Article(id=1239256901024805287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695657600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773391469484, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773391469484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773391469484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391469484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239256891017195761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773391467098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391544580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1024, endPage=1030, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239256901276463545, articleId=1239256901024805287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research on cadmium poisoning and detoxification based on microfluidic chip-nematode modeling*, columnId=1239256892686520399, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitorin, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To study the toxicity of heavy metal cadmium and screen detoxification drugs base on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Methods:

The microfluidics chip technology was used as the drug screening platform. The 96-well plate exposure pretest was used, and K-medium blank group was set up. The exposure group consisted of nematodes exposed to heavy metal cadmium at the environmental relevant concentration of 0.25-15.0 μg·mL after homogenization. Vitamin C and calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate were selected as detoxification group. (10±2) nematodes were added into each orifice plate. The number of nematodes was observed and recorded under a microscope, and paid attention to the changes in the structure of the vulva. The experimental data were processed and analyzed by origin 2019b software.

Results:

Compared with blank group, the fatality rates of C. elegans in exposed group were respectively 0%, 1.67%, 4.76%, 67.46%, 100% and 100% at 0.25, 1.50, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 μg·mL-1 concentration, compared with blank group. The structure of the nematode vulva was deformed, from slight protrusion to severe protrusion, and even a tuberous protrusion, and finally ruptured. The mortality of detoxification group was reduced to different degrees compared with exposure group.

Conclusion:

Compared with blank control group, with the increase of cadmium exposure concentration and exposure time, cadmium can inhibit the survival of C. elegans, and damage the structure of C. elegans vulva to varying degrees. The results of detoxification group showed that vitamin C had little detoxification effect on cadmium. The complexation of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate with cadmium could prolong the survival time of C. elegans to a large extent.

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目的:

以秀丽隐杆线虫为实验对象研究金属镉的毒性以及解毒药物的筛选。

方法:

以微流控芯片技术作为药物筛选平台,采用96孔板暴露预试验,以同期化后L4期的线虫,设置K-medium空白组,采用环境相关浓度为0.25~15.0 μg·mL-1的重金属镉设置暴露组,采用维生素C和乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙分别拮抗镉作为解毒组。每个孔板中加入线虫(10±2)条,在显微镜下观察记录线虫数量,观察线虫阴门结构的变化,实验数据均以origin 2019b软件进行操作处理,结合所得结果对数据进行分析。

结果:

通过与空白组相比,24 h后暴露组线虫在0.25、1.50、5.0、10.0、12.5、5.0 μg·mL-1mL浓度下的致死率分别为0%、1.67%、4.76%、67.46%、100%、100%;线虫阴门结构有明显畸形变化,出现轻微凸起到严重凸起,甚至有瘤状物凸起,最后破裂。解毒组致死率与暴露组相比均有不同程度的减少。

结论:

通过与空白对照组相比,随着镉暴露浓度和暴露时间的增加,镉元素对线虫的存活具有抑制作用,对线虫阴门结构有不同程度的损害。解毒组实验表明维生素C对金属镉的解毒作用较小;乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙与镉络合后可在较大程度上延长线虫的存活时间。

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** Tel:(020)28896419;E-mail:
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Tel: 18825185735;E-mail:

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A.L1期(L1 period) B.L4期(L4 period)

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a. 0. 25 μg·mL-1 b. 1. 5 μg·mL-1 c. 5 μg·mL-1 d. 10 μg·mL-1 e. 12. 5 μg·mL-1 f. 15 μg·mL-1

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Drugs for preventing and treating cadmium poisoning and their mechanism of action

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
防治药物(preventive)作用机制(mechanism of action)
EDTA络合剂(EDTA complexing agent)与镉形成络合物排出体外(forming a complex with cadmium excreted from the body)
锌、硒(zinc and selenium)减少游离镉的分布(reducing the distribution of free cadmium)
钙(calcium)减少镉在机体组织内的蓄积(reduce the accumulation of cadmium in the body tissue)
维生素类(vitamin)增加镉的排泄量(increasing the excretion of cadmium)
黄芪注射液(astragalus injection)降低血镉含量(increasing the excretion of cadmium)
), ArticleFig(id=1239268353563488626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256901024805287, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

