Article(id=1239231271126225100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0716, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699372800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773385358839, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385358839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385358839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385358839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239231265254207730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1285', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385357440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385579800, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1415, endPage=1429, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239231271424020697, articleId=1239231271126225100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Microbiological examination method suitability study and decision-making method establishment of live microecological products, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To classify the microbiological examination methods of live microecological products according to the results of suitability test for the enumeration method,and establish the decision-making method for microbiological examination of live microecological products.

Methods:

The suitability test of the microbiological examination method of live microecological products was performed according to the requirements of the General Chapter 1105 in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Vol Ⅳ. Escherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilisPseudomonas aeruginosaCandida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used as the test strains. Tryptic Soy Agar,Sabouraud Dextrose Agar,Rose Bengal Agar and Rose Bengal Agar Ⅱ were used as medium.

Results:

For live microecological products composed of anaerobic bacteria or microorganisms with growth characteristics significantly different from the test strains,the suitability test for the method could be performed according to General Chapter 1105. For live microecological products containing Bacillus and enterococcus,the suitability test for the fungal enumeration method could be performed according to General Chapter 1105. Live microecological products could not be tested for suitability of the method due to the influence of the component microorganisms,gram-negative bacteria could be controlled using selective medium. In addition,some potentially harmful microorganisms could be controlled based on risk assessment according to the route of administration and the population of drug users.

Conclusion:

This study provides a basis for the selection of the microbiological examination methods for live microecological products,and further complements and improves the quality standard system of live microecological products.

, correspAuthors=Bo DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dan-yang FENG, Xiao-li MENG, Zhen SHEN, Li-hong REN, Bo DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239231276612374986, articleId=1239231271126225100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=微生态活菌制品杂菌检查方法适用性研究及决策方法的建立, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

根据方法适用性试验结果,对微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法进行分类,并建立微生态活菌制品杂菌检查决策方法。

方法:

按《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)四部<通则1105计数方法适用性试验>(简称<通则1105>要求),以大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉为试验菌,采用胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基、孟加拉红琼脂培养基、玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基,对已上市微生态活菌制品进行杂菌检查方法适用性试验。

结果:

成分为厌氧菌或生长特性与试验菌差别较大微生物的制品,可参照《中国药典》四部<通则1105>进行方法适用性试验;成分中含有芽孢杆菌和肠球菌的制品,真菌计数可参照《中国药典》四部<通则1105>进行方法适用性试验;受成分菌的影响,非致病性杂菌无法通过方法适用性试验的产品,可采用选择性培养基对革兰阴性杆菌进行控制;无法通过计数方法适用性试验的制品,可根据给药途径、用药人群等,基于风险评估后,控制部分有潜在危害的微生物。

结论:

本研究为微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法提供了选择依据,进一步补充完善了微生态活菌制品的质量标准体系。

