Article(id=1239250702149677276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1708876800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773389991557, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773389991557, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773389991557, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773389991557, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239250701583446236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='736', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773389991422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773390513217, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239252890213209050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239252890213209051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239250701583446236, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=553, endPage=561, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239250702464250079, articleId=1239250702149677276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research of illicit drugs extraction technology based on electrospinning*, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Illicit drugs are widely distributed in complex substrates such as biology, food, environment and drugs at minor, trace and even ultra-trace levels, which may cause acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, drug abuse and other problems. The analysis of illicit drugs has always been the focus of public safety. Solid phase extraction is a commonly used pretreatment technology for the analysis of illicit drugs in complex substrates. However, when extracting trace level illicit drugs, problems such as low sample utilization rate and poor extraction sensitivity may occur, which are difficult to meet the needs of sensitive and rapid analysis in the field of public safety. To this end, nanofibers, nanoparticles and other materials with strong size advantages are used for optimization and innovation of solid phase extraction technology. Electrospinning technology is the most commonly used method for continuous and mass production of nanofibers. It has the advantages of simple process, diverse materials and controllable fiber size, and has been widely used in the field of analysis and extraction. The electrospinning technology has experienced the development from spinning with a single polymer to blending with a variety of polymers and modifying nanoparticles with functional materials. The mechanical properties, selectivity and stability of the electrospinning nanofibers prepared have also been gradually improved, broadening the application scope of this technology in the analysis of illicit drugs. At present, the application of electrospinning technology in solid phase extraction of illicit drugs is still in its infancy. This paper systematically reviews the research status of electrospinning in traditional solid phase extraction, micro-solid phase extraction and dispersed solid phase extraction, and provides suggestions for its possible future development, in order to provide reference for further research on related issues.

, correspAuthors=Jie LIAN, Xia ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-xin NIU, Jie LIAN, Xia ZHAO, Shu-qiang SONG, Xue SU, Nan XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239250703277945070, articleId=1239250702149677276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取领域的研究进展*, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

违禁药物以微量、痕量甚至超痕量的水平,广泛分布于生物、食品、环境和药物等复杂基质,可能会造成急性中毒、慢性中毒、毒品滥用等问题,违禁药物分析是公共安全领域一直以来的关注焦点。固相萃取是分析复杂基质中违禁药物常用的前处理技术,但萃取痕量级别违禁药物时,易出现样品利用率低、萃取灵敏度差等问题,难以满足公共安全领域灵敏快速的分析需求。为此,具有强大尺寸优势的纳米纤维、纳米颗粒等材料,用于固相萃取技术的开发和创新。静电纺丝技术是连续、大量生产纳米纤维最常用的方法,具有工艺简单、材料多样、纤维尺寸可控等优势,现已广泛用于分析萃取领域。静电纺丝技术经历了从采用单一聚合物纺丝,到多种聚合物混纺、添加功能材料的纳米颗粒修饰等发展,制备的静电纺丝纳米纤维机械性、选择性和稳定性均逐渐提升,拓宽了该技术在违禁药物分析中的适用范围。目前,静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取中的应用仍属起步阶段,本文系统地综述了静电纺丝在传统固相萃取、微型化固相萃取和分散固相萃取中的研究现状,并对未来可能的发展方向提供了建议,以期为相关问题的深入研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=廉洁, 赵霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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a. d-SPE b.云状纤维分散固相萃取(nanofiber cloud SPE) c.磁性分散固相萃取(magnetic dispersed solid phase extraction)

