Article(id=1239250707430297732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693411200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773389992815, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773389992815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773389992815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773389992815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239250701583446236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773389991422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773390513217, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239252890213209050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239252890213209051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=649, endPage=662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239250707749064838, articleId=1239250707430297732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Mongolica Folium based on gas chromatography and chemometric techniques*, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To study and establish a method based on gas chromatography and chemometrics techniques for distinguishing Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterants Artemisiae Mongolica Folium.

Methods:

Gas chromatography method was established with Agilent HP-5 19091J (30 m×0.32 mm, 0.25 μm) as chromatographic column, and hydrogen flame ion detector (FID) as detector. After the chemical composition of 21 chromatographic peaks in the chromatogram were identified, and the peak area data of the 21 chromatographic peaks in 29 batches of samples were determined. Similarity analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were applied to analyze the chromatographic data.

Results:

The results of chemometric analysis indicated that tpeak 20 (chamazulene), peak 3 (1, 8-cineole) and peak 19((1S, 8aα)-decahydro-1, 4aβ-dimethyl-7β-isopropenyl-1-naphthol) were the differential characteristic chromatographic peaks between Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterants Artemisiae Mongolica Folium. The ratios of the peak areas of peak 3 to peak 20 were in the ranges of 54.50-348.39 and 0.16-0.87 respectively, and the ratios of the peak areas of peak 19 to peak 20 were in the ranges of 18.55-128.46 and 0.01-0.14 respectively. These significant differences could be used for the identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterant Artemisiae Mongolica Folium.

Conclusion:

The research findings can be used for the identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterant Artemisiae Mongolica Folium, and these have certain reference significance for the research and analysis of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and related drugs.

, correspAuthors=Hai-bo WANG, Yan SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jing ZHANG, Hai-yan LI, Xiao-wei WANG, Hai-bo WANG, Xiang-yang LI, Gui-ben LI, Hong-wei ZHANG, Yi-wei GENG, Yuan YANG, Yan SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239250711670739165, articleId=1239250707430297732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于化学计量学和气相色谱法的艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶差异性特征成分和鉴别规律的研究*, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

以气相色谱和化学计量学技术为化学分析和数据分析手段,研究艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶的鉴别方法及化学成分分布规律。

方法:

采用Agilent HP-5 19091J(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)色谱柱进行分离,使用氢火焰离子检测器进行检测,建立了气相色谱化学分析方法,指认了其中21个化学成分,使用该法对29批样品进行测定。采用化学计量学相关技术对色谱数据进行相似度分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析。

结果:

色谱峰峰20(母菊薁)、峰3(桉油精)和峰19[(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚]是艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的差异特征色谱峰(化学成分),艾叶和蒙古蒿叶样品的峰3与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为54.50~348.39和0.16~0.87,峰19与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为18.55~128.46和0.01~0.14,正品与混伪品之间有巨大差异,可用于艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的鉴别。

结论:

本研究得出的艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的差异特征化学成分及其分布规律对艾叶及相关药品的研究和分析具有一定的参考意义。

, correspAuthors=王海波, 石岩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 王海波 Tel:(0371)65566577;E-mail:
石岩 Tel:(010)53852081;E-mail:
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Tel:(0371)65566039;E-mail:

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IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol201624(4):1480, articleTitle=Data-driven process monitoring based on modified orthogonal projections to latent structures, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239250724593390420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, awardId=NMPAJGKX-2023-030, language=CN, fundingSource=*中国药品监管科学行动计划第二批重点项目(NMPAJGKX-2023-030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239250724677276505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, awardId=222102310110, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技厅科技攻关项目(222102310110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239250724756968286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, awardId=RS2024Z006-035, language=CN, fundingSource=国家局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目-新技术新方法在中药质量控制中的应用(RS2024Z006-035), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239250711897231598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239250711909814512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, companyId=1239250711897231598, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Henan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Inspection(Henan Vaccine Issuance Center), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese Materia Medica and Prepared Slices), Zhengzhou 450008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239250711922397425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, companyId=1239250711897231598, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南省药品医疗器械检验院(河南省疫苗批签中心) 国家药品监督管理局中药材及饮片质量控制重点实验室,郑州 450008)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239250712035643648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239250712039837952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, companyId=1239250712035643648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239250712048226562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, companyId=1239250712035643648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239250720126456486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatograms of reference substances and samples, figureFileSmall=a4sfw5OEzJRGFZQPSZQxDQ==, figureFileBig=QIUcAn/CuiD3SYIIX2Wb+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720243897004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图1, caption=对照品和样品色谱图

1~21.峰号,同表2(peak No. same as Tab.2)

