Article(id=1239256895937106069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773391468271, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773391468271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773391468271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391468271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239256891017195761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773391467098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773391544580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239257216084144254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239256891017195761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1082, endPage=1088, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239256896171987109, articleId=1239256895937106069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=IVRT study on cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion*, columnId=1206272758774821315, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Standard Deliberation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To develop a method for characterizing in vitro release of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.

Methods:

The Franz diffusion cell and the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane were adopted with buffer-ethanol (40∶60) as receiving media. The sampling time was set at 60, 125, 190, 255, 320, 385 min, respectively.

Results:

The in vitro release method showed that the inertia of membrane, specificity, sensitivity and selectivity met the requirements. The validation of HPLC showed that the quantitative limit of the method was 0.07 μg·mL-1 and a good linear relationship between the concentration range of 0.07-44.62 μg·mL-1. The average recovery was 98.9%. Compared with the original preparation by FDA guideline, the in vitro release of the self-developed preparation was the same as the reference preparation.

Conclusions:

This method is suitable for the in vitro release evaluation of cyclosporine eye drops.

, correspAuthors=Zheng MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuang-tao DONG, Bao-xia LI, Zheng MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239256897417695518, articleId=1239256895937106069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法研究*, columnId=1206272758971953622, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=标准研讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

建立环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法。

方法:

采用Franz扩散池,聚偏氟乙烯膜滤膜,以缓冲盐-无水乙醇(40∶60)为接收液,时间点为60、125、190、255、320、385 min。

结果:

方法学验证表明,体外释放方法的滤膜惰性、专属性、灵敏度、选择性均符合规定。测定方法的定量限为0.07 μg·mL-1,在0.07~44.62 μg·mL-1范围呈现良好的线性关系,回收率为98.9%。依据FDA的判定原则,自研制剂与参比制剂体外释放行为一致。

结论:

本法适合环孢素眼用乳剂的体外释放度评价。

, correspAuthors=马郑, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Tel:18698603117;E-mail:
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Tel: 13133316199;E-mail:

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Chin J Mod Appl Pharm202138(20):2481, articleTitle=In Vitro release tests and equivalence evaluation for topical semisolid dosage forms, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239268346881963007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239268346890350593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, companyId=1239268346881963007, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Shanxi Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Taiyuan 030030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239268346898739202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, companyId=1239268346881963007, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西药科职业学院,太原 030030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239268346978430981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239268346986819592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, companyId=1239268346978430981, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Zhejiang Arthur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239268346995208201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, companyId=1239268346978430981, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江亚瑟医药有限公司,嘉兴314001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239268350539395257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The IVRT results of sensitivity, figureFileSmall=83xqKRzmnDyu4cXdDBJXRg==, figureFileBig=qJBLRi5ckQmDs3r3IUad1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268350619087042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=图1, caption=体外释放灵敏度测定结果, figureFileSmall=83xqKRzmnDyu4cXdDBJXRg==, figureFileBig=qJBLRi5ckQmDs3r3IUad1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268350732333258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The specificity chromatograms of HPLC, figureFileSmall=58ubu7sZnce9WIhB1TBcTA==, figureFileBig=v6/mhRDxeS1N5/g0AivNrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268350837190867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HPLC专属性色图谱

A.对照品(standard sloution) B.样品(sample) C.辅料(placebo) D.空白(blank)

, figureFileSmall=58ubu7sZnce9WIhB1TBcTA==, figureFileBig=v6/mhRDxeS1N5/g0AivNrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268351009157335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The results of membrane inertness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滤膜材质
(filter material)
测定量/(μg·mL-1)回收率
(recovery)/%
平均回收率
(average recovery)/%
0 h6 h
聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF)5.6215.56899.199.0
5.56999.1
5.60699.7
聚醚砜膜(PES)5.20192.593.0
5.21292.7
5.21992.8
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351101432028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

滤膜惰性研究结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滤膜材质
(filter material)
测定量/(μg·mL-1)回收率
(recovery)/%
平均回收率
(average recovery)/%
0 h6 h
聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF)5.6215.56899.199.0
5.56999.1
5.60699.7
聚醚砜膜(PES)5.20192.593.0
5.21292.7
5.21992.8
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351227261155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

