Article(id=1239238137222844852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0508, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691424000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773386995844, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1722355200000, pubDateStr=2024-07-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773386995844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773386995844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773386995844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238136711139764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1105', pageEnd='1284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773386995723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387118529, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239238651851370910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239238136711139764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1255, endPage=1266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238137470308790, articleId=1239238137222844852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal herbs of Baijiangcao, columnId=1206272758774821315, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Standard Deliberation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To find out identification characteristics of Baijiangcao from different origins by pharmacognostical study. To discuss the establishment of whole herbs Chinese medicine standard.

Methods:

Principles of plant taxonomy, macroscopic identification and microscopic identification were used to compare the differences among Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit.

Results:

The macroscopic characteristics, such as the surface of stem, the cross section of stem, the shape of leaves, hairy on inflorescence and odour. And the microscopic characteristics of transverse section of stem could be used to distinguish Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit.

Conclusion:

This research establishes the identification method of Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit, and provides references for the improvement of quality standard of Baijiangcao from different origins.

, correspAuthors=Xian-long CHENG, Feng WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun-zi YU, Shi-kai HAN, Si-yu MA, Shuai KANG, Xian-long CHENG, Feng WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239238142486696561, articleId=1239238137222844852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=中药败酱草的生药学研究, columnId=1206272758971953622, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=标准研讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

通过对败酱草类药材进行生药学研究,找出专属性鉴别点。并借助此研究探讨如何制订全草类中药性状及显微鉴别项。

方法:

基于植物分类学原理,采用性状鉴别、显微鉴别等手段,对败酱草类药材及市售混伪品进行比较研究。

结果:

败酱草类药材及其混伪品可以通过茎表面、断面特征,茎生叶形态,花序被毛情况,气味等性状特征,以及茎横切面等显微特征实现相互区分。

结论:

建立败酱草类药材及其混伪品的鉴别方法,避免同名异物现象给市场带来的混乱,并为此类药材的标准提高提供依据。

, correspAuthors=程显隆, 魏锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
魏锋 Tel:(010)53852020;E-mail:
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Tel:(010)53851497;E-mail:

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Chin Pharm J202257(18): 1493, articleTitle=Some concerns about the standard establishment of Chinese medicinal medicines and decoction pieces, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239238142763520636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238142771909244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, companyId=1239238142763520636, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238142776103549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, companyId=1239238142763520636, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239238142843212420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238142847406725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, companyId=1239238142843212420, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hebei Anguo Administration for Market Regulation, Anguo 071200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239238142855795334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, companyId=1239238142843212420, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河北省安国市市场监督管理局,安国 071200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239238147540833145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch., figureFileSmall=QqBpiCFi2MZZbfmgYw0F+w==, figureFileBig=JLOZl+wpN/CeS+Cmqbkwpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238147616330624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄花败酱药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.叶(leaf) C.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) D.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf) E.花序(inflorescence) F.茎(stem) G.茎断面(section of stem)

, figureFileSmall=QqBpiCFi2MZZbfmgYw0F+w==, figureFileBig=JLOZl+wpN/CeS+Cmqbkwpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238147834434448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Decoction pieces of Baijiangcao, figureFileSmall=nzpUq+0uS+0LswX6lmph7w==, figureFileBig=fvV/MqWpx7H1hugTL0agDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238147930903449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图2, caption=败酱草类饮片

A.黄花败酱(Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.) B.白花败酱(Patrinia villosa Juss.) C.糙叶败酱(Patrinia scabra Bge.) D.菥蓂(Thlaspi arvense L.) E.苣荬菜(Sonchus arvensis L.) F.苦菜[Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai]

, figureFileSmall=nzpUq+0uS+0LswX6lmph7w==, figureFileBig=fvV/MqWpx7H1hugTL0agDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148018983839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch., figureFileSmall=Tmsu6Dn90eL4kskoxFOl9g==, figureFileBig=5+lHNOWA8kE91MwUOJrvvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148119647144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄花败酱茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.非腺毛(non-glandular hairs) 3.皮层(cortex) 4.内皮层(endodermis) 5.韧皮部(phloem) 6.木质部(xylem) 7.导管(vessel) 8.木纤维(xylem fibers) 9.木射线(xylem ray) 10.髓(pith) 11.草酸钙簇晶(cluster crystals of calcium oxalate)

, figureFileSmall=Tmsu6Dn90eL4kskoxFOl9g==, figureFileBig=5+lHNOWA8kE91MwUOJrvvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148228699055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Leaf surface characteristics of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch., figureFileSmall=vUoiAdQ74e42jekqF9YReA==, figureFileBig=tcmHyxT8h8Ajje4NWj7yPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148346139576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄花败酱叶表面显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.气孔(stoma) 3.非腺毛(non-glandular hair) 4.腺毛(glandular hair)

, figureFileSmall=vUoiAdQ74e42jekqF9YReA==, figureFileBig=tcmHyxT8h8Ajje4NWj7yPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148442608577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Patrinia villosa Juss., figureFileSmall=MSqStrS1KSCIegreyqeU+Q==, figureFileBig=mGgrgsIeDWnRArVl9y9rQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148560049097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图5, caption=白花败酱药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.叶(leaf) C.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) D.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf) E.花序(inflorescence) F.茎(stem) G.茎断面(section of stem)