, figureFileSmall=a4sfw5OEzJRGFZQPSZQxDQ==, figureFileBig=QIUcAn/CuiD3SYIIX2Wb+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720453612219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Scatter plots of similarity analysis for samples, figureFileSmall=StY2MYox5KnQ3V3CmpUSAw==, figureFileBig=wU/OvuT/AyGmehNAckQRPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720558469823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图2, caption=样品相似度散点图, figureFileSmall=StY2MYox5KnQ3V3CmpUSAw==, figureFileBig=wU/OvuT/AyGmehNAckQRPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720654938822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heat maps of chromatographic peak to peak correlation from samples, figureFileSmall=4w2F5ZhWT7pOqGrjCp/P6g==, figureFileBig=4F3OjCUIo7iEWokDWMdFHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720768185035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样品的色谱峰间相关性热度图, figureFileSmall=4w2F5ZhWT7pOqGrjCp/P6g==, figureFileBig=4F3OjCUIo7iEWokDWMdFHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250720902402770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heat maps of sample to sample correlation, figureFileSmall=xcKcOHOzdCgY3uVojAUpMA==, figureFileBig=T0NepT+NalN3+tfudlHcbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250721053397720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图4, caption=样品间相关性热度图, figureFileSmall=xcKcOHOzdCgY3uVojAUpMA==, figureFileBig=T0NepT+NalN3+tfudlHcbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250721187615454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heat maps of cluster analysis, figureFileSmall=lpG1N+sXAnNC5N8vZSACqg==, figureFileBig=BuS7TAUjZLmKjIXMYGlVhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250721296667364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图5, caption=聚类分析热图, figureFileSmall=lpG1N+sXAnNC5N8vZSACqg==, figureFileBig=BuS7TAUjZLmKjIXMYGlVhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250721393136360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Principal component analysis of unprocessed data, figureFileSmall=1nAShPsV3hUG8/Zm5j95pQ==, figureFileBig=yGq/kKQr3yBwDavmkl6Fqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250721493799662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图6, caption=未经预处理的数据主成分分析, figureFileSmall=1nAShPsV3hUG8/Zm5j95pQ==, figureFileBig=yGq/kKQr3yBwDavmkl6Fqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250722974388981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Principal component analysis of normalized preprocessed data, figureFileSmall=tYBR3GitVbiY5/+OKs8avA==, figureFileBig=JbyiUkb2YDIqaGM2z9XLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723108606717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图7, caption=归一化预处理后的数据主成分分析, figureFileSmall=tYBR3GitVbiY5/+OKs8avA==, figureFileBig=JbyiUkb2YDIqaGM2z9XLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723200881411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Plots of OPLS-DA, figureFileSmall=EBwx+BWdEd540T+57YXwaQ==, figureFileBig=AdF3fGOykNNgtwqkHB8VKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723276378891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图8, caption=OPLS-DA图, figureFileSmall=EBwx+BWdEd540T+57YXwaQ==, figureFileBig=AdF3fGOykNNgtwqkHB8VKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723418985231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic diagram of strong positive correlation of samples from Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Mongolica Folium, figureFileSmall=XDUC9k52AsWm5vd2ZRCBgA==, figureFileBig=5H6CbH+XQ82RkVfs63qD0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723528037143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图9, caption=艾叶与蒙古蒿叶较强正相关性示意图, figureFileSmall=XDUC9k52AsWm5vd2ZRCBgA==, figureFileBig=5H6CbH+XQ82RkVfs63qD0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723624506143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Peak area bar chart of p6, figureFileSmall=jX9Ubzhcd6+uFUJDzsorGQ==, figureFileBig=9gCF6uzpA/wyFGE5g0G4cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723725169444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图10, caption=峰6峰面积柱状图, figureFileSmall=jX9Ubzhcd6+uFUJDzsorGQ==, figureFileBig=9gCF6uzpA/wyFGE5g0G4cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723830027049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Peak area ratios bar chart of peak 20,peak 3 and peak 19, figureFileSmall=iy2RAGU4t3jn532RhFkOBA==, figureFileBig=yhR9rh6pUoUQ5BP4l4ztPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250723922301744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=图11, caption=峰20、峰3和峰19峰面积比值柱状图, figureFileSmall=iy2RAGU4t3jn532RhFkOBA==, figureFileBig=yhR9rh6pUoUQ5BP4l4ztPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239250724001993525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
产地
(origin)
批号/收集日期
(batch number/collection date)
种类
(class)
S1安徽(Anhui)220106022c艾叶(Artemisiae Argyi Folium)
S2河南(Henan)Y220301
S3安徽(Anhui)211201
S4河南(Henan)201201
S5安徽(Anhui)220101
S6河南(Henan)220301
S7安徽(Anhui)20211101
S8山东(Shandong)220401
S9河南(Henan)210901
S10湖北(Hubei)220201
S11湖北(Hubei)220301
S12河南(Henan)11220311034A
S13四川(Sichuan)201201
S14四川(Sichuan)211001
S15河南(Henan)Y220101
S16湖北(Hubei)220301
S17河南(Henan)21120502
S18安徽(Anhui)220301
S19河南(Henan)220401
S20陕西(Shanxi)220301
S21河南(Henan)2021年10月(October 2021)蒙古蒿叶(Artemisiae Mongolica Folium)
S22河南(Henan)2022年4月(April 2022)
S23河南(Henan)2022年4月(April 2022)
S24河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S25河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S26河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S27河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
S28河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
S29河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
), ArticleFig(id=1239250724085879608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品来源信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
产地
(origin)
批号/收集日期
(batch number/collection date)
种类
(class)
S1安徽(Anhui)220106022c艾叶(Artemisiae Argyi Folium)
S2河南(Henan)Y220301
S3安徽(Anhui)211201
S4河南(Henan)201201
S5安徽(Anhui)220101
S6河南(Henan)220301
S7安徽(Anhui)20211101
S8山东(Shandong)220401
S9河南(Henan)210901
S10湖北(Hubei)220201
S11湖北(Hubei)220301
S12河南(Henan)11220311034A
S13四川(Sichuan)201201
S14四川(Sichuan)211001
S15河南(Henan)Y220101
S16湖北(Hubei)220301
S17河南(Henan)21120502
S18安徽(Anhui)220301
S19河南(Henan)220401
S20陕西(Shanxi)220301
S21河南(Henan)2021年10月(October 2021)蒙古蒿叶(Artemisiae Mongolica Folium)
S22河南(Henan)2022年4月(April 2022)
S23河南(Henan)2022年4月(April 2022)
S24河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S25河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S26河南(Henan)2022年5月(May 2022)
S27河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
S28河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
S29河南(Henan)2022年6月(June 2022)
), ArticleFig(id=1239250724203320124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Information of 21 common peaks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号
(peak No.)
化合物
(compound)
分子式
(molecular formula)
CAS号
(CAS number)
匹配率
(match ratio)
1*α-蒎烯(α-pinene)C10H1680-56-8938
2(3E)-2,5,5-三甲基-3,6-庚二烯-2-醇((3E)-2,5,5-trimethylhepta-3,6-dien-2-ol)C10H18O26127-98-0887
3*桉油精(1,8-cineole)C10H18O470-82-6955
4蒿酮(artemisyl ketone)C10H16O546-49-6894
5(2R,5R)-2-甲基-5-丙烷-2-基双环[3.1.0]己烷-2-醇((2R,5R) -2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylbicyclic [3.1.0] hexan-2-ol)C10H18O17699-16-0938
63,3,6-三甲基庚-1,5-二烯-4-醇(3,3,6-trimethylheptyl-1,5-diene-4-ol)C10H18O27644-04-8849
7松油醇(terpineol)C10H18O7299-41-4915
8*侧柏酮(thujone)C10H16O546-80-5914
9(-)-宁酮((1)-ninone)C20H32O2471-15-8910
10*樟脑(camphor)C10H16O464-48-2905
11*龙脑(borneol)C10H18O507-70-0950
12*4-萜品醇(4-carvomenthenol)C10H18O20126-76-5909
13*α-萜品醇(α-carvomenthenol)C10H18O98-55-5912
14(1R,5S)-rel-香芹醇[(1R,5S)-rel carvol]C10H16O1197-07-5967
15(-)-α-蒎烯(copaene)C15H243856-25-5843
16*反式石竹烯(trans caryophyllene)C15H2487-44-5949
17α-石竹烯(α-caryophyllene)C15H246753-98-6880
18*氧化石竹烯(caryophyllene oxide)C15H24O1139-30-6919
19(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚[(1S,8aα)-decahydro-1,4aβ-dimethyl-7β-isopropenyl-1-naphthol]C15H26O5945-72-2915
20母菊薁(chamazulene)C14H16529-05-5818
21棕榈酸(palmitic acid)C16H32O257-10-3908
), ArticleFig(id=1239250724287206211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

