Article(id=1239256896784363820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701964800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773391468473, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773391468473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773391468473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391468473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239256891017195761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773391467098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391544580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1040, endPage=1045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239256897056993585, articleId=1239256896784363820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Comparative study of four methods for detecting microbial count recovery rate on sheet drug packaging materials*, columnId=1239256892686520399, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitorin, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To establish a simple and practical microbiological counting method suitable for sheet drug packaging materials by comparing the results of four sampling methods.

Methods:

The samples of artificial contamination of sheet drug packaging materials were prepared by standard strain adding method. The surface microorganisms were collected by wiping method prescribed by national drug packaging container (material) standard, as well as by self-designed washing method, direct inoculation method and contact dish method. The corresponding recovery rate was calculated. The results of 4 sampling methods were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

From high to low, the recovery rate was as follows: contact dish method, direct inoculation method, wiping method and washing method. There were significant differences in the recovery rates of contact dish method, wiping method and washing method (P<0.05). The recovery rate of contact dish method was slightly higher than that of direct inoculation method, but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the recoveries of medicinal film, aluminum foil and hard sheet among the four methods (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

The contact dish method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the examination of the microbial limit counting method of sheet drug packaging materials.

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目的:

通过4种采样方法检测片材类药包材表面微生物的结果对比,建立适合片材类药包材简便实用的微生物计数方法。

方法:

用标准菌株加标方法制备片材类药包材人工污染样品,采用国家药品包装容器(材料)标准规定的擦拭法,以及自行设计的淋洗法、直接接种法和接触碟法,分别进行表面微生物采集,计算对应回收率。采用单因素方差对4种采样方法的结果进行统计学分析。

结果:

回收率由高到低依次为,接触碟法>直接接种法>擦拭法>淋洗法,接触碟法回收率最高。接触碟法和擦拭法、淋洗法回收率比较有显著差异(P<0.05);接触碟法回收率略高于直接接种法,但二者无显著差异(P>0.05);4种方法在药用膜、药用铝箔、药用硬片回收率无显著差异(P>0.05)。

结论:

接触碟法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于片材类药包材微生物限度计数方法的检查。

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Tel: (029)87036907;E-mail:

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4种方法检测片材类药包材微生物计数回收率对比研究*
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佘凡 1 , 周瑞 1 , 焦明欢 2 , 刘刚 1 , 高翔 3
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(6): 1040-1045
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(6): 1040-1045
4种方法检测片材类药包材微生物计数回收率对比研究*
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佘凡1 , 周瑞1, 焦明欢2, 刘刚1, 高翔3
作者信息
  • 1.杨凌示范区药品检验监测评价中心,杨凌 712100
  • 2.西安万隆制药有限责任公司,杨凌 712100
  • 3.陕西省食品药品检验研究院,西安 710065
  • Tel: (029)87036907;E-mail:

Comparative study of four methods for detecting microbial count recovery rate on sheet drug packaging materials*
Fan SHE1 , Rui ZHOU1, Ming-huan JIAO2, Gang LIU1, Xing GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Drug Testing Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Yangling Agricultural High-Tech Industrial Demonstration Zone, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2.Xi'an Wanlong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China
  • 3.Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi’an 710065, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15
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目的:

通过4种采样方法检测片材类药包材表面微生物的结果对比,建立适合片材类药包材简便实用的微生物计数方法。

方法:

用标准菌株加标方法制备片材类药包材人工污染样品,采用国家药品包装容器(材料)标准规定的擦拭法,以及自行设计的淋洗法、直接接种法和接触碟法,分别进行表面微生物采集,计算对应回收率。采用单因素方差对4种采样方法的结果进行统计学分析。

结果:

回收率由高到低依次为,接触碟法>直接接种法>擦拭法>淋洗法,接触碟法回收率最高。接触碟法和擦拭法、淋洗法回收率比较有显著差异(P<0.05);接触碟法回收率略高于直接接种法,但二者无显著差异(P>0.05);4种方法在药用膜、药用铝箔、药用硬片回收率无显著差异(P>0.05)。

结论:

接触碟法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于片材类药包材微生物限度计数方法的检查。

接触碟法  /  片材类药包材  /  微生物计数  /  回收率  /  直接接种法  /  擦拭法  /  淋洗法
Objective:

To establish a simple and practical microbiological counting method suitable for sheet drug packaging materials by comparing the results of four sampling methods.