, figureFileSmall=MSqStrS1KSCIegreyqeU+Q==, figureFileBig=mGgrgsIeDWnRArVl9y9rQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238148669101006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Patrinia villosa Juss., figureFileSmall=J1HFhEuZLNh9W5ZwwgvbNg==, figureFileBig=4fHv5odgtrNEZ2qQhh2VrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150216799192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图6, caption=白花败酱茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.非腺毛(non-glandular hairs) 3.腺毛(glandular hairs) 4.皮层(cortex) 5.内皮层(endodermis) 6.韧皮部(phloem) 7.木质部(xylem) 8.导管(vessel) 9.木纤维(xylem fibers) 10.木射线(xylem ray) 11.髓(pith) 12.草酸钙簇晶(cluster crystals of calcium oxalate) 13.中柱鞘纤维(pericycle fiber)

, figureFileSmall=J1HFhEuZLNh9W5ZwwgvbNg==, figureFileBig=4fHv5odgtrNEZ2qQhh2VrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150304879581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Leaf surface characteristics of Patrinia villosa Juss., figureFileSmall=7BVq9l1TyDP/VoJ40nYreQ==, figureFileBig=567zL2aYvHF1H4468dkjUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150422320101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图7, caption=白花败酱叶表面显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.气孔(stoma) 3.非腺毛(non-glandular hair) 4.腺毛(glandular hair)

, figureFileSmall=7BVq9l1TyDP/VoJ40nYreQ==, figureFileBig=567zL2aYvHF1H4468dkjUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150510400491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Patrinia scabra Bge., figureFileSmall=8iWTXdP9qd8mQMqfctJ3sQ==, figureFileBig=ZppzHYvG5kes2xPXxE+V4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150657201135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图8, caption=糙叶败酱药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.叶(leaf) C.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) D.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf) E.花序(inflorescence) F.茎(stem) G.茎断面(section of stem)

, figureFileSmall=8iWTXdP9qd8mQMqfctJ3sQ==, figureFileBig=ZppzHYvG5kes2xPXxE+V4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150766253046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Patrinia scabra Bge., figureFileSmall=X0quNvfoJBQxrXJLbprodw==, figureFileBig=+WqnqwJOFiVxOjW++ebmsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150845944829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图9, caption=糙叶败酱茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.非腺毛(non-glandular hairs) 3.腺毛(glandular hairs) 4.皮层(cortex) 5.内皮层(endodermis) 6.韧皮部(phloem) 7.木质部(xylem) 8.导管(vessel) 9.木纤维(xylem fibers) 10.木射线(xylem ray) 11.髓(pith) 12.草酸钙簇晶(cluster crystals of calcium oxalate) 13.中柱鞘纤维(pericycle fiber)

, figureFileSmall=X0quNvfoJBQxrXJLbprodw==, figureFileBig=+WqnqwJOFiVxOjW++ebmsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238150938219521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Leaf surface characteristics of Patrinia scabra Bge., figureFileSmall=fCc5djfYvaHCJEjxcf9E+w==, figureFileBig=fHCA3Jhifz1EZCSQToXuyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151038881795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图10, caption=糙叶败酱叶表面显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.气孔(stoma) 3.非腺毛(non-glandular hair) 4.腺毛(glandular hair)

, figureFileSmall=fCc5djfYvaHCJEjxcf9E+w==, figureFileBig=fHCA3Jhifz1EZCSQToXuyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151110184968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Thlaspi arvense L., figureFileSmall=VRttrQk+Gs8TurpMQBJooQ==, figureFileBig=xrpVHophfr8eli0IsljlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151198265357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图11, caption=菥蓂药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.果序(infructescence) C.叶(leaf) D.茎(stem) E.茎断面(section of stem) F.果实(fruit) G.种子(seeds)

, figureFileSmall=VRttrQk+Gs8TurpMQBJooQ==, figureFileBig=xrpVHophfr8eli0IsljlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151340871701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Thlaspi arvense L., figureFileSmall=Jufvv1Y5Rmea7VvZxcO+KQ==, figureFileBig=NY5CQXJS3qgk/E2lh4+/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151454117917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图12, caption=菥蓂茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.皮层(cortex) 3.内皮层(endodermis) 4.韧皮部(phloem) 5.木质部(xylem) 6.导管(vessel) 7.木纤维(xylem fibers) 8.髓(pith) 9.中柱鞘纤维(pericycle fiber)

, figureFileSmall=Jufvv1Y5Rmea7VvZxcO+KQ==, figureFileBig=NY5CQXJS3qgk/E2lh4+/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151521226782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Sonchus arvensis L., figureFileSmall=gqQOMsiHBjpm0mzQrmvnOQ==, figureFileBig=Uke+bNzykn0YTRtIlkU/pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151596724259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图13, caption=苣荬菜药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.根茎断面(section of rhizome) C.根茎(rhizome) D.茎断面(section of stem) E.叶(leaf) F.叶柄(petiole) G.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) H.叶下表面(ower surface of leaf)

, figureFileSmall=gqQOMsiHBjpm0mzQrmvnOQ==, figureFileBig=Uke+bNzykn0YTRtIlkU/pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151668027432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Cross section characteristics of rhizome of Sonchus arvensis L., figureFileSmall=wPhjtQay+beWF4CUMhOrlA==, figureFileBig=lQ2uvYk/sjpD8sdfZtWSvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151747719213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图14, caption=苣荬菜根茎横切显微图

