Article(id=1239238142625116859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0431, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700582400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773386997133, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1722355200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773386997133, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773386997133, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773386997133, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238136711139764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1105', pageEnd='1284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773386995723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387118529, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1113, endPage=1124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238143736607499, articleId=1239238142625116859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Application of LC-MS in the analysis of therapeutic oligonucleotide drugs, columnId=1206272756614754650, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monography, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Therapeutic oligonucleotides (OGNs) drugs are artificially synthesized single or double stranded short nucleic acids, typically 15 to 30 base pairs in length. OGNs have been rapidly developed as new therapeutic drugs with increasing attention in the discovery and development of drugs concerning various disease fields. Compared with Europe and America, there are currently no other OGNs drugs listed in China, except for Spinraza, which has been approved for marketing as an orphan drug. The development of OGNs in China started relatively late and is still in its early stages of development. However, the OGNs drug market in China is anticipated to grow quickly due to the country’s large population, high patient demand, ongoing support for the development of oligonucleotide drugs in the future, and the steady maturation of related technologies by domestic businesses. Because of their special physicochemical characteristics, OGNs drugs are challenging to design biological analysis techniques. Currently, there are few reports on quantitative analysis methods for oligonucleotide drugs in China. Therefore, the development of sensitive and reliable bioanalysis methods for oligonucleotides is the key to investigate oligonucleotides’ pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can quantify OGNs and their metabolites concurrently, compared with traditional ELISA approaches. Numerous benefits come with using LC-MS, in particular, the extensive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry allows for the identification of metabolites, which provides details on base composition and sequence structure, in addition to quantitative information about target oligonucleotides. It has now emerged as the go-to technique for OGN quantitative analysis. The application of LC-MS in the identification of therapeutic oligonucleotide medicines is the primary focus of this paper, which also discusses its benefits and drawbacks. Lastly, it looks at the LC-MS development trend for oligonucleotide detection, which includes a lower detection level and potential general methods.

, correspAuthors=Hong-tao SONG, Qian ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-li LI, Ni WU, Wan-lin XI, Bao-qi ZHAI, Xiao LI, Ping-lan LIU, Hong-tao SONG, Qian ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239238147314348978, articleId=1239238142625116859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=LC-MS法在治疗性寡核苷酸药物检测中的应用*, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

治疗性寡核苷酸(oligonucleotides,OGNs)药物是人工化学合成的短单链或双链核酸,长度通常为15~30个碱基对。OGNs作为一种新的治疗药物正在迅速发展,并在各种疾病领域的药物发现和开发中受到越来越多的关注。与欧美相比,除Spinraza (nusinersen)作为孤儿药在中国获批上市外,暂无其他OGNs药物在国内上市。国内OGNs药物开发起步较晚,仍然处于发展初期,但由于国内患者群体基数较大,需求较多,未来伴随OGNs药物开发的持续推进,以及国内企业相应技术的逐步成熟,我国OGNs药物市场有望迎来快速发展。OGNs药物由于其独特的理化性质,生物分析方法开发难度大,目前,国内关于OGNs药物定量分析方法的报道还很少。开发一种灵敏可靠的方法来表征生物样品中的OGNs是研究其药代动力学和药效学性质的关键。相对于传统的ELISA法,LC-MS法可以同时定量完整OGNs及其代谢物,特别是高分辨质谱的广泛应用不仅可以提供目标OGNs的定量信息,还可以对代谢物进行鉴定,提供碱基组成、序列结构等信息,目前已成为OGNs定量分析的首选方法。本文主要描述了LC-MS在治疗性OGNs药物检测中的应用,并阐述了其优点和局限性,最后探讨了LC-MS用于检测OGNs的发展趋势,即更低的检测水平和潜在的通用方法。

, correspAuthors=宋洪涛, 赵芊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 赵芊 Tel:(010)69154637;E-mail:
宋洪涛 Tel:13842043811;E-mail:
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Nucleic Acids Res200230(21): e117, articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of different DNA sequences by mass spectrometric evaluation of Sanger sequencing reactions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239238155820396784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, awardId=2019DL001, language=CN, fundingSource=* 中国药理学会药物研发与合理应用专项课题(2019DL001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239238147582784453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238147595367368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, companyId=1239238147582784453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238147607950281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, companyId=1239238147582784453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东绿叶制药有限公司 先进药物递释系统全国重点实验室, 烟台264003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239238147712807888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238147717002195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, companyId=1239238147712807888, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238147725390803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, companyId=1239238147712807888, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国医学科学院北京协和医院临床药理学研究中心疑难重症和罕见病国家重点实验室 国家药品监督管理局药物临床研究与评价重点实验室 创新药物临床PK和PD研究北京重点实验室,北京 100730)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239238153043767477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Precursor-ion scan of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide PF-ODN(A) and product ion scan of the m/z 591 ([M-13H]13-) charge state precursor ion(B), figureFileSmall=hwC7LLL0+Xyig+KcJNNwiQ==, figureFileBig=Sx5ODgg3oo50h48UcF1d1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238153127653565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PF-ODN前体离子扫描图(A)和多电荷前体离子[M-13H]13-(m/z 591)的子离子扫描图(B), figureFileSmall=hwC7LLL0+Xyig+KcJNNwiQ==, figureFileBig=Sx5ODgg3oo50h48UcF1d1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238154788597958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Full scan mass spectrum of mipomersen(A) and product ion scan mass spectrum of mipomersen(B), figureFileSmall=vQvpRmsZlHC1Lqqi2ppkSg==, figureFileBig=35kywFURr9YuhlGgE6QzpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238154922815691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Mipomersen全扫描质谱图(A)和mipomersen子离子扫描质谱图(B), figureFileSmall=vQvpRmsZlHC1Lqqi2ppkSg==, figureFileBig=35kywFURr9YuhlGgE6QzpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238155061227726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