IVRT results of specificity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批号
(batch)
规格
(specification)/%
6个扩散池斜率
(slopes of the six diffusion)
斜率平均值
(average slopes)
210905130.0250.009 30.010 1
0.010 0
0.009 9
0.010 8
0.010 7
0.009 7
210905140.050.023 70.022 8
0.023 1
0.022 6
0.021 3
0.023 0
0.022 9
210905150.0750.032 00.032 0
0.032 8
0.031 7
0.030 5
0.031 9
0.033 0
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351332118760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

体外释放专属性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批号
(batch)
规格
(specification)/%
6个扩散池斜率
(slopes of the six diffusion)
斜率平均值
(average slopes)
210905130.0250.009 30.010 1
0.010 0
0.009 9
0.010 8
0.010 7
0.009 7
210905140.050.023 70.022 8
0.023 1
0.022 6
0.021 3
0.023 0
0.022 9
210905150.0750.032 00.032 0
0.032 8
0.031 7
0.030 5
0.031 9
0.033 0
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351449559280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

IVRT results of selectivity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
受试制剂(tested preparation)批号(lot No.)置信下限(low CI)/%置信上限(high CI)/%等效性(equivalency)
0.5%规格(strength;0.05%)21090513101.87111.40合格(pass)
0.025%规格(strength;0.025%)2109051441.7945.81不合格(not pass)
0.075%规格(strength;0.075%)21090515135.93145.81不合格(not pass)
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351583777015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

IVRT选择性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
受试制剂(tested preparation)批号(lot No.)置信下限(low CI)/%置信上限(high CI)/%等效性(equivalency)
0.5%规格(strength;0.05%)21090513101.87111.40合格(pass)
0.025%规格(strength;0.025%)2109051441.7945.81不合格(not pass)
0.075%规格(strength;0.075%)21090515135.93145.81不合格(not pass)
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351717994751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Cumulative penetration of reference preparaton (lot T3352) and self-develop preparation(lot 21090513)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品组
(group)
时间的平方根
(square of time)
单位面积下的累计释放量(cumulative release per unit area)/(mg·cm-2斜率
(slope)
No.1No.2No.3No.4No.5No.6
参比制剂(reference preparaton)1.00.0040.011 90.018 90.025 10.031 40.037 40.022 9
1.40.003 80.011 20.016 40.022 40.028 50.034 40.021 1
1.70.004 10.010 70.016 70.022 80.030.0350.021 4
20.003 60.010 10.016 30.022 60.028 90.034 80.021 6
2.20.003 50.009 70.016 10.022 10.028 10.0340.021
2.40.003 40.008 20.014 90.0210.0270.032 80.020 4
平均值(average)0.003 70.010 30.016 60.022 70.029 00.034 70.021 4
自研制剂(self-de velop preparaton)1.00.004 20.010 40.016 20.022 00.027 60.033 20.020 0
1.40.004 20.010 60.016 70.022 90.029 00.034 80.021 2
1.730.004 30.010 70.016 70.022 60.028 40.034 10.020 6
20.003 40.009 00.014 50.020 00.025 50.030 70.018 9
2.20.004 10.010 30.016 10.021 80.027 60.033 20.020 1
2.40.003 50.009 40.015 00.020 60.026 10.031 70.019 4
平均值(average)0.003 90.010 10.015 90.021 60.027 40.033 00.020 0
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351814463749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

参比制剂(批号T3352)与自研制剂(批号21090513)单位面积下的累积释放量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品组
(group)
时间的平方根
(square of time)
单位面积下的累计释放量(cumulative release per unit area)/(mg·cm-2斜率
(slope)
No.1No.2No.3No.4No.5No.6
参比制剂(reference preparaton)1.00.0040.011 90.018 90.025 10.031 40.037 40.022 9
1.40.003 80.011 20.016 40.022 40.028 50.034 40.021 1
1.70.004 10.010 70.016 70.022 80.030.0350.021 4
20.003 60.010 10.016 30.022 60.028 90.034 80.021 6
2.20.003 50.009 70.016 10.022 10.028 10.0340.021
2.40.003 40.008 20.014 90.0210.0270.032 80.020 4
平均值(average)0.003 70.010 30.016 60.022 70.029 00.034 70.021 4
自研制剂(self-de velop preparaton)1.00.004 20.010 40.016 20.022 00.027 60.033 20.020 0
1.40.004 20.010 60.016 70.022 90.029 00.034 80.021 2
1.730.004 30.010 70.016 70.022 60.028 40.034 10.020 6
20.003 40.009 00.014 50.020 00.025 50.030 70.018 9
2.20.004 10.010 30.016 10.021 80.027 60.033 20.020 1
2.40.003 50.009 40.015 00.020 60.026 10.031 70.019 4
平均值(average)0.003 90.010 10.015 90.021 60.027 40.033 00.020 0
), ArticleFig(id=1239268351919321357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Slope ratio of self-developed preparation to reference preparaton