防治镉中毒药物及其作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
防治药物(preventive)作用机制(mechanism of action)
EDTA络合剂(EDTA complexing agent)与镉形成络合物排出体外(forming a complex with cadmium excreted from the body)
锌、硒(zinc and selenium)减少游离镉的分布(reducing the distribution of free cadmium)
钙(calcium)减少镉在机体组织内的蓄积(reduce the accumulation of cadmium in the body tissue)
维生素类(vitamin)增加镉的排泄量(increasing the excretion of cadmium)
黄芪注射液(astragalus injection)降低血镉含量(increasing the excretion of cadmium)
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355123769719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256901024805287, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Lethal situation of nematodes under different time-concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cd浓度(concentration of Cd)/(μg·mL-1)线虫总数(条)
(nematode population)
3 h死亡虫数
(3 h number of dead insects)
6 h死亡虫数
(6 h number of dead insects)
12 h死亡虫数
(12 h number of dead insects)
24 h死亡虫数
(24 h number of dead insects)
48 h死亡虫数
(48 h number of dead insects)
72 h死亡虫数
(72 h number of dead insects)
0130000000
0.25123000000
1.51200002512
512600062578
1012626396185106126
12.512578101118125125125
15120120120120120120120
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355245404542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256901024805287, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时间-浓度下线虫致死情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cd浓度(concentration of Cd)/(μg·mL-1)线虫总数(条)
(nematode population)
3 h死亡虫数
(3 h number of dead insects)
6 h死亡虫数
(6 h number of dead insects)
12 h死亡虫数
(12 h number of dead insects)
24 h死亡虫数
(24 h number of dead insects)
48 h死亡虫数
(48 h number of dead insects)
72 h死亡虫数
(72 h number of dead insects)
0130000000
0.25123000000
1.51200002512
512600062578
1012626396185106126
12.512578101118125125125
15120120120120120120120
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基于微流控芯片-线虫模型的镉中毒和解毒的研究*
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薛雪 , 邓立芬 , 陈柳生 , 蔡自由 **
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(6): 1024-1030
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(6): 1024-1030
基于微流控芯片-线虫模型的镉中毒和解毒的研究*
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薛雪 , 邓立芬, 陈柳生, 蔡自由**
作者信息
  • 广东食品药品职业学院,广州 510520
  • Tel: 18825185735;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** Tel:(020)28896419;E-mail:
Research on cadmium poisoning and detoxification based on microfluidic chip-nematode modeling*
Xue XUE , Li-fen DENG, Liu-sheng CHEN, Zi-you CAI**
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13
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目的:

以秀丽隐杆线虫为实验对象研究金属镉的毒性以及解毒药物的筛选。

方法:

以微流控芯片技术作为药物筛选平台,采用96孔板暴露预试验,以同期化后L4期的线虫,设置K-medium空白组,采用环境相关浓度为0.25~15.0 μg·mL-1的重金属镉设置暴露组,采用维生素C和乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙分别拮抗镉作为解毒组。每个孔板中加入线虫(10±2)条,在显微镜下观察记录线虫数量,观察线虫阴门结构的变化,实验数据均以origin 2019b软件进行操作处理,结合所得结果对数据进行分析。

结果:

通过与空白组相比,24 h后暴露组线虫在0.25、1.50、5.0、10.0、12.5、5.0 μg·mL-1mL浓度下的致死率分别为0%、1.67%、4.76%、67.46%、100%、100%;线虫阴门结构有明显畸形变化,出现轻微凸起到严重凸起,甚至有瘤状物凸起,最后破裂。解毒组致死率与暴露组相比均有不同程度的减少。

结论:

通过与空白对照组相比,随着镉暴露浓度和暴露时间的增加,镉元素对线虫的存活具有抑制作用,对线虫阴门结构有不同程度的损害。解毒组实验表明维生素C对金属镉的解毒作用较小;乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙与镉络合后可在较大程度上延长线虫的存活时间。