, correspAuthors=丁勃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* Tel:(0531)81216758;E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Study on optimum growth temperature of B. coagulans, figureFileSmall=VjgpYFuWT8Emplqv4fZ2NA==, figureFileBig=nH1pbl/NgR7JhjLiQ4boqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231281695871625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图3 , caption=凝结芽孢杆菌适宜生长温度研究, figureFileSmall=VjgpYFuWT8Emplqv4fZ2NA==, figureFileBig=nH1pbl/NgR7JhjLiQ4boqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231281775563404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Morphology of B. coagulans cultured at different temperatures by gram staining microscopy, figureFileSmall=jU/aCPoBZ/AxbRED3qMS2w==, figureFileBig=O9OufjGAoSBXi+iu0RoMpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231283230986896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Suitability of the total combined yeasts(molds) counting method in the presence of Bacillus coagulans tablets,live, figureFileSmall=UVfWxU3FzyRDt6FGM85g/g==, figureFileBig=UWdG1TN+nZlnq+xHNkox5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231283637834402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图6 , caption=凝结芽孢杆菌片霉菌和酵母菌总数(真菌)计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=UVfWxU3FzyRDt6FGM85g/g==, figureFileBig=UWdG1TN+nZlnq+xHNkox5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231283755274920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Suitability of the total aerobic microbial counting method in the presence of Bacillus licheniformis capsules,live, figureFileSmall=o/8BRW00SRSqKoPiCiiHeA==, figureFileBig=Oj8RN6tkudpHjBs3hKnrng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231283864326830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Suitability of the total aerobic microbial counting method in the presence of live Bacillus cereus tablets, figureFileSmall=u/oLFAKcVuh5yYiocbLK0A==, figureFileBig=IuDbXacIO16D9BwZJPOBqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231284317311673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图9 , caption=蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌片需氧菌总数计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=u/oLFAKcVuh5yYiocbLK0A==, figureFileBig=IuDbXacIO16D9BwZJPOBqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231284581552828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Suitability of the total combined yeasts(molds) counting method in the presence of live Bacillus cereus tablets, figureFileSmall=JOXTxNZOYb+bR67EDVE+0Q==, figureFileBig=iU+XiYIOkhHVoz6TpJanBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231284682216128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图10 , caption=蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌片霉菌和酵母菌总数(真菌)计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=JOXTxNZOYb+bR67EDVE+0Q==, figureFileBig=iU+XiYIOkhHVoz6TpJanBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231284787073730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Suitability of the total aerobic microbial counting method in the presence of Combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium granules with multivitamines,live, figureFileSmall=mN0gjhNdSIdxk7qVLQIG+Q==, figureFileBig=nG9eWiEWmqR87BW1NzKFBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231284896125638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图11 , caption=枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒需氧菌总数计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=mN0gjhNdSIdxk7qVLQIG+Q==, figureFileBig=nG9eWiEWmqR87BW1NzKFBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285021954762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Suitability of the total combined yeasts(molds) counting method in the presence of combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium granules with multivitamines,live, figureFileSmall=ShovEpdn/9ZR+punVvP9Zw==, figureFileBig=m0guMUbtaRc74NykfLAKVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285160366797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图12 , caption=枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒霉菌和酵母菌总数(真菌)计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=ShovEpdn/9ZR+punVvP9Zw==, figureFileBig=m0guMUbtaRc74NykfLAKVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285248447182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Suitability of the total aerobic microbial counting method in the presence of live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus powder,oral, figureFileSmall=dJAc7xoz9qgkh3j3Bmq80Q==, figureFileBig=Ib6h9jhYFapbKgfsl9Fsdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285340721874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图13 , caption=双歧杆菌三联活菌散需氧菌总数计数方法适用性试验, figureFileSmall=dJAc7xoz9qgkh3j3Bmq80Q==, figureFileBig=Ib6h9jhYFapbKgfsl9Fsdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285449773782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Suitability of the total combined yeasts(molds) counting method in the presence of live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus powder,oral, figureFileSmall=vxe3nNYowIRBpm7zHlLwCw==, figureFileBig=SZuhvXTNNrS0EUXZqi5fnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285533659864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, 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contamination enumeration methods of live microecological products, figureFileSmall=zxt/c82Vj+zPEq9MPIIWMA==, figureFileBig=JCPaR0Y7MXX+nXJJczafrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285885981408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=图16 , caption=微生态活菌制品杂菌检查决策树, figureFileSmall=zxt/c82Vj+zPEq9MPIIWMA==, figureFileBig=JCPaR0Y7MXX+nXJJczafrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231285999227619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Approved live microecological products for marketing and samples collected or not