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参比制剂斜率
(slope of reference preparaton)
自研制剂斜率(slope of self developed reference preparaton)
0.020 00.021 20.020 60.018 90.020 10.019 4
0.022 91.145 01.080 21.111 71.211 61.139 31.180 4
0.021 11.055 00.995 31.024 31.116 41.049 81.087 6
0.021 41.070 01.009 41.038 81.132 31.064 71.103 1
0.021 61.080 91.019 71.049 41.143 81.075 51.114 3
0.021 01.050 00.990 61.019 41.111 11.044 81.082 5
0.020 41.020 00.962 30.990 31.079 41.014 91.051 5
), ArticleFig(id=1239268352070316314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

自研制剂与参比制剂的斜率比值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参比制剂斜率
(slope of reference preparaton)
自研制剂斜率(slope of self developed reference preparaton)
0.020 00.021 20.020 60.018 90.020 10.019 4
0.022 91.145 01.080 21.111 71.211 61.139 31.180 4
0.021 11.055 00.995 31.024 31.116 41.049 81.087 6
0.021 41.070 01.009 41.038 81.132 31.064 71.103 1
0.021 61.080 91.019 71.049 41.143 81.075 51.114 3
0.021 01.050 00.990 61.019 41.111 11.044 81.082 5
0.020 41.020 00.962 30.990 31.079 41.014 91.051 5
), ArticleFig(id=1239268352191951137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The different characteristics between oral preparation dissolution cuve and IVRT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特点(characteristic)口服制剂溶出曲线
(dissolution curve of oral preparations)
眼用制剂体外释放
(IVRT of eyes preparations)
试验目的(objective)区分工艺和处方;模拟体内药动学,提高BE实验成功率;豁免BE[12]需谨慎,依据BCS分类和指导原则(distinguish between process and prescription;evaluate pharmacokinetics in vivo to improve the success of BE experiments;exemptions from BE[12] require caution and are based on BCS classification and guidelines)表征药物释放性能;区分工艺和处方;当Q1、Q2、Q3一致,且与原研制剂体外释放速率无明显差异,可豁免BE[13](characterize drug release properties;differentiate between process and prescription;exempt from BE when Q1,Q2,and Q3 are consistent and not significantly different from the in vitro release rate of the original developer [13]
方案设计(program design)各国指导原则均明确规定,文献报道较多(clearly defined in national guidelines,with more reported in the literature)无明确规定,实验设计具备创新性(no clear regulations,experimental design is innovative)
仪器设备(instruments and equipment)篮法、桨法等。药典均有收载(basket,paddle method,etc. are included in Pharmacopoeia)立式扩散池;流通池;Franz扩散池。药典没有收载(vertical diffusion cell;flow cell;Franz diffusion cell. Not included in the Pharmacopoeia)
人工膜(synthetic membrane)不需要(no need)为重点考察的关键内容(key item for focused research)
介质(medium)溶出介质:指导原则明确规定4种(dissolution medium:the guidelines specify four types)接受液:为重点考察的实验参数。应满足漏槽条件和稳定性(acceptor fluid:is the key experimental parameter to be examined. Should meet leaky tank conditions and stability)
介质温度medium temperature37 ℃35 ℃
介质pH(medium pH)1.0/1.2、4.5,6.8、水(1.0/1.2、4.5,6.8、water)未明确规定。可模拟人工泪液6.5~7.5(not specified. simulate artificial tears 6.5 to 7.5)
转速(rotation speed)篮法100 r·min-1;桨法50/75 r·min-1(basket 100 r·min-1;paddle 50/75 r·min-1Franz扩散池通常为600 r·min-1(Franz diffusion cells are typically 600 r·min-1
测试数量(number of tests)12个制剂单位。原研制剂与自研制剂依次操作(12 formulation units. sequential operation of original and self-developed formulations)参考半固体制剂:一般为6个。原研与自研制剂交叉上样(reference semi-solid formulations:typically 6. Cross-sampling of originator and self-developed formulations)
上样量(sample size)不涉及(not applicable)参考半固体制剂,为0.3 g(reference semi-solid formulation,as 0.3 g)
采样时间(sampling time)5、10、15、20、30、45 min无明确规定(no clear regulations)
评价方式(evaluation methods)f2相似因子比较(comparison of f2 similarity factors)依据Higuchi方程,依据统计学原理,第8个和第29个数值落在75%~133.33%的范围内(based on the Higuchi equation,the 8th and 29th values fall within the range of 75% to 133.33% based on statistical principles)
方法建立的一般流程
(general process of method establishment)
溶出方法一般不需要筛选,参数相对固定[14](dissolution methods generally do not require screening and have relatively fixed parameters [14]首先筛选接收液、人工膜,然后进行IVRT方法学验证,需满足Higuchi方程。然后进行方法学验证[15-16](receiving solution and artificial membrane were first screened,and then IVRT methodology validation was performed,which needed to satisfy the Higuchi equation. Then perform methodology validation)
方法学验证(methodology validation)测定方法依照色谱法要求进行方法学验证,溶出度方法本身一般无需验证(determination methods are methodologically validated according to the requirements of the chromatographic method,and the dissolution method itself is generally not required to be validated)考察选择性、专属性、灵敏度,且与色谱学方法概念不同[17](examines selectivity,specificity,sensitivity,and is conceptually different from chromatographic methods)
), ArticleFig(id=1239268352326168874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239256895937106069, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