1.木栓细胞(periderm) 2.皮层(cortex) 3.韧皮部(phloem) 4.乳汁管(laticifer) 5.木质部(xylem) 6.导管(vessel) 7.木射线(xylem ray) 8.木纤维(xylem fibers) 9.髓(pith) 10.菊糖(inulins)

, figureFileSmall=wPhjtQay+beWF4CUMhOrlA==, figureFileBig=lQ2uvYk/sjpD8sdfZtWSvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151831605297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Sonchus arvensis L., figureFileSmall=kjsGEd2dHah4HfiZ4YLjew==, figureFileBig=ntR6VNOpjDSwcRBMAsw5dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238151911297077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图15, caption=苣荬菜茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.皮层(cortex) 3.内皮层(endodermis) 4.维管束(vascular bundle) 5.韧皮部(phloem) 6.木质部(xylem) 7.髓(pith) 8.乳汁管(laticifer)

, figureFileSmall=kjsGEd2dHah4HfiZ4YLjew==, figureFileBig=ntR6VNOpjDSwcRBMAsw5dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152024543289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Leaf surface characteristics of Sonchus arvensis L., figureFileSmall=l3hvi/yacs65FOCpASTJbg==, figureFileBig=pnJhSgMlsAcUaooWYwGU/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152116817983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图16, caption=苣荬菜叶表面显微图

A.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) B.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf)

, figureFileSmall=l3hvi/yacs65FOCpASTJbg==, figureFileBig=pnJhSgMlsAcUaooWYwGU/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152213286982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Macroscopic characteristic of Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, figureFileSmall=JVGxx0+AD4oi9t/hw61l/Q==, figureFileBig=0tkwQ3rRWzqCM7T3NmaaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152318144586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图17, caption=苦菜药材性状

A.药材(medicinal materials) B.头状花序排列成稀疏圆锥状(thyrse composed by capitulum) C.头状花序(capitulum) D.叶基部(leaf bases) E.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) F.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf) G.茎(stem) H.茎断面(section of stem)

, figureFileSmall=JVGxx0+AD4oi9t/hw61l/Q==, figureFileBig=0tkwQ3rRWzqCM7T3NmaaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152452362321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Cross section characteristics of stem of Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, figureFileSmall=fDeGkSvVRawXvAzrCcfVCg==, figureFileBig=gIp65RrtrOwBxdkbsJ+wEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152565608536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图18, caption=苦菜茎横切显微图

1.表皮细胞(epidermis) 2.皮层(cortex) 3.乳汁管(laticifer) 4.维管束(vascular bundle) 5.韧皮部(phloem) 6.木质部(xylem) 7.髓(pith) 8.纤维束(fiber bundle)

, figureFileSmall=fDeGkSvVRawXvAzrCcfVCg==, figureFileBig=gIp65RrtrOwBxdkbsJ+wEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152720797791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Leaf surface characteristics of Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, figureFileSmall=bRxjzVVtYnbqR6QhtZ4n8Q==, figureFileBig=cfwKRRyneRG5xeA3RgYvjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152804683876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=图19, caption=苦菜叶表面显微图

A.叶上表面(upper surface of leaf) B.叶下表面(lower surface of leaf)

, figureFileSmall=bRxjzVVtYnbqR6QhtZ4n8Q==, figureFileBig=cfwKRRyneRG5xeA3RgYvjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238152947290217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The standards of herbal medicines Baijiangcao

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药材名
(herbal name)
原植物名
(plant name)
拉丁名
(Latin name)
药用部位
(habitat)
收载标准
(standard)
败酱草
(Baijiangcao)
黄花败酱(Huanghua Baijiang)
白花败酱(Baihua Baijiang)
Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.
Patrinia villosa Juss.
干燥全草(dried herb)
干燥全草(dried herb)
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部 成方制剂中本版药典未收载的药材和饮片[1],1977年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部[2],2009年版《湖南省中药材标准》[3],2010年版《四川省中药材标准》[4],2003年版《贵州省中药材、民族药材质量标准》[5](ChP 2020. Vol Ⅳ[1],ChP 1977. VolⅠ[2],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Hunan Province 2009[3],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Sichuan Province 2010[4],Quality Standard of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province 2003[5])
菥蓂(苏败酱)
(Ximi-Subaijiang)
菥蓂(Ximi)Thlaspi arvense L.干燥地上部分(dried aerial part)《湖南省中药材标准》2009年版[6](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Hunan Province 2009[6])
苣荬菜(北败酱)
(Jumaicai-Beibaijiang)
苣荬菜(Jumaicai)Sonchus arvensis L.干燥全草(dried herb)2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部 成方制剂中本版药典未收载的药材和饮片[1],《辽宁省中药材标准》第一册[7],2015年版《陕西省药材标准》[8](ChP 2020.Vol Ⅳ[1],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Liaoning Province[7],Medicinal Materia Standards of Shanxi Province 2015[8])
北败酱草
(Beibaijiangcao)
苦菜(Kucai)Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.)
Nakai
干燥全草(dried herb)2002年版《山东省中药材标准》[9](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Shandong Province 2002[9])
北败酱草
(Beibaijiangcao)
全叶苦苣菜(Quanyekujucai)
苦苣菜(Kujucai)
Sonchus transenspiens Nevski
Sonchus arvensis L.
干燥幼苗或全草(dried seedling and herb)2008年版《甘肃省中药材标准》[10](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Gansu Province 2009[10])
), ArticleFig(id=1239238153035370606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