List of FDA- and EMA-approved OGNs drugs and reported bioanalytical methods (until April 2023)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类
(ctegory)
药物名称
(drug name)
开发商
(developer)
获批上市时间
(FDA/EMA approval year)
核苷酸长度
(length)/nt
生物分析方法
(bioanalysis method)
ASOFomivirsenIonis Pharmaceuticals199821CGE-UV
MipomersenIonis Pharmaceuticals201320CGE-UV,ELISA,LC-MS
EteplirsenSarepta Therapeutics201630LC-FL,LC-UV*[7]
Nusinersen(诺西那生钠注射液)Ionis Pharmaceuticals/Biogen201618ECL,ELISA
DefibrotideJazz Pharmaceuticals2016NALC-UV,LC-MS
InotersenAkcea Therapeutics and Ionis Pharmaceuticals201820ELISA
VolanesorsenIonis Pharmaceuticals/Akcea201920ELISA,LC-MS,LSC
QALSODYBiogen MA Inc.202320ELISA*[8]
GolodirsenSarepta Therapeutics201925LC-MS
ViltolarsenNS Pharma202021LC-MS
CasimersenSarepta Therapeutics202122LC-MS*[9]
siRNAPatisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals201821 (正义链,sense strand) +21 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-fluorescence,LC-MS*,ELISA*[10]
GivosiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals201921 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
InclisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals/Novartis202121 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
LumasiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals202021 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
VutrisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals202221 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
适配子(aptamer)PegaptanibOSI Pharmaceuticals200428LC-UV,ELISA
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155140919506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FDA/EMA批准上市治疗性OGNs药物所用生物分析方法列表(截至2023年4月)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类
(ctegory)
药物名称
(drug name)
开发商
(developer)
获批上市时间
(FDA/EMA approval year)
核苷酸长度
(length)/nt
生物分析方法
(bioanalysis method)
ASOFomivirsenIonis Pharmaceuticals199821CGE-UV
MipomersenIonis Pharmaceuticals201320CGE-UV,ELISA,LC-MS
EteplirsenSarepta Therapeutics201630LC-FL,LC-UV*[7]
Nusinersen(诺西那生钠注射液)Ionis Pharmaceuticals/Biogen201618ECL,ELISA
DefibrotideJazz Pharmaceuticals2016NALC-UV,LC-MS
InotersenAkcea Therapeutics and Ionis Pharmaceuticals201820ELISA
VolanesorsenIonis Pharmaceuticals/Akcea201920ELISA,LC-MS,LSC
QALSODYBiogen MA Inc.202320ELISA*[8]
GolodirsenSarepta Therapeutics201925LC-MS
ViltolarsenNS Pharma202021LC-MS
CasimersenSarepta Therapeutics202122LC-MS*[9]
siRNAPatisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals201821 (正义链,sense strand) +21 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-fluorescence,LC-MS*,ELISA*[10]
GivosiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals201921 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
InclisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals/Novartis202121 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
LumasiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals202021 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
VutrisiranAlnylam Pharmaceuticals202221 (正义链,sense strand) +23 (反义链,antisense strand)LC-HRMS
适配子(aptamer)PegaptanibOSI Pharmaceuticals200428LC-UV,ELISA
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155245777109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of analytical methods for therapeutic OGNs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析方法(assay)优势(strength)局限性(limitation)
ELISA高灵敏度(high sensitivity) (100 pg·mL-1 LOQ)线性范围窄(通常为20~50倍)(narrow calibration range,usually 20-50 fold)
无需样品前处理(组织样品除外) [no sample cleanup or extraction (except for tissues)]需要特定的捕获/检测探针,目标寡核苷酸通常需要足够长(通常>20 mer),以允许捕获探针和检测探针稳定地结合到分子的不同部分(needs specific capture/detection of probes,the target oligonucleotide usually needs to be long enough (usually >20 mer) to allow both the capture probe and the detection probe to bind stably to different parts of the molecule)
高通量(high throughput)不能区分完整药物和截断的代谢物(does not differentiate between intact and truncated metabolites)
LC-MS高特异性(high specificity)灵敏度低于ELISA,LOQ通常为5~10 ng·mL-1(less sensitive compared with ELISA,LOQ usually 5-10 ng·mL-1)
线性范围宽,可达3个数量级(wide calibration range,up to three orders of magnitude)样品前处理耗时,检测通量较低(sample preparation can be time consuming and have less throughput)
可鉴定及定量代谢物(identification and quantification of truncated metabolites)OGNs药物的亲水性使得在常规反相柱上提取和色谱保留非常困难(this hydrophilic property makes extracting and chromatographically retaining these molecules on conventional reversed-phase column extremely difficult)
LC-MS法更适合定量相对分子质量较小的OGNs(LC-MS is especially advantageous for quantifying relatively small OGNs therapeutics)灵敏度随OGNs药物长度的增加而降低(the sensitivity decreases when the size of an OGNs increases)
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155371606237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对比2种常用的治疗性OGNs生物分析方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析方法(assay)优势(strength)局限性(limitation)
ELISA高灵敏度(high sensitivity) (100 pg·mL-1 LOQ)线性范围窄(通常为20~50倍)(narrow calibration range,usually 20-50 fold)
无需样品前处理(组织样品除外) [no sample cleanup or extraction (except for tissues)]需要特定的捕获/检测探针,目标寡核苷酸通常需要足够长(通常>20 mer),以允许捕获探针和检测探针稳定地结合到分子的不同部分(needs specific capture/detection of probes,the target oligonucleotide usually needs to be long enough (usually >20 mer) to allow both the capture probe and the detection probe to bind stably to different parts of the molecule)
高通量(high throughput)不能区分完整药物和截断的代谢物(does not differentiate between intact and truncated metabolites)
LC-MS高特异性(high specificity)灵敏度低于ELISA,LOQ通常为5~10 ng·mL-1(less sensitive compared with ELISA,LOQ usually 5-10 ng·mL-1)
线性范围宽,可达3个数量级(wide calibration range,up to three orders of magnitude)样品前处理耗时,检测通量较低(sample preparation can be time consuming and have less throughput)
可鉴定及定量代谢物(identification and quantification of truncated metabolites)OGNs药物的亲水性使得在常规反相柱上提取和色谱保留非常困难(this hydrophilic property makes extracting and chromatographically retaining these molecules on conventional reversed-phase column extremely difficult)
LC-MS法更适合定量相对分子质量较小的OGNs(LC-MS is especially advantageous for quantifying relatively small OGNs therapeutics)灵敏度随OGNs药物长度的增加而降低(the sensitivity decreases when the size of an OGNs increases)
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155484852449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

LC-MS instrument and chromatographic separation conditions of HILIC-LC-MS method for quantitative analysis of OGNs drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
分析物
(analyte)
生物基质
(matrix)
样品制备
(sample preparation)
流动相
(mobile phase)
保留时间
(retention time)/min
色谱柱
(LC column)
液质联用系统
(LC-MS instrument)
LOQ
118 mer OGNs
(18 mer OGNs)[23]
人血浆
(human plasma)