口服制剂溶出曲线与体外释放试验特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特点(characteristic)口服制剂溶出曲线
(dissolution curve of oral preparations)
眼用制剂体外释放
(IVRT of eyes preparations)
试验目的(objective)区分工艺和处方;模拟体内药动学,提高BE实验成功率;豁免BE[12]需谨慎,依据BCS分类和指导原则(distinguish between process and prescription;evaluate pharmacokinetics in vivo to improve the success of BE experiments;exemptions from BE[12] require caution and are based on BCS classification and guidelines)表征药物释放性能;区分工艺和处方;当Q1、Q2、Q3一致,且与原研制剂体外释放速率无明显差异,可豁免BE[13](characterize drug release properties;differentiate between process and prescription;exempt from BE when Q1,Q2,and Q3 are consistent and not significantly different from the in vitro release rate of the original developer [13]
方案设计(program design)各国指导原则均明确规定,文献报道较多(clearly defined in national guidelines,with more reported in the literature)无明确规定,实验设计具备创新性(no clear regulations,experimental design is innovative)
仪器设备(instruments and equipment)篮法、桨法等。药典均有收载(basket,paddle method,etc. are included in Pharmacopoeia)立式扩散池;流通池;Franz扩散池。药典没有收载(vertical diffusion cell;flow cell;Franz diffusion cell. Not included in the Pharmacopoeia)
人工膜(synthetic membrane)不需要(no need)为重点考察的关键内容(key item for focused research)
介质(medium)溶出介质:指导原则明确规定4种(dissolution medium:the guidelines specify four types)接受液:为重点考察的实验参数。应满足漏槽条件和稳定性(acceptor fluid:is the key experimental parameter to be examined. Should meet leaky tank conditions and stability)
介质温度medium temperature37 ℃35 ℃
介质pH(medium pH)1.0/1.2、4.5,6.8、水(1.0/1.2、4.5,6.8、water)未明确规定。可模拟人工泪液6.5~7.5(not specified. simulate artificial tears 6.5 to 7.5)
转速(rotation speed)篮法100 r·min-1;桨法50/75 r·min-1(basket 100 r·min-1;paddle 50/75 r·min-1Franz扩散池通常为600 r·min-1(Franz diffusion cells are typically 600 r·min-1
测试数量(number of tests)12个制剂单位。原研制剂与自研制剂依次操作(12 formulation units. sequential operation of original and self-developed formulations)参考半固体制剂:一般为6个。原研与自研制剂交叉上样(reference semi-solid formulations:typically 6. Cross-sampling of originator and self-developed formulations)
上样量(sample size)不涉及(not applicable)参考半固体制剂,为0.3 g(reference semi-solid formulation,as 0.3 g)
采样时间(sampling time)5、10、15、20、30、45 min无明确规定(no clear regulations)
评价方式(evaluation methods)f2相似因子比较(comparison of f2 similarity factors)依据Higuchi方程,依据统计学原理,第8个和第29个数值落在75%~133.33%的范围内(based on the Higuchi equation,the 8th and 29th values fall within the range of 75% to 133.33% based on statistical principles)
方法建立的一般流程
(general process of method establishment)
溶出方法一般不需要筛选,参数相对固定[14](dissolution methods generally do not require screening and have relatively fixed parameters [14]首先筛选接收液、人工膜,然后进行IVRT方法学验证,需满足Higuchi方程。然后进行方法学验证[15-16](receiving solution and artificial membrane were first screened,and then IVRT methodology validation was performed,which needed to satisfy the Higuchi equation. Then perform methodology validation)
方法学验证(methodology validation)测定方法依照色谱法要求进行方法学验证,溶出度方法本身一般无需验证(determination methods are methodologically validated according to the requirements of the chromatographic method,and the dissolution method itself is generally not required to be validated)考察选择性、专属性、灵敏度,且与色谱学方法概念不同[17](examines selectivity,specificity,sensitivity,and is conceptually different from chromatographic methods)
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环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法研究*
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董双涛 1 , 李宝霞 1 , 马郑 2, *
药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024,44(6): 1082-1088
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药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024, 44(6): 1082-1088
环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法研究*
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董双涛1 , 李宝霞1, 马郑2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西药科职业学院,太原 030030
  • 2.浙江亚瑟医药有限公司,嘉兴314001
  • Tel: 13133316199;E-mail:

通讯作者:

* Tel:18698603117;E-mail:
IVRT study on cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion*
Shuang-tao DONG1 , Bao-xia LI1, Zheng MA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanxi Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Taiyuan 030030, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Arthur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314001, China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20
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目的:

建立环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法。

方法:

采用Franz扩散池,聚偏氟乙烯膜滤膜,以缓冲盐-无水乙醇(40∶60)为接收液,时间点为60、125、190、255、320、385 min。

结果:

方法学验证表明,体外释放方法的滤膜惰性、专属性、灵敏度、选择性均符合规定。测定方法的定量限为0.07 μg·mL-1,在0.07~44.62 μg·mL-1范围呈现良好的线性关系,回收率为98.9%。依据FDA的判定原则,自研制剂与参比制剂体外释放行为一致。

结论:

本法适合环孢素眼用乳剂的体外释放度评价。

环孢素眼用乳剂  /  体外释放(IVRT)  /  参比制剂  /  自研制剂  /  方法学验证
Objective:

To develop a method for characterizing in vitro release of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.

Methods:

The Franz diffusion cell and the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane were adopted with buffer-ethanol (40∶60) as receiving media. The sampling time was set at 60, 125, 190, 255, 320, 385 min, respectively.

Results:

The in vitro release method showed that the inertia of membrane, specificity, sensitivity and selectivity met the requirements. The validation of HPLC showed that the quantitative limit of the method was 0.07 μg·mL-1 and a good linear relationship between the concentration range of 0.07-44.62 μg·mL-1. The average recovery was 98.9%. Compared with the original preparation by FDA guideline, the in vitro release of the self-developed preparation was the same as the reference preparation.

