Article(id=1239256897216377142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773391468575, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773391468575, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773391468575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391468575, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239256891017195761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773391467098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391544580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1074, endPage=1081, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239256897463841084, articleId=1239256897216377142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Determination of in vitro release of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method*, columnId=1206272758774821315, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Standard Deliberation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To determine the in vitro release degree of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method.

Methods:

Gas chromatography was used to establish the in vitro analysis of muscone, which is the main active ingredient of sustained-release mini-tablets. Comparing its equilibrium solubility in different concentrations of Tween-80, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to determine the type of release medium. The effects of residence time, drip time, reciprocation rate, and screen mesh sizes on the release behaviours of muscone were investigated. Results were compared with that of the paddle method. Meanwhile, a preliminary investigation into the mechanism of its release was also carried out.

Results:

The linearity of the constructed analytical method was better, the RSD values of precision, repeatability and stability were less than 3%, and the spiked sample recovery was qualified. The release medium for the reciprocating cartridge method was 200 mL of 0.05% Tween-80, with a dwell and drip time of 20 s, a reciprocation rate of 15 dip·min-1, and upper and lower screen mesh sizes of 20 and 40 respectively. Compared with the paddle method, Muscone was completely released under different pH conditions in the reciprocating cylinder method, and the release curve increased smoothly.

Conclusion:

The study can provide some references for the reciprocating cylinder method in the in vitro evaluation of sustained-release prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine.

, correspAuthors=Nian-ping FENG, Zhi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pan-wen HUANG, Xi CHEN, Yong-tai ZHANG, Ying LIU, Nian-ping FENG, Zhi WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239256900383076731, articleId=1239256897216377142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度*, columnId=1206272758971953622, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=标准研讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

应用往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度。

方法:

采用气相色谱法建立缓释微片主要活性成分麝香酮的体外分析方法,比较其在不同浓度吐温-80、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB) 及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)中的平衡溶解度,确定释放介质的种类,考察停留时间、滴水时间、往复速率和筛网孔径等因素对麝香酮释放行为的影响,并与桨法进行比较,同时对其释药机制进行了初步探究。

结果:

所建分析方法线性良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD均小于3%,加样回收率合格。往复筒法释放介质为0.05%吐温-80 200 mL,停留和滴水时间为20 s,往复速率15 dip·min-1,上、下筛网目数分别为20和40。与桨法相比,往复筒法中麝香酮在不同pH条件下能完全释放,且释放曲线平稳递增。

结论:

本研究可为往复筒法在中药缓释制剂的体外评价提供一定的参考和借鉴。

, correspAuthors=冯年平, 王志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 冯年平 Tel:(021)51322198;E-mail:;
王志 Tel:(021)51323146;E-mail:
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Tel: 18930951692;E-mail:

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AAPS Pharm Sci Technol200910 (3):763, articleTitle=Bio-dis and the paddle dissolution apparatuses applied to the release characterization of ketoprofen from hypromellose matrices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239268361880785717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256897216377142, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=160, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=35, authorNames=SUBBURAYALU R, KUNCHITHAPATHAM J, DEVI T, journalName=Ind Am J Pharm Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUBBURAYALU RKUNCHITHAPATHAM JDEVI T. Application of biorelevant dissolution tests to the prediction of in vivo performance of clopidogrel extended release mini tablet filled in capsules [J]. 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1.正十七烷(n-heptadecane) 2.麝香酮(muscone)

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A.往复筒法0.05%Tween-80(reciprocating cylinder method 0.05% Tween-80) B.往复筒法pH 1.2→6.5→5.8(reciprocating cylinder method pH 1.2→6.5→5.8) C.往复筒法pH 1.2→6.5→5.8(不含酶)[reciprocating cylinder method pH 1.2→6.5→5.8(enzyme-free)] D.桨法0.05%Tween-80(Paddle 0.05% Tween-80) E.桨法pH 5.8(paddle pH 5.8) F.桨法pH 1.2(paddle pH 1.2)

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Equilibrium solubility and sink conditions for different dissolution media