SPE含0.02%氢氧化铵的10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈,梯度洗脱(0.02% ammonium hydroxide in 10 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate and acetonitrile,gradient elution)3.75Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)Waters超高效液相色谱,Sciex 6500+三重四极杆质谱(Waters Acquity UPLC system,Sciex 6500+ triple quadrupole)10
nmol·L-1
215~30 mer OGNs
(15-30 mer OGNs)[24]
不适用
(not applicable)
初始流动相稀释(diluted using initial mobile phase )超纯水(A)-乙腈(B)-100 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(C),pH 5.8,梯度洗脱[milli-Q H2O(A)-acetonitrile(B)-100 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate(C),pH 5.8. gradient elution]0~15PEEK ZIC®-HILIC
(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm)
安捷伦HP1050高效液相色谱,Waters Micromass® LCT Premier XE ESI-TOF质谱(Agilent HP1050 HPLC system,Waters ESI-TOF mass spectrometer (Micromass® LCT Premier XE))2.5
pmol·L-1
3DNA,RNA OGNs
(DNA and RNA OGNs)[25]
不适用
(not applicable)
使用流动相A稀释(diluted using mobile phase)流动相A由70%的乙腈与500 mmol·L-1乙酸铵或甲酸铵水溶液组成,流动相B由30%的乙腈与500 mmol·L-1乙酸铵或甲酸铵水溶液组成,梯度洗脱(mobile phase A was composed of 70% acetonitrile buffered with 500 mmol·L-1 aqueous ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,and mobile phase B was composed of 30% ACN buffered with aqueous ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,gradient elution)2~20Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide
(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm,130 Å pore size)
Waters Acquity I-class超高效液相色谱,Thermo Q Exactive三重四极杆质谱(Waters Acquity I-class ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system,Thermo Q Exactive Hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer)2.0
pmol·L-1
4硫代OGNs及其代谢物(PS-OGNs,OL1,OL8)[26]人血浆
(human plasma)
苯酚-氯仿(1∶1) LLE [LLE using phenol-chloroform
(1∶1)]
乙腈-10~15 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(pH=6.7) (56∶44),等度洗脱[acetonitrile/H2O containing 10-15 mmol·L-1 of ammonium formate(pH=6.7) (56∶44),isocratic elution]10TSK gel Amide-80
(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)
安捷伦1100高效液相色谱-安捷伦6410三重四极杆质谱(Agilent 1100 HPLC-Agilent 6410 Triple Quad)142×10-9
53种17 mer ASO(three 17 mer ASO)[27]不适用
(not applicable)
超纯水稀释(diluted using milli-Q water)流动相A:乙腈-水(80∶20)(含25 mmol·L-1乙酸铵),流动相B:乙腈-水(40∶60)(含25 mmol·L-1乙酸铵),梯度洗脱[mobile phases A and B contained 25 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate (unadjusted pH) in acetonitrile-water (80∶20) (A) or acetonitrile- water (40∶60) (B),gradient elution]10Luna HILIC
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3.0 μm,200 Å)
Thermo高效液相色谱及Thermo Q Exactive Orbitrap质谱(Thermo Scientific LC-UV,Thermo Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer)不适用
(not applicable)
622 mer RNA OGNs及其代谢物(22 mer RNA OGN and metabolites)[28]食蟹猴血浆
(cynomolgus plasma)
SPE含0.05%氨水的10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈,梯度洗脱(0.05% NH4OH in 10 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate and acetonitrile,gradient elution)4~5Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)Waters超高效液相色谱,Sciex 6500+三重四极杆质谱,Sciex ZenoTOF 7600质谱(Waters Acquity UPLC,Sciex 6500+triple-quadrupole,Sciex ZenoTOF 7600)500
pmol·L-1
7DNA及RNA OGNs,硫代OGNs(DNA,RNA OGNs,PS-OGNs)[29]不适用
(not applicable)
流动相A稀释
(diluted using mobile phase)
流动相A:水-乙腈(70∶30) (含不同浓度乙酸铵或甲酸铵);流动相B:水-乙腈(30∶70) (含不同浓度乙酸铵或甲酸铵),梯度洗脱(mobile phase A consisted of 70∶30 H2O-acetonitrile with various concentrations of ammonium acetate or ammonium formate and mobile phase B consisted of 30∶70 H2O-acetonitrile with various concentrations of ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,gradient elution)2~30PEEK Shodex HILIC pak VN-50 column (150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm,100 Å pore size)Thermo Ultimate 3000超高效液相色谱系统,Waters Synapt G2-S飞行时间质谱(Thermo Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system,Waters Synapt G2-S time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer)41-191
nmol·L-1
84种不同长度OGNs;21 mer,23 mer硫代OGNs(4 OGNs of various lengths;21 mer,23 mer PS-OGNs)[30-31]不适用
(not applicable)
乙腈-甲醇
(75∶25)溶液稀释
[diluted with acetonitrile-methanol (75∶25)]
5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A,pH 5.8)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱(5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water(A,pH 5.8)-acetonitrile(B),gradient elution)18.7~22.8Luna HILIC column
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm),TSK gel Amide-80 column
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm)
安捷伦1200毛细管液相色谱,安捷伦7500cx 等离子体质谱;Thermo LTQ线性阱质谱(Agilent Technologies 1200 capillary HPLC system,Agilent 7500cx ICPMS;Thermo LTQ linear ion trap mass spectrometer)0.55
pmol·L-1
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155602292967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142625116859, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

HILIC-LC-MS方法定量分析OGNs药物所用液质联用系统及色谱分离条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
(number)
分析物
(analyte)
生物基质
(matrix)
样品制备
(sample preparation)
流动相
(mobile phase)
保留时间
(retention time)/min
色谱柱
(LC column)
液质联用系统
(LC-MS instrument)
LOQ
118 mer OGNs
(18 mer OGNs)[23]
人血浆
(human plasma)
SPE含0.02%氢氧化铵的10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈,梯度洗脱(0.02% ammonium hydroxide in 10 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate and acetonitrile,gradient elution)3.75Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)Waters超高效液相色谱,Sciex 6500+三重四极杆质谱(Waters Acquity UPLC system,Sciex 6500+ triple quadrupole)10
nmol·L-1
215~30 mer OGNs
(15-30 mer OGNs)[24]
不适用
(not applicable)
初始流动相稀释(diluted using initial mobile phase )超纯水(A)-乙腈(B)-100 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(C),pH 5.8,梯度洗脱[milli-Q H2O(A)-acetonitrile(B)-100 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate(C),pH 5.8. gradient elution]0~15PEEK ZIC®-HILIC
(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm)
安捷伦HP1050高效液相色谱,Waters Micromass® LCT Premier XE ESI-TOF质谱(Agilent HP1050 HPLC system,Waters ESI-TOF mass spectrometer (Micromass® LCT Premier XE))2.5
pmol·L-1
3DNA,RNA OGNs
(DNA and RNA OGNs)[25]
不适用
(not applicable)
使用流动相A稀释(diluted using mobile phase)流动相A由70%的乙腈与500 mmol·L-1乙酸铵或甲酸铵水溶液组成,流动相B由30%的乙腈与500 mmol·L-1乙酸铵或甲酸铵水溶液组成,梯度洗脱(mobile phase A was composed of 70% acetonitrile buffered with 500 mmol·L-1 aqueous ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,and mobile phase B was composed of 30% ACN buffered with aqueous ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,gradient elution)2~20Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide
(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm,130 Å pore size)
Waters Acquity I-class超高效液相色谱,Thermo Q Exactive三重四极杆质谱(Waters Acquity I-class ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system,Thermo Q Exactive Hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer)2.0
pmol·L-1