Conclusions:

This method is suitable for the in vitro release evaluation of cyclosporine eye drops.

cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion  /  in vitro release (IVRT)  /  reference preparation  /  self-developed preparation  /  method validation
董双涛, 李宝霞, 马郑. 环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放方法研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1082 -1088 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20
Shuang-tao DONG, Bao-xia LI, Zheng MA. IVRT study on cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (6) : 1082 -1088 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20
环孢素是一种免疫抑制剂,由一组具有已知免疫抑制活性的非极性环状寡肽组成,用于多种组织、器官移植预防排斥反应和免疫性疾病的治疗,同时还具有增强或恢复泪腺的撕裂的药理作用[1-2]。环孢素眼用乳剂是一种眼用纳米型混悬乳剂。由美国Allergen.Inc.研发上市,2002年12月获得FDA的上市批准,商品RESTASIS(0.05%)。
眼用乳剂不是真溶液,存在药物释放的过程,属于一种复杂制剂。为达到质量和疗效一致,应进行生物等效性研究。眼用制剂的生物等效性(bioequivalence,BE)评价方法主要有体外释放试验、临床终点实验、药动学实验等。常规的药动学实验是一项极具挑战性的工作。一方面,眼用制剂BE研究不合适测定血中药物浓度的方法来开展。另一方面,由于房水取样量有限,难以多次取样,因此测定眼内房水中的药物浓度缺乏可操作性。体外释放试验(in vitro release test,IVRT)作为一种可替代的BE评价方法,逐渐被世界各国监管部门所接受。2016年,FDA修订了相关指导原则[3],建议通过预测体内性能的体外释放度研究和物理特性研究方法,代替生物等效性实验。即:若自研制剂与参比制剂处方的Q1和Q2一致,再证明自研制剂与参比制剂的体外释放行为一致,则可豁免生物等效性试验。2018年和2019年相继修改了氯替泼诺碳酸乙酯眼用混悬剂、醋酸泼尼松龙眼用混悬剂的生物的等效性要求,由原来的“以PK为终点指标的生物等效性实验”修订为“体外实验或以PK为终点指标的生物等效性实验”。
本研究开展了环孢素眼用乳剂的体外释放研究。采用干加热透皮扩散系统,以Franz扩散池,依据FDA相关指导原则的要求[4-10],建立了环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放实验的评价方法,并进行了验证,包括IVRT方法的滤膜惰性、专属性、灵敏度、选择性,建立了HPLC法测定接收液中的环孢素方法,然后对自研制剂体外释放等效性进行了评价。
SYSTEM 918-6干加热透皮扩散系统(LOGAN公司);DF-101S型水浴锅(巩义市予华仪器公司);1260 Infinity Ⅱ高效液相色谱(安捷伦公司);XSR205DΜ分析天平(梅特勒公司);S210pH计(梅特勒公司);HWS-26型恒温水浴锅(上海一恒有限公司),水为超纯水。
环孢素对照品(福建科瑞有限公司,批号211201,纯度99.1%);自研环孢素滴眼剂(实验室自制,规格0.05%、批号21090513,),环孢素滴眼剂(Allergan公司,规格0.05%,批号T3352);氯化钠(上海泰坦科技有限公司,批号201916,分析纯);磷酸二氢钾(上海泰坦科技有限公司,批号201811,分析纯);磷酸氢二钠(上海泰坦科技有限公司,批号201919,分析纯);氢氧化钠(上海泰坦科技有限公司,批号201421,分析纯);无水乙醇(Fisher公司,批号210754,HPLC级);甲醇(康科德公司,批号2020MH012,HPLC级);乙腈(康科德公司,批号2020AH012HPLC级);磷酸(Fisher公司,批号210944,HPL级);一次性注射器(济南泰医生物技术,1 mL,批号P1905249);滤膜(聚醚砜膜和聚偏氟乙烯膜,天津市津腾实验设备有限公司生产,孔径均为0.45 μm;硝酸纤维素膜,Cytiva公司,孔径为0.45 μm)。