秀丽隐杆线虫  /  镉中毒  /  维生素C  /  乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙  /  微流控芯片  /  解毒  /  药物筛选
Objective:

To study the toxicity of heavy metal cadmium and screen detoxification drugs base on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Methods:

The microfluidics chip technology was used as the drug screening platform. The 96-well plate exposure pretest was used, and K-medium blank group was set up. The exposure group consisted of nematodes exposed to heavy metal cadmium at the environmental relevant concentration of 0.25-15.0 μg·mL after homogenization. Vitamin C and calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate were selected as detoxification group. (10±2) nematodes were added into each orifice plate. The number of nematodes was observed and recorded under a microscope, and paid attention to the changes in the structure of the vulva. The experimental data were processed and analyzed by origin 2019b software.

Results:

Compared with blank group, the fatality rates of C. elegans in exposed group were respectively 0%, 1.67%, 4.76%, 67.46%, 100% and 100% at 0.25, 1.50, 5.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 μg·mL-1 concentration, compared with blank group. The structure of the nematode vulva was deformed, from slight protrusion to severe protrusion, and even a tuberous protrusion, and finally ruptured. The mortality of detoxification group was reduced to different degrees compared with exposure group.

Conclusion:

Compared with blank control group, with the increase of cadmium exposure concentration and exposure time, cadmium can inhibit the survival of C. elegans, and damage the structure of C. elegans vulva to varying degrees. The results of detoxification group showed that vitamin C had little detoxification effect on cadmium. The complexation of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate with cadmium could prolong the survival time of C. elegans to a large extent.

