Article(id=1239231272208355579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0761, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701100800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773385359097, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385359097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385359097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385359097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239231265254207730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1285', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385357440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385579800, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1454, endPage=1462, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239231272489373973, articleId=1239231272208355579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Establishment of microbial limit test method and microbial quality standard of compound Kushen extract and its related components, columnId=1206272758774821315, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Standard Deliberation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To establish a microbial limit test method and quality standard conforms to the USP for compound Kushen extract and its related components.

Methods:

Comparative analysis was conducted on the standards for traditional Chinese medicine preparations and decoction pieces in the USP and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition to determine the microbial limit standards for compound Kushen extract and its related components. Then,guided by the General Principles of the USP<61> and <62>,a microbial limit test method suitable for compound Kushen extract and its related components was developed. The plate pouring method was used to perform a methodological applicability test on the total aerobic bacterial count,mold and yeast count of compound Kushen extract and its two components Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Heterosmilacis Rhizoma. The method applicability test was conducted on the control bacteria using the direct inoculation method. Finally,the MALDI/TOF MS microbial identification method and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment analysis method were comprehensively used to identify the bacterial species of the contaminated microorganisms in the sample,and further analysis was conducted on the distribution and harm of the contaminated microbial population.

Results:

As a result,microbial limit standards for compound Kushen extract and its related components were established in accordance with the requirements of the USP. The recoveries of the counting methods for compound Kushen extract and its two components,Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Heterosmilacis Rhizoma,were between 0.5 and 2.0. The positive control strains in the control bacterial method suitability test were able to grow,meeting the requirements of the USP. According to the identification results,40 contaminated microorganisms involved 13 species and 5 genera,mainly covering different types of Bacillus genus (87.5%),Enterobacterium genus (10%),and Pseudomonas genus (2.5%). Polluting microorganisms were all less harmful conditional pathogenic bacteria.

Conclusion:

Established a microbial limit test method and quality standard conforms to the USP for compound Kushen extract and its related components. Defined the distribution and harm analysis of the pollution microorganism poulation of the above products. Improved the microbial quality control of the Chinese medicine preparation and its components.

, correspAuthors=Yi-ling FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ning ZHANG, Bo JIANG, Ming-hui SONG, Yan YANG, Jia-ying ZHOU, Yi-ling FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239231272862667051, articleId=1239231272208355579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及微生物质量标准的建立, columnId=1206272758971953622, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=标准研讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

建立符合USP通则<1111> <2023>(2013年前已生效)的复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及质量标准。

方法:

首先,对USP和2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》中药制剂及饮片标准进行比对分析,确定复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度标准。其次,以USP通则<61> <62>为指导原则,开发适用于复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法。采用平皿倾注法分别对复方苦参提取物及其2个组分苦参和白土苓的需氧菌总数计数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数进行计数方法适用性试验,采用直接接种法对控制菌进行方法适用性试验;最后,综合采用MALDI/TOF MS微生物鉴定方法及细菌16S rRNA基因序列比对分析方法对样品中的污染微生物进行菌种鉴定,进一步对污染微生物种群分布及危害进行分析。

结果:

建立了符合USP要求的复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度标准;复方苦参提取物及其2个组分苦参和白土苓的微生物计数方法适用性试验结果回收比值均在0.5~2.0,控制菌方法适用性试验中阳性对照菌株均能够生长,符合USP要求;40株污染微生物根据鉴定结果涉及13个种5个属,主要涵盖不同种类的芽孢杆菌属(87.5%)、肠杆菌属(10%)及假单胞菌属(2.5%);污染微生物均为危害性较小的条件致病菌。

结论:

建立了苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物的微生物限度标准及微生物限度检查方法,明确了上述产品的污染微生物种群分布和危害分析,完善了该中药制剂及其组分微生物质量控制。

, correspAuthors=范一灵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Tel:(021)38839900;E-mail:
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Tel:(021)38839900;E-mail:

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Chin Pharm J202156(20):1671, articleTitle=Research and analysis about microbial quantity contamination of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239231274410365239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239231274418753848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, companyId=1239231274410365239, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology,Shanghai Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Innovative Biological Products,Shanghai 201203,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239231274422948153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, companyId=1239231274410365239, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市食品药品检验研究院 国家药监局药品微生物检测技术重点实验室 上海市创新生物制品质量检验检测中心,上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239231279246397977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Applicability test results of aerobic method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
需氧菌总数计数(total aerobic microbial count)(1:10)
铜绿假单胞菌
P. aeruginosa
金黄色葡萄球菌
S. aureus
枯草芽孢杆菌
B. subtilis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)0.690.960.670.840.80
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)0.681.10.750.830.86
复方苦参提取物(compound Kushen extract)0.810.3400.800.94
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279321895458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