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静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取领域的研究进展*
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牛可歆 1 , 廉洁 1, ** , 赵霞 2, ** , 宋树强 3 , 苏雪 3 , 肖楠 3
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024,44(4): 553-561
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024, 44(4): 553-561
静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取领域的研究进展*
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牛可歆1 , 廉洁1, ** , 赵霞2, ** , 宋树强3, 苏雪3, 肖楠3
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民公安大学侦查学院,北京 100038
  • 2.国家毒品实验室北京分中心,北京 100164
  • 3.天津市公安局物证鉴定中心,天津 300380
  • Tel:18810153657;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 廉洁 Tel:17310411051;E-mail:
赵霞 Tel:13681526636;E-mail:
Research of illicit drugs extraction technology based on electrospinning*
Ke-xin NIU1 , Jie LIAN1, ** , Xia ZHAO2, ** , Shu-qiang SONG3, Xue SU3, Nan XIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Investigation, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
  • 2.National Anti-Drug Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China
  • 3.Institute of Forensic Science, Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau, Tianjin 300380, China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.01
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违禁药物以微量、痕量甚至超痕量的水平,广泛分布于生物、食品、环境和药物等复杂基质,可能会造成急性中毒、慢性中毒、毒品滥用等问题,违禁药物分析是公共安全领域一直以来的关注焦点。固相萃取是分析复杂基质中违禁药物常用的前处理技术,但萃取痕量级别违禁药物时,易出现样品利用率低、萃取灵敏度差等问题,难以满足公共安全领域灵敏快速的分析需求。为此,具有强大尺寸优势的纳米纤维、纳米颗粒等材料,用于固相萃取技术的开发和创新。静电纺丝技术是连续、大量生产纳米纤维最常用的方法,具有工艺简单、材料多样、纤维尺寸可控等优势,现已广泛用于分析萃取领域。静电纺丝技术经历了从采用单一聚合物纺丝,到多种聚合物混纺、添加功能材料的纳米颗粒修饰等发展,制备的静电纺丝纳米纤维机械性、选择性和稳定性均逐渐提升,拓宽了该技术在违禁药物分析中的适用范围。目前,静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取中的应用仍属起步阶段,本文系统地综述了静电纺丝在传统固相萃取、微型化固相萃取和分散固相萃取中的研究现状,并对未来可能的发展方向提供了建议,以期为相关问题的深入研究提供参考。

违禁药物  /  固相萃取  /  静电纺丝  /  静电纺丝纳米纤维  /  金属有机框架  /  固定相材料  /  复合纳米纤维

Illicit drugs are widely distributed in complex substrates such as biology, food, environment and drugs at minor, trace and even ultra-trace levels, which may cause acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, drug abuse and other problems. The analysis of illicit drugs has always been the focus of public safety. Solid phase extraction is a commonly used pretreatment technology for the analysis of illicit drugs in complex substrates. However, when extracting trace level illicit drugs, problems such as low sample utilization rate and poor extraction sensitivity may occur, which are difficult to meet the needs of sensitive and rapid analysis in the field of public safety. To this end, nanofibers, nanoparticles and other materials with strong size advantages are used for optimization and innovation of solid phase extraction technology. Electrospinning technology is the most commonly used method for continuous and mass production of nanofibers. It has the advantages of simple process, diverse materials and controllable fiber size, and has been widely used in the field of analysis and extraction. The electrospinning technology has experienced the development from spinning with a single polymer to blending with a variety of polymers and modifying nanoparticles with functional materials. The mechanical properties, selectivity and stability of the electrospinning nanofibers prepared have also been gradually improved, broadening the application scope of this technology in the analysis of illicit drugs. At present, the application of electrospinning technology in solid phase extraction of illicit drugs is still in its infancy. This paper systematically reviews the research status of electrospinning in traditional solid phase extraction, micro-solid phase extraction and dispersed solid phase extraction, and provides suggestions for its possible future development, in order to provide reference for further research on related issues.

