Article(id=1239238142121800357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0555, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693238400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773386997012, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1722355200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773386997012, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773386997012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773386997012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238136711139764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1105', pageEnd='1284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773386995723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387118529, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1145, endPage=1153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238142918718157, articleId=1239238142121800357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Analyze and optimize the stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces by orthogonal experiment and multi-index weighting method, columnId=1239148838318043851, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Ingredient Analys, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To analyze and optimize stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces by multi-index weighted scoring method based on orthogonal experiment, and to provide technical index on standardization of stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces.

Methods:

The orthogonal experiment was employed to analyze and evaluate the four key factors related to stir-baked with vinegar technology including the amount of vinegar, dampening time, temperature and stir-baked time by the six main indicators including the total contents of chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, luteolin, apigenin, hydroxygenkwanin and genkwanin, the content of alcohol extractive and appearance characters.

Results:

The amount of vinegar and stir-baked temperature had notable effects, while the dampening time and stir-baked time had no notable effects on the test results. Considering comprehensively the effects of four key factors, the optimized stir-baked with vinegar technology was as follows: add 0.3 kg of vinegar to 1 kg of Genkwa Flos, and fry at 160 ℃ for 10 min after dampening for 15 min.

Conclusion:

This study offers guidance and reference for standardizing the stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces.

, correspAuthors=Feng WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ping ZHANG, Hong-ying MI, Hua YAN, Feng WEI, Hui-yuan GAO, Shuang-cheng MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239238143455589112, articleId=1239238142121800357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于正交试验和多指标加权法分析并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺*, columnId=1206272756476342615, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=成分分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

基于正交试验设计的多指标加权评分法分析研究并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺,为规范芫花饮片的醋制炮制工艺提供技术支持。

方法:

采用正交试验设计,以醋制品中绿原酸、银椴苷、木犀草素、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素6个成分的总含量,醇溶性浸出物的量及外观性状为评价指标,分析辅料醋用量、闷润时间、炮制温度及炮制时间4个因素对炮制工艺的影响,并优选芫花饮片的醋制工艺。

结果:

辅料醋用量及炮制温度对试验结果有显著影响,而闷润时间及炮制时间对试验结果无显著影响,综合考察各因素对工艺的影响,优化后的醋炙芫花炮制工艺为每1 kg芫花饮片加醋0.3 kg,闷润15 min后160 ℃炒制10 min。

结论:

本研究对规范芫花的醋制炮制工艺具有一定的指导和参考意义。

, correspAuthors=魏锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** Tel:(010)53852020;E-mail:
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Tel:(010)53852099;E-mail:

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1.绿原酸(chlorogenic acid) 2.木犀草素(luteolin) 3.银椴苷(tiliroside) 4.芹菜素(apigenin) 5.羟基芫花素(hydroxygenkwanin) 6.芫花素(genkwanin)

, figureFileSmall=XzFec0Cq+NJBzBXLXwE6IQ==, figureFileBig=tpzvH+FGa/8WkXLw2Jb6OQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150606876716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Results of linear regression equations of 6 components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
线性回归方程
(linear regression equation)
线性范围
(linear range)/μg
r定量限
(limit of quantitation)/μg
绿原酸(chlorogenic acid)Y=1.02×106X-2.69×1040.05~0.650.999 70.018 4
木犀草素(luteolin)Y=3.41×106X-9.34×1040.01~0.141.0000.010 8
银椴苷(tiliroside)Y=1.67×106X-1.79×1050.05~0.641.0000.161 9
芹菜素(apigenin)Y=2.70×106X-3.71×1050.10~1.301.0000.007 8
羟基芫花素(hydroxygenkwanin)Y=1.17×106X-2.81×1050.10~1.281.0000.006 1
芫花素(genkwanin)Y=7.41×106X-3.24×1050.10~1.261.0000.008 4
), ArticleFig(id=1239238150690762802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6个成分线性关系考察结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分
(component)
线性回归方程
(linear regression equation)
线性范围
(linear range)/μg
r定量限
(limit of quantitation)/μg
绿原酸(chlorogenic acid)Y=1.02×106X-2.69×1040.05~0.650.999 70.018 4
木犀草素(luteolin)Y=3.41×106X-9.34×1040.01~0.141.0000.010 8
银椴苷(tiliroside)Y=1.67×106X-1.79×1050.05~0.641.0000.161 9
芹菜素(apigenin)Y=2.70×106X-3.71×1050.10~1.301.0000.007 8
羟基芫花素(hydroxygenkwanin)Y=1.17×106X-2.81×1050.10~1.281.0000.006 1
芫花素(genkwanin)Y=7.41×106X-3.24×1050.10~1.261.0000.008 4
), ArticleFig(id=1239238150791426109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The factors and levels in orthogonal designs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平
(level)
因素(factor)
A加醋量
(vinegar usage)/%
B闷润时间
(dampening time)/min
C炒制温度
(temperature)/℃
D炒制时间
(stir-baked time)/min
1201513010
2303016015
3504519020
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正交因素水平表