需氧菌总数计数方法适用性试验回收比值结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
需氧菌总数计数(total aerobic microbial count)(1:10)
铜绿假单胞菌
P. aeruginosa
金黄色葡萄球菌
S. aureus
枯草芽孢杆菌
B. subtilis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)0.690.960.670.840.80
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)0.681.10.750.830.86
复方苦参提取物(compound Kushen extract)0.810.3400.800.94
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279414170149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Applicability test results of aerobic method and mould and yest

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
组别
(group)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)(1:100)
霉菌、酵母菌计数(total combined yeasts and molds count)(1:10)
铜绿假单胞菌
P. aeruginosa
金黄色葡萄球菌
S. aureus
枯草芽孢杆菌
B. subtilis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)11.600.860.731.201.101.940.93
20.881.000.911.200.900.840.82
30.931.501.001.101.101.200.93
白土苓(Heteros milacis Rhizoma)11.600.860.991.201.100.941.00
20.850.981.101.000.940.870.93
30.880.761.201.101.400.980.98
复方苦参提取物
(compound Kushen extract)
10.981.300.931.301.000.831.20
20.931.001.201.201.201.000.91
30.981.000.981.101.300.831.50
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279510639150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计数检查方法适用性试验回收比值结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
组别
(group)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)(1:100)
霉菌、酵母菌计数(total combined yeasts and molds count)(1:10)
铜绿假单胞菌
P. aeruginosa
金黄色葡萄球菌
S. aureus
枯草芽孢杆菌
B. subtilis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
白色念珠菌
C. albicans
巴西曲霉
A. brasiliensis
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)11.600.860.731.201.101.940.93
20.881.000.911.200.900.840.82
30.931.501.001.101.101.200.93
白土苓(Heteros milacis Rhizoma)11.600.860.991.201.100.941.00
20.850.981.101.000.940.870.93
30.880.761.201.101.400.980.98
复方苦参提取物
(compound Kushen extract)
10.981.300.931.301.000.831.20
20.931.001.201.201.201.000.91
30.981.000.981.101.300.831.50
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279598719539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Applicability test results of specified microorganisms method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
控制菌项目
(specified microorganism)
阳性对照组
(positive control group)
供试品对照组
(sample control group)
阴性对照组
(negative control group)
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
复方苦参提取物(compound大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
Kushen extract)沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279695188535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

控制菌检查方法适用性试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
控制菌项目
(specified microorganism)
阳性对照组
(positive control group)
供试品对照组
(sample control group)
阴性对照组
(negative control group)
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
复方苦参提取物(compound大肠埃希菌(E. coli)+--
Kushen extract)沙门菌(Salmonella spp.)+--
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)+--
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279829406272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Applicability test results of microbiological limit test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
批号
(lot No.)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)
霉菌、酵母菌总数计数
(total combined yeasts and molds count)
大肠埃希菌
(E. coli)
(1 g或1 mL)
沙门氏菌
(Salmonella spp.)
(10 g或10 mL)
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌
(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)2012012.6×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104021.0×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104034.7×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104041.5×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
210404*<100 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)210802015.6×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
220401014.0×102 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
220402013.6×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
210801015.5×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
21080101*<100 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
复方苦参提取物(compound Kushen extract)20220301<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220607<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220608<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220609<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221003- 0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221004-0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221005-0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221003-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221004-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221005-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
), ArticleFig(id=1239231279921680967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

苦参、白土苓、复方苦参提取物微生物限度检查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
(sample)
批号
(lot No.)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)
霉菌、酵母菌总数计数
(total combined yeasts and molds count)
大肠埃希菌
(E. coli)
(1 g或1 mL)
沙门氏菌
(Salmonella spp.)
(10 g或10 mL)
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌
(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)
苦参(Sophorae Flavescentis Radix)2012012.6×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104021.0×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104034.7×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
2104041.5×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
210404*<100 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
白土苓(Heterosmilacis Rhizoma)210802015.6×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
220401014.0×102 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
220402013.6×104 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
210801015.5×103 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
21080101*<100 cfu·g -1<10 cfu·g -1--<10 cfu·g -1
复方苦参提取物(compound Kushen extract)20220301<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220607<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220608<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20220609<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221003- 0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221004-0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221005-0 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221003-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221004-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
20221005-10 d<100 cfu·mL -1<10 cfu·mL -1--<10 cfu·mL -1
), ArticleFig(id=1239231280034927177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Analysis of species level of contaminated microorganisms in Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Heterosmilacis Rhizoma