采用Franz扩散池,接收池容量12 mL,有效扩散面积为1.5 cm2。水浴温度为35 ℃±0.5 ℃,转速600 r·min-1。试验开始前,安装预处理后的滤膜,开启搅拌,排除滤膜下的气泡。量取环孢素服用剂样品300 μL,缓慢加入到6个扩散池滤膜上,于60、125、190、255、320、385 min时取样8 mL,并即时补充相同温度相同体积介质。
称取氯化钠16.76 g,磷酸二氢钾3.4 g,磷酸氢二钠3.55 g,用1 L超纯水超声(功率600 W,频率40 kHz)溶解,再用1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.8±0.05,得磷酸盐缓冲溶液。取磷酸盐缓冲溶液1.5 L和无水乙醇1.5 L,混匀,超声15 min,即得。
取滤膜,剪成直径为25 mm的圆形,用超纯水淋洗后,在接收液中浸泡30 min后备用。
按以下公式计算单位面积累计释放量:
Qn=每单位面积在时间(n)释放的量(μg·cm-2);Cn=不同采样时间(n)下接受介质中的药物浓度(μg·cm-3);Vs=样品体积(cm3);Vc=接受室容积(cm3);Ac=有效扩散面积(cm3)。
以每个扩散池单位扩散面积释放的药物量(mg·cm-2)为纵坐标,时间的平方根(h1/2)为横坐标,作直线,计算该直线的斜率。药物释放应遵守Higuchi方程[4],即释放达稳态后单位面积累计释放量于时间的平方根呈线性关系,直线部分的斜率代表药物的释放速率。
在35 ℃下,测得环孢素在“2.1.2”项下接收液的饱和溶解度浓度为0.814 mg·mL-1。当上药量为300 μL时(相当于约0.3 g,本品的规格为0.05%,接受池体积为12 mL),则介质中理论最大浓度为0.125 mg·mL-1,因此该接收液能够符合漏槽条件。
称取环孢素对照品适量,加接收液溶解并稀释成含环孢素为5.621 μg·mL-1的溶液,作为对照品溶液。室温放置8 h,测得浓度为5.644 μg·mL-1,回收率为100.4%,说明环孢素在接收液中室温放置8 h稳定。上述结果表明,该溶液适合作为环孢素眼用乳剂体外释放接收液。
取“2.1.1”项下对照品溶液12 mL,分别浸入待考察的滤膜,于35 ℃水浴下浸泡6 h。照“2.3.1”色谱条件依法测定,并将结果与未经滤膜浸泡的溶液相比较,同时观察膜的状态。每种滤膜均平行考察3份。浸泡6 h后,硝酸纤维素膜表明有起泡现象,说明与接收液不相容,不再考察。滤膜惰性测定结果见表1。由结果可知,采用聚醚砜膜回收率在93%左右,说明该种类滤膜对环孢素有一定程度的吸附。采用聚偏氟乙烯膜,溶液中环孢素的回收率均值为99%.在100%±5%的范围内[11],说明滤膜惰性符合要求。
依据等比例处方,制备等比例3个规格(0.025%、0.05%、0.075%)的环孢素眼用乳剂(批号21090513、21090514、21090515)。按照“2.1”项下体外释放实验方法,进行体外释放试验。结果见表2
以斜率Y为纵坐标,规格X为横坐标,计算线性相关性。得回归方程:
结果表明,体外释放方法的专属性良好。
取3个规格(0.025%、0.05%、0.075%)的环孢素眼用乳剂(批号21090513、21090514、21090515)。按照“2. 11”项下体外释放实验方法,和“2.1.4”项下的方法,计算斜率,如图1所示。由图中可知,不同浓度水平的自研制剂释放均符合Higuchi方程。同时,不同规格制剂的释放速率不同,且释放速率随着样品规格的增大而增大,说明本法灵敏度良好。
采用0.05%自研制剂为受试制剂,原研制剂作为参照制剂。依据SUPAC-SS指南中所述的统计方法,将6个扩散池上的受试制剂释放速率分别与参照制剂的释放速率做比值,得到36个数值,按照从小到大的顺序排列,其中第8个数值和第29个数值的百分数形式应落在75%~133.33%的范围。再制备0.025%、0.075%2个规格自研制剂作为受试制剂,同法实验并计算结果,2个规格(0.025%、0.075%)90%置信区间计算结果不应落在75%~133.33%的范围,结果见表3。由结果可知,0.05%环孢素眼用乳剂自研制剂的90%置信区间落在75%~133.33%的范围,另外2个规格(0.025%、0.075%)制剂90%置信区间不落在75%~133.33%的范围,符合指导原则要求。本法选择性良好。