败酱草类药材标准收载情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药材名
(herbal name)
原植物名
(plant name)
拉丁名
(Latin name)
药用部位
(habitat)
收载标准
(standard)
败酱草
(Baijiangcao)
黄花败酱(Huanghua Baijiang)
白花败酱(Baihua Baijiang)
Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.
Patrinia villosa Juss.
干燥全草(dried herb)
干燥全草(dried herb)
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部 成方制剂中本版药典未收载的药材和饮片[1],1977年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部[2],2009年版《湖南省中药材标准》[3],2010年版《四川省中药材标准》[4],2003年版《贵州省中药材、民族药材质量标准》[5](ChP 2020. Vol Ⅳ[1],ChP 1977. VolⅠ[2],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Hunan Province 2009[3],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Sichuan Province 2010[4],Quality Standard of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province 2003[5])
菥蓂(苏败酱)
(Ximi-Subaijiang)
菥蓂(Ximi)Thlaspi arvense L.干燥地上部分(dried aerial part)《湖南省中药材标准》2009年版[6](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Hunan Province 2009[6])
苣荬菜(北败酱)
(Jumaicai-Beibaijiang)
苣荬菜(Jumaicai)Sonchus arvensis L.干燥全草(dried herb)2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部 成方制剂中本版药典未收载的药材和饮片[1],《辽宁省中药材标准》第一册[7],2015年版《陕西省药材标准》[8](ChP 2020.Vol Ⅳ[1],Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Liaoning Province[7],Medicinal Materia Standards of Shanxi Province 2015[8])
北败酱草
(Beibaijiangcao)
苦菜(Kucai)Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.)
Nakai
干燥全草(dried herb)2002年版《山东省中药材标准》[9](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Shandong Province 2002[9])
北败酱草
(Beibaijiangcao)
全叶苦苣菜(Quanyekujucai)
苦苣菜(Kujucai)
Sonchus transenspiens Nevski
Sonchus arvensis L.
干燥幼苗或全草(dried seedling and herb)2008年版《甘肃省中药材标准》[10](Chinese Medicinal Materia Standards of Gansu Province 2009[10])
), ArticleFig(id=1239238153127645298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Sample information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物名
(herbal name)
拉丁名
(Latin name)
药用部位
(medicinal part)
样品情况
(sample condition)
产地或收集地
(habitat)
样品编号
(sample No.)
黄花败酱Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.干燥全草
(dried herb)
产地采集,药材
(Field,medicinal materials)
陕西秦岭
(Qinling,Shaanxi)
A1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
A2
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
陕西秦岭
(Qinling,Shaanxi)
A3
白花败酱Patrinia villosa Juss.干燥全草
(dried herb)
产地采集,药材
(Field,medicinal materials)
江西宜春
(Yichun,Jiangxi)
B1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
江西宜春
(Yichun,Jiangxi)
B2
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
B3
糙叶败酱Patrinia scabra Bge.干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
C1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,切片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
C2
菥蓂Thlaspi arvense L.干燥地上部分
(dried aerial part)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
D1
干燥地上部分
(dried aerial part)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
D2
苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
E1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
E2
苦菜Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
F1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
F2
), ArticleFig(id=1239238154629206135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植物名
(herbal name)
拉丁名
(Latin name)
药用部位
(medicinal part)
样品情况
(sample condition)
产地或收集地
(habitat)
样品编号
(sample No.)
黄花败酱Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.干燥全草
(dried herb)
产地采集,药材
(Field,medicinal materials)
陕西秦岭
(Qinling,Shaanxi)
A1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
A2
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
陕西秦岭
(Qinling,Shaanxi)
A3
白花败酱Patrinia villosa Juss.干燥全草
(dried herb)
产地采集,药材
(Field,medicinal materials)
江西宜春
(Yichun,Jiangxi)
B1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
江西宜春
(Yichun,Jiangxi)
B2
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
B3
糙叶败酱Patrinia scabra Bge.干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
C1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,切片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
C2
菥蓂Thlaspi arvense L.干燥地上部分
(dried aerial part)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
D1
干燥地上部分
(dried aerial part)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
D2
苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
E1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
E2
苦菜Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,药材
(Market,medicinal materials
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
F1
干燥全草
(dried herb)
市场,饮片
(Market,decoction pieces)
河北安国
(Anguo,Hebei)
F2
), ArticleFig(id=1239238154801172605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Identification key of macroscopic characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1239238154910224515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

性状检索表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155069608069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Identification key of microscopic characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1239238155149299850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239238137222844852, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