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溶出介质
(dissolution
medium)
平衡溶解度
(equilibrium solubility)/(mg·mL-1
漏槽条件
(leakage conditions)/mL
0.02% SDS1.02±0.0493.07
0.05% SDS1.07±0.0496.95
0.1% SDS1.19±0.0586.49
0.05% CTAB1.05±0.0391.51
0.1% CTAB1.52±0.0667.37
0.05% Tween-801.21±0.0481.23
0.1% Tween-801.88±0.0754.53
0.2% Tween-802.68±0.0636.70
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355400585832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256897216377142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同溶出介质的平衡溶解度及漏槽条件(n=3)

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溶出介质
(dissolution
medium)
平衡溶解度
(equilibrium solubility)/(mg·mL-1
漏槽条件
(leakage conditions)/mL
0.02% SDS1.02±0.0493.07
0.05% SDS1.07±0.0496.95
0.1% SDS1.19±0.0586.49
0.05% CTAB1.05±0.0391.51
0.1% CTAB1.52±0.0667.37
0.05% Tween-801.21±0.0481.23
0.1% Tween-801.88±0.0754.53
0.2% Tween-802.68±0.0636.70
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355492860524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256897216377142, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Release curve B model fitting

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模型
(model)
拟合方程
(simultaneous equations)
r2
零级(zero order)Mt/M∞=6.11t+29.120.752 5
一级(first order)Mt/M∞=84.13(1-e-0.51t)0.913 0
HiguchiMt/M∞=24.91t1/2+11.160.940 9
Hixson-CrowellMt/M∞=25.89t-3.37t2+0.15t30.875 9
WeibullMt/M∞=100[1-e-0.32(t+1.08-14)0.55]0.968 3
Ritger-PeppasMt/M∞=42.85(t0.31)0.988 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355551580784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256897216377142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

释放曲线B模型拟合

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模型
(model)
拟合方程
(simultaneous equations)
r2
零级(zero order)Mt/M∞=6.11t+29.120.752 5
一级(first order)Mt/M∞=84.13(1-e-0.51t)0.913 0
HiguchiMt/M∞=24.91t1/2+11.160.940 9
Hixson-CrowellMt/M∞=25.89t-3.37t2+0.15t30.875 9
WeibullMt/M∞=100[1-e-0.32(t+1.08-14)0.55]0.968 3
Ritger-PeppasMt/M∞=42.85(t0.31)0.988 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239268355635466870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256897216377142, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Release curve A model fitting

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模型
(model)
拟合方程
(simultaneous equations)
r2
零级(zero order)Mt/M∞=7.64t+6.020.985 8
一级(first order)Mt/M∞=271.44(1-e-0.04t)0.976 7
HiguchiMt/M∞=27.67t1/2-9.380.931 2
Hixson-CrowellMt/M∞=11.99t-0.97t2+0.05t30.987 7
WeibullMt/M∞=100[1-e-4.06-4(t+0.42)0.91]0.979 6
Ritger-PeppasMt/M∞=12.34(t0.82)0.984 7
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释放曲线A模型拟合

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模型
(model)
拟合方程
(simultaneous equations)
r2
零级(zero order)Mt/M∞=7.64t+6.020.985 8
一级(first order)Mt/M∞=271.44(1-e-0.04t)0.976 7
HiguchiMt/M∞=27.67t1/2-9.380.931 2
Hixson-CrowellMt/M∞=11.99t-0.97t2+0.05t30.987 7
WeibullMt/M∞=100[1-e-4.06-4(t+0.42)0.91]0.979 6
Ritger-PeppasMt/M∞=12.34(t0.82)0.984 7
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往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度*
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黄潘雯 , 陈菥 , 张永太 , 刘颖 , 冯年平 ** , 王志 **
药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024,44(6): 1074-1081
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药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024, 44(6): 1074-1081
往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度*
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黄潘雯 , 陈菥, 张永太, 刘颖, 冯年平** , 王志**
作者信息
  • 上海中医药大学,上海 201203
  • Tel: 18930951692;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 冯年平 Tel:(021)51322198;E-mail:;
王志 Tel:(021)51323146;E-mail:
Determination of in vitro release of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method*
Pan-wen HUANG , Xi CHEN, Yong-tai ZHANG, Ying LIU, Nian-ping FENG** , Zhi WANG**
Affiliations
  • Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19
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目的:

应用往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度。

方法:

采用气相色谱法建立缓释微片主要活性成分麝香酮的体外分析方法,比较其在不同浓度吐温-80、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB) 及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)中的平衡溶解度,确定释放介质的种类,考察停留时间、滴水时间、往复速率和筛网孔径等因素对麝香酮释放行为的影响,并与桨法进行比较,同时对其释药机制进行了初步探究。

结果:

所建分析方法线性良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD均小于3%,加样回收率合格。往复筒法释放介质为0.05%吐温-80 200 mL,停留和滴水时间为20 s,往复速率15 dip·min-1,上、下筛网目数分别为20和40。与桨法相比,往复筒法中麝香酮在不同pH条件下能完全释放,且释放曲线平稳递增。

结论:

本研究可为往复筒法在中药缓释制剂的体外评价提供一定的参考和借鉴。

麝香缓释微片  /  往复筒法  /  桨法  /  麝香酮  /  体外释放度
Objective:

To determine the in vitro release degree of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method.

Methods:

Gas chromatography was used to establish the in vitro analysis of muscone, which is the main active ingredient of sustained-release mini-tablets. Comparing its equilibrium solubility in different concentrations of Tween-80, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to determine the type of release medium. The effects of residence time, drip time, reciprocation rate, and screen mesh sizes on the release behaviours of muscone were investigated. Results were compared with that of the paddle method. Meanwhile, a preliminary investigation into the mechanism of its release was also carried out.

Results:

The linearity of the constructed analytical method was better, the RSD values of precision, repeatability and stability were less than 3%, and the spiked sample recovery was qualified. The release medium for the reciprocating cartridge method was 200 mL of 0.05% Tween-80, with a dwell and drip time of 20 s, a reciprocation rate of 15 dip·min-1, and upper and lower screen mesh sizes of 20 and 40 respectively. Compared with the paddle method, Muscone was completely released under different pH conditions in the reciprocating cylinder method, and the release curve increased smoothly.

Conclusion:

The study can provide some references for the reciprocating cylinder method in the in vitro evaluation of sustained-release prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine.