illicit drugs  /  electrospinning  /  solid-phase extraction  /  electrospinning nanofibers  /  metal-organic framework  /  stationary phase material  /  composite nanofiber
牛可歆, 廉洁, 赵霞, 宋树强, 苏雪, 肖楠. 静电纺丝技术在违禁药物固相萃取领域的研究进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 553 -561 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.01
Ke-xin NIU, Jie LIAN, Xia ZHAO, Shu-qiang SONG, Xue SU, Nan XIAO. Research of illicit drugs extraction technology based on electrospinning*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (4) : 553 -561 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.01
违禁药物因影响身体健康,依赖性强,易造成精神紊乱等问题,一直是食品安全、司法鉴定、环境治理等领域研究的重点。违禁药物包含精神类药物、激素类药物、毒品、农药等品类,常见于食品、环境和生物基质中,它们通过摄入和暴露等途径进入人体,对人的生理和精神造成威胁,国内外研究者已对违禁药生理毒性、食品安全等方面进行了广泛的研究[1-6]。固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)、液液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction,LLE)、固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction,SPME)、液相微萃取(liquid-phase micro-extraction,LPME)等的前处理方法[7-10],已应用于打击和管控痕量的违禁药物。然而,随着违禁药物基质逐渐复杂化、含量逐渐降低,以及公安、海关、监管等部门快速原位检测的要求,急需开发灵敏度更高、选择性更好、速度更快的违禁药物样品前处理方法,以应对以上实际场景中所出现的新兴挑战。
SPE是分析各类复杂基质中痕量违禁药物常用的前处理技术,相较于传统的LLE,SPE在降低基质效应,提高目标物的回收率,满足检验自动化等方面优势明显;相较于SPME,SPE应用场景广,成本低,研发多样性强,更适用于血液、脏器、食品等复杂基质的分析[11-12]。吸附相是SPE技术的核心,其组成、形态、结构直接影响SPE的性能和效率。研发高性能吸附相一直是SPE的发展热点,将吸附相的尺寸降至微纳级别,大大增加违禁药物萃取的比表面积,显著提升SPE的萃取效率和分析方法的灵敏度、精确度。
静电纺丝技术具有简单灵活,易自动化,成本低廉的特点,已应用于癌症治疗、组织工程、药物递送、伤口包覆、疾病诊断等众多医药相关领域[13-16]。静电纺丝技术是如今连续、大量生产微纳级别纤维的热门手段[17],生产的静电纺丝纳米纤维(electrospinning nanofibers,ESNFs)具有良好热力学性能和机械性能,其纳米级别的直径和多孔结构为SPE提供了高效吸附相,推动了SPE技术绿色化、微型化的发展。综上,本文聚焦静电纺丝技术在违禁药物SPE中的应用,分别综述了静电纺丝技术在传统的SPE、微型化固相萃取,以及分散固相萃取(dispersive solid-phase extraction,d-SPE)中的研究进展,以期为静电纺丝技术在SPE中的研究提供参考。