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
制品名称
(name of product)
细菌种类
(type of strain)
国药准字
(National Medicine Permit No.)
上市许可持有人
(marketing authorization holder)
是否征集到样品
(samples collected or not)
1双歧杆菌活菌胶囊(live Bifidobacterium Capsules)青春型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)S10960040丽珠集团丽珠制药厂(Livzon Group Livzon Pharmaceutical Factory)是(yes)
2双歧杆菌活菌散(live Bifidobacteria Powder)青春型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)S20040081丽珠集团丽珠制药厂(Livzon Group Livzon Pharmaceutical Factory)否(no)
3双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊(live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules,oral)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
S10950032上海上药信谊药厂有限公司(SPH Sine Pharmaceutical Laboratories Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
4双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊(Bifid triple viable capsules dissolving at intestines)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
S19993065晋城海斯制药有限公司(Jincheng Health Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
5双歧杆菌三联活菌散(live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus oowder,oral)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
粪肠球菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
S10970104上海上药信谊药厂有限公司(SPH Sine Pharmaceutical Laboratories Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
6双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(live combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus tablets)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)
嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)
S19980004内蒙古双奇药业股份有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
7地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(Bacillus licheniformis capsules,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)S20083112浙江京新药业股份有限公司(Zhejiang Jingxin Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
S20153010是(yes)
S10950019东北制药集团沈阳第一制药有限公司(Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1 Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
8地衣芽孢杆菌活菌颗粒(Bacillus licheniformis granules,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)S20073008东北制药集团沈阳第一制药有限公司(Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1 Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
S20143001是(yes)
9地衣芽孢杆菌活菌片(Bacillus licheniformis tablets,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)///
10蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(live Bacillus cereus capsules)蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)S10980014安阳市源首生物药业有限责任公司(Anyang Yuanshou Biological Pharmaceutical Industry Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
11蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌片(live Bacillus cereus tablets)蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)S10970030是(yes)
12双歧杆菌四联活菌片(combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillusEnterococcus and Bacillus cereus tablets,live)婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)
S20060010杭州远大生物制药有限公司(Hanazhou Grand Biologic Pharmaceutical INC.)是(yes)
13酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊(Clostridium butyricum capsules,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040054远大生命科学(重庆)有限公司(Grand Life Sciences (Chongqing) INC.)是(yes)
S20040084青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
14酪酸梭菌活菌散(Clostridium butyricum powder,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040088青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
15酪酸梭菌活菌片(Clostridium butyricum tablets,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040083青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
16凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片(Bacillus coagulans tablets,live)凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)S20040032青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
17酪酸梭菌二联活菌胶囊(combined Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium capsules,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)
婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
S20020015科兴生物制药股份有限公司(Shandong Kexing Biological Products Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
18酪酸梭菌二联活菌散(combined Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium powders,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)
婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
S20020014是(yes)
19枯草杆菌活菌胶囊(Bacillus subtilis capsules,live)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)S20030018华润紫竹药业有限公司(China Resources Zizhu Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
20枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒(combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium granules with multivitamines,live)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)
屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)
S20020037北京韩美药品有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
21枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊(live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium enteric-coated capsules)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)
屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)
S20030087是(yes)
22阴道用乳杆菌活菌胶囊(live Lactobacillus capsules for vaginal use)德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)S20030005内蒙古双奇药业股份有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
), ArticleFig(id=1239231286108279526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231271126225100, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已批准上市的微生态活菌制品及样品征集情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
制品名称
(name of product)
细菌种类
(type of strain)
国药准字
(National Medicine Permit No.)
上市许可持有人
(marketing authorization holder)
是否征集到样品
(samples collected or not)
1双歧杆菌活菌胶囊(live Bifidobacterium Capsules)青春型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)S10960040丽珠集团丽珠制药厂(Livzon Group Livzon Pharmaceutical Factory)是(yes)
2双歧杆菌活菌散(live Bifidobacteria Powder)青春型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)S20040081丽珠集团丽珠制药厂(Livzon Group Livzon Pharmaceutical Factory)否(no)
3双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊(live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus capsules,oral)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
S10950032上海上药信谊药厂有限公司(SPH Sine Pharmaceutical Laboratories Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
4双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊(Bifid triple viable capsules dissolving at intestines)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
S19993065晋城海斯制药有限公司(Jincheng Health Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
5双歧杆菌三联活菌散(live combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillus and Enterococcus oowder,oral)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
粪肠球菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)
S10970104上海上药信谊药厂有限公司(SPH Sine Pharmaceutical Laboratories Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
6双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片(live combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus tablets)长型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)
保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)
嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)
S19980004内蒙古双奇药业股份有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
7地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(Bacillus licheniformis capsules,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)S20083112浙江京新药业股份有限公司(Zhejiang Jingxin Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
S20153010是(yes)
S10950019东北制药集团沈阳第一制药有限公司(Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1 Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
8地衣芽孢杆菌活菌颗粒(Bacillus licheniformis granules,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)S20073008东北制药集团沈阳第一制药有限公司(Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Shenyang No.1 Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
S20143001是(yes)
9地衣芽孢杆菌活菌片(Bacillus licheniformis tablets,live)地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)///
10蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(live Bacillus cereus capsules)蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)S10980014安阳市源首生物药业有限责任公司(Anyang Yuanshou Biological Pharmaceutical Industry Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
11蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌片(live Bacillus cereus tablets)蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)S10970030是(yes)
12双歧杆菌四联活菌片(combined BifidobacteriumLactobacillusEnterococcus and Bacillus cereus tablets,live)婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
嗜酸乳杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)
蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)
S20060010杭州远大生物制药有限公司(Hanazhou Grand Biologic Pharmaceutical INC.)是(yes)
13酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊(Clostridium butyricum capsules,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040054远大生命科学(重庆)有限公司(Grand Life Sciences (Chongqing) INC.)是(yes)
S20040084青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
14酪酸梭菌活菌散(Clostridium butyricum powder,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040088青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
15酪酸梭菌活菌片(Clostridium butyricum tablets,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)S20040083青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
16凝结芽孢杆菌活菌片(Bacillus coagulans tablets,live)凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)S20040032青岛东海药业有限公司(Qingdao Eastsea Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
17酪酸梭菌二联活菌胶囊(combined Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium capsules,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)
婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
S20020015科兴生物制药股份有限公司(Shandong Kexing Biological Products Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
18酪酸梭菌二联活菌散(combined Clostridium butyricum and Bifidobacterium powders,live)酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)
婴儿型双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis)
S20020014是(yes)
19枯草杆菌活菌胶囊(Bacillus subtilis capsules,live)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)S20030018华润紫竹药业有限公司(China Resources Zizhu Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
20枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒(combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium granules with multivitamines,live)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)
屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)
S20020037北京韩美药品有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)是(yes)
21枯草杆菌肠球菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊(live combined Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium enteric-coated capsules)枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)
屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)
S20030087是(yes)
22阴道用乳杆菌活菌胶囊(live Lactobacillus capsules for vaginal use)德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)S20030005内蒙古双奇药业股份有限公司(Inner Mongolia Shuangqi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.)否(no)
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微生态活菌制品杂菌检查方法适用性研究及决策方法的建立
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冯丹阳 1, 2 , 孟晓丽 1 , 沈振 1 , 任丽宏 1 , 丁勃 1, 3, *
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(8): 1415-1429
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(8): 1415-1429
微生态活菌制品杂菌检查方法适用性研究及决策方法的建立
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冯丹阳1, 2 , 孟晓丽1, 沈振1, 任丽宏1, 丁勃1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东省食品药品检验研究院 山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心,济南 250101
  • 2.中国药科大学生物药物学院,南京 211112
  • 3.山东大学药学院,济南 250012
  • Tel:(0531)81216760;E-mail:

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* Tel:(0531)81216758;E-mail:
Microbiological examination method suitability study and decision-making method establishment of live microecological products
Dan-yang FENG1, 2 , Xiao-li MENG1, Zhen SHEN1, Li-hong REN1, Bo DING1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control,Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug,Jinan 250101,China
  • 2.School of Biopharmacy,China Pharmaceutical University,Nanjing 211112,China
  • 3.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0716
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目的:

根据方法适用性试验结果,对微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法进行分类,并建立微生态活菌制品杂菌检查决策方法。

方法:

按《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)四部<通则1105计数方法适用性试验>(简称<通则1105>要求),以大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉为试验菌,采用胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基、孟加拉红琼脂培养基、玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基,对已上市微生态活菌制品进行杂菌检查方法适用性试验。

结果:

成分为厌氧菌或生长特性与试验菌差别较大微生物的制品,可参照《中国药典》四部<通则1105>进行方法适用性试验;成分中含有芽孢杆菌和肠球菌的制品,真菌计数可参照《中国药典》四部<通则1105>进行方法适用性试验;受成分菌的影响,非致病性杂菌无法通过方法适用性试验的产品,可采用选择性培养基对革兰阴性杆菌进行控制;无法通过计数方法适用性试验的制品,可根据给药途径、用药人群等,基于风险评估后,控制部分有潜在危害的微生物。

结论:

本研究为微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法提供了选择依据,进一步补充完善了微生态活菌制品的质量标准体系。

生物制品  /  微生态活菌制品  /  微生物污染控制  /  杂菌检查  /  方法适用性试验
Objective:

To classify the microbiological examination methods of live microecological products according to the results of suitability test for the enumeration method,and establish the decision-making method for microbiological examination of live microecological products.