musk sustained-release mini-tablets  /  reciprocating cylinder method  /  paddle method  /  muscone  /  in vitro release degree
黄潘雯, 陈菥, 张永太, 刘颖, 冯年平, 王志. 往复筒法测定麝香缓释微片的体外释放度*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1074 -1081 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19
Pan-wen HUANG, Xi CHEN, Yong-tai ZHANG, Ying LIU, Nian-ping FENG, Zhi WANG. Determination of in vitro release of musk sustained-release mini-tablets by reciprocating cylinder method*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1074 -1081 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19
溶出度试验作为评价药品质量和工艺水平的重要指标,在口服固体制剂的研发与质控中发挥着重要作用,其中篮法和桨法作为经典的溶出技术被广泛应用,但由于溶出装置、溶出介质的体积及流体动力学特征与人体内生理环境的差异,均有一定的局限性[1]。往复筒法为2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)新增的溶出度和释放度测定方法,具有能自动切换不同pH梯度的溶出介质和不同的往复速率[2],有效防止样品在溶出杯底部堆积等特点,在缓释制剂溶出曲线的测试和体内体外相关性研究方面有天然的优势[3],对新药研发、制剂质量标准的制定起到积极的促进作用。
西黄丸原名犀黄丸,由清代著名医家王洪绪所创,载于《外科证治全生集·卷四》,全方由牛黄、麝香、乳香、没药4味药味组成,临床广泛用于乳腺癌、肝癌及胰腺癌等多种肿瘤的治疗,具有良好疗效[4-9]。课题前期根据西黄丸中各药味的用量、化学成分及药理作用,对其进行了提取精制,得到西黄方提取物(牛黄、麝香细粉及乳香、没药超临界CO2萃取物),应用液固压缩技术,将其开发成西黄方多单元缓释微片,即牛黄缓释单元、麝香缓释单元及乳香没药缓释单元。本文将以麝香中活性成分麝香酮为考察指标,使用往复筒法对西黄方中麝香缓释微片进行体外释放度测定,考察其主要影响因素,并与桨法进行比较,初步阐明麝香酮的释药机制,本研究可为往复筒法在中药缓释制剂体外评价提供一定数据支持,具有良好的实用价值。
ZD-85 恒温振荡器(国华集团公司),Agilent 7890A气相色谱仪(Agilent公司),SYSTEM ADR ⅢI-7自动释放率取样系统(LOGAN公司),UDT-818A-12 12位溶出度仪(LOGAN公司),DSC-800自动取样控制器(LOGAN公司),Eppendorf高速台式离心机(Eppendorf公司),ZPS8旋转式压片机(上海天祥健合制药机械有限公司)。
人工麝香(北京联馨药业,批号2022YR158-F1)经上海中医药大学中药学院生药学教研室吴靳荣副教授鉴定符合2020年版《中国药典》一部有关规定。麝香酮对照品(含量99.2%,中国食品药品检定研究院,批号110719-201215),正十七烷(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司,批号C11878386);微晶纤维素(MCC101,DFE Pharma公司,批号103P1B2),乳糖(SuperTab 40LL,DFE Pharma公司,批号1042JT4),羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC K15M,Asland公司,批号NPF-0025),胃蛋白酶(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号20221222),盐酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号20160422),磷酸二氢钾(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号20171023),磷酸氢二钾(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号F20080604),氢氧化钠(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号20180315),十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB,国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号20220906),十二烷基硫酸钠(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号F20080521),吐温-80(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,批号A1720160),上述试剂均为分析纯。
取9.60 g人工麝香粉末(过350 μm筛网)、HPMC K15M 7.20 g、Supertab 40LL 4.80 g及MCC101 2.44 g等量递增研磨混合,于干燥器放置 1 d后,使用直径为3 mm的冲模压片,片质量约15 mg,硬度为(10.42±0.62) N。
采用DB-17 毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),程序升温(初始 60 ℃,20 ℃·min-1升温至200 ℃,1 ℃·min-1升温至205 ℃,5 ℃·min-1升温至220 ℃,30 ℃·min-1升温至250 ℃,保持3 min,分析时间19 min),进样口温度250 ℃,FID检测器,检测器温度 250 ℃,载气为氮气,进样量1 μL,分流比3∶1[10]
取麝香酮对照品适量,精密称定,用乙酸乙酯制成浓度为2.06 mg·mL-1的母液。另取正十七烷适量,精密称定,用乙酸乙酯制成浓度为3.75 mg·mL-1的内标溶液。取麝香缓释微片20片,精密称定,研细,取粉末约25 mg,精密称定,置50 mL具塞锥形瓶中,精密加入0.05% 吐温-80溶液25 mL,密塞,称量,超声(40 kHz)15 min,放冷,再称量,用0.05% 吐温-80溶液补足减失的量,摇匀。精密量取2 mL,加乙酸乙酯-丙酮(8∶2)混合溶液(含有3 μg·mL-1正十七烷)1 mL,涡旋5 min,静置15 min,12 000 r·min-1离心10 min取上清,0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤,滤液即为供试品溶液。同法制备阴性样品溶液(不含人工麝香)。
分别取对照品溶液(7.5 μg·mL-1)、正十七烷内标溶液、供试品溶液及阴性样品溶液,按照“2.2.1”项条件测定,考察专属性。结果表明,供试品与对照品色谱峰的保留时间一致,阴性样品对测定无干扰(图1)。
精密量取对照品母液适量,用0.05% 吐温-80溶液逐步稀释成20、10、7.5、5、2、1、0.5 μg·mL-1的麝香酮对照品溶液,按“2.2.2”项方法处理,照“2.2.1”项条件测定,进行线性范围考察。以对照品浓度(X)为横坐标,以对照品峰面积与内标峰面积的比值(Y)为纵坐标,得麝香酮线性方程:
在0.5~20 μg·mL-1线性良好。
取7.5 μg·mL-1麝香酮对照品溶液,按“2.2.2”项方法处理,照“2.2.1”项方法连续进样6次,测定色谱峰面积的比值,考察精密度;取麝香缓释微片20片,精密称定,研细,精密称取粉末25 mg,按照“2.2.2”项方法制备供试品溶液,平行6份,按“2.2.1”项方法检测,测定色谱峰面积的比值,考察重复性。测得精密度、重复性平均含量分别为(7.54±0.20) μg·mL-1和(1.00±0.03) μg·mL-1,RSD分别为2.7%、2.7%,表明该方法精密度和重复性良好。
精密称取麝香缓释粉末适量,按供试品溶液制备方法处理,分别置于室温和(37±2)℃条件下,于 0、2、4、6、8、10、12和24 h按供试品溶液制备方法处理,按照“2.2.1”项方法测定,考察稳定性。测得样品室温和(37±0.5)℃下24 h内平均含量分别为(0.99 ± 0.02)μg·mL-1和(0.97 ± 0.03) μg·mL-1,RSD分别为2.4%和2.6%,表明该方法稳定性良好。
精密称量已知含量的麝香缓释微片粉体,分别精密加入低、中、高 3 个浓度的麝香酮对照品溶液,按“2.2.2”项方法制备供试品溶液,每个浓度平行3份,进行GC色谱,计算加样回收率。测得高(120%)、中(100%)、低(80%) 3种浓度加样回收率的平均值为100.1%、102.2%、101.3%,RSD为2.5%,表明该方法回收率良好。