静电纺丝技术是聚合物流体在高压电场下固化成丝的纤维制造工艺,因其原料来源广,ESNFs形态可控,制备工艺简单等特点,成为制备纳米纤维的常用技术[18]。静电纺丝的过程受表面张力与静电场力共同作用,当二者达平衡时,球形的液滴形成泰勒锥,进一步增大静电场力,液滴表面的稳态被破坏,形成射流,实现喷丝。喷丝过程中,静电场力对射流的拉伸,使溶剂挥发,熔体冷却,最终只留下固体纤维,沉积到收集器上,形成直径为纳米级的聚合物纤维。可通过改变电源的电压、喷丝头和收集器的形态和距离(如图1),实现ESNFs形态和尺寸的控制与设计[19]
ESNFs直径小,孔隙率高,比表面积大,机械稳定性强的特点,使ESNFs受到了分离科学领域研究者的关注。聚合物溶液是静电纺丝技术最常用的纺丝材料,其类型影响ESNFs的性能[20],天然高分子、合成聚合物、共聚物等均已用于分离科学领域。纺丝材料在前处理中的发展,经历了从单一聚合物,到多种聚合物混合,以及添加功能材料的纳米颗粒修饰等阶段,使ESNFs的机械性、选择性和稳定性均逐渐提升。随着静电纺丝设备的发展,同轴、无针、交流等静电纺丝新技术开始应用至前处理领域[21-23],它们在进一步提升ESNFs性能的同时,简化了制备过程,拓宽了ESNFs在前处理中的应用范围。
传统的SPE技术以填充于SPE柱的聚合物颗粒为吸附相,在违禁药物分析中常遇到高脂血液、腐败样本等复杂基质,易出现SPE柱的阻塞,最终导致样品浪费,因此,需进一步开发萃取效果更好的SPE吸附相。通过缩小吸附相粒径,增加萃取表面积,能够提升SPE的萃取效果,但当其粒径降至纳米尺度,依据伯努利原理,SPE柱的柱压显著上升,极易出现柱子堵塞,流速不稳,分析物洗脱不完全等问题。纳米纤维长度可控,易于修饰,利用纳米纤维填充的SPE柱柱压明显低于聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒填充,现已成为SPE吸附相的热门形态。
聚苯乙烯是最早用作静电纺丝的聚合物,无定形的聚苯乙烯属于硬质聚合物,利用静电纺丝纤维化后,提升了聚苯乙烯的柔韧性。聚苯乙烯 ESNFs具有弱极性、超疏水的特点,易通过疏水相互作用吸附弱极性的目标物,适合于多数弱极性的碱性违禁药物的萃取,因此,聚苯乙烯也是最早用作制备违禁药物SPE吸附相的聚合物。通过调控供试品溶液的pH至碱性,使曲唑酮、双嘧达莫、维拉帕米、地西泮、苯并咪唑等弱极性镇静类违禁药物以其原体的形式存在[24-27],便可实现对药物原体的SPE。聚苯乙烯 ESNFs的超疏水性,使它对血液、尿液等生物基质中违禁药物的萃取效果良好,以聚苯乙烯 ESNFs-SPE分析犬血浆中的地西泮及其代谢物,检测灵敏度达到1 ng·mL-1[26]。为充分评价电纺聚苯乙烯 ESNFs用于SPE吸附相的性能,Tania等[28]将聚苯乙烯ESNFs用于环境废水中磺胺类药物的富集,新型吸附相相较于商品化的C18柱和HLB柱,萃取效率高,制备简单,环境友好。此外,具有更好更优纤维韧性的聚酰胺6 ESNFs[29]和醋酸纤维素ESNFs[30],被填充至不锈钢柱后,通过六通阀与HPLC系统相连,实现了环境中的除草剂和生物基质中非甾体抗炎药物的在线分析,提升了利用SPE技术分析违禁药物的稳定性,推动其自动化进程。
以聚苯乙烯为代表的单一聚合物电纺丝技术,已广泛应用于复杂基质中碱性和弱极性违禁药物的萃取,为进一步拓宽静电纺丝技术在违禁药物萃取中的应用范围,功能化ESNFs成为近年来利用静电纺丝技术制备SPE吸附相的研究热点。利用纳米颗粒修饰是ESNFs功能化的常用方法,纳米颗粒与ESNFs间形成的特殊孔道,有助于目标物的保留,从而提升萃取效率。金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)是一类新型的超多孔纳米颗粒,比表面积高,热稳定性好,结构拓扑性强,是近年来萃取分离领域热门的吸附材料。MOFs已用于ESNFs的制备,它能够将自身特有的官能团引入ESNFs,改善ESNFs的化学特性,并且MOFs引入后的ESNFs表面粗糙度和表面积增加,二者综合作用显著提升了特定目标物的萃取效率[31-32]。