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(number)
菌种
(strain)
菌株数量
(number of strains for species)
菌株占比
(ratio of species)/%
属名
(genus)
菌属数量
(number of strains for genus)
菌属占比
(ratio of genus)/%
1枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis1332.5Bacillus3280
2蜡样芽孢杆菌(B. cereus820
3简单芽孢杆菌(B. simplex37.5
4巨大芽孢杆菌(B. megaterium25
5坎德玛斯岛芽孢杆菌(B. luciferensis25
6壁芽孢杆菌(B. muralis12.5
7苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis12.5
8巴达维亚芽孢杆菌(B. bataviensis12.5
9高地芽孢杆菌(B. altitudinis12.5
10中孢短芽孢杆菌(B. centrosporus25Brevibacillus25
11房间芽孢杆菌属(Domibacillus sp.12.5Domibacillus12.5
12浅黄色假单胞菌(P. luteola12.5Pseudomonas12.5
13神户肠杆菌(E. kobei410Enterobacter410
), ArticleFig(id=1239231280118813266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

苦参、白土苓中污染微生物鉴定结果种属水平的分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(number)
菌种
(strain)
菌株数量
(number of strains for species)
菌株占比
(ratio of species)/%
属名
(genus)
菌属数量
(number of strains for genus)
菌属占比
(ratio of genus)/%
1枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis1332.5Bacillus3280
2蜡样芽孢杆菌(B. cereus820
3简单芽孢杆菌(B. simplex37.5
4巨大芽孢杆菌(B. megaterium25
5坎德玛斯岛芽孢杆菌(B. luciferensis25
6壁芽孢杆菌(B. muralis12.5
7苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis12.5
8巴达维亚芽孢杆菌(B. bataviensis12.5
9高地芽孢杆菌(B. altitudinis12.5
10中孢短芽孢杆菌(B. centrosporus25Brevibacillus25
11房间芽孢杆菌属(Domibacillus sp.12.5Domibacillus12.5
12浅黄色假单胞菌(P. luteola12.5Pseudomonas12.5
13神户肠杆菌(E. kobei410Enterobacter410
), ArticleFig(id=1239231280202699348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of microbiological limit standards of USP and ChP for Chinese herbal decoction pieces and Chinese herbal preparations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准来源
(standard)
分类
(classification)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)
霉菌、酵母菌总数计数
(total combined yeasts and molds count)
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌
(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)
大肠埃希菌
(E. coli)
沙门菌
(Salmonella spp.)
USP<2023>非无菌营养和膳食补充剂的微生物限度标准(USP<2023> microbiological attributes of nonsterile nutritional and dietary supplements)干燥经磨粉植物(dried or powdered botanicals)
经磨粉植物提取物(powdered botanical extracts)
≤1×105 cfu·g-1
≤1×104 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL-1
≤1×103 cfu·g-1
≤1×103 cfu·g -1
(or)cfu·mL-1
≤1×103 cfu·g-1
/
-/10 g
-/10 g或
(or)10 mL
-/10 g
-/10 g或
(or)10 mL
USP<1111>非无菌药用物质微生物限度标准(USP<1111> microbiological examination of nonsterile products:acceptance criteria for pharmaceutical preparations and substances for pharmaceutical use)药用物质(substances for pharmaceutical use)≤103 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL -1
≤102 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL -1
///
USP<1111>非无菌制剂微生物限度标准(USP<1111> microbiological examination of nonsterile products:acceptance criteria for pharmaceutical preparations and substances for pharmaceutical use)口服非液体制剂(nonaqueous preparations for oral use)
口服液体制剂(aqueous preparations for oral use)
≤103 cfu·g-1
≤102 cfu·mL-1
≤102 cfu·g-1
≤101 cfu·mL-1
//-/g-/mL//
《中国药典》通则<1108>中药提取物及中药饮片的微生物限度标准(ChP <1108>microbi中药提取物(Chinese herbs extracts)≤103 cfu·g-1
(or) cfu·mL-1
≤102 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL-1
控制菌未做统一规定(the specified microorganisms are no uniform regulation)
ological examination of Chinese herbs extracts and Chinese cut crude drugs)直接口服及泡服饮片
(direct oral and bubble slices)
≤105 cfu·g -1≤103 cfu·g -1<104 cfu·g -1-/g-/10 g
), ArticleFig(id=1239231280286585433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231272208355579, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