取浓度为1 μg·mL-1的麝香酮对照品溶液1 mL,置于10 mL量瓶中,用含0.05% 吐温-80水溶液稀释至刻度,按“2.2.2”项方法处理,进行测定,按信噪比(N/S)大于3计算检测限;取浓度为1 μg·mL-1的麝香酮对照品溶液3 mL,置于10 mL量瓶中,用含0.05%吐温-80水溶液稀释至刻度,按“2.2.2”项下方法处理,进行测定,按信噪比(N/S)大于10计算定量限。测得该方法的检测限为21.52 ng·mL-1,定量限为65.20 ng·mL-1
参照2020年版《中国药典》四部0931溶出度与释放度测定法第七法往复筒法:释放介质200 mL;水浴温度(37±0.5)℃;往复速率15 dip·min-1;筛网材质为尼龙;浸入时间为20 s,滴水时间为20 s。取麝香缓释微片置于往复筒内管中(2片·筒-1),分别于1、2、4、6、8、10、12 h取样3 mL,滤过,并及时补充相同温度的释放介质3 mL。精密吸取溶出液2 mL,加乙酸乙酯-丙酮(8∶2)液(含3 μg·mL-1正十七烷内标) 1 mL,涡旋5 min,静置,12 000 r·min-1离心10 min取上清,0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤,进 GC 色谱,计算麝香酮在各时间点累积释放度。
药物在不同介质中平衡溶解度的测定有助于漏槽条件的确定,同时可根据平衡溶解度结果选择适合的释放介质[11]。分别取0.02% SDS、0.05% SDS、0.1% SDS、0.05% 吐温-80、0.1% 吐温-80、0.2% 吐温-80、0.05% CTAB、0.1% CTAB溶液10 mL,加入麝香缓释粉体使其呈过饱和溶液,(37±0.5)℃下气浴摇床振摇12 h,振摇速率120 r·min-1。取样3 mL,滤过,精密量取续滤液2 mL,按“2.3.1”项下方法制备样品,考察麝香酮在不同溶出介质中的平衡溶解度。
麝香酮为难溶性成分,进行释放度实验如选用纯水为介质,难以达到漏槽条件,表1结果表明,加入不同浓度的表面活性剂后,SDS和CTAB及吐温-80都有良好的增溶效果,达到漏槽条件[15]。与SDS和CTAB相比,缓释微片中主要活性成分麝香酮在吐温-80溶液中的溶解度最大,并随着吐温-80溶液浓度的增加呈递增趋势,依次为(1.21±0.04)mg·mL-1、(1.88±0.07) mg·mL-1和(2.68±0.06) mg·mL-1。本实验选择选表面活性剂浓度较低的0.05% 吐温-80 200 mL为释放介质。
停留时间以往复筒能充分被溶出介质浸没为标准,滴水时间以往复筒能基本沥干溶出介质为标准,分别设置为10、20、30、40、50、60 s,其他条件同“2.3.1”项。
实验中发现,所使用的LOGAN往复筒溶出仪在进行自动取样时,为防止气泡的产生,注射泵会吸取2倍取样量的释放介质进行取样,完成取样操作后进行换排操作时,往复筒会从溶出杯中升起,注射泵将管路中的释放介质从取样管路回排至溶出杯,并进行补液操作,仪器在完成回排和补液程序后,需停留10~20 s后移至下一排溶出杯,在操作过程中发现设置20、30、40、50 s等的滴水时间无明显差别,20 s的滴水时间可基本沥干筛网上的溶出液,不会把已释放的药物带入下一排释放介质中,满足试验需求。因此,将停留时间和滴水时间设置为20 s。
取麝香缓释微片,设置往复速率分别为 10、15、20 dip·min-1,其他条件同“2.3.1”项,测定各时间点麝香酮的累积释放度。
图2可知,在往复速率10、15、20 dip·min-1条件下,筒内外的释放介质均可进行平缓有序的交换,并且各时间点溶出量随着往复速率的加快而增加。在10 dip·min-1下,麝香缓释微片在12 h的释放率为63.69%,未释放完全;在15 dip·min-1下,麝香缓释微片在12 h的释放率为94.62%;在20 dip·min-1下,麝香缓释微片在1~4 h内的释放较快,1 h为27.99%,2 h为30.65%,4 h为56.12%,因此本研究选取的往复频率为15 dip·min-1
取麝香缓释微片,设置上下筛网目数分别为A上筛网20目,下筛网目数为20目;B上筛网目数为20目,下筛网目数为40目;C上筛网目数为40目,下筛网目数为20目;D上筛网目数为40目,下筛网目数为40目。其他条件同“2.3.1”项,测定各时间点麝香酮的累积释放度。