4硫代OGNs及其代谢物(PS-OGNs,OL1,OL8)[26]人血浆
(human plasma)
苯酚-氯仿(1∶1) LLE [LLE using phenol-chloroform
(1∶1)]
乙腈-10~15 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(pH=6.7) (56∶44),等度洗脱[acetonitrile/H2O containing 10-15 mmol·L-1 of ammonium formate(pH=6.7) (56∶44),isocratic elution]10TSK gel Amide-80
(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)
安捷伦1100高效液相色谱-安捷伦6410三重四极杆质谱(Agilent 1100 HPLC-Agilent 6410 Triple Quad)142×10-9
53种17 mer ASO(three 17 mer ASO)[27]不适用
(not applicable)
超纯水稀释(diluted using milli-Q water)流动相A:乙腈-水(80∶20)(含25 mmol·L-1乙酸铵),流动相B:乙腈-水(40∶60)(含25 mmol·L-1乙酸铵),梯度洗脱[mobile phases A and B contained 25 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate (unadjusted pH) in acetonitrile-water (80∶20) (A) or acetonitrile- water (40∶60) (B),gradient elution]10Luna HILIC
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3.0 μm,200 Å)
Thermo高效液相色谱及Thermo Q Exactive Orbitrap质谱(Thermo Scientific LC-UV,Thermo Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer)不适用
(not applicable)
622 mer RNA OGNs及其代谢物(22 mer RNA OGN and metabolites)[28]食蟹猴血浆
(cynomolgus plasma)
SPE含0.05%氨水的10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液和乙腈,梯度洗脱(0.05% NH4OH in 10 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate and acetonitrile,gradient elution)4~5Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)Waters超高效液相色谱,Sciex 6500+三重四极杆质谱,Sciex ZenoTOF 7600质谱(Waters Acquity UPLC,Sciex 6500+triple-quadrupole,Sciex ZenoTOF 7600)500
pmol·L-1
7DNA及RNA OGNs,硫代OGNs(DNA,RNA OGNs,PS-OGNs)[29]不适用
(not applicable)
流动相A稀释
(diluted using mobile phase)
流动相A:水-乙腈(70∶30) (含不同浓度乙酸铵或甲酸铵);流动相B:水-乙腈(30∶70) (含不同浓度乙酸铵或甲酸铵),梯度洗脱(mobile phase A consisted of 70∶30 H2O-acetonitrile with various concentrations of ammonium acetate or ammonium formate and mobile phase B consisted of 30∶70 H2O-acetonitrile with various concentrations of ammonium acetate or ammonium formate,gradient elution)2~30PEEK Shodex HILIC pak VN-50 column (150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm,100 Å pore size)Thermo Ultimate 3000超高效液相色谱系统,Waters Synapt G2-S飞行时间质谱(Thermo Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system,Waters Synapt G2-S time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer)41-191
nmol·L-1
84种不同长度OGNs;21 mer,23 mer硫代OGNs(4 OGNs of various lengths;21 mer,23 mer PS-OGNs)[30-31]不适用
(not applicable)
乙腈-甲醇
(75∶25)溶液稀释
[diluted with acetonitrile-methanol (75∶25)]
5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A,pH 5.8)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱(5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water(A,pH 5.8)-acetonitrile(B),gradient elution)18.7~22.8Luna HILIC column
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm),TSK gel Amide-80 column
(150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm)
安捷伦1200毛细管液相色谱,安捷伦7500cx 等离子体质谱;Thermo LTQ线性阱质谱(Agilent Technologies 1200 capillary HPLC system,Agilent 7500cx ICPMS;Thermo LTQ linear ion trap mass spectrometer)0.55
pmol·L-1
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LC-MS法在治疗性寡核苷酸药物检测中的应用*
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李丽丽 1, 2 , 吴妮 2 , 席婉琳 2 , 翟宝祺 1 , 李皛 1 , 刘平兰 1 , 宋洪涛 1, ** , 赵芊 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024,44(7): 1113-1124
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024, 44(7): 1113-1124
LC-MS法在治疗性寡核苷酸药物检测中的应用*
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李丽丽1, 2 , 吴妮2, 席婉琳2, 翟宝祺1, 李皛1, 刘平兰1, 宋洪涛1, ** , 赵芊2, **
作者信息
  • 1.山东绿叶制药有限公司 先进药物递释系统全国重点实验室, 烟台264003
  • 2.中国医学科学院北京协和医院临床药理学研究中心疑难重症和罕见病国家重点实验室 国家药品监督管理局药物临床研究与评价重点实验室 创新药物临床PK和PD研究北京重点实验室,北京 100730
  • Tel:18610735062;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 赵芊 Tel:(010)69154637;E-mail:
宋洪涛 Tel:13842043811;E-mail:
Application of LC-MS in the analysis of therapeutic oligonucleotide drugs
Li-li LI1, 2 , Ni WU2, Wan-lin XI2, Bao-qi ZHAI1, Xiao LI1, Ping-lan LIU1, Hong-tao SONG1, ** , Qian ZHAO2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China
  • 2.Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
出版时间: 2024-07-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0431
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治疗性寡核苷酸(oligonucleotides,OGNs)药物是人工化学合成的短单链或双链核酸,长度通常为15~30个碱基对。OGNs作为一种新的治疗药物正在迅速发展,并在各种疾病领域的药物发现和开发中受到越来越多的关注。与欧美相比,除Spinraza (nusinersen)作为孤儿药在中国获批上市外,暂无其他OGNs药物在国内上市。国内OGNs药物开发起步较晚,仍然处于发展初期,但由于国内患者群体基数较大,需求较多,未来伴随OGNs药物开发的持续推进,以及国内企业相应技术的逐步成熟,我国OGNs药物市场有望迎来快速发展。OGNs药物由于其独特的理化性质,生物分析方法开发难度大,目前,国内关于OGNs药物定量分析方法的报道还很少。开发一种灵敏可靠的方法来表征生物样品中的OGNs是研究其药代动力学和药效学性质的关键。相对于传统的ELISA法,LC-MS法可以同时定量完整OGNs及其代谢物,特别是高分辨质谱的广泛应用不仅可以提供目标OGNs的定量信息,还可以对代谢物进行鉴定,提供碱基组成、序列结构等信息,目前已成为OGNs定量分析的首选方法。本文主要描述了LC-MS在治疗性OGNs药物检测中的应用,并阐述了其优点和局限性,最后探讨了LC-MS用于检测OGNs的发展趋势,即更低的检测水平和潜在的通用方法。

治疗性寡核苷酸药物  /  液相色谱质谱联用  /  杂交提取  /  离子对试剂  /  亲水作用液相色谱法  /  高分辨质谱

Therapeutic oligonucleotides (OGNs) drugs are artificially synthesized single or double stranded short nucleic acids, typically 15 to 30 base pairs in length. OGNs have been rapidly developed as new therapeutic drugs with increasing attention in the discovery and development of drugs concerning various disease fields. Compared with Europe and America, there are currently no other OGNs drugs listed in China, except for Spinraza, which has been approved for marketing as an orphan drug. The development of OGNs in China started relatively late and is still in its early stages of development. However, the OGNs drug market in China is anticipated to grow quickly due to the country’s large population, high patient demand, ongoing support for the development of oligonucleotide drugs in the future, and the steady maturation of related technologies by domestic businesses. Because of their special physicochemical characteristics, OGNs drugs are challenging to design biological analysis techniques. Currently, there are few reports on quantitative analysis methods for oligonucleotide drugs in China. Therefore, the development of sensitive and reliable bioanalysis methods for oligonucleotides is the key to investigate oligonucleotides’ pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can quantify OGNs and their metabolites concurrently, compared with traditional ELISA approaches. Numerous benefits come with using LC-MS, in particular, the extensive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry allows for the identification of metabolites, which provides details on base composition and sequence structure, in addition to quantitative information about target oligonucleotides. It has now emerged as the go-to technique for OGN quantitative analysis. The application of LC-MS in the identification of therapeutic oligonucleotide medicines is the primary focus of this paper, which also discusses its benefits and drawbacks. Lastly, it looks at the LC-MS development trend for oligonucleotide detection, which includes a lower detection level and potential general methods.