Caenorhabditis elegans  /  cadmium poisoning  /  vitamin C  /  calcium disodium  /  ethylenediamine tetraacetate  /  microfluidic chip  /  detoxify  /  drug screen
薛雪, 邓立芬, 陈柳生, 蔡自由. 基于微流控芯片-线虫模型的镉中毒和解毒的研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1024 -1030 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13
Xue XUE, Li-fen DENG, Liu-sheng CHEN, Zi-you CAI. Research on cadmium poisoning and detoxification based on microfluidic chip-nematode modeling*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1024 -1030 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13
镉(Cd)是不具有生理功能的重金属,非人体必需元素,毒性较大,在自然界中主要以二价离子存在。在上世纪50年代日本曾出现由镉引起的“痛痛病”,引起国内外的关注。1993年国际癌症研究机构表明重金属镉会致使人类和动物前列腺癌和肺癌的一种致癌物质[1]。我国在“十二五”规划已将镉作为重金属污染防治中第一类重点防治对象[2]。重金属镉在机体中代谢极度缓慢、生物半衰期长达10~35年,可经过呼吸、接触和食用等途径进入人体,随着蓄积时间和浓度的增加,最终引发多种疾病[3-4]。镉污染的主要原因是冶金、采矿、镉镍电池和颜料的制造,由于环境中的镉无法被生物降解,随着工业的不断发展,镉的使用量和排放量不断增加,环境分布范围不断扩大,镉的污染也在不断的上升,使环境恶化日趋严重,成为严重危害人体健康的一重大问题[5]。有研究表明,镉进入机体后会影响体内多种酶的活性、抑制细胞内钙离子通道、引起DNA链断裂的同时还破坏DNA链的修复功能,影响线粒体功能,最终造成细胞凋亡[6]。对于镉中毒的防治药物见表1
微流控芯片的芯片是由微米级别大小的微通道组成,称为芯片实验室[7-9]。可将常规实验室中所涉及的实验操作集成在1块仅有10 cm2的芯片上,排污极少,又被称为是一种绿色技术。聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane)是制作本实验涉及的微流控芯片装置的主要材料,内部包括线虫进样池,线虫培养池以及浓度梯度生成器(concentration gradient generator)构成[10]。相对于传统的生物培养皿或多孔板,微流控芯片的微型通道及微量池使线虫的进样、操控,溶液的自动混合、再分配于一体。PDMS具有良好的透气性,可保证线虫生存有充足的氧气,也适用线虫的长期培养[11]。本实验采用的芯片可同时完成4种作用药物、32种浓度梯度的检测,已被广泛应用于各个研究领域。
微流控芯片技术用于环境毒性评估、药物筛选以及生命科学研究时可以克服传统方法的耗时耗力的缺点,具有高效率,自动化,低成本和低损耗等多重优势[12]。毒性研究的重要环节便是筛选药物的过程,在这现代技术快速发展的时代,药物筛选要求不断提高。从而研发适合体内试验、经济且高效迅速的技术对于大量药物筛选或毒性的研究是迫切的。传统动物实验不仅实验周期长,实验成本高,还存在着动物伦理的问题,即使实验结果有参考意义,但想完成快速、高通量的药物暴露实验仍然存在难度。对于药物筛选实验,微流控线虫芯片可快速完成线虫的分配、溶液的梯度稀释以及快速给药。相比于传统配制不同剂量的药物和给药处理的方法,微流控技术可以优化操作烦琐,工作量大的前处理工作[13]。秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegansC. elegans)分类上是属于小杆目、小杆总科、隐杆线虫属[14]。有肌肉和各种系统,包括消化、神经、生殖和排泄系统[15]。当线虫遇到如食物匮乏、生存空间过于拥挤和高温等恶劣生存环境时,均会由L1期直接进入一种持久的幼虫(dauer)期,该时期的线虫较其他幼虫期的线虫更加瘦小,停止发育且不会老化,可保持该形态数月从而对抗逆境。当生存条件有利时,线虫可以从dauer期直接进入L4期,再次进入正常的发育周期[16]。国内外有涉及关于镉金属毒性及药物筛查的研究报道中,受试动物有鱼类如斑马鱼、哺乳动物中包括小老鼠、仓鼠、猪、羊等的研究,而利用线虫对镉毒性及解毒研究具有更大的优势。秀丽隐杆线虫遗传背景清楚,与人类基因组有60%~80%相似[17]。本研究以秀丽隐杆线虫为研究对象,探究线虫在镉暴露中的毒性反应及筛选解毒药物,为评估镉暴露的健康风险和开展相关的研究工作提供参考。
TLE104万分之一电子分析天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司);SW-CJ-1FD单人单面超净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司);YDS-100微流控芯片系统(重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司);BDS400倒置生物显微镜(重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司);DM0412台式低速离心机(大龙兴创实验仪器(北京)股份公司);YDS-100微量注射泵(重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司)等。