USP及《中国药典》关于中药饮片及中药制剂的微生物限度标准比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准来源
(standard)
分类
(classification)
需氧菌总数
(total aerobic microbial count)
霉菌、酵母菌总数计数
(total combined yeasts and molds count)
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌
(Blle-Tolerant Gram-Netive Bacteria)
大肠埃希菌
(E. coli)
沙门菌
(Salmonella spp.)
USP<2023>非无菌营养和膳食补充剂的微生物限度标准(USP<2023> microbiological attributes of nonsterile nutritional and dietary supplements)干燥经磨粉植物(dried or powdered botanicals)
经磨粉植物提取物(powdered botanical extracts)
≤1×105 cfu·g-1
≤1×104 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL-1
≤1×103 cfu·g-1
≤1×103 cfu·g -1
(or)cfu·mL-1
≤1×103 cfu·g-1
/
-/10 g
-/10 g或
(or)10 mL
-/10 g
-/10 g或
(or)10 mL
USP<1111>非无菌药用物质微生物限度标准(USP<1111> microbiological examination of nonsterile products:acceptance criteria for pharmaceutical preparations and substances for pharmaceutical use)药用物质(substances for pharmaceutical use)≤103 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL -1
≤102 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL -1
///
USP<1111>非无菌制剂微生物限度标准(USP<1111> microbiological examination of nonsterile products:acceptance criteria for pharmaceutical preparations and substances for pharmaceutical use)口服非液体制剂(nonaqueous preparations for oral use)
口服液体制剂(aqueous preparations for oral use)
≤103 cfu·g-1
≤102 cfu·mL-1
≤102 cfu·g-1
≤101 cfu·mL-1
//-/g-/mL//
《中国药典》通则<1108>中药提取物及中药饮片的微生物限度标准(ChP <1108>microbi中药提取物(Chinese herbs extracts)≤103 cfu·g-1
(or) cfu·mL-1
≤102 cfu·g-1
(or)cfu·mL-1
控制菌未做统一规定(the specified microorganisms are no uniform regulation)
ological examination of Chinese herbs extracts and Chinese cut crude drugs)直接口服及泡服饮片
(direct oral and bubble slices)
≤105 cfu·g -1≤103 cfu·g -1<104 cfu·g -1-/g-/10 g
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1205114436974182403, delFlag=0, nameCn=药物分析杂志, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0254-1793, eissn=, cn=11-2224/R, coden=null, periodic=月刊, language=CN, oaType=1, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=, officePhone=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=E+iq5BU+frOtpo6YF6JpQQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1765251271721, updatedTime=1765252167692, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=C, firstLetterEn=C, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=生命医学, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, 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复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及微生物质量标准的建立
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张宁 , 蒋波 , 宋明辉 , 杨燕 , 周佳颖 , 范一灵 *
药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024,44(8): 1454-1462
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药物分析杂志 | 标准研讨 2024, 44(8): 1454-1462
复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及微生物质量标准的建立
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张宁 , 蒋波, 宋明辉, 杨燕, 周佳颖, 范一灵*
作者信息
  • 上海市食品药品检验研究院 国家药监局药品微生物检测技术重点实验室 上海市创新生物制品质量检验检测中心,上海 201203
  • Tel:(021)38839900;E-mail:

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* Tel:(021)38839900;E-mail:
Establishment of microbial limit test method and microbial quality standard of compound Kushen extract and its related components
Ning ZHANG , Bo JIANG, Ming-hui SONG, Yan YANG, Jia-ying ZHOU, Yi-ling FAN*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology,Shanghai Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Innovative Biological Products,Shanghai 201203,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0761
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目的:

建立符合USP通则<1111> <2023>(2013年前已生效)的复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及质量标准。

方法:

首先,对USP和2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》中药制剂及饮片标准进行比对分析,确定复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度标准。其次,以USP通则<61> <62>为指导原则,开发适用于复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法。采用平皿倾注法分别对复方苦参提取物及其2个组分苦参和白土苓的需氧菌总数计数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数进行计数方法适用性试验,采用直接接种法对控制菌进行方法适用性试验;最后,综合采用MALDI/TOF MS微生物鉴定方法及细菌16S rRNA基因序列比对分析方法对样品中的污染微生物进行菌种鉴定,进一步对污染微生物种群分布及危害进行分析。

结果:

建立了符合USP要求的复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度标准;复方苦参提取物及其2个组分苦参和白土苓的微生物计数方法适用性试验结果回收比值均在0.5~2.0,控制菌方法适用性试验中阳性对照菌株均能够生长,符合USP要求;40株污染微生物根据鉴定结果涉及13个种5个属,主要涵盖不同种类的芽孢杆菌属(87.5%)、肠杆菌属(10%)及假单胞菌属(2.5%);污染微生物均为危害性较小的条件致病菌。

结论:

建立了苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物的微生物限度标准及微生物限度检查方法,明确了上述产品的污染微生物种群分布和危害分析,完善了该中药制剂及其组分微生物质量控制。

苦参  /  白土苓  /  复方苦参提取物  /  微生物限度检查  /  污染微生物  /  微生物质量控制  /  质量标准
Objective:

To establish a microbial limit test method and quality standard conforms to the USP for compound Kushen extract and its related components.

Methods:

Comparative analysis was conducted on the standards for traditional Chinese medicine preparations and decoction pieces in the USP and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition to determine the microbial limit standards for compound Kushen extract and its related components. Then,guided by the General Principles of the USP<61> and <62>,a microbial limit test method suitable for compound Kushen extract and its related components was developed. The plate pouring method was used to perform a methodological applicability test on the total aerobic bacterial count,mold and yeast count of compound Kushen extract and its two components Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Heterosmilacis Rhizoma. The method applicability test was conducted on the control bacteria using the direct inoculation method. Finally,the MALDI/TOF MS microbial identification method and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment analysis method were comprehensively used to identify the bacterial species of the contaminated microorganisms in the sample,and further analysis was conducted on the distribution and harm of the contaminated microbial population.

Results:

As a result,microbial limit standards for compound Kushen extract and its related components were established in accordance with the requirements of the USP. The recoveries of the counting methods for compound Kushen extract and its two components,Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and Heterosmilacis Rhizoma,were between 0.5 and 2.0. The positive control strains in the control bacterial method suitability test were able to grow,meeting the requirements of the USP. According to the identification results,40 contaminated microorganisms involved 13 species and 5 genera,mainly covering different types of Bacillus genus (87.5%),Enterobacterium genus (10%),and Pseudomonas genus (2.5%). Polluting microorganisms were all less harmful conditional pathogenic bacteria.

Conclusion:

Established a microbial limit test method and quality standard conforms to the USP for compound Kushen extract and its related components. Defined the distribution and harm analysis of the pollution microorganism poulation of the above products. Improved the microbial quality control of the Chinese medicine preparation and its components.