21个共有峰信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
峰号
(peak No.)
化合物
(compound)
分子式
(molecular formula)
CAS号
(CAS number)
匹配率
(match ratio)
1*α-蒎烯(α-pinene)C10H1680-56-8938
2(3E)-2,5,5-三甲基-3,6-庚二烯-2-醇((3E)-2,5,5-trimethylhepta-3,6-dien-2-ol)C10H18O26127-98-0887
3*桉油精(1,8-cineole)C10H18O470-82-6955
4蒿酮(artemisyl ketone)C10H16O546-49-6894
5(2R,5R)-2-甲基-5-丙烷-2-基双环[3.1.0]己烷-2-醇((2R,5R) -2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylbicyclic [3.1.0] hexan-2-ol)C10H18O17699-16-0938
63,3,6-三甲基庚-1,5-二烯-4-醇(3,3,6-trimethylheptyl-1,5-diene-4-ol)C10H18O27644-04-8849
7松油醇(terpineol)C10H18O7299-41-4915
8*侧柏酮(thujone)C10H16O546-80-5914
9(-)-宁酮((1)-ninone)C20H32O2471-15-8910
10*樟脑(camphor)C10H16O464-48-2905
11*龙脑(borneol)C10H18O507-70-0950
12*4-萜品醇(4-carvomenthenol)C10H18O20126-76-5909
13*α-萜品醇(α-carvomenthenol)C10H18O98-55-5912
14(1R,5S)-rel-香芹醇[(1R,5S)-rel carvol]C10H16O1197-07-5967
15(-)-α-蒎烯(copaene)C15H243856-25-5843
16*反式石竹烯(trans caryophyllene)C15H2487-44-5949
17α-石竹烯(α-caryophyllene)C15H246753-98-6880
18*氧化石竹烯(caryophyllene oxide)C15H24O1139-30-6919
19(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚[(1S,8aα)-decahydro-1,4aβ-dimethyl-7β-isopropenyl-1-naphthol]C15H26O5945-72-2915
20母菊薁(chamazulene)C14H16529-05-5818
21棕榈酸(palmitic acid)C16H32O257-10-3908
), ArticleFig(id=1239250724362703689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239250707430297732, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Sample similarities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
夹角余弦法
(angle cosine method)
欧氏距离法
(euclidean distance method)
样品
(sample)
夹角余弦法
(angle cosine method)
欧氏距离法
(euclidean distance method)
S10.98249.68S160.95245.98
S20.96247.28S170.97531.33
S30.94265.87S180.79752.57
S40.98167.64S190.98204.60
S50.98143.41S200.89349.63
S60.97268.36S210.241 433.23
S70.99142.59S220.301 995.62
S80.97271.43S230.34895.74
S90.99127.60S240.271 375.56
S100.97185.87S250.48799.90
S110.97205.51S260.521 984.83
S120.96269.82S270.221 848.76
S130.99148.78S280.67894.05
S140.98185.28S290.48762.98
S150.90335.28
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样品的相似度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
夹角余弦法
(angle cosine method)
欧氏距离法
(euclidean distance method)
样品
(sample)
夹角余弦法
(angle cosine method)
欧氏距离法
(euclidean distance method)
S10.98249.68S160.95245.98
S20.96247.28S170.97531.33
S30.94265.87S180.79752.57
S40.98167.64S190.98204.60
S50.98143.41S200.89349.63
S60.97268.36S210.241 433.23
S70.99142.59S220.301 995.62
S80.97271.43S230.34895.74
S90.99127.60S240.271 375.56
S100.97185.87S250.48799.90
S110.97205.51S260.521 984.83
S120.96269.82S270.221 848.76
S130.99148.78S280.67894.05
S140.98185.28S290.48762.98
S150.90335.28
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基于化学计量学和气相色谱法的艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶差异性特征成分和鉴别规律的研究*
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张文静 1 , 李海燕 1 , 王晓伟 1 , 王海波 1, ** , 李向阳 1 , 李桂本 1 , 张红伟 1 , 耿怡玮 1 , 杨元 1 , 石岩 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(4): 649-662
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(4): 649-662
基于化学计量学和气相色谱法的艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶差异性特征成分和鉴别规律的研究*
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张文静1 , 李海燕1, 王晓伟1, 王海波1, ** , 李向阳1, 李桂本1, 张红伟1, 耿怡玮1, 杨元1, 石岩2, **
作者信息
  • 1.河南省药品医疗器械检验院(河南省疫苗批签中心) 国家药品监督管理局中药材及饮片质量控制重点实验室,郑州 450008
  • 2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • Tel:(0371)65566039;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 王海波 Tel:(0371)65566577;E-mail:
石岩 Tel:(010)53852081;E-mail:
Identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Mongolica Folium based on gas chromatography and chemometric techniques*
Wen-jing ZHANG1 , Hai-yan LI1, Xiao-wei WANG1, Hai-bo WANG1, ** , Xiang-yang LI1, Gui-ben LI1, Hong-wei ZHANG1, Yi-wei GENG1, Yuan YANG1, Yan SHI2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Inspection(Henan Vaccine Issuance Center), NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese Materia Medica and Prepared Slices), Zhengzhou 450008, China
  • 2.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.12
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目的:

以气相色谱和化学计量学技术为化学分析和数据分析手段,研究艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶的鉴别方法及化学成分分布规律。

方法:

采用Agilent HP-5 19091J(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)色谱柱进行分离,使用氢火焰离子检测器进行检测,建立了气相色谱化学分析方法,指认了其中21个化学成分,使用该法对29批样品进行测定。采用化学计量学相关技术对色谱数据进行相似度分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析。

结果:

色谱峰峰20(母菊薁)、峰3(桉油精)和峰19[(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚]是艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的差异特征色谱峰(化学成分),艾叶和蒙古蒿叶样品的峰3与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为54.50~348.39和0.16~0.87,峰19与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为18.55~128.46和0.01~0.14,正品与混伪品之间有巨大差异,可用于艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的鉴别。

结论:

本研究得出的艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的差异特征化学成分及其分布规律对艾叶及相关药品的研究和分析具有一定的参考意义。

艾叶  /  蒙古蒿叶  /  混伪品  /  气相色谱  /  化学计量学  /  数据分析  /  数据预处理  /  主成分分析  /  正交偏最小二乘判别分析
Objective:

To study and establish a method based on gas chromatography and chemometrics techniques for distinguishing Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterants Artemisiae Mongolica Folium.

Methods:

Gas chromatography method was established with Agilent HP-5 19091J (30 m×0.32 mm, 0.25 μm) as chromatographic column, and hydrogen flame ion detector (FID) as detector. After the chemical composition of 21 chromatographic peaks in the chromatogram were identified, and the peak area data of the 21 chromatographic peaks in 29 batches of samples were determined. Similarity analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were applied to analyze the chromatographic data.

Results:

The results of chemometric analysis indicated that tpeak 20 (chamazulene), peak 3 (1, 8-cineole) and peak 19((1S, 8aα)-decahydro-1, 4aβ-dimethyl-7β-isopropenyl-1-naphthol) were the differential characteristic chromatographic peaks between Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterants Artemisiae Mongolica Folium. The ratios of the peak areas of peak 3 to peak 20 were in the ranges of 54.50-348.39 and 0.16-0.87 respectively, and the ratios of the peak areas of peak 19 to peak 20 were in the ranges of 18.55-128.46 and 0.01-0.14 respectively. These significant differences could be used for the identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterant Artemisiae Mongolica Folium.

Conclusion:

The research findings can be used for the identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its adulterant Artemisiae Mongolica Folium, and these have certain reference significance for the research and analysis of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and related drugs.