在往复筒运行的过程中,筒内外的释放介质需平稳并快速地进行交换,图3结果表明,麝香酮的累积释放度受筛网孔径的影响。当下筛网孔径为20目时,样品容易在溶出杯底部堆积,导致麝香缓释微片在12 h内释放度仅为53.67%和56.26%(曲线A、B),无法达到完全释放;上筛网孔径为40目时,麝香酮在10 h的累积释放率为51.10%和71.84%(曲线B、D),释放较慢。当选择上筛网孔径为20目,下筛网孔径为40目时,释放曲线呈平稳递增趋势,10 h累积释放率为82.27%,12 h达到完全释放。
取稀盐酸16.4 mL,加水约800 mL与胃蛋白酶10 g,摇匀后,加水稀释成1 000 mL,即得人工胃液;取磷酸二氢钾8.34 g与磷酸氢二钾0.87 g,加水使溶解成1 000 mL,即得磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH 5.8)。取磷酸二氢钾0.68 g,加0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液15.2 mL,用水稀释至100 mL,即得磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH 6.5)[12]。同法制备不含胃蛋白酶的释放介质。
依照2020年版《中国药典》四部0931溶出度与释放度测定法第二法桨法的装置,取已制备好麝香缓释微片置于溶出杯中(6片·杯-1),分别以经脱气处理的600 mL 0.05% 吐温-80 水溶液、人工胃液 (pH 1.2) 及磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH 5.8) 为释放介质,转速为75 r·min-1,温度(37±0.5)℃,分别于1、2、4、6、8、10、12 h取样3 mL,滤过,并及时补充相同温度的释放介质3 mL。按2.3.1项下方法制备供试品溶液,计算麝香酮在各时间点的累积释放度。
分别以pH为1.2 (1 h)→6.5 (2-4 h)→5.8 (5-12 h) 和0.05% 吐温-80水溶液为释放介质[13,14],采用多排管进行实验,即每个pH在一排溶出杯中进行,每个pH取样后往复筒移至下一排溶出杯中继续溶出,其他条件同“2.3.1”项,测定各时间点麝香酮的累积释放度。
图4分别考察了往复筒法和桨法在不同介质中麝香酮的释放,单采用0.05% 吐温-80为释放介质时,麝香酮在桨法和往复筒法中释放曲线呈递增趋势,未出现突释现象,但8 h后桨法释放较慢,12 h麝香酮累积释放度为82.74%。为更好模拟胃肠道环境,分别考察了往复筒法在1.2 (1 h)→6.5 (2~4 h)→5.8 (5~12 h) 条件下及桨法在pH 1.2、pH 5.8条件下的释放,结果表明,桨法在pH 5.8条件下,麝香酮的释放仅为46.78%,在pH 1.2条件下,麝香酮可完全释放;往复筒法随着pH的改变,麝香酮基本完全释放。但试验中发现,当pH 1.2时,在含胃蛋白酶的介质中,往复筒法和桨法中麝香酮在1 h时的释放分别为43.85%和62.77%,存在突释现象。
选用Origin 9.1软件,采用零级、一级、Higuchi、Weibull分布、Hixson-Crowell和Rigeter-Pappas方程,分别对往复筒法中麝香酮在相同pH(释放曲线A)及不同pH(释放曲线B)条件下释药曲线进行拟合,根据模型的r2值预测其释药机制。结果表明(表23),在2条释药曲线的拟合中,Ritger-Peppas方程所得到的拟合模型(r2>0.98)明显优于其他模型,在Ritger-Peppas方程中,n为释放指数,当n≤0.45 时,药物释放以Fick扩散为主;0.45<n≤0.89 时,为非Fick扩散(药物通过扩散和骨架溶蚀释放);n>0.89,药物释放以骨架溶蚀为主。由此可知,麝香缓释微片在模拟人胃肠道的环境中n的值为0.31,故推测麝香酮在模拟人胃肠道的环境中的释药机制以药物扩散为主,后期还需结合药代动力学实验结果综合分析和判断。
在往复筒法测定释放度方法中,释放介质的种类和体积、往复频率及筛网目数的选择是保证其结果准确度的关键因素。
麝香酮为难溶性成分,为达到漏槽条件,需要加入适量的表面活性剂,降低介质的表面张力,并与麝香酮形成胶束达到增溶目的。往复筒法溶出介质的用量一般为200~275 mL[16-18],预实验中分别考察了0.1% 吐温-80、0.1% SDS及0.1% CTAB 3种释放介质,结果发现,选用200 mL的0.1% SDS及0.1% CTAB为释放介质时会产生大量气泡且气泡易从往复筒中溢出,致使释放介质体积发生变化,容易产生实验误差,而200 mL 0.1% 吐温-80无泡沫溢出现象;同时对释放介质的体积进行了考察,发现当介质体积为100 mL时无法将往复筒充满,而当介质体积为250 mL时,0.1% 吐温-80会出现少量泡沫从往复筒中溢出现象,结合平衡溶解度结果,最终选择200 mL 0.05% 吐温-80为释放介质。