琼脂(分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司);蛋白胨(分析纯,北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司);胰蛋白胨(分析纯,北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司);氯化钠(分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂厂);氢氧化钠(分析纯,广州化学试剂厂);胆固醇(分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司);无水乙醇(分析纯,天津市大茂化学试剂厂);五氟尿嘧啶(分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司);维生素C(规格:100 mg;批号:5220661,东北制药集团沈阳第一制药有限公司);乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙(分析纯,上海毕得医药科技有限公司);磷酸氢二钾(分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司);磷酸二氢钾(分析纯,天津市北辰方正试剂厂)等。
秀丽隐杆线虫虫株为野生型N2,采用L4期至成年期秀丽隐杆线虫进行相关实验,通过预实验选择镉染毒剂量为0.25~15.0 mg·mL-1,染毒时间至72 h。
称取胆固醇0.5 g,加无水乙醇定容至100 mL,使其充分溶解后在无菌的超净工作台内使用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤,分装,置于4 ℃冰箱备用。
称取磷酸二氢钾108.3 g和磷酸氢二钾35.6 g,加双蒸水定容至1 L,搅拌均匀后放入灭菌锅121 ℃高压灭菌 30 min。
按7∶2∶1比例量移取K培养基、5%次氯酸钠、5 mol·L-1氢氧化钠混匀,现配现用。
称取胰蛋白胨0.5 g、酵母抽提物0.5 g和氯化钠0.5 g放入锥形瓶中,加超纯水至100 mL,高压灭菌后得到LB液体培养基。
称取氯化钠3.0 g,胰蛋白胨2.5 g,琼脂17.0 g于 1 L 的锥形瓶中,加入双蒸水975 mL 配置成1 L NGM培养基,充分混匀后,121 ℃高压灭菌 30 min,待灭菌锅温度降至60 ℃以下时取出培养基,在紫外照射20~30 min后的超净工作台下加入1 mol·L-1磷酸钾缓冲液25 mL,1 mol·L-1氯化钙1 mL,1 mol·L-1硫酸镁1 mL和5 mg·L-1胆固醇1 mL,而后混匀培养基,倒入培养皿中并等待培养基冷却凝固。
在超净工作台中,用接种环蘸取大肠杆菌浓缩液在固体培养基的表面上相继划线,稀释大肠杆菌浓度,再放置于培养箱中37 ℃恒温培养12~24 h后可以分离得到单个大肠杆菌菌落,即为纯化后的OP50,如图1所示。
在无菌环境下,用接种针挑取单个纯化后的大肠杆菌菌落,放入LB培养基中,在恒温震荡培养箱中37 ℃ 200 r·min-1培养8~12 h后,可吸取150 μL滴入90 mm的NGM培养基表面,用涂布器均匀涂开,48 h后菌液测试无杂菌生长即可使用。
本研究所用的线虫为野生型N2虫株,先将虫株接种在事先涂有OP50的NGM培养基中,在20 ℃恒温条件下孵化几代后,便可实验。
实验所用线虫必需同步为相同周期,即L4期。由于成虫和虫卵在裂解时间和耐受性方面的差异,通常获得虫卵是取怀孕期间的线虫在次氯酸钠碱性溶液中卵裂,然后同时孵化为L1期幼虫。
采用96孔板进行线虫的暴露预实验观察如图3所示,设置K-medium空白组,暴露组每孔加入K-medium 50 μL和金属镉混合溶液50 μL,以终浓度为0.25~15.0 μg·mL-1的金属镉溶液暴露同化后的线虫。筛选解毒药物以100 μg·mL-1维生素C溶液和1 mmol·L-1乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙溶液拮抗镉的毒性。每孔放入(10±2)条经同化处理的L4期线虫,在显微镜下观察并记录线虫的死亡数量及阴门结构的变化。实验中,可加入5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FUDR)抑制线虫产卵,减少实验干扰。
在使用微流控芯片前,先通入75%酒精冲洗微通道30 min,再用含有0.02 wt% Triton X100 的K液冲洗通道,以增加PDMS材质芯片的亲水性。先用K液冲洗NGM培养板上同化至L4期的线虫,使其悬浮于K液中,在芯片中央室以10 μL·min-1的速度将线虫注入,并交替注入K液避免线虫在通道口处堆积,此外,使用微量注射泵辅助引入,控制每孔线虫数量(10±2)条。然后,以10 μL·min-1的速度将金属镉溶液与缓冲液同时注入芯片中,溶液经过浓度梯度微通道后在线虫培养室自动形成8个浓度梯度。线虫镉暴露后以同样步骤通入解毒药物。最后将芯片置于22 ℃条件下,定期观察并记录线虫生存情况。如图4所示。