Methods:

The samples of artificial contamination of sheet drug packaging materials were prepared by standard strain adding method. The surface microorganisms were collected by wiping method prescribed by national drug packaging container (material) standard, as well as by self-designed washing method, direct inoculation method and contact dish method. The corresponding recovery rate was calculated. The results of 4 sampling methods were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

From high to low, the recovery rate was as follows: contact dish method, direct inoculation method, wiping method and washing method. There were significant differences in the recovery rates of contact dish method, wiping method and washing method (P<0.05). The recovery rate of contact dish method was slightly higher than that of direct inoculation method, but there was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the recoveries of medicinal film, aluminum foil and hard sheet among the four methods (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

The contact dish method is simple, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the examination of the microbial limit counting method of sheet drug packaging materials.

contact dish method  /  sheet drug packaging materials  /  microbial count  /  recovery rate  /  direct inoculation method  /  Wiping method  /  Washing method
佘凡, 周瑞, 焦明欢, 刘刚, 高翔. 4种方法检测片材类药包材微生物计数回收率对比研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1040 -1045 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15
Fan SHE, Rui ZHOU, Ming-huan JIAO, Gang LIU, Xing GAO. Comparative study of four methods for detecting microbial count recovery rate on sheet drug packaging materials*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1040 -1045 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15
包装材料质量控制直接影响着药品质量及用药安全,常用片材类药包材主要包括膜、铝箔和硬片类,作为直接接触药品的内包材,是药品的重要组成部分。内包材污染微生物会导致药品质量风险,给患者造成健康隐患[1-2]。为保证药品质量安全,必须严格控制包装材料微生物污染程度。控制内包材微生物负载量,是防止药品微生物污染来源的方法之一[3]。内包材微生物计数检查主要是对附着在材料表面的微生物进行采集和检验,有效的采集方法是获得真实可靠污染数据的前提。因此,建立一套科学合理、简便高效的微生物检查方法,对于控制包装用片材质量及药品质量安全有着重要意义。
当前,药品包装用片材微生物限度检查依照国家药品包装容器(材料)YBB00152-2015标准采用擦拭法[4]。擦拭法收集微生物的数量主要受实验人员擦拭方法、擦拭力度、所用工具及被采样对象等多种因素的影响,会造成检验结果重现性差,准确性不高,导致实验结果可能与真实污染状况不相符的情况发生。在实际检验工作中发现,影响擦拭法检验结果因素有:客观方面如,使用不同厂家棉签、棉签头部棉花多少、棉花缠绕松紧及棉签吸水和释放程度、被采样对象的难易程度等,均会导致不同的实验结果;并且使用同一棉签反复擦拭可能存在交叉污染的风险。而从主观方面来说,相同或不同实验人员使用不同棉签擦拭,因擦拭力度及手法的不同,也会导致实验结果不尽相同。