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水平
(level)
因素(factor)
A加醋量
(vinegar usage)/%
B闷润时间
(dampening time)/min
C炒制温度
(temperature)/℃
D炒制时间
(stir-baked time)/min
1201513010
2303016015
3504519020
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Design and results of the orthogonal experiment

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序号
(No.)
因素(factor)试验结果(test result)综合得分
(score of total factor)
ABCDY1/%Y2/%Y3y1y2y3
111110.982 831.581448.7625.479.3383.56
212221.166 730.06757.8824.244.6786.79
313330.976 434.29448.4427.652.6778.76
421231.119 032.421555.5226.1510.0091.66
522311.074 529.271453.3123.609.3386.25
623120.960 336.501447.6429.449.3386.41
731321.209 426.01360.0020.982.0082.98
832130.975 735.60948.4128.716.0083.12
933210.905 937.201344.9430.008.6783.61
249.11258.20253.09253.41
264.32256.15262.06256.18
249.71248.78247.98253.54
(Ⅰ2+Ⅱ2+Ⅲ2)/364 756.4864 723.3664 740.8864 708.64
SSj49.4716.3533.871.63
fj2222
R0.052 50.047 70.011 50.003 5
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正交试验及结果

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序号
(No.)
因素(factor)试验结果(test result)综合得分
(score of total factor)
ABCDY1/%Y2/%Y3y1y2y3
111110.982 831.581448.7625.479.3383.56
212221.166 730.06757.8824.244.6786.79
313330.976 434.29448.4427.652.6778.76
421231.119 032.421555.5226.1510.0091.66
522311.074 529.271453.3123.609.3386.25
623120.960 336.501447.6429.449.3386.41
731321.209 426.01360.0020.982.0082.98
832130.975 735.60948.4128.716.0083.12
933210.905 937.201344.9430.008.6783.61
249.11258.20253.09253.41
264.32256.15262.06256.18
249.71248.78247.98253.54
(Ⅰ2+Ⅱ2+Ⅲ2)/364 756.4864 723.3664 740.8864 708.64
SSj49.4716.3533.871.63
fj2222
R0.052 50.047 70.011 50.003 5
), ArticleFig(id=1239238151194079314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Grading standard on description of processed decoction pieces

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项目
(item)
评分标准(grading standard)
5321
色泽(color)微黄色(dilute yellow)黄色(yellow)深黄色(dark yellow)棕黄色(brown and yellow)
质地(texture)松软(soft)软中带脆(soft with crisp)脆(crisp)极脆(quite crisp)
气味(taste)微醋香气(slight sour aroma)味微酸,无香气(slight sour taste)味酸(sour taste)味极酸(more sour taste)
), ArticleFig(id=1239238151332491353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