Artemisiae Argyi Folium  /  Artemisiae Mongolica Folium  /  adulterant  /  gas chromatography  /  chemometrics  /  data analysi  /  data preprocess  /  PCA  /  OPLS-DA
张文静, 李海燕, 王晓伟, 王海波, 李向阳, 李桂本, 张红伟, 耿怡玮, 杨元, 石岩. 基于化学计量学和气相色谱法的艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶差异性特征成分和鉴别规律的研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 649 -662 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.12
Wen-jing ZHANG, Hai-yan LI, Xiao-wei WANG, Hai-bo WANG, Xiang-yang LI, Gui-ben LI, Hong-wei ZHANG, Yi-wei GENG, Yuan YANG, Yan SHI. Identification of Artemisiae Argyi Folium and Artemisiae Mongolica Folium based on gas chromatography and chemometric techniques*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (4) : 649 -662 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.12
艾叶为菊科植物艾Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant.的干燥叶,又称冰台、艾蒿、灸草[1],药用记录始载于汉末《名医别录》,列为中品[2],具有温经止血、散寒止痛的功效,主要用于吐血、衄血、崩漏、月经过多、胎漏下血、少腹冷痛、经寒不调、宫冷不孕的治疗,外用可治疗皮肤瘙痒[3]。艾叶主要含有挥发油类、黄酮类、萜类、苯丙素类、有机酸类、甾体类、多糖类及微量元素等成分,现代研究证实这些成分具有抗菌、抗病毒、平喘镇咳、镇痛、抗炎、止血、抗凝等多种药理活性作用[4-6]
艾叶所属的菊科蒿属植物的分布较广,据《中国植物志》记载,菊科蒿属植物在我国有186个种、44个变种[7]2,其中不乏艾叶的类同品。课题组在前期的调研工作中发现,药材市场上存在将蒙古蒿叶冒充艾叶出售并使用的现象,同时在种植基地里发现艾叶与蒙古蒿有伴生的情况,若在采收时不注意区分,艾叶样品常会混有蒙古蒿叶。
蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica (Fisch. ex Besser) Nakai)又名蒙蒿、狭叶蒿、水红蒿,产于黑龙江、河北、陕西、河南、江苏等地[7]111。具有祛风散寒、散瘀消肿、理气安胎等功效[8-9],但不是《中华人民共和国药典》规定的艾叶药材来源植物,毒副作用不明,且与艾叶功效不同,不可代替艾叶入药,若艾叶中混有蒙古蒿叶势必影响临床效果,也无法保证人民群众用药的安全有效。对于艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的鉴别研究不多,李欣等[10]将艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的叶形特征进行比较区分,李恩波等[11]利用DNA条形码片段ITS2序列对艾叶及其混伪品进行了区分鉴别。这些方法为艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的鉴别提供了技术手段,但由于艾叶与蒙古蒿叶形变异较大,采收、晒干后叶片多皱缩、破碎,仅依据外观性状难以将二者区分,且这种基于叶形的鉴别对于粉碎后的样品无能为力;对于DNA鉴别实验则多需要新鲜嫩叶,操作也需要中药的分析人员具有一定的相关专业性。
艾叶中主要活性成分是挥发油,气相色谱技术是研究挥发性成分的首选之一,因此本研究建立了使用气相色谱分析艾叶及蒙古蒿叶的方法,通过NIST质谱谱库检索的方式对色谱图中的21个色谱峰进行了指认,其中9个色谱峰还通过对照品比对进行了确认;由于样品数据较大,本研究还借助适于处理复杂中药色谱数据并发现特征性差异组分的化学计量学技术[12-14]对艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的色谱数据进行分析和研究,明确了二者的化学差异所在,为艾叶的质量分析与控制提供了数据参考和技术支撑。
XPE205十万分之一电子分析天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司);挥发油测定仪(上海那艾实验仪器有限公司);Agilent 7890B气相色谱仪(安捷伦公司);赛默飞TRACE1300气质联用仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
α-蒎烯(Stanford Analytical Chemicals Inc.,批号AF210929-14);桉油精(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号110788-202108);侧柏酮(Stanford Analytical Chemicals Inc.,批号THJ-982234);樟脑(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号110747-202011);龙脑(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号110881-201709);α-萜品醇(Stanford Analytical Chemicals Inc.,批号AL210810-20);4-萜品醇(中国食品药品检定研究院,批号11196-201501);反式石竹烯(Stanford Analytical Chemicals Inc.,批号CYH-207225);氧化石竹烯(Stanford Analytical Chemicals Inc.,批号CHO-222076);乙酸乙酯为分析纯,水为去离子水。
