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024, 44(10): 1647-1654
现代分析技术在天然产物立体异构体研究中的应用*
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李鹏娟 , 许洪波, 杨远贵**
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  • 陕西中医药大学 陕西省中药资源产业化协同创新中心 秦药特色资源研究开发国家重点实验室(培育),咸阳 712046
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Application of modern analytical techniques to the study of stereoisomers of natural products*
Peng-juan LI , Hong-bo XU, Yuan-gui YANG**
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  • Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for the Industrialization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Xianyang 712046, China
出版时间: 2024-10-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0108
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立体异构体是天然产物中的一种常见形式,不同构型异构体药理活性差异较大。高效分离解析立体异构体是研究天然产物药效物质亟待解决的问题之一。为了全面系统地综述立体异构体的分离解析方法,本文利用PubMed、Web of Science、Google Scholar、ACS、CNKI等在线数据库全面检索分离分析立体异构体的方法,系统归纳各方法的优缺点及适用范围。结果表明,立体异构体的分离方法主要有高效液相色谱法、二维液相色谱法、超临界流体色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电泳法等。此外,优先结晶法、膜分离和动力学拆分法等非色谱法也可用于立体异构体的拆分。常用的立体异构体解析方法有传统质谱法、离子淌度质谱法、核磁共振技术、单晶X-射线衍射法和光谱法等。通过对常见立体异构体分离分析方法的研究归纳总结,以期为天然产物中立体异构体的研究应用奠定基础。

立体异构体  /  天然产物  /  分离  /  解析  /  色谱法  /  非色谱法

Stereoisomers are a common form in natural products,and the pharmacological activities of isomers with different configurations are various. Efficient separation and analysis of stereoisomers is one of the urgent problems for the study of pharmacodynamic substances of natural products. In order to comprehensively and systematically review the separation and analysis methods of stereoisomers,this review used online databases PubMed,Web of Science,Google Scholar,ACS,CNKI,and others to comprehensive search for the separation and analysis of the isomeric,and systematically summaries the advantages,disadvantages and scope of application. The results showed that the separation methods of stereoisomers mainly included high performance liquid chromatography,two-dimensional