显微特征检索表

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中药败酱草的生药学研究
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余坤子 1 , 韩士凯 2 , 麻思宇 1 , 康帅 1 , 程显隆 1, * , 魏锋 1, *
药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024,44(7): 1255-1266
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药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024, 44(7): 1255-1266
中药败酱草的生药学研究
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余坤子1 , 韩士凯2, 麻思宇1, 康帅1, 程显隆1, * , 魏锋1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • 2.河北省安国市市场监督管理局,安国 071200
  • Tel:(010)53851497;E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
魏锋 Tel:(010)53852020;E-mail:
Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal herbs of Baijiangcao
Kun-zi YU1 , Shi-kai HAN2, Si-yu MA1, Shuai KANG1, Xian-long CHENG1, * , Feng WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2.Hebei Anguo Administration for Market Regulation, Anguo 071200, China
出版时间: 2024-07-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0508
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目的:

通过对败酱草类药材进行生药学研究,找出专属性鉴别点。并借助此研究探讨如何制订全草类中药性状及显微鉴别项。

方法:

基于植物分类学原理,采用性状鉴别、显微鉴别等手段,对败酱草类药材及市售混伪品进行比较研究。

结果:

败酱草类药材及其混伪品可以通过茎表面、断面特征,茎生叶形态,花序被毛情况,气味等性状特征,以及茎横切面等显微特征实现相互区分。

结论:

建立败酱草类药材及其混伪品的鉴别方法,避免同名异物现象给市场带来的混乱,并为此类药材的标准提高提供依据。

败酱草  /  苏败酱  /  北败酱  /  性状鉴别  /  显微鉴别  /  混伪品  /  质量标准
Objective:

To find out identification characteristics of Baijiangcao from different origins by pharmacognostical study. To discuss the establishment of whole herbs Chinese medicine standard.

Methods:

Principles of plant taxonomy, macroscopic identification and microscopic identification were used to compare the differences among Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit.

Results:

The macroscopic characteristics, such as the surface of stem, the cross section of stem, the shape of leaves, hairy on inflorescence and odour. And the microscopic characteristics of transverse section of stem could be used to distinguish Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit.

Conclusion:

This research establishes the identification method of Baijiangcao from different origins and commercial counterfeit, and provides references for the improvement of quality standard of Baijiangcao from different origins.