有文献报道,擦拭法对微生物的移除率和回收率均较低,也是造成检验结果的准确性下降的因素之一[5-6]。鉴于擦拭法的种种局限性,本文借鉴、设计并采用淋洗法、直接接种法以及2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部通则9205表面微生物监测中的接触碟法[7]与标准规定的擦拭法4种方法,对片材类包材进行微生物回收验证,通过对采样结果进行比对分析,以期建立一种实用、高效、经济的药品包装用片材微生物计数检查方法。
BHC-1300ⅡA2型生物安全柜,苏净集团苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;LMQ.C型立式灭菌器,山东新华医疗器械股份有限公司;HTY-601型集菌仪,杭州泰林生物技术股份有限公司;SPX-150型生化培养箱,上海金扬州慧科电子有限公司;MJ-250-Ш霉菌培养箱,上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;BS223S电子天平,北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司;混匀仪;移液枪。FC752型薄膜过滤器;接触皿;一次性接种环;胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基(TSA);沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(SDA);0.9%氯化钠溶液(稀释液、冲洗液)。
定量菌株,北京三药科技有限公司,含量0.5×103~1.0×103 cfu·颗-1。将复溶液加入菌株瓶中,漩涡混匀30 s,即为实验用菌液。
聚酯/铝/聚乙烯药用复合膜(简称药用膜)(批号1934614R-01)、药品包装用铝箔(简称药用铝箔)(批号2308-6)、聚氯乙烯固体药用硬片(简称药用硬片)(批号3B0901-C3009),上述样品由西安万隆制药有限责任公司提供。
准备100 cm2药用膜样品5片(实验前经灭菌处理)。取样品摆放在生物安全柜操作台经灭菌的牛皮纸上,依次在药用膜朝上的一面接种100 μL金黄色葡萄球菌的实验用菌液,共用1个一次性接种环依次将菌液在药用膜上涂抹均匀,后自然待干。弃去第1片人工污染样品,其余4片人工污染样品,依次采用擦拭法、淋洗法、直接接种法、接触碟法在其表面进行微生物采样。
取无菌棉签用氯化钠注射液稍沾湿,用1支棉签在药用膜表面擦抹5次,换另1支棉签再擦抹5次,以此方法共用10支棉签擦抹100 cm2,每支棉签抹完后立即剪断,将棉签头部投入盛有30 mL氯化钠注射液的锥形瓶中,待全部擦抹棉签投入瓶中后,将瓶迅速震摇1 min,静置10 min,即得供试品溶液。供试品溶液进行薄膜过滤后,依据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1105检查。
取无菌镊子夹起药用膜,下端置无菌器皿,用无菌注射器吸取30 mL氯化钠注射液,以匀速水流冲洗整个药用膜污染面,收集全部淋洗液,即得供试品溶液。供试品溶液进行薄膜过滤后,依据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1105检查。
用无菌剪刀将药用膜剪成适宜的小块,直接投入盛有30 mL氯化钠注射液的锥形瓶中,剪完后将瓶迅速震摇1 min,吸取全部溶液即得供试品溶液。供试品溶液进行薄膜过滤后,依据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1105检查。
取倒好培养基(TSA)接触碟5个,培养基凸出碟口高度约2 mm,直径55 mm,面积25 cm2。取下皿盖,将培养基凸起面按压在药用膜表面中间部分不少于10 s,按压力度使培养基不变形为宜。药用膜4个角各用1个接触碟按压,按压方法相同,按压时施加恒定均匀的压力,不得有环形或线性运动,确保5个接触碟触压到整个药用膜表面。按压好后移开,盖盖,转移培养,依据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1105检查。
取100 μL金黄色葡萄球菌的实验用菌液接种至30 mL氯化钠注射液的锥形瓶中,将瓶迅速震摇1 min,静置10 min,即得供试品溶液。供试品溶液进行薄膜过滤后,依据2015年版《中国药典》四部通则1105检查。
分别计算药用膜金黄色葡萄球菌擦拭法、淋洗法、直接接种法、接触碟法对应回收率。
菌落数1:擦拭法检测菌落数;菌落数2:淋洗法检测菌落数;菌落数3:直接接种法检测菌落数;菌落数4:接触碟法检测菌落数。
同法制备药用膜铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉人工污染样品(白色念珠菌、黑曲霉各制备2份样品,1份用于SDA检测,菌液组同步用SDA检测),各菌株分别采用4种采样方法检测,并计算对应回收率。每株试验菌平行独立6次试验,以6次试验结果平均值计,结果见图1-A