艾叶与其混伪品样品来源见表1,经河南省药品医疗器械检验院王晓伟副主任药师鉴定样品S1~S20为菊科植物艾的干燥叶,S21~S29为菊科植物蒙古蒿的干燥叶。
TraceFinder化学工作站(赛默飞世尔科技公司,version 4.1);SIMCA多元变量统计分析软件(Umetrics公司,version 14.1);Python计算机编程语言(Python Software Foundation,version 3.8.8)。
采用Agilent HP-5 19091J(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)色谱柱,进样口温度250 ℃,程序升温(初始温度60 ℃,以3 ℃·min-1的速率升温至120 ℃,再以15 ℃·min-1的速率升温至250 ℃),载气为氮气(纯度99.99%),流速1 mL·min-1,进样量1 μL。检测器为氢火焰离子检测器(FID)。
气质联用确认色谱峰时,采用Agilent HP-5MS 19091J(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm)色谱柱,其他色谱条件同上。
检测器为电子轰击(EI)离子源,离子源温度为230 ℃,电子轰击能量为70 eV,采集模式为全扫描,质量扫描范围m/z为40~600,扫描速度为2 788 u·s-1
取样品适量,剪碎成约0.5 cm的碎片,精密称取2.5 g,置圆底烧瓶中,加水300 mL,连接挥发油测定器。自测定器上端加水使充满刻度部分,并溢流入烧瓶为止,再加乙酸乙酯2.5 mL,连接回流冷凝管。加热至沸腾,再加热5 h,放冷,分取乙酸乙酯液,置10 mL量瓶中,用乙酸乙酯分次洗涤测定器及冷凝管,转入同一量瓶中,用乙酸乙酯稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。
精密称取a-蒎烯、桉油精、侧柏酮、樟脑、龙脑、4-萜品醇、a-萜品醇、反式石竹烯、氧化石竹烯的对照品适量,置于10 mL量瓶中,加乙酸乙酯定容,得到混合对照品溶液(α-蒎烯0.375 mg·mL-1、桉油精0.159 mg·mL-1、侧柏酮0.186 mg·mL-1、樟脑0.335 mg·mL-1、龙脑0.038 mg·mL-1、4-萜品醇0.815 mg·mL-1,α-萜品醇0.105 mg·mL-1、反式石竹烯0.331 mg·mL-1、氧化石竹烯0.156 mg·mL-1)。
取样品(S1)适量,按照“2.2.1”项方法制成供试品溶液,在“2.1.1”项的色谱条件下连续进样6次。以3号峰(桉油精)为参照峰,计算得到各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD≤0.003%,相对峰面积的RSD≤1.9%,表明仪器精密度良好。
取样品(S1)6份,按照“2.1.1”项方法平行制备供试品溶液,在“2.1.1”项的色谱条件下测定。以3号峰(桉油精)为参照峰,计算得到各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD≤0.14%,相对峰面积的RSD≤1.8%,表明方法重复性良好。
取样品(S1)适量,按照“2.1.1”项方法制成供试品溶液,分别于室温放置0、2、4、6、8、10、12 h后,在“2.1.1”项的色谱条件下连续进样。以3号峰(桉油精)为参照峰,计算得到各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD≤0.02%,相对峰面积的RSD≤1.21%,表明方法稳定性良好。
分别取混合对照品溶液、艾叶供试品溶液、蒙古蒿叶供试品溶液,按照气质联用色谱条件进样并检测,通过Trace-Finder 4.1化学工作站处理及NIST质谱谱库检索(色谱峰匹配度在800以上)可确定21个色谱峰成分。另外,经过与混合对照品溶液进行色谱峰出峰时间比对,进一步确定了α-蒎烯、桉油精、侧柏酮、樟脑、龙脑、4-萜品醇、α-萜品醇、反式石竹烯、氧化石竹烯色谱峰。21个色谱峰的化学成分信息详见表2,各类溶液色谱图见图1
将测得的20批正品艾叶样品(S1~S20)的21个色谱峰数据取平均值,记为M,然后分别按照夹角余弦法和欧氏距离法求29批样品与M的相似度,具体相似度值见表3,并绘制相关相似度散点图,见图2
为了从色谱峰[峰1~峰21(p1~p21)]之间相关性的角度比较分析正品艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶的差异,对这2类样品分别进行变量Pearson相关系数分析,结果以热度图表示,见图3
将数据矩阵倒置处理,进行Pearson相关系数分析,可得出29批样品之间的相关性信息,结果同样以热度图表示,见图4
将各批样品的21个色谱峰数据L2范数归一化预处理后,进行聚类分析,采用Ward法和欧式距离度量,结果数据聚类热点图及树状图见图5
对各批样品的21个色谱峰原数据及L2范数归一化预处理后的数据分别进行主成分分析,结果各主成分累计方差曲线分别见图6-A图7-A;样品在前2个主成分(PC1和PC2)平面的分布分别见图6-B图7-B;累计方差达95%总方差的主成分载荷分布分别见图6-C图7-C
使用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)对29批样品的L2范数归一化预处理后的色谱数据进行监督分析,以进一步明确艾叶与其混伪品蒙古蒿叶之间最具差异的特征性化学成分。OPLS-DA模型R2XR2YQ2分别为0.927、0.507和0.504,200次置换检验表明无过拟合,样品的最小二乘法正交分布图见图8-A;对峰1~峰21(p1~p21)进行VIP排序,排序结果见图8-B
在对艾叶与蒙古蒿叶样品进行性状分析时发现,二者都具有特殊气味,并且艾叶散发的清香气味明显与蒙古蒿叶不同,结合艾叶中大量含有挥发油的相关研究[15],本研究将艾叶与其混伪品蒙古蒿叶的挥发性成分作为二者的化学鉴别分析的研究切入点。