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix  /  Heterosmilacis Rhizoma  /  compound Kushen extract  /  microbial limit test  /  contaminant microorganisms  /  microbiological quality control  /  quality standard
张宁, 蒋波, 宋明辉, 杨燕, 周佳颖, 范一灵. 复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物限度检查方法及微生物质量标准的建立. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1454 -1462 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0761
Ning ZHANG, Bo JIANG, Ming-hui SONG, Yan YANG, Jia-ying ZHOU, Yi-ling FAN. Establishment of microbial limit test method and microbial quality standard of compound Kushen extract and its related components[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1454 -1462 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0761
中药饮片是我国药品的主要特色和优势之一[1]。目前我国中药质量控制薄弱是影响中药产业现代化和国际化及保障临床用药安全的关键因素。中药质量控制集中在有效性和安全性评价方面,其中安全性来源之一是中药在生长、生产、运输过程中的外源性污染[2-3]。中药饮片大多源自天然动植物或矿物,通常携带有大量微生物[4]。多数中药饮片加工过程简单,灭菌不完全,微生物本底污染量高[5],且中药饮片一般水活度较高,在运输和储存过程容易发生微生物污染和增殖[6]。范一灵等[6]对中药饮片和代煎剂的微生物进行研究,发现中药饮片存在较高水平的微生物污染,代煎剂按照USP 2023要求,合格率为70%,且随着保存时间的延长合格率下降较快。中药复方制剂原材料及生产过程中生物负载水平高,导致中药制剂面临的微生物污染及成品制剂中由微生物增殖引起的有害毒素风险更高[7-8]。此外,多数中药材本身具有抑菌性,直接影响原料或产品中微生物能否被有效检出,进一步影响原料及产品的微生物质量评价和控制[9]。因此,建立科学、准确、有效的微生物检查方法和质量标准体系,对于提高中药制剂微生物污染质量控制水平,保障药品安全具有十分重要的意义。
复方苦参提取物由国内某制药股份有限公司生产,主要成分有苦参、白土苓。苦参作为方中主药,具有清热燥湿,杀虫,利尿的功效[10],白土苓具有清热除湿,解毒的功效[11-13]。本文对2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)和USP中的制剂及中药饮片的概念、检查方法、限度规定等进行了详尽的比对及探讨,初步建立原料白土苓饮片、苦参饮片和终产品复方苦参提取物微生物限度检查方法,进一步分析产品自身的微生物负载水平及微生物种群情况,评估产品污染微生物的“不可接受性”,结合2020年版《中国药典》和USP的微生物评价指标,对产品的污染微生物进行风险评估,对微生物评价指标进行研判,最终建立了符合USP的复方苦参提取物及其相关组分微生物质量标准评价体系[14]
DJ-II型匀浆机(炳隆)、BSA 2202S型电子天平(精度±0.1 g)(赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司)、AC2-5S1型生物安全柜(艺思高科技有限公司)、XG1.DWA-1.0B型高压灭菌器(山东新华医疗器械股份有限公司)、MIR253型培养箱(三洋电机株式会社)、Autoflex max TOF/TOF型多通道微生物蛋白分析快速鉴定仪(布鲁克公司)。
苦参(批号201201、210402、210403、210404)、白土苓(批号21080201、22040101、22040201、21080101)、复方苦参提取物(批号20220301、20220607、20220608、20220609、20221003、20221004、20221005)均来源于国内某制药股份有限公司。
大肠埃希菌[Escherichia coli,ATCC 8739]、沙门菌[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar,ATCC 14028]、铜绿假单胞菌[Pseudomonas aeruginosa,ATCC 9027]、金黄色葡萄球菌[Staphylococcus aureus,ATCC 6538]、枯草芽孢杆菌[Bacillus subtilis,ATCC 6633]、白色念珠菌[Candida albicans,ATCC 10231]、巴西曲霉[Aspergillus brasiliensis,ATCC 16404],均购自美国菌种保藏中心(ATCC)。
pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液干粉培养基(批号1106615)、胰酪大豆胨液体干粉培养基(批号1106345)、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂干粉培养基(批号20211030)、麦康凯液体干粉培养基(批号1103915)、木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂干粉培养基(批号1104925)、肠道菌增菌液体培养基干粉培养基(批号1110055)均购自广东环凯微生物科技有限公司,胰酪大豆胨琼脂干粉培养基(批号221118C10)、紫红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂培养基干粉培养基(批号1112635)均购自MERCK公司,麦康凯琼脂培养基干粉培养基(批号1111235)购自中国食品药品检定研究院,RV沙门菌增菌液体培养基干粉培养基(批号20211209)购自北京奥博星生物技术有限责任公司。
HCCA基质购自Bruker公司,批号7020120027。
PCR扩增引物:正向引物为27F:5’- AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3’(批号1840400067);反向引物为1492R:5’- GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’(批号1840400067),由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