therapeutic oligonucleotides drugs  /  LC-MS  /  hybridization extraction  /  ion-pairing agent  /  HILIC  /  HRMS
李丽丽, 吴妮, 席婉琳, 翟宝祺, 李皛, 刘平兰, 宋洪涛, 赵芊. LC-MS法在治疗性寡核苷酸药物检测中的应用*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1113 -1124 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0431
Li-li LI, Ni WU, Wan-lin XI, Bao-qi ZHAI, Xiao LI, Ping-lan LIU, Hong-tao SONG, Qian ZHAO. Application of LC-MS in the analysis of therapeutic oligonucleotide drugs[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1113 -1124 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0431
治疗性寡核苷酸(oligonucleotides,OGNs)药物是一种具有精确和有效调节基因表达能力的短单链或双链核酸,通过碱基互补配对作用于mRNA,干扰基因的解旋、复制、转录、mRNA的剪接加工乃至输出和翻译等各个环节,使编码异常的基因丧失功能,进而阻止“错误”蛋白质的表达,从而发挥基因水平上调控疾病基因转录翻译过程的独特机制[1]。OGNs药物又称小核酸药物,其长度通常为15~30个碱基/碱基对,相对分子质量一般在15 000以内,包括反义寡核苷酸(ASO)、小干扰RNA(siRNAs)、适配子(aptamer)和微小RNA(miRNAs)。全球上市及在研的OGNs药物适应症分布广泛,包含了肿瘤、遗传性疾病、心血管系统疾病,新陈代谢疾病等多个疾病领域,其中肿瘤和遗传性疾病是临床管线中占比最多的适应症[2-4]。截止到2023年4月,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和欧洲药品管理局(EMA)共批准了17种治疗性OGNs,包括11种ASO、5种siRNAs和1种适配子。对于FDA/EMA批准上市的这17种治疗性OGNs药物,LC-MS被用于其中11种OGNs药物的生物分析(见表1),尤其是最近几年批准的OGNs,LC-MS已成为其药代动力学分析和代谢物鉴定中不可或缺的技术,并有趋势发展成OGNs生物样品分析的首选方法[5-6]
OGNs的定量分析对于评价和了解OGNs候选药物的药代动力学、毒代动力学、药理学和毒理学特性具有至关重要的作用[11]
目前主要有2种方法用于OGNs的检测:基于杂交的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)[12-13]和LC-MS法[14]。LC-MS法作为OGNs生物分析的首选方法具有以下几个优点:方法易于开发,可在较宽的线性范围内选择性地定量完整OGNs及其代谢物,并可用于评估生物分布。相对于ELISA法,LC-MS法最大的不足在于检测灵敏度较低,一般而言,对于寡核苷酸的检测,LC-MS法的可检测LOQ可以比ELISA法高近10倍,甚至几十倍[15],在这里我们对2种方法进行了比较,见表2
影响OGNs LC-MS效率的主要因素有色谱保留和电离效率(包括OGNs多电荷状态的形成、磷酸基团的阳离子加合)。克服这些挑战是LC-MS方法成功开发和验证的关键。本文主要对LC-MS法在治疗性OGNs药物检测中的应用进行了总结,分别从样品预处理、色谱分离条件和质谱检测方法3个部分进行描述。
为了研究治疗性OGNs药物的药代动力学和药效学特性,需要对血浆、尿液、粪便或组织等生物样本中的OGNs进行定量分析。不同于无需样品预处理的ELISA方法,使用LC-MS检测的OGNs药物生物样品需要进行预处理,这与常规小分子药物的预处理流程基本相同。样品预处理方法一般包括固相萃取(solid-phase extraction,SPE)、蛋白沉淀和液液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction,LLE)等。另外,OGNs在聚丙烯管/板和玻璃容器中均可能存在非特异性吸附,因此样品处理过程中应选择合适的耗材,例如低吸附的枪头、离心管和样品板等,以减少因耗材吸附导致的实验结果不准确。
由于LC-MS的灵敏度明显低于杂交免疫分析法,限制了其广泛应用。为了克服LC-MS检测方法的灵敏度限制,获得更低的LOD,近年来建立了一种新的预处理方法即杂交提取方法,以用于生物样品中OGNs的定量检测。该方法利用捕获探针(与目标OGNs互补的DNA链)特异性地与OGNs杂交提取,以实现高效的样品纯化,同时,提取物使用LC-MS法进行分离检测。杂交提取LC-MS法在保持LC-MS法高特异性优势的同时,灵敏度大大提高,与免疫分析法相当。虽然在杂交样品制备过程中仍可能提取到代谢物,但LC-MS分析可以根据其保留时间或检测离子的不同将其与全长OGNs分析物进行区分。Dillen等[16]分别使用SPE-LC-MS,杂交提取LC-MS (生物素捕获探针提取)及杂交ELISA法3种方法对人血浆样品中伊美司他(一种13 mer OGNs)进行样品分析,结果显示3种方法得到的检测结果相当。Li等[17]也开发了一种杂交提取进行样品预处理的LC-MS法分别对血浆和组织样本中的7种ASO进行了定量生物分析。
目前,杂交提取方法主要应用于单链OGNs的生物分析。将杂交提取方法应用于双链OGNs分析的主要挑战是,在杂交过程中,样品中存在与捕获探针竞争的链,这可能会严重影响提取回收率。例如,如果使用与目标siRNA的反义链互补的DNA链作为捕获探针,则siRNA的正义链将在杂交过程中与捕获探针竞争,因为它们具有相同的序列。2023年,Yuan等[18]首次报道了一种使用杂交提取作为前处理的定量分析双链OGNs的LC-MS方法,该方法采用了一种新型肽核酸(peptide nucleic acid,PNA)对待测物siRNA-01进行杂交提取,成功实现了猴血浆、脑脊液和组织匀浆中siRNA-01在2.00~1 000 ng·mL-1范围内的定量。杂交提取LC-MS方法是对OGNs生物样品提取方法的一大改进,与传统的LLE或SPE方法相比,杂交样品制备产生的样品提取物更清洁,提取回收率更高。