炮制品外观性状评定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目
(item)
评分标准(grading standard)
5321
色泽(color)微黄色(dilute yellow)黄色(yellow)深黄色(dark yellow)棕黄色(brown and yellow)
质地(texture)松软(soft)软中带脆(soft with crisp)脆(crisp)极脆(quite crisp)
气味(taste)微醋香气(slight sour aroma)味微酸,无香气(slight sour taste)味酸(sour taste)味极酸(more sour taste)
), ArticleFig(id=1239238151462514785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The square variance table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源
(source of mean square)
离均差平方和
(sum of squares of mean deviation)
自由度
(degree of freedom)
方差
(mean square)
FF临界值
(F critical value)
P
A49.47224.7430.35019.00≤0.05*
B16.3528.1810.03119.00≥0.05
C33.87216.9420.77919.00≤0.05*
D1.6320.821.00019.00≥0.05
误差(error)1.6320.82
), ArticleFig(id=1239238151550595173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238142121800357, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源
(source of mean square)
离均差平方和
(sum of squares of mean deviation)
自由度
(degree of freedom)
方差
(mean square)
FF临界值
(F critical value)
P
A49.47224.7430.35019.00≤0.05*
B16.3528.1810.03119.00≥0.05
C33.87216.9420.77919.00≤0.05*
D1.6320.821.00019.00≥0.05
误差(error)1.6320.82
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基于正交试验和多指标加权法分析并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺*
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张萍 1 , 米宏英 2 , 严华 1 , 魏锋 1, ** , 高慧媛 2 , 马双成 1
药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024,44(7): 1145-1153
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药物分析杂志 | 成分分析 2024, 44(7): 1145-1153
基于正交试验和多指标加权法分析并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺*
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张萍1 , 米宏英2, 严华1, 魏锋1, ** , 高慧媛2, 马双成1
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • 2.沈阳药科大学中药学院,沈阳 110016
  • Tel:(010)53852099;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** Tel:(010)53852020;E-mail:
Analyze and optimize the stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces by orthogonal experiment and multi-index weighting method
Ping ZHANG1 , Hong-ying MI2, Hua YAN1, Feng WEI1, ** , Hui-yuan GAO2, Shuang-cheng MA1
Affiliations
  • 1.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2.School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2024-07-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0555
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目的:

基于正交试验设计的多指标加权评分法分析研究并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺,为规范芫花饮片的醋制炮制工艺提供技术支持。

方法:

采用正交试验设计,以醋制品中绿原酸、银椴苷、木犀草素、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素6个成分的总含量,醇溶性浸出物的量及外观性状为评价指标,分析辅料醋用量、闷润时间、炮制温度及炮制时间4个因素对炮制工艺的影响,并优选芫花饮片的醋制工艺。

结果:

辅料醋用量及炮制温度对试验结果有显著影响,而闷润时间及炮制时间对试验结果无显著影响,综合考察各因素对工艺的影响,优化后的醋炙芫花炮制工艺为每1 kg芫花饮片加醋0.3 kg,闷润15 min后160 ℃炒制10 min。

结论:

本研究对规范芫花的醋制炮制工艺具有一定的指导和参考意义。

芫花饮片  /  正交试验  /  醋制工艺  /  加权评分法  /  成分含量  /  浸出物  /  外观性状
Objective:

To analyze and optimize stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces by multi-index weighted scoring method based on orthogonal experiment, and to provide technical index on standardization of stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces.

Methods:

The orthogonal experiment was employed to analyze and evaluate the four key factors related to stir-baked with vinegar technology including the amount of vinegar, dampening time, temperature and stir-baked time by the six main indicators including the total contents of chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, luteolin, apigenin, hydroxygenkwanin and genkwanin, the content of alcohol extractive and appearance characters.

Results:

The amount of vinegar and stir-baked temperature had notable effects, while the dampening time and stir-baked time had no notable effects on the test results. Considering comprehensively the effects of four key factors, the optimized stir-baked with vinegar technology was as follows: add 0.3 kg of vinegar to 1 kg of Genkwa Flos, and fry at 160 ℃ for 10 min after dampening for 15 min.

Conclusion:

This study offers guidance and reference for standardizing the stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces.