Asiabi等[33]和Amini等[34]分别将CH3MOF-5与Ni-MOF-74 2种MOFs颗粒分散至聚丙烯腈静电纺丝溶液中,制备了聚丙烯腈/CH3MOF-5和聚丙烯腈/Ni-MOF-74新型复合纤维,二者分别用于尿液中雌激素,以及阿替洛尔和卡托普利2种降压药的萃取。聚丙烯腈因密度低,亲水,机械和热稳定性强,对各种有机溶剂耐受性强等特点,成为制备ESNFs的静电聚合物材料,经典MOFs材料MOF-5甲基化后的CH3MOF-5,具有强疏水性,以CH3MOF-5功能化的ESNFs改善了聚丙烯腈的亲水性,使功能化后的ESNFs适用于水基质中目标物的萃取,以此SPE柱与HPLC联用分析尿液中的雌激素LOD为0.02 ng·mL-1;而Ni-MOF-74则丰富了聚丙烯腈与目标物间的π-π堆积、氢键和疏水等弱相互作用位点,Ni-MOF-74/聚丙烯腈萃取尿液中的ATN和CAP,LOD分别为0.15 ng·mL-1和0.13 ng·mL-1
随着目标物存在水平的降低和前处理技术小型化的趋势,微型化的SPE逐渐引起研究者们的重视。SPE的微型化不同于SPME,它是传统SPE小型化形式,仅需几毫克吸附相便可展现强大的萃取吸附能力,相较于SPME纤维常用的顶空萃取形式、较小的吸附容量和较高的使用成本,微型化后的SPE具有简单易行、吸附剂和溶剂消耗少,所需样品量低,快速廉价等优势[35],更适合于高脂高蛋白的生物和食品基质,是一种绿色环保的新型SPE技术。
填充吸附剂微萃取(microextraction by packed sorbent,MEPS)是将吸附剂直接填充于注射器尖端,容易实现自动化。以聚苯乙烯为基础,结合聚丙烯腈、聚冠醚、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚吡咯制备的复合纳米纤维是MEPS的常用吸附剂,进一步拓宽了ESNFs在违禁药物分析中的应用。Wei等[36]利用静电纺丝技术最常用的2种原料聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯腈混纺,得到的聚苯乙烯/聚丙烯腈 ESNFs扩大了聚合物主链中的共轭结构,使吸附相与目标物间展现出更强的π-π相互作用,用于牛奶中9种氟喹诺酮类违禁抗菌药的萃取,回收率相较于聚丙烯腈ESNFs显著提升。以上2种聚合物材料可直接使用商品化材料,不需要进行实验室合成,相较于其他混纺材料,可显著简化材料制备工艺。
聚冠醚结构中巨大的含氧空腔,为目标物的吸附提供了更多的位点,聚冠醚常通过氢键建立与客体分子间的识别能力,将它与聚苯乙烯混纺,显著提升复杂基质中极性和中极性目标物的分析效果。Chen等[37]将聚苯乙烯/聚冠醚 ESNFs用于尿液中DA、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的分析,显著提升了三者的萃取效率。此外,该纤维也已用于猪肉中瘦肉精的萃取[38],含有苯环、酰胺基和冠醚结构的复合纤维与β-激动剂的结合,除非极性相互作用外,还通过聚冠醚提供的氢键得到进一步增强,使得聚冠醚修饰后的ESNFs相较于同质量的聚苯乙烯 ESNFs展现出更高的吸附效率,与国标方法相比,聚苯乙烯/聚冠醚 ESNFs-MEPS法试剂用量少(仅0.5 mL),萃取时间短(仅0.5 h),无需蒸发,具有显著的经济优势。
聚酰胺6是一种半结晶聚合物,具有优良的热稳定性和机械稳定性[39],可通过碳氢链和酰胺基团与多种化合物发生相互作用[40],因而成为静电纺丝和SPE的常用材料。混纺ESNFs综合了多种材料的优势,能够进一步提升聚酰胺6的萃取性能[41]。层状双氢氧化物(layered double hydroxides,LDHs)是一类组成和结构高度可调的无机材料,引入LDHs使调控ESNFs结构成为可能。Shahram等[42]利用LDHs和聚酰胺6混纺,制备MSPS的吸附相,用于人全血中微量非甾体抗炎药检测时,回收率为90.7%~109.8%。聚酰亚胺结构与聚酰胺6相似,它与目标物的结合也依赖于碳氢链和酰亚胺基团,现已引入混纺ESNFs的制备。向聚酰亚胺中加入亲水改性剂聚乙二醇和成孔剂聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,制备的多孔混纺纤维具有更细的直径和更高的表面积,实现了鸡蛋和牛奶中低至2.4 ng·L-1的氟喹诺酮类抗菌药萃取[21]