治疗性OGNs药物由于其独特的理化性质,其生物分析方法的开发面临许多挑战。OGNs因其结构特点,其极性远高于相对分子质量相似的其他生物分子,这种亲水性使它在传统反相色谱柱上的提取和色谱保留极其困难。目前在流动相中加入离子对试剂(ion-pairing agent,IP)是改善OGNs色谱保留的金标准,但不同的OGNs因其理化性质上的差异,需要选择合适的IP来用于色谱分离。以“Oligonucleotide LC-MS”为关键词,在“PubMed”数据库中共检索到388篇文献,其中最早的时间为1997年,1997—2004年7年间共24篇,2005—2022年18年间,平均每年发表文章15~34篇,2023年以来共11篇。通过总结这些文献中采用的检测方法发现,方法中所用的流动相中大多数添加了IP试剂,其中最常用的为三乙胺(TEA)-六氟异丙醇(HFIP)混合离子对试剂[19]。Apffel等[20]推荐使用含有HFIP的HPLC流动相(TEA调节pH值至7)来检测OGNs药物,这一组合方法可实现良好的HPLC分离和高效的电喷雾电离。自从TEA-HFIP混合方法出现后,几乎取代了其他的离子对试剂,在过去的20多年中,它成为OGNs药物LC-MS分析的主要流动相添加剂。
离子对试剂是一种两亲性分子,结构中的一端带电或者具有离子化基团,另一端具有“疏水尾巴”,其中结构中带电部分与溶液的OGNs分子产生静电结合,疏水部分可以与色谱柱固定相发生作用而吸附在柱床上,从而增强分析物的保留,实现其在反相色谱柱中的保留。
尽管流动相中离子对试剂的添加可以显著改善色谱性能,但这些优势是以牺牲质谱的灵敏度为代价的。一般而言,离子对试剂浓度越高,对于质谱的离子抑制作用越大,质谱的灵敏度越低,同时离子对试剂的添加还会对色谱和质谱系统产生污染,造成液相管路、色谱柱的污染及产生严重的质谱噪音信号,因此在液相色谱方法开发过程中,需对离子对试剂的种类及浓度进行优化,以达到有效地提高分离度和保留能力,同时也能减少对质谱的离子抑制和污染。
Van Dongen等[21]对OGNs药物检测的液相色谱条件优化过程进行了详细的总结,包括流动相的选择,离子对试剂的选择及浓度、pH值、柱温等的选择,对于不同的OGNs药物均应当根据其理化性质优化液相色谱方法。Li等[22]研究了15种不同烷基胺类离子对试剂对OGNs药物的色谱保留时间、峰宽、分离度和一般色谱性能的影响。在这15种烷基胺类离子对试剂中,11种可以为所有三类OGNs提供相似的色谱性能。烷基胺的浓度和溶解度是影响保留和分离的关键因素。对于使用这些流动相的LC-MS系统,最终需要通过改变烷基胺和HFIP的浓度来优化pH值,以维持最高的电喷雾电离响应。
为了解决离子对试剂对于质谱的离子抑制及色谱、质谱污染问题,近年来,开发了一些不添加离子对试剂的液相色谱方法,如亲水作用液相色谱法(hydrophilic interaction chromatography,HILIC),已证明其在OGNs药物生物分析中是一种很有前景的替代方法。1990年,Andrew Alpert教授首次提出亲水作用色谱这个概念,由于这种色谱模式对大极性化合物的分离非常重要,此后被广泛应用于不同类别生物分子的表征,包括核苷和核苷酸、氨基酸、多肽、蛋白、寡糖等。之前虽然有HILIC可用于OGNs分离的概念验证,但由于HILIC模式的保留机理比较复杂,这些方法存在运行平衡时间长和相似链长的OGNs分离度有限,方法可重现性差等问题。直到近几年,在不使用离子对试剂的情况下,不断开发出了具有良好的色谱峰形及分离度,且具有良好的重现性的HILIC-LC-MS表征OGNs药物的方法,表3总结了文献中使用HILIC-LC-MS方法定量分析OGNs类药物时所用的液质联用系统及色谱分离条件。
Robert等[23]建立了一种不使用离子对试剂的HILIC液相-SRM(selective reaction monitoring)质谱分析方法对血浆中OGNs RM1进行了定量,得到了良好的色谱保留及峰形,并对方法进行了验证,包括线性、选择性、精准度、回收率、基质效应,结果显示该方法准确可靠。Lardeux等[32]比较了使用离子对试剂的C18色谱柱与不使用离子对试剂的7种不同固定相的HILIC色谱柱对寡核苷酸的分离特性,结果显示HILIC可以替代离子对试剂反相色谱(IP-RPLC)分析OGNs药物。同时随着不同HILIC色谱柱固定相的发展,新型高亲水性、高选择性固定相的出现,HILIC在OGNs表征中的应用将会越来越多。
在OGNs的分析中,常用的质谱是三重四极杆质谱和HRMS。三重四极杆质谱一直是生物分析行业中药物定量的主力,OGNs药物主要使用电喷雾串联质谱法(ESI/MS/MS)进行定量,相关的报道也比较多。OGNs药物由于自身携带有电负性极强的磷酸二酯骨架结构,因此主要使用负离子扫描模式(ESI-)进行检测。OGNs的ESI质谱扫描显示了一系列的多个去质子化分子[M-nH]n-,每个峰代表了一个从完整分子的糖-(硫代)磷酸盐骨架中去除特定数量的质子后形成的多电荷前体离子(见图1)。
OGNs电离中最重要的关注点在于多电荷的前体离子,这是导致质谱灵敏度降低的主要因素。电喷雾离子源将全长OGNs的总离子信号分布在多个多电荷前体离子上,相对于单电荷,这会使离子信号显著降低,但是OGNs药物的相对分子质量一般在5 000~15 000,超出了质谱的检测范围,而多电荷的形成使得OGNs的质核比m/z进入三重四极杆质谱的可检测质量范围(对于三重四极杆质谱m/z一般不超过1 500)实现了三重四极杆质谱对OGNs药物的定量。这一系列多电荷的形成,非常显著地降低了质谱检测的灵敏度(一般会形成分别带1~15个电荷的一系列前体离子)。
流动相中有机溶剂含量、溶液pH值、流动相添加剂和MS调谐参数均可能影响ESI-MS离子信号强度以及不同的多电荷状态离子的丰度,因此通过优化色谱及质谱条件,使某一种多电荷离子强度增强,其余离子强度减弱是质谱方法优化的关键。ESI的电离效率高度依赖于所使用的流动相的性质。一般来说,ESI在低粘度、低表面张力、高挥发性和低离子强度的流动相中电离效率最高。Griffey等[33]研究了负离子电喷雾质谱法检测OGNs的电荷状态分布与流动相中缓冲盐浓度的关系。在不加缓冲盐pH=7.0的情况下,观察到14 mer DNA的前体离子[M-8H]8-是丰度最高的离子。当乙酸铵缓冲盐(NH4OAc)浓度在1.0~10 mmol·L-1时,丰度最高的前体离子为[M-4H]4-,当浓度高于100 mmol·L-1时,丰度最高的前体离子变成[M-3H]3-。此外,通常还需要通过优化质谱的调谐参数将离子电流集中到更少的离子上,从而得到更好的LOD。