在确定挥发性成分提取方法时,分别考察了正己烷超声法、正己烷加热回流法、水蒸气蒸馏法,结果发现水蒸气蒸馏法提取所得挥发性成分最丰富,可以得到更多的化合物的色谱信息,因此选择该法作为样品提取方法。样品的气相色谱在7 min前几乎没有色谱峰出现,属于无效的色谱分析时间段,因此本研究在气相色谱条件设置时仅记录了7 min后的色谱信息。
相似度分析是中药色谱分析时常用的分析方法,其中对于相似度的计算有多种度量方法[12]。本研究分别使用了其中常用的夹角余弦法和欧氏距离法对艾叶及其混伪品蒙古蒿叶色谱数据与艾叶样品平均数据M进行相似度的计算。由相似度计算结果绘制的散点图(图2)可知,艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的相似度具有较明显的差异。夹角余弦法中,S18的相似度是0.79,属艾叶中相似度最低的样品;蒙古蒿叶样品中S28的相似度为0.67,是蒙古蒿叶中相似度最高的样品;从本研究样品来看,艾叶和蒙古蒿叶样品的夹角余弦法相似度鉴别窗口可达0.12。使用欧氏距离法度量相似度时,艾叶样品中距离M最远(即相似度最低)的样品为S18,欧氏距离为752.56;蒙古蒿叶样品中以S29距离M最近,距离为762.98;从本研究样品来看,艾叶和蒙古蒿叶样品的欧氏距离法相似度鉴别窗口为10.42。关于色谱数据相似度的分析原理在文献[12]中已有详细的讲解,在此不再赘述。不同的相似度度量方法代表了不同的数学思想,方法不同,尽管趋势一样,详细的结果也可能会有些许差异,本研究相似度的研究就诠释了这一点。采用2种度量方法得到的结果均表明艾叶样品中S18对M的相似度最低(欧氏距离最远),而蒙古蒿叶样品的相似度结果的比较却有不同,S28对M的夹角余弦法相似度最大,而S29则距离M的欧氏距离最近。欧氏距离法的相似度鉴别窗口绝对数值大于夹角余弦法,但是图2表明夹角余弦法的相似度鉴别窗口更大,更易于相似度鉴别艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的操作。
相关性分析是测量分析定量数据之间关系情况的分析方法,多用于分析变量间关系情况,其中多为直接计算变量间相关程度,即简单相关分析。简单相关分析常使用Pearson相关系数、Kendall相关系数和Spearman相关系数等,其中最常用的为Pearson相关系数[16-17]。本研究使用了Pearson相关系数分别对艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的色谱峰数据进行了分析,试图从化学成分间的相关性方面揭示艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的生物种属异同。如图3所示,艾叶样品的各色谱峰呈较强正相关(Pearson相关系数≥0.75)的色谱峰:峰2与峰6(Pearson相关系数0.83)、峰3与峰12(Pearson相关系数0.76)、峰5与峰7(Pearson相关系数0.91)、峰8与峰18(Pearson相关系数0.78),没有发现呈较强负相关(Pearson相关系数≤-0.75)的色谱峰,仅有相对较强负相关的色谱峰:峰4与峰14(Pearson相关系数-0.72)、峰5与峰16(Pearson相关系数-0.63)、峰7与峰16(Pearson相关系数-0.62)。蒙古蒿叶样品的各色谱峰呈较强正相关(Pearson相关系数≥0.75)的色谱峰:峰1与峰15(Pearson相关系数0.83)、峰1与峰16(Pearson相关系数0.79)、峰1与峰17(Pearson相关系数0.83)、峰3与峰5(Pearson相关系数0.98)、峰3与峰7(Pearson相关系数0.95)、峰3与峰10(Pearson相关系数0.86)、峰3与峰11(Pearson相关系数0.86)、峰3与峰13(Pearson相关系数0.93)、峰4与峰12(Pearson相关系数0.98)、峰5与峰7(Pearson相关系数0.98)、峰5与峰10(Pearson相关系数0.91)、峰5与峰11(Pearson相关系数0.86)、峰5与峰13(Pearson相关系数0.93)、峰7与峰10(Pearson相关系数0.96)、峰7与峰11(Pearson相关系数0.85)、峰7与峰13(Pearson相关系数0.97)、峰7与峰16(Pearson相关系数0.75)、峰8与峰9(Pearson相关系数0.87)、峰8与峰19(Pearson相关系数0.78)、峰9与峰19(Pearson相关系数0.82)、峰10与峰11(Pearson相关系数0.85)、峰10与峰13(Pearson相关系数0.92)、峰10与峰16(Pearson相关系数0.75)、峰11与峰13(Pearson相关系数0.82)、峰11与峰18(Pearson相关系数0.80),同样没有发现呈较强负相关(Pearson相关系数≤-0.75)的色谱峰,仅有相对较强负相关的色谱峰:峰9与峰11(Pearson相关系数-0.67)、峰15与峰18(Pearson相关系数-0.64)。艾叶与蒙古蒿叶样品的色谱峰呈较强正相关关系图见图9。该图清晰显示了艾叶相对于蒙古蒿叶而言,色谱峰间较强正相关情况较少,且二者色谱峰较强正相关性相同的情况仅有峰5与峰7。由色谱峰相关性分析结果可知,艾叶与蒙古蒿叶虽有较多相同的内在的化学成分,但这些化学成分之间生成与代谢的关系却有很大的区别。忽略色谱数据的样品来源,按照21个色谱峰进行样品相关性分析,Pearson相关系数热度图如图4所示,艾叶与蒙古蒿叶样品可以准确地按照热度图的颜色进行区分,可见按照艾叶和蒙古蒿叶分开进行色谱峰峰1~峰21(p1~p21)相关性分析是合理的,图3图9在一定程度上可以反映两者色谱峰相关性差异。
基于欧氏距离的聚类分析结果显示,本研究的色谱数据可以将样品按照艾叶与蒙古蒿叶种类准确区分开,与欧氏距离法度量的相似度分析结果具有一致性。而色谱峰聚类表明峰3、峰10、峰11、峰16、峰19和峰20属于较特殊的一系列色谱峰。