Baijiangcao  /  Subaijiang  /  Beibaijiang  /  macroscopic identification  /  microscopic identification  /  counterfeit  /  standard establishment
余坤子, 韩士凯, 麻思宇, 康帅, 程显隆, 魏锋. 中药败酱草的生药学研究. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1255 -1266 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0508
Kun-zi YU, Shi-kai HAN, Si-yu MA, Shuai KANG, Xian-long CHENG, Feng WEI. Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal herbs of Baijiangcao[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (7) : 1255 -1266 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0508
败酱草类药材在各地的使用情况不同,各药材标准对其基原的规定也不相同,涉及到3个科近10种不同的原植物(表1)。由此可见,败酱草类药材来源复杂,存在同名异物及同物异名的现象,给药材市场带来了一定程度的混乱。
败酱科的植物黄花败酱和白花败酱含有三萜皂苷类、环烯醚萜类、香豆素类等成分,具清热解毒、祛瘀排脓等功效[11];糙叶败酱含有环烯醚萜类、木脂素类、黄酮类等成分,具清热解毒、燥湿止带、祛瘀止痛、收敛止血等功效[12];菥蓂主要含有芥子油苷类、黄酮类化合物、挥发油等化合物,具清热解毒、消水利肿等功效[13];苣荬菜主要含有黄酮类化合物,具清热解毒、消肿排脓、化瘀等功效[14];苦菜具黄酮类化合物、萜类化合物等成分,具清热解毒、活血化脓等功效[15]。由此可见,不同科属的败酱草类药材化学成分差异大,功效也各不相同,混用可能会对民众用药带来安全隐患,亟需建立能够区分各类败酱草的方法。
目前,各类中药鉴别技术快速发展,从不同的角度为中药鉴别提供了思路及依据;但传统的生药学技术仍凭借其简便、快捷、经济、环保等优势,一直在各版《中华人民共和国药典》及各地方药材标准的鉴别项中占据重要地位,并在中药材及饮片检验中起到重要作用[16]。针对败酱草类药材的生药学研究已有一定的基础,如王天志、罗集鹏等对败酱草类中药的形态组织学进行了系统的研究,但缺少各类败酱草药材、饮片的鉴别点及相关配图,难以从性状鉴别的角度把控此类药材[17-19];陈梦轩等[20]对败酱属6种药用植物的生药学特征进行研究,但显微特征主要集中在粉末中草酸钙簇晶、石细胞等大小、多少等特征上,但这些特征容易有主观性,在实际应用时很难判断;周宝玉等[21]研究了败酱草与苏败酱及北败酱的鉴别,但鉴别特征集中在性状和理化上,未涉及显微鉴别。
除此之外,各标准中对败酱草类药材显微鉴别项的规定也不同。在败酱草的药材标准中,1977年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部[2]及2003年版《贵州省中药材质量标准》[5]规定鉴别(1)为叶表面观,2009年版《湖南省中药材标准》[6]规定鉴别(1)为茎横切面,2010年版《四川省中药材标准》[4]规定鉴别(1)为粉末显微;同样的情况存在于苣荬菜(北败酱)的标准中,2009年版《辽宁省中药材标准》第一册[7]规定鉴别为根茎横切面及叶表面观,2015年版《陕西省药材标准》[8]规定鉴别为根茎横切面。如何合理的规定败酱草类药材鉴别项中的显微鉴别内容,是各标准需要探讨的问题。
因此本研究欲从生药学的角度,并结合植物分类学原理,总结败酱草类药材的鉴别特征,为鉴定此类药材,厘清相关药材市场提供依据,并通过以上研究,梳理药材标准的制定思路,为提升标准提供依据。
OLYMPUS数码相机(OLYMPUS公司),LEICA M205 C体视显微镜数码成像系统(LEICA公司),OLYMPUS BX53显微镜(OLYMPUS公司),OLYMPUS DP73显微镜数码成像系统(OLYMPUS公司),ZEISS AX10显微镜(ZEISS公司),AxioCam ICc 5显微镜数码成像系统(ZEISS公司)。
试验样品为自采或收集自中药材专业市场,经中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所余坤子副研究员鉴定,分别为黄花败酱Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.、白花败酱Patrinia villosa Juss.、糙叶败酱Patrinia scabra Bge.、苦菜Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai、苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.的干燥全草及菥蓂Thlaspi arvense L.的干燥地上部分。药材及饮片标本均现存于中国食品药品检定研究院中药民族药检定所。详细信息见表2
水合氯醛、稀甘油试液均按2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部8802试液配制,水合氯醛(中国医药集团上海化学工业公司),丙三醇(上海沪试实验室器材股份有限公司)。
本研究通过产地调研,收集原植物及药材;并通过市场调查收集商品药材及饮片。依据植物分类学原理对样品进行鉴定。以产地收集样品为各项比较研究的基准。
选取各样品的药材及饮片放在白色背景台面上,用数码相机进行拍摄;对于叶的形态,通过温水浸润展平后进行拍摄。对茎、叶、果等具鉴别意义的部位,在LEICA M205 C体视显微镜数码成像系统下观察形状、色泽、被毛情况等特征。
按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部显微鉴别法(通则2001)制作茎横切片及叶表面片。采用ZEISS AX10显微镜,OLYMPUS BX53显微镜系统观察并通过数码成像系统拍摄茎横切片及叶表面片的显微特征。