liquid chromatography,supercritical fluid chromatography,gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. In addition,non-chromatographic methods such as preferential crystallization,membrane separation and kinetic splitting can also be used for stereoisomers splitting. Commonly used stereoisomer resolution methods include conventional mass spectrometry,ion mobility mass spectrometry,nuclear magnetic resonance techniques,single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. The study of common stereoisomer separation and analysis methods is summarized with a view to laying a foundation for the research and application of stereoisomers in natural products.

stereoisomer  /  natural products  /  separation  /  analysis  /  chromatography  /  non-chromatographic methods
李鹏娟, 许洪波, 杨远贵. 现代分析技术在天然产物立体异构体研究中的应用*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (10) : 1647 -1654 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0108
Peng-juan LI, Hong-bo XU, Yuan-gui YANG. Application of modern analytical techniques to the study of stereoisomers of natural products*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (10) : 1647 -1654 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0108
立体异构体是指分子式及分子中原子或原子团互相连接次序相同,但空间排列方式不同。在天然产物中,立体异构体是一种常见形式,主要分为对映异构体和非对映异构体。如华重楼中存在的新原纤细薯蓣皂苷和原纤细薯蓣皂苷等对映异构体[1];麻黄中的对映异构体麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱[2];石菖蒲中的非对映异构体α-细辛醚和β-细辛醚[3]
不同的立体异构体可能具有不同的药理活性[4],主要包括:(1)2个异构体具有不同的药理活性,如麻黄碱具有收缩血管及兴奋中枢的作用,而伪麻黄碱具有升压利尿等活性[5];(2)2个异构体具有相同的药理活性,但强度不同,如艾纳香中的差向异构体D-龙脑抗炎、镇痛效果强于L-龙脑[6];(3)一种异构体有活性,另一种无活性,如D-苏型氯霉素具有抗菌、治疗伤寒等作用,另外3个L-苏型、D-赤型和L-赤型均无效[7];(4)一种异构体有活性,另一种有毒性,如棉花中的右旋棉酚具有抗虫、抗菌等活性,但左旋棉酚对人类和非反刍动物具有生殖毒性[8]。因此,研究立体异构体的分离分析方法对于阐明天然产物药效物质基础及建立质量标准具有重要意义。
结构相似,性质相近的立体异构体分离分析是研究中药药效物质基础的瓶颈之一。随着现代分析技术发展,一些新型方法应用于立体异构体的分离解析。常用的分离方法包括液相色谱[9]、气相色谱[10]、超临界流体色谱[11]、毛细管电泳[12]、高速逆流等色谱法[13]和膜分离[14]、结晶法[15]、化学动力拆分[16]等非色谱法,其中手性环境下的液相色谱是对映异构体最常用的分离方法。分离效率高,绿色环保的超临界流体色谱在立体异构体的分离中也有较好的应用。立体异构体常用的解析方法有传统质谱法、金属配合物-质谱、离子淌度质谱[17]、核磁共振法技术、单晶X射线衍射技术等,其中离子淌度质谱在立体异构体的分离解析中有较好的应用前景。本文将对立体异构体常用的分离解析方法进行总结,论述其分离原理及优缺点,以期为天然产物中立体异构体的研究奠定基础。