Genkwa Flos decoction pieces  /  orthogonal experiment  /  vinegar processing technology  /  multi-index weighted scoring method  /  compound content  /  extractives  /  appearance character
张萍, 米宏英, 严华, 魏锋, 高慧媛, 马双成. 基于正交试验和多指标加权法分析并优化醋芫花饮片的炮制工艺*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1145 -1153 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0555
Ping ZHANG, Hong-ying MI, Hua YAN, Feng WEI, Hui-yuan GAO, Shuang-cheng MA. Analyze and optimize the stir-baked with vinegar technology of Genkwa Flos decoction pieces by orthogonal experiment and multi-index weighting method[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1145 -1153 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0555
芫花为瑞香科植物芫花Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc.的干燥花蕾,又名药鱼草、闷头花、鱼毒等,为常用毒性药材之一。始载于《神农百草经》<草部下品>[1],具有泻水逐饮、杀虫疗疮的功效。芫花生品具毒性,峻泻逐水力较猛,多外用杀虫疗疮。炮制后毒性降低,临床上多用于水肿胀满、胸腹积水、痰饮积聚、气逆咳喘等症[2]。历代文献记载的芫花炮制方法有多种,包括清炒、醋炒、醋煮、酒炒、醋炙、醋浸、与巴豆共制、捣汁、醋调面裹煨、酒浸等[3-4]。但延续至今仍然使用的炮制方法有醋炙(炒制)、醋煮法,在全国各地方炮制规范中均有收载[5]。芫花炮制的目的是降低毒性,缓和泻下作用[6-7]。现行《中华人民共和国药典》芫花标准中收载的是醋炙法,每100 kg芫花,用醋30 kg,炒至醋吸尽。查阅全国各地中药饮片炮制规范可知,不同地区在芫花饮片炮制时用醋量是不同的,每100 kg芫花用醋量从18 kg到70 kg不等,其他炮制工艺参数均没有明确指示,炮制终点的判断也缺少量化的指标。芫花的炮制工艺与炮制程度,更多依赖于传统经验判断。
随着现代科学技术的应用与推广,如何将传统的中药饮片炮制工艺标准化、规范化,一直是行业内在探讨的课题[8-11]。本研究以毒性饮片芫花为研究对象,在查阅文献基础上,采用正交试验设计多指标加权评分法,以芫花中含有的6个成分(绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素)的总量、醇溶性浸出物量、饮片外观性状为量化考核指标,通过考察用醋量、闷润时间、炮制温度以及炮制时间这4个因素对芫花炮制工艺的影响,对其炮制工艺进行优化,得到影响质量的关键技术参数,优化筛选芫花醋炙炮制工艺,规范炮制技术,进而加强毒性饮片的质量控制,保证临床用药安全、有效。
Waters e2690-2695高效液相色谱仪,包括e2695 Separations Module,2998 PDA Detector,Empower色谱工作站(Waters公司),METTLER TOLEDO XPE105分析天平(天平精度0.01 mg,梅特勒-托利多国际贸易上海有限公司);KQ-300DA型数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
对照品绿原酸(批号110753-202018,含量以96.3%计)、木犀草素(批号111520-202006,含量以96.3%计)、芹菜素(批号111901-202004,含量以98.4%计)、芫花素(批号111899-201202,含量以94.9%计)由中国食品药品检定研究院提供,银椴苷(纯度以98.5%计)、羟基芫花素(纯度以98.5%计)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司,均供含量测定用。
甲醇为分析纯,流动相用乙腈为色谱纯,水为Millpore二次超纯水。芫花样品(批号H1901380)购于饮片生产企业,经中国食品药品检定研究院张萍研究员鉴定为芫花(Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc.)正品。辅料醋(北京龙门醋业有限公司,批号6904800168189)
取绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、芫花素、羟基芫花素的对照品适量,精密称定,加70%甲醇使溶解并定容至100 mL量瓶中,制成每1 mL含绿原酸25 μg、木犀草素5 μg、银椴苷25 μg、芹菜素50 μg、芫花素50 μg和羟基芫花素50 μg的混合溶液,摇匀,即得。
取本品粉末(过4号筛)约1.0 g,精密称定,置具塞锥形瓶中,精密加入70%甲醇50 mL,称量,超声(功率250 W,频率40 kHz)处理50 min,放冷,再称量,用70%甲醇补足减失的量,摇匀,滤过,取续滤液,即得。
采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0~4 min,8%A→15%A;4~26 min,15%A→23%A;26~30 min,23%A;30~40 min,23%A→60%A;40~50 min,60%A→95%A),流速1 mL·min-1,检测波长254 nm,柱温35 ℃,进样量10 μL。在上述色谱条件下,混合对照品和样品色谱图见图1
分别精密吸取“2.1.1”项下混合对照品溶液2、5、10、15、20、25 μL,按“2.2”项下色谱条件进行测定。以各对照品进样量(X,μg)为横坐标,峰面积(Y)为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,计算线性回归方程。按S/N=10计算,6个成分的定量限,结果详见表1
精密吸取“2.1.2”项下供试品溶液10 μL,按“2.2”色谱条件连续进样6次,测定各成分色谱峰的峰面积,计算绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素峰面积的RSD(n=6)分别为0.19%、2.7%、2.4%、0.33%、0.16%、0.10%,表明仪器性能良好。
取同一份芫花样品(批号H1901380)粉末1 g,共6份,精密称定,分别按“2.1.2”项下方法制备供试品溶液,进样10 μL进行测定,记录各成分色谱峰的峰面积,计算绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素的含量均值分别为0.2%、0.1%、0.1%、0.2%、0.1%、0.2%,RSD分别为0.64%、2.7%、1.6%、0.71%、0.55%、2.6%,表明方法重复性较好。
取同一样品(批号H1901380)的供试品溶液,分别在0、2、4、8、12、24 h各进样10 μL,测定各成分色谱峰的峰面积,计算绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素峰面积的RSD分别为1.4%、0.74%、0.061%、0.070%、0.16%、1.1%,表明供试品溶液在24 h内稳定性较好。
取已测知含量的样品(批号H1901380)粉末0.5 g,共6份,精密称定,分别精密加入6个待测成分的对照品溶液(绿原酸0.97 mg·mL-1、木犀草素0.13 mg·mL-1、银椴苷0.73 mg·mL-1、芹菜素0.87 mg·mL-1、羟基芫花素0.67 mg·mL-1、芫花素、0.90 mg·mL-1)各1 mL,按照“2.1.2”项下方法制备供试溶液,进样10 μL,记录峰面积,计算含量。结果绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素的平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.3%、98.2%、98.5%、102.3%、92.9%、103.3%,RSD分别为0.67%、1.3%、1.1%、0.62%、1.6%、0.57%。
查阅各地中药饮片炮制规范以及相关文献,关于芫花的炮制工艺各不相同,主要影响因素包括加醋量、闷润时间、火候以及炮制时间等[3]。综合各个因素最常用的水平范围,选择每个因素各4个水平进行单因素试验,不考虑各因素之间交互影响,以上述提到的指标为各水平最终评价标准,以预试验单因素考察的结果为依据,设计正交试验考察的各因素水平,最终得到正交因素水平表见表2
参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部附录(0213炮制通则)方法,取芫花饮片200 g,共9份,按表2中的因素和水平,加适量的醋拌匀,闷润一定的时间后,置加热到一定温度的炒锅中不断翻炒,用红外测温仪实时测定锅内样品温度,按相应的炒制时间及炒制温度进行炒制后,取出晾干,粉碎后过4号筛,待用。
取正交试验的9份芫花炮制品,按照“2.1.2”项下方法制备供试品溶液,进样10 μL,以外标法计算每份样品中绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素含量,最后计算6个成分的总含量,结果见表3