移液器尖端固相萃取(pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction,PT-SPE)将纳米级别的吸附相填充于移液枪头尖端,进一步减少了吸附剂和有机溶剂的用量,是近年来常用于萃取违禁药物的一种环保型SPE技术。目前商品化的移液枪头类型有限,对亲水性目标物的分析效果较差,因此,开发更多类型的自制移液枪头是PT-SPE的研究热点。MOFs、共价有机骨架(covalent organic frameworks,COFs)、碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes,CNT)等多孔纳米颗粒是分离科学中极具吸引力的材料,填充于移液器枪头尖端时,所产生的高柱压问题亟待解决[43],以静电纺丝技术制备掺杂有多孔纳米颗粒的复合ESNFs,能够解决上述问题,使PT-SPE技术的萃取效率得到飞跃式的提升。
COFs纳米颗粒、MOFs纳米颗粒与经典的电纺聚合物聚丙烯腈混纺,能够解决COFs、MOFs材料表面能高,干燥后容易结块,导致有效吸附位点减少的问题。利用聚丙烯腈/COFs ESNFs作为PT-SPE吸附相,萃取了草鱼和鸭肉中的抗生素,检出限为0.6 ng·mL-1[44]。Yan等[45]首次用UiO-66 MOFs材料制备聚丙烯腈/UiO-66 ESNFs,完成了西瓜和绿豆芽中4种吲哚类植物激素的萃取,检测灵敏度为0.01~0.02 ng·mL-1;后期该课题组利用MIL-53/聚丙烯腈复合纤维,完成了血浆中苯二氮䓬类药物硝西泮和噁西泮的萃取[46],二者的LOD分别为1.5 ng·mL-1和2.5 ng·mL-1
天然聚合物具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,是近年来热门的绿色吸附材料,将天然聚合物应用于静电纺丝技术,可同时改善ESNFs的吸附性能和机械性能。聚乙烯醇无毒,可降解,生物相容性强,但其机械性能差,难以实现单纺,Hejabri等[47]将天然提取物甜菊苷通过酯化反应与聚乙烯醇进行热交联,制备的聚乙烯醇/甜菊苷ESNFs,机械性能得到明显提升,甜菊苷中游离的羟基基团也有助于目标物的吸附。为进一步提升PT-SPE的萃取效率,利用嵌入金纳米颗粒的MIL-88A MOF修饰聚乙烯醇/甜菊苷的ESNFs,Au纳米颗粒改性后的MIL-88A,改善了其结构中较低原子密度所导致的低吸附容量问题,将该ESNFs用于食品中痕量农残的分析,回收率可达79.3%~97.6%。
此外,天然聚合物还可稳定ESNFs上的纳米材料,从而提升ESNFs的吸附性能。Kandeh等[48]以多羟基的天然提取物纤维素纳米晶体(cellulose nanocrystals,CNCs),分散具有高吸附性能的CNTs,减少了CNTs因高表面张力和纳米尺寸所导致的聚集,并且CNCs和CNTs的缔合,有助于纳米材料稳定性和吸附能力的增强。以PAA、PVA、CNT和CNC制备的ESNFs,用于生物基质中吗啡、可待因等7种阿片类毒品的检测,LOD可达0.5~1.5 ng·mL-1。Khodayari等[49]制备了天然聚合物CA和PAN混纺的ESNFs,通过加入Mg-MOF材料和天然抗氧化剂百里香酚,提高ESNFs的萃取性能。百里香酚中的羟基是连接Mg-MOF和醋酸纤维素/聚丙烯腈混纺纤维的桥梁,Mg-MOF的加入改善醋酸纤维素/聚丙烯腈纤维的孔隙率和表面积,得到的醋酸纤维素/聚丙烯腈/百里香酚/Mg-MOF复合ESNFs集各材料特性于一体,能够通过氢键和π-π相互作用,显著增强对极性和非极性目标物的吸附能力,以它作为PT-SPE的吸附相,结合HPLC-UV提取体液中3种抗癌药物,分析稳定性好,灵敏度高,且吸附相可重复使用。
d-SPE是一种快速的样品前处理技术,具有简便、廉价、安全、回收率高等优点,d-SPE通过将吸附相直接分散至样品中,避免了SPE柱中吸附相与目标物接触不充分的问题,在几到几十分钟内便可达到平衡吸附,显著缩短萃取时间,常用于溶液环境中违禁药物的前处理[50-52](如图2)。