色谱法是最常用的分离方法,具有分离效果好,灵敏度高,适用范围广等特点[18]。常通过固定相对异构体吸附能力的差异、异构体在两相中分配系数的差异、改变固定相或流动相以及增加柱压、分离维度、正交性等方式分离立体异构体。包括高效液相色谱法、超高效液相色谱法、二维液相色谱法、超临界流体色谱法、高速逆流液相色谱法等。
高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)是立体异构体通过与固定相和流动相之间相互作用的差异而分离。具有选择性高,分离效果好等特点,在立体异构体的分离中具有重要地位。常采用手性固定相、手性流动相添加剂以及手性衍生化等分离方法。手性固定相法是根据待分离物质与固定相表面手性选择剂相互作用的差异分离,常用的手性固定相有环糊精、多糖类和蛋白质类等[7]。Cai等[19]采用CHIRALPAK IA手性色谱柱分离羌活中的1对香豆素类异构体,该色谱柱在硅胶表面共价键合直链淀粉-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯),与目标分子发生选择性相互作用而分离。
手性流动相添加剂法是在流动相中加入手性添加剂,与对映体反应生成非对映体,根据其在固定相和流动相之间作用的差异分离,环糊精及衍生物是最常用的手性添加剂。翟明翚等[20]在流动相中添加羧甲基-β-环糊精实现了辛弗林对映体的拆分,β-环糊精的分子内部是空心圆柱体结构,作为主体分子将2个对映体形成有稳定性差异的非对映体络合物,β-环糊精引入羧甲基增加溶解度,使环糊精的空腔尺寸增大,更容易被拆分。
手性衍生化法是将对映体与手性衍生化试剂反应生成非对映异构体而分离。姚军等[21]用(R)-(-)-2-胺基-1-丙醇作为手性拆分试剂和衍生化试剂将复方醋酸棉酚片中左旋棉酚和右旋棉酚反应生成非对映异构体,通过HPLC分离并定量。顺反异构体属于非对映异构体,可采用特殊色谱柱分离,或在碘的诱导下将反式异构转换为顺式异构。混合模式反相/强阴离子交换柱(XCharge C8SAX)在二氧化硅表面同时具有烷基C8链和季铵基团,柱内存在的正电荷基团可能导致与异构体产生不同程度的离子排斥,提高分离效率。Jin等[9]采用XCharge C8SAX分离了花青素的顺反异构体。虾青素顺式结构的体外抗氧化作用和对氧化应激损伤的保护作用优于反式结构,且全反式虾青素与顺式结构不易分离。赵英源等[22]采用15%的碘液将虾青素的全反式结构转化为顺式结构,用HPLC分离和定量分析。
超高效液相色谱法(UPLC法)和HPLC法分离立体异构体的机制相似,但UPLC的柱压更高,色谱柱填料的粒径更小,具有缩短分析时间,提高分离能力等特点。Fibigr等[23]以五氟苯基为固定相的核-壳色谱柱分离水飞蓟素中的差向异构体,氟化相表面具有较高的极性和亲水性,与异构体发生疏水、氢键等相互作用而实现分离。核-壳色谱柱是在实心硅胶颗粒表面覆盖1个多孔硅胶壳,可通过减小径向扩散提高非对映异构体的分离速度。
二维液相色谱法(2D-LC法)是将2个相互独立但分离机理不同的色谱柱串联组成的分离系统。单一的色谱柱难以分离立体异构体,增加1个分离维度可改善此类异构体的分离效果。按不同机理分为中心切割二维液相色谱、全二维液相色谱、在线二维液相色谱和离线二维液相色谱。
根据一维色谱分离的组分是否完全进入二维色谱,可分为中心切割二维液相色谱和全二维液相色谱[24]。中心切割二维液相色谱是指一维色谱分离后,将所需组分切入二维色谱进一步分离,该方法适用于有明确的目标组分。铁晓威等[25]通过在线固相萃取技术串联中心切割二维液相色谱实现了视黄醇顺反异构体及手性异构体D-α-生育酚和L-α生育酚的分离。全二维液相色谱是指将一维色谱流出的组分均切入二维色谱分析,适用于成分复杂多样的天然产物。根据切割组分是否直接进入二维色谱,分为离线和在线2种模式。离线模式指一维色谱的馏分需手动收集,处理后再进入二维色谱。与在线模式相比,离线模式不受不相容溶剂的限制,可提供多样化的组合[26]。在线模式是指一维色谱的馏分直接进入二维色谱中分析,与离线模式相比,在线模式重复性和自动化程度高,易于实现标准化,且分析时间更短。Zhao等[27]采用新型邻苯二酸酐(PAC)键合固定相柱与C18柱结合的在线二维液相色谱分离酸枣仁中的对映异构体6”-O-(3S-glc-3-hydroxy-indole-acetyl)和6”-O-(3R-glc-3-hydroxy-indole-acetyl),与其他反相固定相不同,PAC固定相键合了苯基、酰胺和羧基等官能团,可以提供多种相互作用,与C18具有良好的正交性。