参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部“芫花”项下【浸出物】方法测定:取样品粉末约2 g,精密称定,置100 mL的锥形瓶中,精密加入50%乙醇50 mL,密塞,称量,静置1 h后,连接回流冷凝装置,加热至沸腾,并保持微沸1 h。放冷后,取下锥形瓶,密塞,再称量,用50%乙醇补足减失的量,摇匀,用干燥滤器滤过,精密量取滤液25 mL,置已干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中,在水浴上蒸干后,于105 ℃干燥3 h,置干燥器中冷却30 min,迅速精密称量。同时测定样品中的水分,以干燥品计算得到各样品的浸出物含量,结果详见表3
本次试验在充分考虑各试验因素的影响下,选用L9(34)正交设计表进行试验,按“3.2”项下方法进行炮制,以炮制品外观性状、醇溶性浸出物含量、6个化学成分(绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素)总含量作为指标,利用综合加权评分法确定最佳炮制工艺。具体赋予权重:6个化学成分总含量(绿原酸、木犀草素、银椴苷、芹菜素、羟基芫花素、芫花素)占60%(测定方法见“2”项),醇溶性浸出物含量占30%(按《中华人民共和国药典》附录X A测定),炮制品外观性状占10%。得分方法是6个成分总含量越高越好,故以最高的一个为100分,如以7号样品含量为100分,则第1份样品得分为0.982 8/1.209 4×60%=48.76,依此类推;醇溶性浸出物得分计算同理;性状评定标准见表4,从表面色泽、质地及气味3个方面评定。将各项试验指标权重得分相加即为综合得分,如第1份样品综合得分=48.76+25.47+9.33=83.56,正交试验结果见表3
表3分析结果可知,对于因素A,A2>A3>A1;对于因素B,B1>B2>B3;对于因素C,C2>C1>C3;对于因素D,D2>D3=D1。通过比较各因素极差值R的大小,得出在所选的4个因素中,对芫花炮制工艺影响因素由大到小的顺序为A、B、C、D。
对试验结果进行方差分析,以考察各试验因素对试验结果是否产生显著影响。因素D(炒制时间)的方差最小,故将因素D作为误差项,详见表5
结果可见因素A(加醋量)和因素C(炮制温度)对醋芫花的炮制工艺有显著影响,而因素B(闷润时间)和因素D(炒制时间)的影响不显著。现行《中华人民共和国药典》标准中规定芫花饮片加醋后闷润至醋吸干,这一时间可长可短。试验中也考察了闷润时间这一影响因素,虽然对试验结果无显著影响,但考虑到饮片炮制的实际情况,建议饮片加醋后需闷润15 min以上较好;同时考虑到芫花饮片为未开放的花蕾入药,质地较软,故建议炒制时间不宜太长,以10 min左右时翻炒为佳。综合以上各因素的影响,优化后的醋炙芫花炮制工艺确定为A2B1C2D2,即1 kg芫花饮片加入0.3 kg醋量闷润15 min至醋液完全吸尽,160 ℃炒制10 min。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部“芫花”项下的含量测定方法提取供试品溶液,发现操作复杂,且耗时长,易致测定的结果偏差大,故而对提取方法进行了优化。同时考察了超声提取法和加热回流提取法对提取效率的影响,发现超声提取法测定的各色谱峰强度均高于加热回流提取法,故采用超声法制备供试品溶液。
首先对提取时间进行考察,分别超声提取20、30、40、50和60 min,结果表明,超声提取50 min的供试品溶液各色谱峰峰面积较大,提取率较高,故选择超声50 min作为提取时间。
同时考察了提取溶剂,分别以水、50%甲醇、70%甲醇和甲醇作为提取溶剂,结果发现采用70%甲醇超声提取50 min得到的各色谱峰强度较大,提取率较高,因此以70%甲醇作为提取溶剂。
分别考察Agilent Eclipse Plus C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱、Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱、Agilent TC C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱、Kromasil 100-5 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱和Diamonsil 5u C18(250×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,结果表明Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱分离效果较好,故采用之。
中药炮制是一项传统、独特的制药技术,饮片需经过炮制才可供临床配方或中成药投料使用。在2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部中仅收载了炮制通则的方法,实际工作中,该方法可操作性差,对中药饮片炮制终点的判断往往依据老药工的传统经验,缺少炮制工艺的量化控制指标。另外炮制工艺的影响因素较多,如何评价这些影响因素并建立优化、可量化的炮制工艺一直是业内在探讨的问题。