2015年静电纺丝技术被用作制备d-SPE的吸附相,SiO2 ESNFs柔韧性好,将它作为分散聚苯胺的衬底,有效抑制了聚苯胺间的聚集,SiO2/聚苯胺 ESNFs渗透性好,利用聚苯胺的疏水和π-π相互作用,能够实现牛奶中氟喹诺酮药物的高效萃取,萃取时间不到4 min,是LC分析高效简便的前处理技术[53]
氧化石墨烯具有灵活的层状结构,表面积极大,柔软导电等特点,是吸附领域热门的碳材料[54],氧化石墨烯修饰的ESNFs通过π-π堆积、静电、亲疏水等各种相互作用,改善了ESNFs亲疏水、极性、酸碱性等化学性质,拓展了ESNFs的萃取范围。Arabsorkhi等[55]利用氧化石墨烯修饰聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene glycol terephthalate,PET) ESNFs,氧化石墨烯基面和薄片边缘处广泛的含氧官能团,较好地改善了PET NFs的疏水性,使ESNFs成功分散于蜂蜜水溶液中,10 min内完成了四环素类抗生素的d-SPE。Karimiyan等[56]利用氧化石墨烯/聚丙烯腈 ESNFs萃取人血浆中的2种麻醉剂(利多卡因和原氯卡因)及它们的代谢产物,石墨烯材料极大的表面积,显著提升分析的灵敏度,血浆中利卡多因的检出限低至0.25×10-9 mol·L-1。氧化石墨烯的二维层状结构,也为设计纳米复合材料提供了可能性,Tahmasebi等[57]通过将多氧基的强极性金属纳米材料Al30插入氧化石墨烯薄片中,制备了插层式的氧化石墨烯-Al30纳米复合材料,极大地拓宽了聚乳酸 ESNFs的萃取范围,聚乳酸/氧化石墨烯-Al30 ESNFs不仅延续了原纤维对非极性目标物的萃取能力,而且对极性和酸性化合物也展现出强大的选择性,羧基通过酸碱相互作用与Al30中的Al-O位点结合,使聚乳酸/氧化石墨烯-Al30 NFs对酸性目标物展现出很高的亲和力,将它应用于鸡肉样品,实现了4种不同极性和电离特性他汀类药物的同时d-SPE。
除了使用纳米材料调控d-SPE吸附相以外,还可以采用超亲水的ESNFs作为吸附相,这类ESNFs在水溶液中完全分散后呈云状,在水溶液中吸附相分散更为充分,传质速度更快,从而可以显著缩短萃取平衡时间。利用超亲水的聚酰亚胺/聚乙烯及吡咯烷酮 ESNFs在水样中使用分散固相萃取邻苯二甲酸盐,仅需30 s便可达平衡,萃取有机氯农药也仅需2 min,极大地提升了水溶液中违禁药物的萃取效率[58]
磁性分散固相萃取(magnetic dispersed solid phase extraction,MSPE)中,利用磁铁便可实现目标物与基质中的分离,避免了过滤离心等步骤,简便快速且操作成本低。静电纺丝技术现已成为制备MSPE吸附相的重要方式,不仅可用作磁性纳米颗粒(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)的修饰,还可用于磁性纳米纤维(magnetic nanofibers,MNFs)的制备。Feizbakhsh等[59]利用静电纺丝技术在壳聚糖-Fe3O4的磁性吸附相表面包覆聚噻吩,有效地阻止了磁性颗粒的聚集,使目标物的萃取更为充分,应用于水中三嗪类除草剂的萃取,LOD低至1 ng·L-1。利用MNPs修饰的MNFs也已用作MSPE的吸附相,Pirdadeh-Beiranvand等[60]将聚丙烯腈/Fe3O4-nilotinib ESNFs用作人血清中尼罗替尼的MSPE吸附剂,磁性分子印迹聚合物Fe3O4-nilotinib的引入,简化了分离步骤的同时,提升了抗癌药尼罗替尼分析的选择性和灵敏度。
静电纺丝技术工艺简单,现已广泛应用于SPE吸附相的制备,其优势集中体现在以下3个方面:(1)静电纺丝技术能够提升材料的柔韧性和渗透性,且ESNFs比表面积高和孔隙率高等优秀的物理特性,为目标物提供了广泛的作用位点,有助于萃取效率的提升;(2)静电纺丝技术的原料多样,能够将更多的材料用作SPE的吸附相,极大地拓宽了目标物的分析范围;(3)静电纺丝技术成功将功能化的纳米颗粒引入SPE,极大地提升了SPE的分析灵敏度和适用性。