高速逆流色谱法(HSCCC法)是一种无固体载体的液-液分配色谱法,根据在两相中分配系数不同实现异构体分离,与HPLC法相比,具有载样量高及成本低等特点,消除了样品在固体载体基质上的不可逆吸附[28]。制备型HSCCC仪对立体异构体的分离具有一定优势,常通过不同的分离模式、银离子配位法或与HPLC法联用等方法分离立体异构体。
不同的分离模式可改善复杂样品的分离效果。洗脱-挤压模式是最常用的洗脱模式之一,保留较小的化合物在洗脱过程中根据分配系数大小被流动相依次洗脱,洗脱过程结束后,保留较强的化合物仍分布在固定相中,此时转为挤出模式,流动相换为固定相,将保留在固定相中的化合物推出而实现分离。Chu等[13]采用洗脱-挤压逆流色谱分离白芍中的单萜烯类物质芍药苷和白芍苷,纯度分别为91.1%和96.2%。该模式可减少分离时间,降低溶剂消耗。pH区精制逆流色谱法是在普通逆流色谱基础上发展起来的特殊逆流色谱法,根据物质的解离常数和疏水性差异而分离,具有样品制备量相对较大及纯度高等特点。Zhang等[29]通过pH区精制逆流色谱法分离了对映异构体S-辛弗林和R-辛弗林。复杂构型的立体异构体,用单一维度的HSCCC法难以达到良好的分离效果,常与HPLC等方法联用。郑巨约[30]采用HSCCC仪和制备型HPLC仪分离得到了非对映异构体水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B。顺反异构体常用银离子配位络合色谱法分离,银离子可以显著提高分离因子和固定相的保留率,且银离子与顺式构型的络合度更高。Zhu等[3]采用银离子配位络合高速逆流色谱法分离石菖蒲中的顺反异构体α-细辛醚和β-细辛醚,这一方法也为非对映异构体提供了良好的分离方案。
超临界流体色谱法(SFC法)以CO2超临界流体为流动相,根据化合物在两相中分配系数的不同实现分离。常采用手性固定相法、手性流动相添加剂法及与HPLC联用等方法分离立体异构体。制备型SFC仪常用的手性固定相为多糖类及衍生物,该类色谱柱的载样量大,分离效果更好。Nie等[11]以乙腈为改性剂,用Chiralpak IC手性色谱柱分离板蓝根中的旋光异构体(R)-告伊春[(R)-goitrin]和(S)-告伊春,总回收率超过90%。流动相中加入改性剂或能增强流动相极性和酸碱性的溶剂,可提高异构体的分离效果,改善色谱峰形。杨飞等[31]以甲醇为改性剂,用Chiralcel OD-3色谱柱快速实现顺反异构体烯酰吗啉的基线分离。Sun等[32]通过超高效超临界流体色谱法分离非对映异构体柴胡皂苷b1和柴胡皂苷b2,比较了甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇作为改性剂对异构体分离效果的影响。SFC法与HPLC法的流动相相比,超临界流体粘度低,分离速度更快,且废液少,绿色环保[33]。与气相色谱法(GC法)相比,柱温降低,可用于分离热不稳定的化合物。
SFC法弥补了HPLC法的不足,提高了分离效率,但部分化合物在HPLC仪上的分离因子更高。张晶等[34]对比了24个手性化合物在SFC仪和HPLC仪上的分离差异,结果表明多数化合物在SFC的色谱柱上保留时间短,分离效率高,但HPLC法对轴性化合物的分离效果更好。SFC仪和HPLC仪在分离异构体时具有一定的互补性,常将二者串联实现异构体的高效分离。Yang等[35]通过SFC×RPLC组成的2D-LC系统,从牛蒡子中分离得到了12个高纯度木脂素类化合物,包括对映体Arctignan D和Arctignan E等。
毛细管电泳法(CE法)是以毛细管为分离通道、高压直流电场为驱动力的新型液相分离技术,较HPLC法具有分离效率高,溶剂消耗少,模式多样化等特点[12]。常用的分离模式有胶束电动毛细管色谱(MECC)、毛细管区带电泳(CZE)等。MECC法是在缓冲溶液中加入手性表面活性剂,当表面活性剂的浓度超过临界浓度时,聚结形成胶束,根据化合物在胶束相和水相间分配系数的差异实现分离。邹定等[36]在pH为7的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中加入胆酸钠和冠醚,可实现麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱及去甲麻黄碱对映体的拆分。CZE是最常用的一种分离模式,根据被分离物质的质荷比差异实现分离,适用于带电化合物,不适用于中性化合物。
气相色谱法(GC法)以气体作为流动相,适用于热稳定且具有挥发性的化合物。分离对映异构体的关键是手性固定相的选择和制备。Wang等[37]以β-环糊精毛细管柱为一维色谱柱,极性聚乙二醇毛细管柱为二维色谱柱,通过综合二维气相色谱实现了麻黄碱及其对映体的高效分离,克服了单独使用β-环糊精毛细管柱产生部分峰重叠的影响,简化了样品前处理程序,减少或消除了基质干扰,提高了分离效果。