接种大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的新鲜培养物至胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,33 ℃培养24 h;接种白色念珠菌的新鲜培养物至沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基中,23 ℃培养3 d,上述培养物用pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液制成1 000~10 000 cfu·mL-1的菌悬液。
接种巴西曲霉的新鲜培养物至沙氏葡萄糖琼脂斜面培养基中,23 ℃培养7 d,加入含0.05%聚山梨酯80的pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液5 mL洗脱孢子,进一步用pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液制成1 000~10 000 cfu·mL -1的菌悬液。
苦参/白土苓:取苦参/白土苓10 g,用匀浆机破碎成粉末,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基至100 mL,均质混匀,作为1:10供试液;取1:10供试液10 mL,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基90 mL,混匀,作为1:100的供试液。
复方苦参提取物:取复方苦参提取物10 mL,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基至100 mL,均质混匀,作为1:10供试液;取1:10供试液10 mL,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基90 mL,混匀,作为1:100的供试液。
(1)试验组A(需氧菌总数组):分别取1:10、1:100的供试液10 mL,加入1 000~10 000 cfu·mL -1试验菌菌液0.1 mL(大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、巴西曲霉),混匀,使每1 mL供试液中含菌量不大于100 cfu,取1 mL注入平皿,立即倾入胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基,平行制备2个平板。
试验组B(霉菌、酵母菌计数组):分别取1:10的供试液10 mL,加入1 000~10 000 cfu·mL -1试验菌菌液0.1 mL(白色念珠菌、巴西曲霉),混匀,使每1 mL供试液中含菌量不大于100 cfu,取1 mL注入平皿,立即倾入沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基,平行制备2个平板。
(2)供试品对照组:取供试液,以pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液代替菌液同试验组操作。
(3)菌液对照组:取pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液代替供试液,按试验组操作加入试验菌液并进行微生物回收试验。
按照上述试验方案,分别对苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物计数检查方法进行预试验及3次回收试验。采用1:10供试液进行需氧菌总数计数检查方法适用性预试验,结果苦参、白土苓的试验菌回收比值均在0.5~2.0范围内,但是铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的回收比值均偏低,复方苦参提取物的金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的回收比值均小于0.5,结果不符合USP<61>的要求(表1)。分别采用1:100和1:10供试液进行需氧菌总数计数和霉菌、酵母菌计数检查方法适用性试验,试验菌的回收比值均在0.5~2.0范围内(表2)。采用上述方法进行苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物的需氧菌总数、霉菌酵母菌总数计数,结果均符合USP<61>的要求。
(1)阳性对照组:大肠埃希菌:取1:10的供试液10 mL及不大于100 cfu的试验菌1 mL,分别加入100 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,混匀,按USP<62>非无菌药品微生物限度控制菌检查法检查。
沙门菌:取样品10 g及不大于100 cfu的试验菌1 mL,分别加入200 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,混匀,按USP<62>非无菌药品微生物限度控制菌检查法检查。
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌(定量试验):取样品10 g,用破碎机破碎成粉末,加胰酪大豆胨液体培养基至100 mL,均质混匀,作为1:10的供试液,取1:10的供试液10 mL各2份,分别加入不大于100 cfu的大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌0.1 mL,23 ℃培养2 h,然后用胰酪大豆胨液体培养基将供试液10倍稀释至1:100和1:1 000,按USP<62>非无菌药品微生物限度控制菌检查法检查。
(2)供试品对照组:取供试液,以胰酪大豆胨液体培养基代替菌液,同阳性对照组操作。
(3)阴性对照组:以胰酪大豆胨液体培养基代替供试液和菌液,同阳性对照组操作。
按照上述试验方案,分别对苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物控制菌检查方法进行方法适用性试验,试验结果表明,阳性对照组控制菌均能检出,供试品对照组和阴性对照组均未检出(表3),苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物采用上述方法能够检出控制菌。
根据“2.1”微生物限度检查方法适用性试验结果,确定苦参、白土苓、复方苦参提取物的微生物限度检查方法为:取本供试品10 g或10 mL,苦参和白土苓需破碎成粉末,复方苦参提取物需摇匀,分别加胰酪大豆胨液体培养基至100 mL,均质混匀,作为1:10的供试液,采用胰酪大豆胨液体培养基依次制备成1:100的供试液。其中需氧菌总数采用1:100供试液,霉菌和酵母菌计数采用1:10供试液,均采用平皿法;大肠埃希菌(1 g或1 mL)检查取1:10的供试液10 mL,加入100 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中;沙门氏菌检查均取供试品10 g或10 mL,加入200 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中;耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查采用直接接种法。