在显微镜下观察,线虫的体型僵直,身体浑浊或发黑,咽喉停止抽动即判定线虫死亡。实验数据由 Microsoft Office Excel 2019进行前期处理,应用origin 2019软件对数据进行作图分析。结果表明L4期线虫于0.25~15 μg·mL-1暴露浓度下随着暴露时间的增加,线虫致死情况如表2所示。重金属镉不同染毒时间对线虫的毒性的时间-效应关系如图5所示。
在显微镜观察下可知,Cd暴露24 h下线虫的阴门结构与空白组相比有明显的畸形变化,对照组线虫产卵器表面相对平滑,如图6所示。随着镉浓度的增加,阴门结构由轻微凸起到严重凸起,甚至有瘤状物凸起,最后破裂。不同浓度的金属镉对线虫生殖腺的影响如图7所示。
24 h药物作用实验结果如图8所示,48 h药物作用如图9所示,维生素C与EDTA络合剂在不同金属镉暴露浓度下均有不同程度的拮抗作用。当暴露浓度大于5 μg·mL-1时致死率增加幅度逐渐变大,药物拮抗作用较为明显。当浓度升高到15 μg·mL-1高浓度时2种药物均无显著的解毒作用。乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙在不同的镉暴露浓度下,24 h与48 h后药物拮抗作用均大于维生素C。维生素C的作用是促进线虫排泄镉离子,乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙的作用机制是与镉离子络合,从根本上减少镉离子浓度。
与空白组相比,当镉的浓度为0.25 μg·mL-1时线虫致死率最小,与空白组相同。当镉的浓度为15 μg·mL-1时线虫致死率最大,与染毒时间无线性关系。当镉的浓度在1.5~12.5 μg·mL-1L下,线虫致死率随着染毒时间的延长,染毒浓度的增加,线虫的致死率有线性关系。线虫暴露在重金属镉溶液中时,由于镉可以通过饮食经消化道进入,也可以通过表皮接触渗入线虫体内,线虫体内镉的量在时间浓度呈递增的情况下,蓄积进入体内的量也呈现上升趋势。实验结果中线虫死亡数量也在不断增加,致死率在相同浓度下,与染毒时间呈正相关;在相同时间下,与溶液中重金属浓度也存在正相关的关系。证明重金属对线虫的毒性反应是具有明显的时间-效应关系。重金属镉会导致线虫生殖腺的畸形,随着镉暴露浓度的增加,线虫阴门结构由空白组的相对平滑状态出现轻微凸起到严重凸起,甚至有瘤状物凸起,最后破裂。毒性反应具有浓度依赖性。乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙溶液和维C对低浓度镉暴露后的线虫均有一定救治作用,当暴露浓度增加到15 μg·mL-1时,解毒作用相对不明显。乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙作用机制是与重金属络合,减少暴露环境中镉离子含量。维生素C是促进镉离子排出体外,随着暴露时间的增加,由于线虫处于暴露环境中,维生素C的作用相对小于乙二胺四乙酸二钠钙。
本研究提出了微流控芯片新方法可以避免传统研究方法中的不足,开拓了重金属暴露实验研究思路和提供更多的选择。线虫的培养、重金属暴露实验、药物的筛选、结果的显微成像等实验过程中仍存在一定的不足之处:一是研究规模小,试验样本量较少;二是重复试验次数少,收集的数据存在一定的误差性;三是研究所用的芯片结构上,由于芯片微通道宽度仍然大于线虫体宽,少量线虫不可控的进出培养室。也是造成误差的因素之一。为解决本研究存在的不足之处,提出对未来的发展方向:第一,扩大实验样本量,减少实验的误差性;第二,重复试验,使研究结果更加准确,实验更有统计学意义;第三,可在微流控芯片的中央室通向培养室的通道口处增加微门阀的设计,用于控制线虫的数目,当线虫进样时,较大的液压可以使芯片发生变形,微型通道暂时扩大,线虫由中央进样池挤过通道,被关闭停留在培养池中,随后液压减小,阀门关闭。线虫不易返回中央进样室中。此外在培养池的药液入口处设计错开的更狭窄的通道,即可保证线虫不会进入浓度梯度生成器部分中,也可控制药液的正常流通,减少变量因素。
总之,微流控芯片是由几个单元技术组合而成,整体可控和规模集成的新技术。由于具有自动化,低成本和低损耗等多重优势,在医学领域、环境监测以及药物筛选方面都适应当前发展趋势,有着广阔的应用前景。
  • *广东省高校特色创新项目(2021KTSCX240)
  • 广州市科技计划(202102021276)
  • 广东省中医药局项目(20211284)
  • 广东省中医药局(20231247)
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.13
  • 接收时间:2023-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26
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*广东省高校特色创新项目(2021KTSCX240)
广州市科技计划(202102021276)
广东省中医药局项目(20211284)
广东省中医药局(20231247)
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    广东食品药品职业学院,广州 510520

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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