薄层色谱法(TLC法)主要利用吸附剂对异构体吸附能力的大小和展开剂解吸附作用的差异进行分离。该方法简便、快速,通常需要对照品进行对照鉴定。异构体理化性质相似,普通硅胶板和展开剂难以分离,张煜等[38]以聚酰胺薄膜为固定相,微乳液为展开剂,分离虎杖中白藜芦醇和虎杖苷的顺反异构体,除顺式虎杖苷的荧光斑点不明确外,其余3个成分均具有明显的荧光斑点。
立体异构体的分离方法除色谱法外,还包括优先结晶法、膜分离和化学动力拆分法等非色谱法。
优先结晶(preferential crystallization)法是在饱和或过饱和的外消旋体溶液中加入单一对映体的晶种,使该对映体优先结晶析出,实现分离[15]。该方法成本低廉,便于操作,常用于分离外消旋混合物。王亚萍等[15]考察了添加剂的含量对优先结晶法分离异构体DL-正缬氨酸的影响,表明添加剂含量增多,可抑制一种对映体的结晶速度,提高产品纯度。
膜分离技术(membrane separation technique)以对映体选择性膜为分离介质,对化合物进行分离、纯化和富集。对映体选择性膜分为液膜和固膜,液膜是将手性载体溶解在特定的溶剂中,根据对映异构体在液膜上迁移速率的差异实现分离,液膜具有优异的选择性和渗透性,但耐用性较差[39]。固膜根据膜内或膜外手性位点对异构体亲和能力的差异进行分离,具有稳定性好,适用范围广等特点,但容易发生污染和堵塞[40]。赵慧玲[14]采用纤维素膜对DL-扁桃酸进行了拆分,其中光学纯度值分别达到70.1%和20.9%。
化学动力拆分(chemical kinetic resolution)法是将对映体与手性试剂作用生成非对映异构体,根据反应速度的差异进行分离。常用的手性试剂有酒石酸、扁桃酸、樟脑磺酸和樟脑酸等手性酸,(-)-马钱子碱、(-)-番木鳖碱、D-(-)-麻黄碱和(+)-α-苯乙胺等手性碱[18]。Wang等[16]通过N-乙酰-D-苯甘氨酸拆分DL-苯丙氨酸甲酯,得到D-苯丙氨酸甲酯光学纯度高达98.1%,产率高达81.2%。
质谱法通过电场和磁场将运动的离子按质荷比(m/z)大小分离后进行检测,具有灵敏度高,分析速度快,应用范围广等特点[41]。常通过串联不同质量分析器、与金属离子配合、增加分离维度和增加分辨率等方法解析立体异构体。
传统质谱法(MS法)与不同质量分析器串联可区分大部分结构不同的非对映异构体,但难以鉴定对映异构体。常用的质量分析器有四极杆分析器(Q)、离子阱分析器(IT)、飞行时间分析器(TOF)、静电轨道阱分析器(Orbitrap)等,Q-MS仪的结构简单,扫描速度快,但分辨率不高;TOF-MS法灵敏度高,扫描速度快,适用于生物大分子;IT-MS法在多级质谱分析时有较大优势,适用于定性分析[41]。Wu等[42]利用UHPLC-Q TOF MS法表征了芪精生白颗粒中的143个化学成分,包括黄芪皂苷Ⅰ和异黄芪皂苷Ⅰ等非对映异构体。
对映异构体的碎片离子相同,传统MS法不能直接鉴定。在金属离子配合作用下,对映异构体与手性配体反应,转化为非对映异构体,使质谱裂解产生差异,从而实现对映体的区分。常用的金属离子有Cu、Ni、Mg、Zn等,Tao等[43]通过Cu离子配位,实现了氨基酸手性异构体的区分。
离子淌度-质谱,又称为离子迁移谱(IM-MS法),较MS法增加了1个分离维度,是一种新型的二维分离质谱技术,根据离子在飘移管中与缓冲气体碰撞时碰撞截面积(CCS)的差异实现分离[44]。CCS值的测量不受样品基质的影响,是独立于保留时间质谱碎片的检测数据,对异构体的分离具有较好的应用前景[4]
离子淌度光谱(IMS)按分离机理分为漂移管离子迁移谱(DTIMS)、行波离子迁移谱(TWIMS)和场不对称波形离子淌度谱(FAIMS)等。Zheng等[45]采用DTIMS-MS鉴定顺反二咖啡酰奎宁酸异构体,不需要校准因子,可直接测量CCS值。郝杰等[46]以氮气和氦气的混合气体为载气,提高了FAIMS的分辨率,实现了非对映异构体蔗糖和麦芽糖的分离。TWIMS通过延长路径提高分辨率,最高可达1 860[47],但增大了仪器体积。具有超高分辨率的环形离子淌度-质谱(cIM-MS)解决了上述问题。郑伟[48]通过结合母离子、子离子和淌度多圈分离的CCS值共同区分绞股蓝中皂苷类非对映异构体人参皂苷Rk1和人参皂苷Rg5。cIM-MS结合了TWIMS的原理和循环管的设计,通过增加循环管中离子的循环次数而延长路径长度,实现高分辨率并控制仪器体积。