Methods:

The suitability test of the microbiological examination method of live microecological products was performed according to the requirements of the General Chapter 1105 in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Vol Ⅳ. Escherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilisPseudomonas aeruginosaCandida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used as the test strains. Tryptic Soy Agar,Sabouraud Dextrose Agar,Rose Bengal Agar and Rose Bengal Agar Ⅱ were used as medium.

Results:

For live microecological products composed of anaerobic bacteria or microorganisms with growth characteristics significantly different from the test strains,the suitability test for the method could be performed according to General Chapter 1105. For live microecological products containing Bacillus and enterococcus,the suitability test for the fungal enumeration method could be performed according to General Chapter 1105. Live microecological products could not be tested for suitability of the method due to the influence of the component microorganisms,gram-negative bacteria could be controlled using selective medium. In addition,some potentially harmful microorganisms could be controlled based on risk assessment according to the route of administration and the population of drug users.

Conclusion:

This study provides a basis for the selection of the microbiological examination methods for live microecological products,and further complements and improves the quality standard system of live microecological products.

biological products  /  live microecological products  /  control of microbiological contamination  /  microbiological examination  /  method suitability test
冯丹阳, 孟晓丽, 沈振, 任丽宏, 丁勃. 微生态活菌制品杂菌检查方法适用性研究及决策方法的建立. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1415 -1429 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0716
Dan-yang FENG, Xiao-li MENG, Zhen SHEN, Li-hong REN, Bo DING. Microbiological examination method suitability study and decision-making method establishment of live microecological products[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1415 -1429 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0716
微生态活菌制品主要用于预防和治疗因菌群失调引起的相关症状和疾病,疗效已经得到了普遍认可[1]。近年来,随着组学技术的飞速发展,肠道菌群对于肠外器官的影响机制逐渐被阐明[2-5],微生态对于人体健康的重要性愈发受到关注,微生态制品也逐渐被应用到更多疾病的治疗中,比如新型冠状病毒引发的肺炎[6-7]]、糖尿病[8]、阿兹海默症[9]等。微生态制剂作为药品,在我国已有70余年的历史[10-11],2000年版《中国生物制品规程》即收录了部分微生态活菌制剂,2010年版《中国药典》三部首次收录了“微生态活菌制品总论”,正式将微生态活菌制品纳入药典管理。2020年版《中国药典》三部微生态活菌制品总论(简称<总论>)附录1收录了已上市微生态活菌制品共22种,其中单价制品13种,多价制品9种[12]
微生态活菌制品的成品检定主要包含鉴别试验、理化检查、活菌数测定和杂菌检查等。作为以活菌为有效成分的药物,杂菌检查是非常重要的质量控制内容[13],但由于微生态活菌制品中存在大量活菌,严重干扰杂菌的计数和结果判断,使杂菌检查项存在较多问题和困难。2020年版《中国药典》四部<通则1105“非无菌产品微生物限度:微生物计数法”>(简称<通则1105>)中明确规定,“除另有规定外,本法不适用于活菌制剂的检查”[14]。<总论>附录3中收载了杂菌检查法,但是没有收载方法适用性试验的相关内容,检查方法的有效性无法得到确认。
本研究对上市微生态活菌制品进行了梳理,参照<通则1105>逐一对各品种的杂菌检查进行方法适用性试验,根据试验结果进行归类,绘制了方法决策树,进一步补充和完善了微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法。