采用ODS Hypersil (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-超纯水-甲醇-磷酸(750∶200∶50∶0.5),流速1.0 mL·min-1,进样体积50 μL,柱温80 ℃,波长210 nm,运行时间15 min。
对照品溶液:取“2.2.1”项下的对照品溶液。
供试品溶液:按“2.1.1”项下的方法,依法操作,取接收液作为供试品溶液。
空白溶液:取空白辅料0.3 g,按“2.1.1”项下的方法,依法操作,取接收液作为空白溶液。
取上述溶液和接收液适量,照“2.3.1”项下的方法依法测定。结果表明:上述溶液均不干扰主峰的测定。
取“2.2.1”项对照该溶液逐级稀释,测得信噪比的约10倍作为定量限浓度,测得本法的定量限浓度为0.07 μg·mL-1
精密量取“2.3.3”项下对照品储备溶液适量,加接收液稀释成浓度分别为44.62、17.85、8.93、1.79、0.45、0.14、0.07 μg·mL-1的溶液,以峰面积Y为纵坐标,以浓度X为横坐标,绘制标准曲线
环孢素线性范围在0.07~44.62 μg·mL-1呈良好线性关系。
精密量取“2.3.3”项下对照品储备溶液适量,加空白辅料稀释成浓度分别8.93、1.79、0.07 μg·mL-1的溶液,作为低、中、高3个浓度水平的回收率溶液,每个浓度水平平行制备3份。以外标法计算回收率分别为100.7%、98.1%、97.9%,平均回收率为98.9%,RSD分别为1.4%、2.1%和3.5%,结果表明,含量方法的回收率良好。
取供试品溶液,分别考察室温放置0、2、4、6、8 h后峰面积的变化,计算峰面积的RSD,结果表明RSD为1.7%,表明供试品溶液室温放置8 h稳定。
采用间隔上样,进行自研制剂与原研制剂对比研究,得出单位面积下的累积渗透量和斜率。采样时间点为60、125、190、255,320、385 min。结果见表4,将自研制剂的6个斜率分别与原研制剂受试制剂的6个斜率做比值,得到36个数值(见表5)。
将以上36个数值按照从小到大的顺序排列,其中第8个和第29个数值的下限为101.97%、上限为111.43%,落在75%~133.33%的范围内,表明自研制剂与原研制剂体外释放行为一致。
眼用制剂体外释放研究,尚无明确规范的装置和接收液。相较成熟的口服制剂溶出度实验而言,体外释放实验可借鉴的不多,因而是一项有创新性的研究。表6中对比了关键试验参数。
不同于口服制剂溶出度试验,眼用制剂的接收液可以使用少量有机溶剂,一般以乙醇最为常见,但比例不宜过高,否则容易引起反渗透。另外,过量的有机溶剂会降低方法的灵敏度和选择性。除乙醇外,实验中还考察了表面活性剂如SDS。由于不同批次SDS具有比较大的变异性,同时容易产生气泡,气泡附着在滤膜下方,妨碍药物的释放行为,故最终选择磷酸盐-乙醇体系。接收液在使用前需要进行脱气。接收液的温度,一般为模拟药动学行为,采用35 ℃,与眼表温度一致。研究结果显示,药物在介质中的稳定性好,且对测定无干扰,适用于本品的体外释放研究。
理想的人工膜,要兼顾膜惰性和透过率。通过对人工膜浸泡处理,可提高膜的稳定性,降低膜批间差异性。本研究结果表明,选择的人工膜惰性良好。选择0.45 μm孔径的人工膜使得释放速度适中,透过性良好。
IVRT的验证内容包括选择性、灵敏度、专属性等。选择性是指在拟定实验条件下,不同规格和工艺的释放速率应该有所差异,且与原研制剂不等效。但目标规格的自研制剂应与原研制剂等效。灵敏度是指不同规格的制剂释放速率应有所差异。专属性是指释放速率应与不同规格处方的制剂有一定的比例关系[18]。方法学验证表明,上述内容均符合FDA指导原则的相关要求。
综上,采用该法对自研制剂和参比制剂进行了体外释放研究,结果表明,自研制剂和参比制剂体外释放一致,本法适用于环孢素眼用乳剂的体外释放研究。
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.06.20
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
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    1.山西药科职业学院,太原 030030
    2.浙江亚瑟医药有限公司,嘉兴314001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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