随着静电纺丝技术的发展,用于违禁药物分析的ESNFs,逐渐由聚苯乙烯发展至各种功能化后的纤维,它们通过π-π堆积、氢键、亲疏水、酸碱、静电等弱相互作用,完成对性质各异违禁药物的萃取。在纺丝溶液中掺入功能性聚合物进行混纺,是ESNFs功能化的一种重要方式。该方法不仅可以通过纺入不同性质的聚合物,丰富吸附相的萃取性能,还可进一步拓展用于静电纺丝技术的聚合物类别,如将适用于亲水性和极性目标物分析,但难以单纺的聚乙烯醇引入违禁药物萃取领域。纳米颗粒修饰ESNFs是另一种功能化方式,MOFs、COFs极高的孔隙率,能显著提升吸附相的萃取灵敏度;MNPs能够简化分离步骤,提升分析效率;Al30、LDHs等结构可变的纳米颗粒,则实现了吸附材料的设计,从而提升对特定目标物的萃取选择性。
然而,基于静电纺丝技术的违禁药物萃取仍属起步阶段,未来还可在以下3个方面进行深入探索。首先,纺丝材料还可继续丰富。目前应用于违禁药物SPE的静电纺丝材料集中于聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈和聚酰胺6,相较于在生物工程、药物包覆、食品包装等领域的应用,静电纺丝的材料仍有很大的探索空间。随着纺丝设备的发展,交流、同轴、无针等纺丝技术已开始用于违禁药物的前处理,相较于传统的直流静电纺丝技术,交流静电纺丝可显著提升ESNFs的机械性能,使ESNFs能够直接与高压系统相连,提升在线SPE的稳定性。同轴和无针静电纺丝技术,则能显著提升ESNFs的制备效率,前者制备的ESNFs具有天然的核壳结构,相较于纺丝后再通过原位聚合的方式,简化了混合聚合物纺丝液的配制;后者可大量快速地获得薄膜状ESNFs,简化了薄膜SPME吸附相的制备过程。此外,同轴静电纺丝技术还可将更多的纺丝材料用于吸附相的制备,从而拓宽目标物的萃取范围,在违禁药物前处理领域具有很大的发展空间。其次,萃取的基质还可进一步拓展。静电纺丝技术能为违禁药物的萃取提供广阔的作用平台,现已在生物、食品、环境等传统基质的萃取中展现出强大的优势,法庭科学和公共安全领域的违禁药物已出现于指纹、纸张、电子烟、化妆品等新兴基质,但以上基质中鲜有利用静电纺丝技术分析违禁药物的报道,探索静电纺丝技术在更多基质中的应用,将显著提升该技术在萃取分析领域的价值。最后,现场快检产品还需进一步开发。实现违禁药物的现场快检,能够及时地为违禁药物的追查提供线索,最大程度地保护人的生命健康安全,成为各界关注和研究的热点。目前,基于静电纺丝开发的SPE技术,主要与HPLC、GC-MS、LC-MS/MS、CD-IMS等实验室分析仪器联用,值得注意的是ESNF-SPE设备具有制备工艺简单,平衡时间短,易于小型化的特点,有望与便携式的液质、离子色谱、DART-MS、Orbitrap-MS等原位设备联用,从而实现违禁药物的现场快速检测。
  • *双一流建设科研项目:中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.04.01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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*双一流建设科研项目:中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新研究专项(2023SYL06)
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    1.中国人民公安大学侦查学院,北京 100038
    2.国家毒品实验室北京分中心,北京 100164
    3.天津市公安局物证鉴定中心,天津 300380

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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