本研究以<总论>附录1已上市的微生态活菌制品为研究对象,对全国范围内生产厂家进行了调研和抽样,样品征集情况如表1所示,由于部分品种停产且市场上无效期内产品流通,本研究仅对征集到样品的品种进行了研究。
<通则1105>规定了非无菌产品的需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数的检查方法,<总论>附录3规定了微生态活菌制品的非致病性杂菌计数、真菌计数检查方法。经比对,非致病性杂菌计数与需氧菌总数计数的培养基不同,非致病并杂菌一般使用营养琼脂培养基,需氧菌总数计数使用TSA;真菌计数与霉菌和酵母菌总数计数的培养基不同,真菌计数一般使用玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基,霉菌和酵母菌总数计数使用SDA;<通则1105>对于无抑菌性产品的首选方法为平皿法(倾注法),<总论>附录3使用平皿法(涂布法);此外,<总论>附录3未对计数方法适用性试验进行规定。本研究按照<通则1105>“计数方法适用性试验”对微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查进行方法适用性研究,并对适用性试验不通过的品种进行杂菌检查方法的探索。
pH 7.0氯化钠蛋白胨缓冲液(批号1104851)、胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(批号1104351)、沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基(批号20210)、胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基(批号1104361)、孟加拉红琼脂培养基(批号1106381)、麦康凯琼脂培养基(批号1081931)、甘露醇氯化钠琼脂培养基(批号L1024Y)、溴化十六烷基三甲铵琼脂培养基(批号L1226Y)、木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂培养基(批号L1207Y),购于广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基(批号20210923)、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(批号20201221)、营养琼脂培养基(批号20210110)、曙红亚甲蓝琼脂培养基(批号20210508),购于青岛海博生物技术有限公司;玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基(批号201030),购于北京陆桥技术股份有限公司;以上培养基均通过培养基验收和适用性检查。氯化钠(批号20190828),购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
IF260plus恒温培养箱,美墨尔特公司;Friocell404低温培养箱,MMM公司;ML4003T/02电子天平(精度0.1 g),梅特勒托利多公司;NU-430-600E生物安全柜,Nuaire公司。
大肠埃希菌【CMCC(B)44102】、金黄色葡萄球菌【CMCC(B)26003】、枯草芽孢杆菌【CMCC(B)63501】、铜绿假单胞菌【CMCC(B)10104】、白色念珠菌【CMCC(F)98001】、黑曲霉【CMCC(F)98003】,购于中国食品药品检定研究院医学菌种保藏中心,工作菌种为第3代。
将大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌接种至胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,33 ℃培养24 h;将白色念珠菌接种至沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基中,23 ℃培养48 h,上述培养物用0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液制成每1 mL含菌数1 000~10 000 cfu的菌悬液。
取黑曲霉的新鲜培养物,加入浓度为0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液5 mL将孢子洗脱,吸取孢子悬液至无菌试管内,用0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液制成每1 mL含孢子数1 000~10 000 cfu的孢子悬液。
取供试品10 g,加pH 7.0无菌氯化钠蛋白胨缓冲液至100 mL,振荡使其分散均匀,制成1:10供试液。
需氧菌总数:取1:10供试液9.9 mL,加入上述制备好的枯草芽孢杆菌菌液0.1 mL,混匀,取供试液1 mL注入直径90 mm的无菌平皿中,平行制备2个平皿,立即倾注不超过45 ℃的胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基20 mL。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉同法操作。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌置33 ℃培养3 d计数,白色念珠菌、黑曲霉置33 ℃培养5 d计数。
霉菌和酵母菌总数:取1:10供试液9.9 mL,加入上述制备好的白色念珠菌菌液0.1 mL,混匀,取1 mL供试液注入直径90 mm的无菌平皿中,平行制备2个平皿,立即倾注不超过45 ℃的沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基、孟加拉红琼脂培养基)20 mL。黑曲霉同法操作,23 ℃培养5 d计数。
供试品对照组:取上述供试液,以0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液代替菌液,按试验组操作,测定供试品对照组菌数。
菌液对照组:取pH 7.0氯化钠蛋白胨缓冲液替代供试液,按试验组操作加入试验菌液,测定菌液组菌数。
将大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌接种至胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,33 ℃培养24 h,将上述培养物用浓度为0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液制成每1 mL含菌数10 000~100 000 cfu的菌悬液。