本品全长50~100 cm。根茎呈圆柱形,多向一侧弯曲。茎圆柱形,具纵向棱线,直径2~8 mm。表面黄绿色至黄棕色,节明显,常有倒生粗毛;质脆,断面中部有髓或呈细小空洞。叶对生,叶片薄,多卷缩或破碎,完整者展平后呈羽状深裂至全裂,有5~11裂片,顶端裂片较大,长椭圆形或卵形,两侧裂片狭椭圆形至条形,边缘粗锯齿,上表面深绿色或黄棕色,下表面色较浅,两面疏生白毛,叶柄短或近无柄,基部略抱茎。有的枝端带有花序,花序梗一侧被毛。气特异,味微苦(图1)。
本品呈不规则的段。茎略四棱形,表面黄绿色至黄棕色,有节,常有倒粗毛,断面髓部呈海绵状或中空。叶多破碎,边缘有粗锯齿,上表面深绿色或黄棕色,下表面色较浅,两面疏生白毛。偶见花序,花序梗一侧被毛(图2-A)。
表皮细胞1列,外被角质层。可见非腺毛,非腺毛表面可见疣状突起,着生在凸起的多细胞基座上。皮层细胞7~10列,外侧厚角细胞1~2列。内皮层明显。韧皮部窄。木质部外侧导管单个散在,近髓部常数个成群;木纤维多径向排列,木射线1~2列细胞,导管、木纤维和木射线细胞均木化。髓部宽阔,部分细胞具单纹孔。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶(图3)。
上表皮细胞表面有细层纹,垂周壁多平直,略呈念珠状增厚,少见气孔;下表皮细胞垂周壁略弯曲,气孔不定式或不等式;上下表皮均可见非腺毛及腺毛;非腺毛多存在于叶缘及叶脉上,单细胞,长200~1 250 μm,壁厚,表面有细小疣状突起,腺毛多存在于下表皮,头部1~4细胞,近球形,柄短(图4)。
根茎节间长3~6 cm,着生数条粗壮的根。茎类圆形,不分枝,表面有倒生的白色长毛及纵向纹理,节明显;质脆,断面中空。叶对生,茎生叶多不分裂,边缘具粗钝齿,基部楔形下延,两面被糙伏毛或近无毛;基生叶常有1~4对侧裂片。有的枝端带有花序,花序梗四周被毛或被二列毛(图5)。
茎圆柱形,叶边缘有不规则疏锯齿。偶见花序,花序梗被毛(图2-B)。
表皮细胞1列,外被角质层。多见单细胞非腺毛,非腺毛头部较圆,基部常膨大;腺毛少见,柄部由1~2细胞组成,头部圆。皮层细胞7~10列,外侧厚角细胞1~2列。内皮层明显。中柱鞘可见纤维散在或数个成群,壁厚,微木化。韧皮部窄。木质部外侧导管单个散在,近髓部常数个成群,导管在木质部分布不均匀,常数列聚集;木纤维多径向排列,木射线1~2列细胞,导管、木纤维和木射线细胞均木化。髓部宽阔,部分细胞具单纹孔。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶(图6)。
上表皮细胞表面有细层纹,垂周壁多平直,略呈念珠状增厚;下表皮细胞垂周壁略弯曲,气孔不定式或不等式;非腺毛多存在于叶缘及叶脉上,单细胞,长200~1 250 μm,壁厚,表面有细小颗粒状突起,腺毛多存在于下表皮,头部4细胞,近球形,柄短(图7)。
本品全长15~30 cm。根茎呈圆柱形。茎多数丛生,圆柱形,被短糙毛,断面髓部呈海绵状。叶对生,羽状深裂至全裂,具1~3对侧裂片,顶生裂片最大,叶柄短或无柄,上下表面均被短糙毛。顶生伞房状聚伞花序,花序梗被毛。气特异,味微苦(图8)。
本品呈不规则的段。茎圆形,表面黄绿色至黄棕色,被短糙毛,断面髓部呈海绵状。叶多破碎,羽状深裂,两面被短糙毛。偶见卵形果苞(图2-C)。
表皮细胞1列,外被角质层。可见单细胞非腺毛,非腺毛头部较圆;腺毛少见,柄部由1~2细胞组成,头部圆。皮层细胞7~10列,外侧厚角细胞1列。内皮层明显。中柱鞘可见纤维散在或数个成群,壁厚,木化。韧皮部窄。木质部导管单个散在,导管在木质部分布均匀;木纤维多径向排列,木射线2~3列细胞,导管、木纤维和木射线细胞均木化。髓部宽阔,部分细胞具单纹孔。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶(图9)。
上表皮细胞表面有细层纹,垂周壁多平直,可见气孔;下表皮细胞垂周壁较平直,气孔不定式,较上表皮气孔多;非腺毛多存在于叶缘及叶脉上,单细胞,长50~100 μm,壁厚,表面有细小颗粒状突起,腺毛多存在于下表皮,头部4细胞,近球形,柄短(图10)。
本品茎呈圆柱形,长20~30 cm,直径0.2~0.5 cm;表面黄绿色或灰黄色,有细棱线;质脆,易折断,断面中心有髓或中空。叶互生,多脱落。总状果序生于茎枝顶端,果实卵圆形而扁平,直径0.5~1.3 cm;表面灰绿色或灰黄色,中心略隆起,边缘有翅,两面中间各有1条纵棱线,先端凹陷,基部有细果梗,长约1 cm;果实内分2室,中间有纵隔膜,每室种子5~7粒,种子扁卵圆形,表面棕黑色,两面均有同心环纹(图11)。
本品呈不规则的段。茎圆柱形,表面黄绿色或灰黄色,有细棱线,断面中心有髓或中空。叶少见。果实卵圆形而扁平,直径0.5~1.3 cm;表面灰绿色或灰黄色,中心略隆起,边缘有翅,两面中间各有1条纵棱线,先端凹陷,基部残留细果梗;果实内分2室,中间有纵隔膜,每室种子5~7粒,种子扁卵圆形,表面棕黑色,两面均有同心环纹(图2-D)。
表皮细胞1列,类方形,外周壁增厚,棱脊处尤厚;皮层细胞5~10列。中柱鞘纤维浅黄色,数个成群,微木化或非木化。韧皮部狭窄。导管多角形,常数个成群。维管束间充满浅黄色的木化纤维。髓宽阔,其周围5~10列细胞的壁稍增厚,木化,具单纹孔(图12)。
本品根茎呈细长圆柱形,向下渐细,表面浅黄棕色,上部有近环状突起的叶痕,断面可见维管束放射状排列。茎类三角形,基部紫红色,有纵棱,断面可见维管束点断续排列成环。基生长圆状披针形或广披针形,先端多圆钝或短尖,有小尖刺,叶缘具稀疏的缺刻或不整齐羽状分裂,或不分裂,边缘有小尖齿,上表面灰绿色,下表面色较浅,叶脉偶有紫红色,基部渐窄成柄。质脆易碎,气微,味微咸(图13)。
本品呈不规则的段。根茎细长圆柱形,可见环状突起的叶痕;茎类三角形,有明显纵棱。叶边缘有小尖齿,上表面灰绿色,下表面色浅,叶基部渐窄(图2-E)。
木栓细胞2~5列,棕黄色,扁平。皮层为4~10列切向延长的薄壁细胞。韧皮部有乳管,单个散在或数个成群,内含物浅棕色,有众多细小的无色颗粒状物和少数树脂块。木质部导管单个散在或数个成群。髓常中空。薄壁细胞中多充满大型的菊糖(图14)。
表皮细胞1列,外被角质层。皮层为3~5列厚角细胞,细胞角隅处增厚;可见内皮层。数十个外韧型维管束排列成环。髓部宽广,薄壁细胞颓废状,多见乳汁管,内含黄色分泌物(图15)。