在主成分分析时,分析数据的处理采用了2种方式,即原始色谱峰的峰面积数据和经过L2范数归一化预处理的色谱峰的峰面积数据。由图6-A图7-A的主成分累计方差曲线可知,以累计方差≥95%为限,数据未经预处理和归一化预处理后的主成分数分别为4个和5个;图6-B图7-B显示数据经过归一化预处理后在第一和第二主成分(PC1和PC2)二维平面上分布按品种更加集中,且无论数据是否经过归一化预处理,品种的分布差异只表现在第一主成分(PC1)差异上,艾叶样品的PC1均为负值,蒙古蒿叶样品的PC1均为正值;图6-C图7-C为数据变量的主成分载荷热度图,该图显示数据未经预处理和归一化预处理后数据变量的主成分载荷具有较明显差异,数据未经预处理时仅有峰20在PC1上具有较大的载荷,而归一化预处理后则可见峰3、峰19和峰20在PC1上具有较大的载荷。主成分分析结果表明,无论数据是否经过归一化预处理,样品在PC1和PC2组成的二维平面上的分布都具有不同种类的分布特征,但是数据经过归一化预处理后样品的分布特征更加显著,并且PC1的色谱峰变量载荷的区分也更加明显。
OPLS-DA作为代谢组学数据分析中常用算法,其特点是通过偏最小二乘法和正交化处理去除自变量中与分类标签无关的信息,使得分类信息集中体现在一个潜在变量上,可用于不同种类样品的差异特征变量的发现[18-21]图8-B显示,色谱峰中仅有峰20、峰3和峰19的VIP值>1,提示这3个色谱峰可能是样品分类的差异性特征变量,这点与主成分分析中的变量载荷情况基本一致。VIP值<1但是仅低于峰20、峰3和峰19的色谱峰为峰11、峰10和峰16,这些与聚类分析结果也具有一致性。
艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的色谱峰峰面积数据中,蒙古蒿叶样品(S21~S29)均未检出峰6,而艾叶样品(S1~S20)则都有峰6检出,如果直接从数据上看,无疑会认为峰6是艾叶与蒙古蒿叶样品差异的特征色谱峰,然而通过化学计量学分析技术与算法进行分析,表明二者差异性的特征色谱峰中并无峰6。艾叶样品(S1~S20)的峰6峰面积组内波动非常大,RSD高达131.35%,这种波动可从峰6峰面积柱状图(图10)直观体现,这可能是峰6未被算法选作差异特征色谱峰的原因。由此可见,仅仅从数据表面得出,而未接受数学和统计学分析检验的结论可能并不可靠。
峰20、峰3和峰19是由以上各类化学计量学算法分析得出的艾叶与蒙古蒿叶的差异特征色谱峰,考虑到样品取样量及仪器进样体积等差异的影响,实际鉴别操作中可使用设定峰面积比值范围的方法。峰20、峰3和峰19相互之间峰面积比值有3种情况,峰面积比值的柱状图见图11。该图显示,艾叶样品(S1~S20)与蒙古蒿叶样品(S21~S29)的峰3与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为54.50~348.39和0.16~0.87;峰19与峰20峰面积比值范围分别为18.55~128.46和0.01~0.14,峰3与峰19峰面积比值范围分别为1.06~4.44和1.15~38.94。艾叶同蒙古蒿叶的峰3与峰20、峰19与峰20的2组峰面积比值范围具有较大的差异,而峰3与峰19峰面积比值范围则有重叠,由此可知峰3与峰20、峰19与峰20,这2组峰面积比值可用作艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的鉴别,并且艾叶和蒙古蒿叶的这2组比值范围都有较大的差异,较大的数值差异窗口更加表明这种鉴别方法具有较大的特征性。而峰20、峰3和峰19对应的化学成分为母菊薁、桉油精和(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚,在实际鉴别应用中可使用对照品定位之后比较色谱峰的峰面积比值。而这3个化学成分比值的差异,也暗示艾与蒙古蒿生物体内代谢方式与途径的不同。
本研究建立了艾叶与蒙古蒿叶气相指纹图谱,对其中的21个色谱峰通过对照品和NIST质谱谱库检索进行了确定与指认。对得到的各样品的色谱数据进行了数据分析实验,并从数据是否进行了预处理的角度进行了简单探讨,明确了预处理技术在数据分析实验中的重要性。对艾叶和蒙古蒿叶样品的色谱数据分析实验主要分为无监督分析和监督分析,无监督分析结果表明色谱数据的确存在因样品不同的差异性,这种差异不仅仅体现在每批样品数据的本身,如聚类分析和相似度分析等,还体现在21个色谱峰间相关性的不一致,如色谱峰的相关性分析。由于样品批数较少,并不适合建立和训练相对复杂的基于常用机器学习的模型进行未知样品鉴别,因此在监督分析中,本研究采用了代谢组学研究中寻找差异特征代谢物时十分常用的OPLS-DA法,得到差异特征色谱峰峰20(母菊薁)、峰3(桉油精)和峰19[(1S,8aα)-十氢-1,4aβ-二甲基-7β-异丙烯基-1-萘酚],而这一结果与主成分分析法的变量载荷结果可以相互印证。最后,通过计算和比较这3个化学成分色谱峰的峰面积比值,确定了其中2组色谱峰的峰面积比值,通过这一结果可以准确鉴别艾叶和其混伪品蒙古蒿叶。考虑到样品批数有限,本研究未设立艾叶和蒙古蒿叶比值的限度,这2组比值限度需要下一步大量样品收集和数据的测定。本研究的相关成果,不仅为艾叶真伪鉴别检验工作和相关药品监管提供了重要的技术支撑,而且对于类似情景的数据分析也具有一定的参考意义。
  • *中国药品监管科学行动计划第二批重点项目(NMPAJGKX-2023-030)
  • 河南省科技厅科技攻关项目(222102310110)
  • 国家局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目-新技术新方法在中药质量控制中的应用(RS2024Z006-035)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.12
  • 接收时间:2023-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-31
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*中国药品监管科学行动计划第二批重点项目(NMPAJGKX-2023-030)
河南省科技厅科技攻关项目(222102310110)
国家局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目-新技术新方法在中药质量控制中的应用(RS2024Z006-035)
作者信息
    1.河南省药品医疗器械检验院(河南省疫苗批签中心) 国家药品监督管理局中药材及饮片质量控制重点实验室,郑州 450008
    2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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