药用铝箔人工污染样品制备同药用铝箔,分别采用擦拭法、淋洗法、直接接种法、接触碟法进行各菌株的采集,并计算各菌株对应回收率(计算方法同上)。每株试验菌平行独立6次试验,以6次试验结果平均值计,结果见图1-B
药用硬片人工污染样品制备同药用铝箔,分别采用擦拭法、淋洗法、直接接种法、接触碟法进行各菌株的采集,并计算各菌株对应回收率(计算方法同上)。每株试验菌平行独立6次试验,以6次试验结果平均值计,结果见图1-C
数据分析采用SPSS 22.0软件,组间比较采用方差分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。分析结果见图1
不同药包材产品,应选择适宜的检验方法,并对所选方法进行适用性验证,以证明所选方法的有效性[8]。本文采用4种方法对药品包装用片材人工污染物进行了验证试验,以回收率高低对方法有效性进行评价。不同品种片材回收率结果显示,接触碟法>直接接种法>擦拭法>淋洗法,接触碟法回收率最高,接触碟法回收率>80%,说明接触碟法用于包装用片材采样能获得更高的微生物捕获率。接触碟法和擦拭法、淋洗法回收率比较有显著差异P<0.05;接触碟法比直接接种回收率略高,但二者无显著差异P>0.05,见图1~3。4种方法在药用膜、药用铝箔和药用硬片回收率无显著差异P>0.05,即表明4种方法在3种片材采集率无差异性。
擦拭法通过擦拭工具先将污染微生物转移至棉签,再将棉签上微生物洗脱至供试液,后通过过滤供试液转移至滤膜,在多次转移过程会造成微生物丢失,同时,擦拭过程也可能会造成污染微生物损伤,进而影响微生物生长。淋洗法回收率与冲洗液的量、水流速度、冲洗力度以及冲洗液覆盖率有关[9]。淋洗法冲洗结束后,一部分水珠附着在片材上,无法收集到全部的淋洗液。冲洗力度小,污染微生物不易洗脱下来,冲洗力度大,易造成冲洗液飞溅,使部分污染微生物损失。反复大量多次冲洗则影响实验效率。采用擦拭法和淋洗法采集微生物效果均不太理想。也因此,淋洗法更多应用于设备的清洁验证[10-11]
因文献报道药用膜、铝箔和硬片均无抑菌性[12-13],文中采用的直接接种法借鉴了药品无菌检查法中的直接接种法。该方法将包装用片材剪碎直接接种至稀释液中,通过充分震荡洗剂将片材表面微生物洗脱至稀释液中,通过收集稀释液中微生物数量求得片材表面微生物污染结果。此实验操作过程较擦拭法和淋洗法更为便捷,试验过程污染风险小,对结果影响因素较少。擦拭法、淋洗法、直接接种法检验片材类微生物计数需先制备供试液,再采用薄膜过滤法检测微生物数量,属于间接采样法。
本研究显示,直接接种法和接触碟法回收率虽无显著差异,但直接接种法比接触碟法实验方法复杂。接触碟法采样只需将琼脂培养基凸起面按压在片材表面,直接转印片材表面微生物至培养基上培养即可[14]。相比直接接种法,接触碟法不需制备供试液,从而节约了实验时间及耗材成本,实验效率得到了提高。接触碟法操作方法简单,无需借助无菌模具,取样面积精准,采样仅需一步,降低二次污染的几率,确保了实验结果的可靠性。接触碟法优化了实验步骤,减少了影响因素,降低了结果的不确定性,试验结果准确性得到提高。接触碟法可操作性强,过程简捷,对实验员技术要求不高,适合各级实验室人员使用。接触碟法采样,做到了片材类物体表面与培养基紧密接触,确保了污染微生物充分黏附于培养基上,提高了采集率和检出率,实验结果能真实反映物体表面带菌状况。接触碟法应用于片材类微生物限度实际检验工作中,计数采样100cm2面积只需8个接触碟(需氧菌TSA接触碟4个,霉菌、酵母菌SDA接触碟4个),在需要采样的地方按压接触即可。
接触碟法是对环境、设备和人员表面的微生物进行监测的一种较为有效的方法,适宜规则表面或平面物体表面的取样[15-16]。药用膜、药用铝箔、药用硬片类药包材加工工艺多为热加工[17],本身微生物负载较少,且表面均属平整光滑规整的平面,采用接触碟法进行微生物计数采样能更好地收集污染微生物,收集效果优于标准规定的擦拭法等方法。然而接触碟法也存在一定局限性,如被检物体表面含菌量过多,表面不平整、不光滑、形状不规则时,被检测对象表面微生物的采样回收率会受到影响[18]。接触碟法用于片材类药包材采样,实验效率高,污染几率低,采集回收率高,检出率高;用于片材类药包材检验,实验方法简便、灵敏、可操作性强,结果重复性好,更好保地证检验结果的有效性。本实验评估了接触碟法用于片材类药包材微生物采集方法的科学性,拓宽了接触碟法的使用范围,扩展了接触碟法实用价值的推广和应用,为片材类微生物限度计数方法检查提供一种新的思路和方法。
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.15
  • 接收时间:2023-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-08
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    1.杨凌示范区药品检验监测评价中心,杨凌 712100
    2.西安万隆制药有限责任公司,杨凌 712100
    3.陕西省食品药品检验研究院,西安 710065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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