OGNs电离的另一个关注点是阳离子的加合,这也会导致MS灵敏度降低。对于OGNs这样的多阴离子,OGNs骨架的磷酸基或硫代磷酸基中的H+交换为Na+和K+是ESI-MS分析中遇到的一个严重问题。OGNs的阳离子加合,是因磷酸二酯骨架在溶剂中带负电荷,在电离过程中会加合阳离子,如Na+和K+,产生的加合离子([M-mH+mNa/K-nH]n-)经常(错误地)被称为“阳离子加合物”,但它们与正离子扫描模式下中经常观察到的加Na+或者加K+峰是不同的(正离子扫描模式下的加合离子通常为[M+Na]+或[M+K]+),这些加合物使MS谱图变得复杂,并通过将离子种类扩散为多个不同m/z值的离子而降低灵敏度。在样品处理过程中加入螯合剂,如EDTA,可改善阳离子加合,并且EDTA阳离子复合物不会被色谱保留,很容易洗脱,不会影响质谱效率。许多脱盐技术也已应用于核酸样品的纯化,包括离线脱盐(乙醇沉淀、透析等)和在线脱盐(在线HPLC色谱柱后使用迷你柱,以及柱后添加有机溶剂等),目的都是为了减少金属离子加合物的产生[34]
三重四极杆质谱具有离子传输效率高,线性范围宽和灵敏度高的特点,在OGNs的生物样品定量分析中具有显著的优势,其灵敏度可达到4~10 ng·mL-1。OGNs在质谱碰撞室中经过碰撞主要产生m/z 125的胸腺嘧啶和m/z 95的磷酸碎片离子,应用三重四极杆质谱的MRM模式,可以实现对OGNs药物的准确及低LOQ的定量。
Deng等[35]开发了一种离子对反相液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),用于定量测定大鼠血浆中的硫代磷酸寡核苷酸(PF-ODN)及其代谢物5’N-1/3’N-1、5’N-2和5’N-3。下文对该方法进行了描述,从而了解寡核苷酸药物LC-MS/MS方法的基本流程。该方法采用负离子电喷雾电离(ESI-),在多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行检测。该LC-MS/MS分析系统由API 4000三重四极杆质谱仪和Shimadzu HPLC系统组成。流动相A为含有2.85 mmol·L-1 TEA和100 mmol·L-1 HFIP的水溶液(pH为7.8),流动相B为甲醇。分别优化分析物和内标(IS)的质谱参数,每种分析物均呈现多电荷状态,选择分析物丰度较高的电荷状态,并在质谱碰撞室中进行裂解,基于丰度最高产物离子确立了PF-ODN MRM定量离子对:m/z 640.1→95.1(图1)。随后对该方法进行了验证,包括线性、LOQ、精准度、回收率、基质效应、残留,稀释可靠性等,结果显示PF-ODN及其4种代谢物的LOQ达到4.0 ng·mL-1,且检测精密度和准确度良好。
已上市的治疗性OGNs药物中,Casimersen和Golodirsen的一期临床药代动力学研究均采用了经验证的SPE-LC-MS/MS法对血浆和尿液中的Casimersen和Golodirsen进行了定量分析[9,36]。Viltolarsen的一期临床研究中采用经验证的SPE-LC-MS/MS方法对血浆中的Viltolarsen进行了定量分析(LOQ 20 ng·mL-1)[37]。Defibrotide的非临床研究中,采用LC-MS/MS方法对兔血浆中的代谢产物进行了鉴定[38]。Mipomersen的非临床研究中,采用电喷雾LC-MS/MS法对小鼠、大鼠和猴的肝脏、肾脏以及大鼠、猴和人的尿液中的代谢物进行了鉴定[39]。在Volanesorsen的非临床研究中采用LC-MS/MS法对小鼠、猴子和人类尿液中的代谢物进行了鉴定,尿液中鉴定出代谢物的核苷酸数目范围为5~19 mer。在Volanesorsen的临床研究中,采用LC-MS/MS法对人血浆中Volanesorsen进行了测定[40]。在Patisiran的非临床研究中,采用LC-MS/MS法定量测定了小鼠、大鼠、兔和猴血浆中Patisiran以及脂质成分DLin-MC3-DMA和PEG2000-MC3-DMA的浓度,采用LC-HRMS法测定了大鼠血浆中Patisiran及乳汁中PEG2000-MC3-DMA的浓度。在Patisiran临床研究中,采用经验证的LC-MS/MS法定量测定了Patisiran的脂质组分DLin-MC3-DMA和PEG2000-C-DMG的血浆浓度[10]
三重四极杆在实现高灵敏度的同时,必然是损失分辨率的,三重四极杆的质量分辨能力一般在0.5左右,无法用于OGNs药物的序列分析及代谢物鉴定,而HRMS在这方面显示出强大的优势。
除了基于三重四极杆质谱的检测外,HRMS在寡核苷酸定量分析中的应用越来越受到关注。尤其是最近3年批准的OGNs,均采用HRMS表征其药代动力学特征和代谢物鉴定。治疗性OGNs由于其独特的理化性质,在质谱中形成一系列多电荷离子,HRMS由于其强大的质量分辨能力,可以精确地在复杂基质中将其识别出来,同时可以准确区分母药及其代谢物,因此在治疗性OGNs药物的定性及定量方面具有独特的优势。使用三重四极杆质谱定量分析OGNs的代谢物,需要使用对应的标准品,而HRMS可以在没有标准品的情况下,实现代谢物的鉴定及简单定量。同时,HRMS具有更宽的质量范围,譬如Sciex API 5000三重四极杆质谱检测的典型m/z范围为80~1 250,而Q exactive Orbitrap HRMS检测的m/z范围为200~4 000,因此,HRMS在分析OGNs药物方面具有显著的优势[41]。在“pubmed”中以“Oligonucleotide HRMS”为关键词共检索到21篇文献,起始时间为1999年,1999—2018年20年间共发表文章11篇,而2019—2023年的4年时间已发表10篇。