在往复筒法释放度测定中,往复速率的选择既要满足仪器的最低限度,又要尽可能的贴近体内生理环境,才能深入模拟药物在人体内的吸收过程。研究表明,往复速率在10~20 dip·min-1时,更适合模拟人体生理条件[1,19]。本文分别考察了10、15、20 dip·min-1 3种不同的往复速率,发现随着往复速率的增加麝香酮的释放呈递增趋势,可能原因为:往复速率加快使作用在药物表面的剪切力增加,能更好的助溶麝香酮。当往复频率为15、20 dip·min-1时,麝香酮都能达到完全释放,但通常为防止释放介质涡旋,选择小的往复频率有利于保持体系的层流状态,因此本实验选择15 dip·min-1为往复频率。
对筛网的考察结果发现,前6 h内上、下筛网目数对麝香酮的释放几乎无影响,但6 h后当上筛网目数相同时,药物的释放随下筛网目数的增加显著加快。可能原因为麝香缓释微片的骨架材料为HPMC K15M,当其与溶出介质接触时会形成凝胶层促使微片膨胀,体系具有一定的黏性,2~4 h时大部分微片会黏附、平摊在下筛网上,随着时间的推移,微片在往复运动的剪切力作用下分散成小团块,由于20目筛网孔隙较大,团块会通过筛网沉降聚集在溶出杯底部,难以完全释放;而40目筛网孔隙较小,微片在6~8 h内仍然黏附在筛网上,这利于药物与溶出介质的充分接触,同时小部分通过筛网的微片团块,因其粒径较小,会随着往复筒运动带动释放介质的流动而呈运动状态,不易团聚,从而释药加快。
在溶出(释放度)测定中,桨法应用历史悠久,但人体消化系统随着胃肠的蠕动始终处于一个动态的变化过程,胃肠液的体积、层流状态及其中所含有的成分会一直变化,桨法装置运动状态单一,所提供的环境相对封闭,释放介质在其中呈现出的流体动力学特征与人体胃肠道运动形态有很大差距[20],未溶解的药物易堆积于溶出杯底部[13];此外,桨法不能自动改变释放介质的pH,这与药物制剂在胃肠道中实际溶出环境相距甚远[1]。相对于桨法,往复筒法装置在动力学设计更接近人胃肠道体液的运动,其流体动力学死区几乎为零,能有效防止药物制剂粘附于筒内壁[21],可自动切换不同pH梯度的溶出介质和往复速率,能更科学真实的模拟药物在体内的释放特性。
在对桨法和往复筒法的比较中可以看出,麝香酮在不同的释放介质中均有一定的释放量。单采用0.05% 吐温-80为释放介质时,桨法在8 h后释放较慢,可能原因为由于搅拌桨的转动使释放介质形成一个漩涡,8 h后微片崩散,形成的团粒会随着漩涡在溶出杯底部堆积,降低了药物与溶出介质的接触面积导致释放速率减慢,而采用往复筒法则可避免这一现象。本文对不同pH释放介质的选择参考Jantraid等[22]对人饭前给药时消化道内pH随时间变化的研究报告,其报告中pH变化范围为1.6 (1 h)→7.0 (2~3.5 h)→7.5 (3.5-5.5 h)→5.8 (5.5~12 h),但在本课题中为方便模拟胃液和模拟肠液的配制,故选用1.2 (1 h)→6.5 (2~4 h)→5.8 (5~12 h) 的环境[13],结果表明,往复筒法在该条件下可完全释放,与桨法在pH 1.2条件下相比前2 h突释减低;pH 5.8的条件下可达到完全释放,但麝香酮无论是桨法还是往复筒法,在pH 1.2条件下,前1 h都有突释现象。对比加胃蛋白酶和不加胃蛋白酶的释放曲线,表明该突释现象与胃蛋白酶密切相关,介质中存在的酶能够加速微片的崩解,从而释放加快,后期还需开展药代动力学研究,以便更客观的评估缓释微片的体内过程。
  • *国家自然科学基金项目(81603308)
  • 上海高水平地方高校创新团队支持项目(SZY20220315)
  • 上海中医药大学预算内科研项目(2021LK106)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.19
  • 接收时间:2023-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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*国家自然科学基金项目(81603308)
上海高水平地方高校创新团队支持项目(SZY20220315)
上海中医药大学预算内科研项目(2021LK106)
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    上海中医药大学,上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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