IMS常和TOF-MS联用,发挥了TOF-MS的超快扫描速率和IMS的毫秒级分离速率,提高了峰容量和图谱分辨率。Wang等[26]通过2D-LC-IMS-TOF-MS法共鉴定处菟丝子中302个化合物,其中包括对映异构体Cuscutaresinol A和Cuscutaresinol B等。
核磁共振(NMR)技术是鉴定化合物结构的重要手段。对映异构体的NMR信号相似,常通过手性衍生化试剂法、手性位移试剂法和手性溶剂溶剂化试剂法将对映体转换为非对映体,从而实现区分。丁静等[49]利用Mosher酸与紫草素侧链羟基缩合形成酯,使紫草中对映异构体紫草素和阿卡宁转变为非对映异构体,再通过NMR法确定该异构体的绝对构型。复杂的异构体可通过二维核磁共振技术、NMR技术与光谱法联用等确定其绝对构型。二维核磁共振技术降低了谱线的拥挤和重叠程度,对异构体结构解析有重要地位,常用的二维核磁共振技术有同核位移相关谱(COSY)、总相关谱(TOCSY)、异核单量子相关(HSQC)、异核多量子相关(HMQC)等。李文等[50]应用COSY、TOCOSY、核极化效应谱(NOESY)、HSQC、HMBC 2D NMR技术对甘草酸二铵差向异构体的氢谱和碳谱信号进行归属,得到区分该异构体的指标。
X-射线单晶衍射和电子圆二色光谱是确定立体异构体绝对构型的主要方法,单晶X射线衍射法可精确测定单晶结构,获得化合物的立体结构信息。电子圆二色谱法可获得每个构型对应的圆二色性光谱,从而区分异构体。Cheng等[51]通过电子圆二色谱以及时间相关密度泛函理论进行量子化学计算,确定樟脑磺酸异构体的立体化学结构,再通过单晶X-射线衍射验证这些结构。田介峰等[52]通过电子圆二光谱和NMR共同区分丹参中的差向异构体紫草酸和异紫草酸。
色谱法对天然产物中立体异构体具有较好的分离效果和前景,HPLC和UPLC是最常用的色谱分离技术。对映异构体常需借助手性色谱柱、手性流动相添加剂等方式实现分离。但手性添加剂选择不当可能会干扰化合物的检测,且分离的异构体也有限制,仍需进一步研究普适性更高的手性添加剂。此外,单一维度的色谱柱仍存在局限性,峰容量低,难以全面表征天然产物复杂体系中的立体异构体,需增加峰容量,提高分离能力。近年来,增加了1个分离维度的2D-LC,对异构体有更好的分离效果,但不同的立体异构体需选择合适的组合模式,且有机试剂消耗大,分析时间长,仍需进一步探索更多高正交性的二维组合模式,缩短分析时间,实现更好的分离效果。随着绿色、环保理念的推动实施,以CO2为主要流动相的SFC法逐渐被研究人员广泛关注。由于CO2粘度低,缩短了分析时间,大量减少有机试剂消耗,使SFC法逐渐成为异构体分离的首选方法,但目前可供SFC法选择的手性色谱柱有限,需进一步研究更多种类且适用性广泛的手性色谱柱。非对映异构体多采用反向色谱柱或重结晶即可分离。
传统MS法是化合物常用的鉴定方法,但难以区分对映异构体。IM-MS技术的发展提高了MS的准确性和特异性,且CCS值是化合物特有的性质,有利于立体异构体的分离与辨识。但目前已报道的天然产物的CCS值有限,需进一步结合化学计量学等手段构建天然产物CCS库,有助于天然产物中立体异构体的解析。目前,多采用NMR技术及单晶X射线衍射等方法共同确定立体异构体的绝对构型。
  • *国家自然科学基金项目(82204516)
  • 陕西省科技厅一般项目-社会发展领域(2023-YBSF-281)
  • 陕西中医药大学博士科研启动金项目(306-1702032236)
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2024年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0108
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-15
  • 出版时间:2024-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
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*国家自然科学基金项目(82204516)
陕西省科技厅一般项目-社会发展领域(2023-YBSF-281)
陕西中医药大学博士科研启动金项目(306-1702032236)
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    陕西中医药大学 陕西省中药资源产业化协同创新中心 秦药特色资源研究开发国家重点实验室(培育),咸阳 712046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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