叶的上、下表皮细胞呈多角形,上表皮细胞垂周壁平直,气孔少;下表皮细胞垂周壁略弯曲,气孔众多,气孔不等式或不定式(图16)。
本品茎圆柱形,纤细,基部无毛,断面髓部呈海绵状。根生叶少见,展开后叶片呈线状披针形,边缘有羽状齿裂,基部楔形。茎生叶较小,基部微抱茎,无柄,头状花序排列成疏松的圆锥状,花全部为舌状花,花冠黄色。瘦果狭卵形,顶端有喙,冠毛白色。气微,味苦(图17)。
本品呈不规则的段。茎圆柱形,基部无毛。叶边缘羽状齿裂,上下表面均无毛。头状花序,花冠黄色。瘦果狭卵形,顶端有喙,冠毛白色(图2-F)。
表皮细胞1列,外被角质层。可见数个轻微突起的棱。皮层细胞4~8列,可见乳汁管散在,乳汁管内含油状物,内皮层不明显。十余个外韧型维管束断续排列成环,维管束间由木化纤维束相连。韧皮部半圆形,木质部导管径向排列。髓部宽阔,部分细胞具单纹孔(图18)。
叶的上表皮细胞垂周壁平直,气孔不等式或不定式,较下表皮少;下表皮细胞垂周壁弯曲,气孔众多,气孔不等式或不定式(图19)。
败酱草类药材情况混乱,特别是在饮片中花序、叶等特征失去了完整的宏观形态,给鉴别来源带来极大困难。本文在前人研究基础上,借助植物分类学方法,使用体视显微镜及光学显微镜,对药材的叶、花序、果实、茎等部位的外观性状,以及茎横切面、根茎横切面等显微特征进行观察对比总结。根据研究结果,败酱草类药材及饮片可以根据性状及显微特征进行区分(表34),可作为败酱草类药材及饮片鉴别检验的依据。
败酱草的标准及相关研究中,茎横切显微特征均未提及毛茸,但原植物及药材性状均有毛茸,通过本研究确认败酱草的茎具非腺毛及腺毛。败酱草的标准中,叶的表面观规定下表皮细胞气孔不定式,通过本研究确认黄花败酱及白花败酱叶下表皮细胞气孔不定式或不等式。北败酱草的相关标准中均缺少显微鉴别项。通过本研究,为败酱草类药材标准修订及提升提供依据。
糙叶败酱的全草和地下部分在甘肃做墓头回药用[22],但在药材市场的调查发现,其地上部分在市场上却假冒败酱草销售,由于和败酱草为同属近缘植物,气味相近,极易引起混淆,需引起重视。
根据各药材标准规定,败酱草的采集时间为夏季开花前采收全草。根据《本草纲目》记载,“南人采嫩者,暴蒸作菜食”,并“败酱生江夏川谷,八月采根,暴干”[23]。而调查收集样品市发现,市场上的败酱草绝大部分可见果序,并且只有少数样品带根,即为夏秋季采收的干燥地上部分。因此败酱草的采收季及药用部位存在传统、标准及实际使用不一致的现象,接下来还需要进一步对采收季节及药用部位进行研究,为败酱草的合理使用提供依据。
2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部成方制剂中未收载的药材和饮片及1977年版《中华人民共和国药典》一部、2010年版《四川省中药材标准》、2003年版《贵州省中药材、民族药材质量标准》等标准中,黄花败酱拉丁名为Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch.,2009年版《湖南省中药材标准》中,败酱拉丁名为Patrinia scabiosifolia Fischer ex Treviranus。根据《中国植物志》第73(1)卷[24],败酱的拉丁名为Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev.,但在<Flora of China>中,注明拉丁名拼写错误,正确的应为Patrinia scabiosifolia Link。建议相关标准修订拉丁名。
“性状”是指靠人的感官能够观察和感知的中药材和饮片的特征,可以鉴定真伪并初步判断内在质量[25]。全草类药材由于包括的植物部位较全面,其标准性状项除了包括形态、大小、颜色等传统鉴别经验,还应在条件允许的情况下结合植物分类学的原理,将具有鉴别意义的特征纳入其性状标准中。如依据《中国植物志》第73(1)卷败酱属的分种检索表,花序梗的被毛情况是败酱属,特别是黄花败酱的重要鉴别特征;依据现行标准败酱草采收时多可见花序,说明对花序特征进行观察可行。因此建议在败酱草的性状中加入花序梗被毛特征的描述,以增强性状项的鉴别意义。
同一个药材在不同的标准中,可能存在显微鉴别项不同的情况;全草类药材由于综合了花、果、叶、茎、根等药用部位,可用于显微鉴别的部位多,在不同标准中显微鉴别项存在差异的情况更为多见。如何选取合理的显微鉴别项是制订所有的药材标准时应该考虑的问题。鉴别方法应强调专属性和重现性,尽可能区别同类相关品种或可能存在的易混淆品种[26]。因此,合理的显微鉴别项首先应具鉴别意义,并且可行易行。这就要求制订标准前,需要通过对药材及其混伪品进行全方位的考察研究,才能找出具有鉴别意义的显微特征。如败酱草在不同的药材标准中,显微鉴别项有茎横切面、叶表面观、粉末显微等差异,通过本研究发现,茎的显微特征作为区分败酱草及其常见混淆品最具鉴别意义,且茎在药材及饮片中均可见,茎的横切面在操作上也简易可行;基于此研究,建议败酱草的药材标准显微鉴别收载茎横切面。对于苣荬菜(北败酱)而言,经研究发现叶表面观的显微特征单一且并不具备鉴别意义,建议显微鉴别收载茎及根茎的横切面显微特征。
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2024年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0508
  • 接收时间:2023-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-08
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
    2.河北省安国市市场监督管理局,安国 071200

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* 程显隆 Tel:(010)53851483;E-mail:
魏锋 Tel:(010)53852020;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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