和传统小分子药物一样,OGNs药物在临床前及临床研究阶段,通常需要进行体外和体内的代谢研究。不同于小分子药物主要是通过CYP450酶发生代谢,OGNs药物主要通过核酸内切酶和核酸外切酶进行代谢,核酸酶广泛地表达于各种组织脏器。血浆中OGNs主要依靠核酸外切酶(尤其是3’-外切酶)进行代谢,细胞内主要依靠核酸内切酶,核酸内切酶会先将药物裂解成小的核酸片段,然后核酸外切酶从药物的3’和5’端进行水解。由于OGNs药物的代谢物复杂,且存在与母药性质非常接近的n-1代谢物,给色谱分离带来很大挑战。目前OGNs药物代谢产物鉴定的主要分析方法是基于LC-HRMS开展的,通过全扫描和二级碎片信息的采集,获得OGNs及其代谢产物的碎片信息。OGNs的代谢产物鉴定和未知代谢物序列的确认过程非常复杂,需要专业的软件进行辅助识别和分析,如Waters_connect平台,BioPharma Finder和ProMass等。Liu等[42]研究了REVERSIRTM分子(一种siRNA)在体内的代谢,采用SPE提取血浆和组织样品中REVERSIRTM后,采用LC-HRMS进行测定,同时使用ProMass HR DeconvolutionTM软件(3.0版)对数据进行处理,以鉴定REVERSIRTM的代谢物。该研究建立了一种选择性好,灵敏度高,稳定性好,通量高的定性及定量分析血浆和组织中的OGNs及其代谢物的LC-HRMS方法,以支持临床前/临床药代动力学和毒代动力学研究。
Sun等[43]使用临床批准的ASO米泊美生(Mipomersen),开发了一种灵敏且可重复的基于IP-LC-HRMS的生物分析方法。下文对该方法进行了描述,从而了解寡核苷酸药物LC-HRMS方法的基本流程。该方法使用Clarity OTX SPE从大鼠血浆中提取Mipomersen,并通过IP-LC-HRMS进行定量,线性范围为0.5~250.0 ng·mL-1。在该研究中为了确定用于定量的Mipomersen的前体离子和产物离子的最佳组合,通过质谱全扫描提取质谱图后观察到Mipomersen的一系列多电荷前体离子(图2-A)。其中离子强度最强的是[M-3H]3-(m/z 2 390.966 4)离子,以[M-3H]3-作为Mipomersen的前体离子,进行碰撞能量(NCE)为100时的产物离子扫描,选择强度最高的[PO2S]-(m/z 94.936 2)作为定量检测的子离子(图2-B),从而确定用于定量的前体离子和产物离子的最佳组合:m/z 2 390.966 4→94.936 2。HRMS特别是全扫描的应用,不需要对每个OGNs针对性地优化质谱参数,大大简化了质谱参数的优化过程,缩短了方法开发时间。
Ramanathan等[44]开发了一种灵敏的LC-TOF-MS方法,用于同时定量测定血浆和组织基质中的22 mer OGNs及其代谢物,并在血浆基质中成功验证了该方法的线性、灵敏度、准确度、精密度、稀释线性、选择性、溶血效应、回收率、基质效应和残留,经验证的方法用于了临床前研究。此外,已上市的4款siRNA药物,均使用了LC-HRMS法对其药代动力学特征进行了研究,Givosiran的一期临床研究中使用经验证的LC-HRMS法测定了血浆和尿液中Givosiran的浓度,血浆和尿液中的LOQ分别为20 ng·mL-1和50 ng·mL-1[45]。在Inclisiran提交FDA的DMPK REPORT中提到使用LC-TOF-HRMS的全扫描模式对人血浆中代谢物AS(n-1)和AS(n-2)进行了鉴定及半定量[46]。Lumasiran的一期临床研究采用经验证的LC-TOF-MS方法测定血浆和尿液中的Lumasiran浓度,定量范围为10~10 000 ng·mL-1[47]。在Vutrisiran的一项临床试验(编号Study 001)中使用经验证的LC-HRMS法测定了血浆和尿液中Vutrisiran的反义链浓度,在另一项临床试验(编号HELIOS-A)中测定了血浆中Vutrisiran的反义链浓度[48]
此外,核酸序列作为OGNs药物的关键质量属性,其正确性会直接影响药物的有效性与安全性。在质量研究和杂质分析等需要深度分析和表征的阶段,LC-HRMS可以进行核酸修饰和杂质的定性定量分析,以及核酸序列确认等更加深入的表征分析工作[49-50]
近年来,随着相关研究和技术的进步,治疗性OGNs药物迎来快速的发展,全球上市产品的数量也在逐年递增。目前,全球有数百种OGNs候选药物处于药物发现和临床前开发阶段,有超过150种OGNs药物处于临床试验阶段,因此特别需要强大的生物分析工具来研究这些分子的药代动力学特征。对于FDA/EMA批准上市的17种治疗性OGNs,LC-MS法被用于其中11种OGNs的生物分析,LC-MS法对于治疗性OGNs药物的非临床及临床药代动力学研究至关重要。本文总结了LC-MS技术在OGNs生物样品分析中的应用现状。近几年定量分析生物基质中OGNs的检测广泛采用LC-MS法,这是因为LC-MS能够同时分析OGNs及其代谢物。同时,HRMS由于其强大的质量分辨能力,可以区分相似质核比(m/z)的分析物,从而避免交叉离子干扰,并可以用于代谢物的鉴定、序列测定及杂质分析,已成为OGNs药物分析的首选方法。尽管离子对试剂的使用改善了OGNs的色谱保留,但也带来了诸多困难,如液相管路及色谱柱的污染,质谱的电离抑制及污染,方法重现性差等。使用杂交提取预处理样品的LC-MS方法的应用将使得样品提取物更清洁,提取回收率更高,从而降低了质谱污染及离子抑制,大大提高了质谱灵敏度,达到与ELISA分析法相当的水平,然而,使用杂交提取预处理样品的LC-MS虽然实现了高灵敏度与高特异性的完美结合,但需要制备特异性的捕获探针。随着HILIC色谱柱固定相技术的不断发展,不依赖离子对试剂的液相色谱方法将会慢慢取代传统的IP-LC-MS方法。因此,建立一种灵敏度高的通用HILIC-LC-MS法将是OGNs药物生物样品分析发展的一个研究方向。
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0431
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
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  • 出版时间:2024-07-31
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    2.中国医学科学院北京协和医院临床药理学研究中心疑难重症和罕见病国家重点实验室 国家药品监督管理局药物临床研究与评价重点实验室 创新药物临床PK和PD研究北京重点实验室,北京 100730

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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