正交试验是根据正交性从全面试验中挑选出部分有代表性的点进行试验进而研究多因素多水平的一种设计方法,它具有“均匀分散、齐整可比”的优点,常用于中药制剂的提取工艺、成型工艺等医药科研领域[12-15]。本研究以芫花醋炙炮制工艺为基础,基于正交试验设计,结合多指标加权评分法分析并优化芫花醋炙的炮制工艺,对影响炮制工艺的多个因素的多个水平进行综合分析,对试验结果进行极差分析和方差分析,二者相互验证,考察各因素对炮制工艺的影响,方法设计科学、全面,试验结果可信,优化的醋炙炮制工艺合理,对推动中药饮片炮制工艺的规范化、标准化、现代化起到了引领和示范作用。
本试验选择了与炮制工艺紧密相关的4个因素,即用醋量、闷润时间、炮制温度和炮制时间以考察其对醋炙工艺的影响。针对每个因素的水平设定,在考证文献的基础上,均分别进行了单因素水平分析,最终确定每个因素的3个水平进行正交试验,保证试验因素水平设置的合理、科学。将“闷润,待醋吸尽”“炒制规定的程度”这些操作描述用一定的具体参数指标进行量化和规范化,使得炮制工艺一定程度上可量化,便于实际操作,为进一步控制加辅料制饮片的质量提供了技术支持和保障。
芫花中黄酮类成分是主要药效成分群之一,具有镇咳祛痰、解毒杀虫之功效[16-19],考虑到这些成分在炮制后发生转化而引起含量变化,是衡量炮制工艺的较理想指标,故本试验选择了5个黄酮类成分银椴苷、木犀草素、芹菜素、芫花素及羟基芫花素和1个绿原酸共6个成分的含量总和作为分析炮制工艺的定量指标,同时结合醇溶性浸出物的含量和炮制品外观性状特征等共同作为定性和定量指标,用以分析并优化芫花醋炙炮制工艺。
本试验采用方差分析考察各因素及水平在炮制工艺中的影响程度,由表5可见,加醋量及炮制温度这2个因素对试验结果有显著影响,综合而言,加醋量为30%比例较为合适,这一结论与现行《中华人民共和国药典》的炮制通则加醋量比例一致,也符合大多数地方饮片炮制规范的用醋比例。炮制温度是又一显著影响因素,温度过低,易炮制不及,温度过高,又会炮制太过,所以适宜的炮制温度是醋炙工艺的关键所在。在现行版《中华人民共和国药典》和各地方饮片炮制规范中均规定用文火炒至(微)干或用文火炒至醋吸尽。文火温度是多少度至今无准确定论,为此先期进行了炮制温度单因素考察,优化4个温度水平,分别为100、130、160和190 ℃,发现100 ℃炒制样品后,不但耗时较长,而且饮片表面颜色几乎无变化,最终选取炮制温度130、160和190 ℃作为试验设计的3个水平。
另2个因素闷润时间及炮制时间对试验结果无显著性影响,鉴于芫花饮片为干燥花蕾入药,质地较轻柔,易于吸收液体,且个体较小的实际情况,闷润时间定为15 min,炮制时间定为不断翻炒10 min较好。综合以上各因素的影响,醋炙芫花的优化工艺确定为A2B1C2D2,即1 kg芫花饮片加入0.3 kg醋量闷润15 min至醋液吸尽后,160 ℃炒制10 min。
毒性饮片一般均需经过炮制后入药使用,以保证其临床用药安全,而炮制工艺是否合理与规范直接影响毒性饮片的安全性和有效性,凡药制造,贵在适中,不及则功效难求,太过则性味反失[20]。本文结合现代技术,将传统的醋炙工艺进行量化考核,达到炮制工艺标准化、规范化、可操作化,为建立规范的饮片质量标准打下了坚实基础。同时,建议优化炮制设备,并采用红外探测技术控制炒制容器内样品的温度,实现智能炮制。通过炮制,一定程度上降低了芫花对肝脏[21-22]、肾脏[23]以及胃肠道[24]等多个脏器的毒副作用,增强了其利尿的功效。另外,芫花醋炙后所含的化学成分也发生了变化,这些变化是其毒性降低、药效增强的物质基础[25],尚需要对这些成分的变化开展探索研究,同时需结合药理药效实验进一步阐明毒性饮片炮制减毒、增效的机制[26-28]
  • * 国家中医药现代化研究专项(2018YFC1707003)
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2024年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0555
  • 接收时间:2023-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29
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* 国家中医药现代化研究专项(2018YFC1707003)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
    2.沈阳药科大学中药学院,沈阳 110016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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