采用上述微生物限度检查方法,分别对不同批次的苦参(4批次)、白土苓(4批次)、复方苦参提取物(10批次)进行检查,结果4批次苦参的需氧菌总数计数在1.0×103 ~4.7×104 cfu·g -1,霉菌和酵母菌计数及控制菌的检查结果均<10 cfu·g -1和未检出;4批次白土苓的需氧菌总数计数在4.0×102 ~3.6×104 cfu·g -1,霉菌和酵母菌计数及控制菌的检查结果均<10 cfu·g -1和未检出;10件(7批次)复方苦参提取物的计数及控制菌的检查结果均<10 cfu·mL-1和未检出;此外,经辐照灭菌的2批苦参和白土苓的计数及控制菌的检查结果均<10 cfu·g -1和未检出,说明辐照灭菌可有效降低中药饮片的微生物负载(表4)。
分别自“2.2”中4批苦参和白土苓微生物限度检查中的需氧菌总数检查平板及控制菌增菌培养液中分离不同形态的微生物单菌落,划线纯化于胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板,33 ℃培养24~72 h。
本研究从苦参、白土苓2种样品中共分离纯化微生物菌株40株,全部为细菌。对于上述分离纯化得到的菌落综合采用MALDI/TOF MS微生物鉴定方法及细菌16S rRNA序列比对分析方法进行菌种鉴定。40株微生物分布5个不同的属,占比较高的2个菌属分别为Bacillus (芽孢杆菌属,80%)和Enterobacter (肠杆菌属,10%),上述两属的菌株数量占总菌数90%(表5)。针对8个样品分离及鉴定的40株菌株进行种水平的统计分析,2种样品共涵盖菌株13种,占比较高的3种菌株分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(32.5%)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(20%)及神户肠杆菌(Enterobacter kobei)(10%),上述3种菌株占总菌株62.5%(表5)。
根据USP<2023>中非无菌营养和膳食补充剂的微生物限度标准,苦参和白土苓应执行干燥经磨粉植物的限度标准,复方苦参提取物应执行经磨粉植物提取物的限度标准,进一步参考USP<1111>非无菌药用物质微生物限度标准、非无菌制剂微生物限度标准和2020年版《中国药典》四部通则<1108>中药提取物及中药饮片的微生物限度标准,苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物的微生物限度检查项目包含需氧菌总数计数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数、大肠埃希菌、耐胆盐革兰式阴性菌及沙门菌检查,具体限度标准比较详见表6
根据“2.1.3”中对苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物计数检查方法的预实验结果,苦参和白土苓饮片铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的回收比值均偏低,复方苦参提取物的金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌回收比值均小于0.5,表明上述2种饮片和成品制剂均存在一定的抑菌性。此外,根据文献报道,苦参的主要入药成分为生物碱和黄酮类化合物,具有消炎抑菌作用[15-16],白土苓主要成分为大泽米苷和一些脂肪酸及其酯、酚酸类等[17],苦参中的生物碱类成分及白土苓中的大泽米苷在生产过程中被有效转移,成为制剂终产品的主要成分[18],具有一定的抑菌作用。此外,由于中药饮片类样品不适宜于薄膜过滤,因此,苦参和白土苓饮片及成品制剂的需氧菌总数计数最终采用1:100的稀释法来消除药品自身的抑菌性,沙门氏菌检查由于取样量较大,采用扩大培养基体积的稀释法,其他项目均采用常规的直接接种法,最终确立的产品的微生物限度检查法从产品本身特性出发,既简单、高效,可操作性强,又保证科学、合理、准确,为发现并控制该产品的微生物污染提供有效技术手段。
根据不同批次苦参、白土苓及复方苦参提取物的微生物限度检查结果,复方苦参提取物由于经过提取等工艺的特殊处理,产品的污染微生物水平低,检查结果均未检出;苦参和白土苓属于初级加工品,污染微生物受样品来源、运输储存、工艺等因素影响[19],需氧菌总数存在一定量水平的微生物,但均小于105 cfu·g -1,其他微生物检查项目均未检出。
通过分析苦参及白土苓中的微生物种群分布,主要以不同类别的芽孢杆菌属为主,总占比87.5%,其次是占比10%的肠杆菌,以及占比2.5%的假单胞菌属,上述污染菌株多为环境常见菌,不是危害性较大的致病菌,但属于条件致病菌[20-22]。虽然中药饮片一般食用前会经煎煮等方式,可有效降低部分污染微生物,但是污染微生物数量过多一方面会产生大量有害代谢产物或毒素[23-24],影响中药饮片及成品制剂质量,特别是对于注射用中药制剂,另一方面过多的微生物也会影响药物本身有效成分及作用机理[25-26]。因此,中药制剂及其组分的微生物控制对于中药质量安全评价具有重要意义。
根据表6的对比分析,首先确立了三类产品的微生物限度标准。其中,苦参和白土苓限度要求规定:1 g供试品中需氧菌总数不得过105 cfu,霉菌和酵母菌总数不得过103 cfu,耐胆盐革兰阴性菌不得过103 cfu,1 g供试品中不得检出大肠埃希菌,10 g供试品中不得检出沙门氏菌;复方苦参提取物限度要求规定:1 mL供试品中需氧菌总数不得过104 cfu,霉菌和酵母菌总数不得过103 cfu,耐胆盐革兰阴性菌不得过103 cfu,1 mL供试品中不得检出大肠埃希菌,10 mL供试品中不得检出沙门氏菌。
本文建立的复方苦参提取液及其组分的微生物质量标准体系充分考虑了标准的科学性、方法的可行性、质控指标的合理性,不仅符合USP的通用要求,也符合原料和产品的实际特性,保证了检验结果的准确性,为中国药品快速通过美国FDA审查提供了数据支持,也为中国产品走向世界把好了质量关。
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0761
  • 接收时间:2023-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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    上海市食品药品检验研究院 国家药监局药品微生物检测技术重点实验室 上海市创新生物制品质量检验检测中心,上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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