称取供试品1 g,加到9 mL浓度为0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液中,接种大肠埃希菌菌悬液0.1 mL,混匀,使每1 mL供试液含菌数100~1 000 cfu,取100 μL加到各选择性平皿上,以无菌涂布棒涂匀,每种选择性平皿一式3份,33 ℃培养48 h,每天观察结果,记录平皿上生长的菌落数。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉同法操作。
可按照<通则1105>进行方法适用性试验的品种分为2类:成分菌为绝对厌氧菌的活菌制品和成分菌不影响试验菌生长的活菌制品。
包括双歧杆菌活菌制剂、酪酸梭菌活菌制剂、酪酸梭菌二联活菌制剂,共7个品种。参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验结果显示,成分为绝对厌氧菌的活菌制品在该方法的培养条件下不生长,非致病杂菌计数、真菌计数方法适用性试验中,各株试验菌回收在0.5~2.0。以酪酸梭菌活菌散为例,计数方法适用性试验结果如图12所示。
凝结芽孢杆菌片,共1个品种。根据《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》对凝结芽孢杆菌Bacillus coagulans生长特性的描述“在40 ℃下培养2 d,可以在TSA上生长出从小于1 mm到3 mm的菌落,最适生长温度在40~57 ℃,最高可以在57~61 ℃的环境下生长。”根据以上描述,对凝结芽孢杆菌的最适生长温度进行研究,将接种了凝结芽孢杆菌的平皿置于37~60 ℃环境下培养72 h,并逐日观察,择取不同培养温度下的菌落进行革兰染色,结果如图34所示。
图3结果显示,凝结芽孢杆菌片中的凝结芽孢杆菌最适生长温度范围在45~55 ℃,37 ℃培养48 h菌落生长较小。
参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验中,细菌的培养温度一般为30~35 ℃,真菌的培养温度为20~25 ℃,本试验采用的培养温度为非致病性杂菌33 ℃、真菌23 ℃。结果显示,在本试验条件下,凝结芽孢杆菌的生长缓慢,不影响试验菌的回收,结果如图56所示。
地衣芽孢杆菌制剂共2个品种。参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验结果如图78所示,地衣芽孢杆菌在该方法的培养条件下芽孢菌迅速蔓延生长,金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌被覆盖或竞争抑制而无法识别;大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌可观察到部分菌落生长,但回收比值在0.5以下;真菌计数使用玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基、孟加拉红琼脂培养基和SDA时,各株试验菌回收在0.5~2.0。
包括蜡样芽孢杆菌制剂、双歧杆菌四联活菌片,共3个品种。参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验结果如图910所示,使用TSA进行需氧菌总数计数时,蜡样芽孢杆菌迅速蔓延生长,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉被覆盖或竞争抑制而无法识别;使用SDA进行需氧菌总数计数时,白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的生长均受到蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑制,回收比值在0.5以下;使用玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基和孟加拉红琼脂培养基时,各株试验菌回收在0.5~2.0。
枯草杆菌二联制剂共2个品种。参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验,结果如图1112所示。使用TSA进行需氧菌总数计数时,枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌迅速长满整个平皿,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉被覆盖或竞争抑制而无法识别。使用玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基和孟加拉红琼脂培养基进行霉菌和酵母菌总数计数时,白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的回收比值均在0.5~2.0,使用SDA进行霉菌和酵母菌总数计数时,白色念珠菌和黑曲霉被覆盖或竞争抑制而无法识别。
双歧杆菌三联制剂共3个品种。参照<通则1105>进行的计数方法适用性试验,结果如图1314所示。受到肠球菌的影响,使用TSA进行需氧菌总数计数时,大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉可观察到菌落生长,但回收比值小于0.5,无法观察到金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长。使用孟加拉红琼脂培养基进行霉菌和酵母菌总数计数时,白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的回收比值均在0.5~2.0,使用玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基和SDA进行霉菌和酵母菌总数计数时,白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的生长受到抑制,菌落不同程度减小,但回收比值仍在0.5~2.0。
上述研究结果发现,微生态活菌制品的真菌计数可通过使用适宜培养基实现试验菌的回收,但非致病性杂菌受到需氧芽孢菌和肠球菌的影响不易消除。甘露醇氯化钠琼脂培养基(MAN)、麦康凯琼脂培养基(MAC)、十六烷基三甲铵琼脂培养基(CET)和木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂培养基(XLD)是2020年版《中国药典》用于控制菌检查的常用选择性培养基,其中MAN用于金黄色葡萄球菌的检查,MAC用于大肠埃希菌的检查,CET用于铜绿假单胞菌的检查,XLD用于沙门氏菌的检查。曙红亚甲蓝琼脂培养基(EMB)作为革兰阴性菌弱选择性培养基,在2000年版《中国生物制品规程》中用于芽孢杆菌活菌制品的非致病性杂菌检查。以地衣芽孢杆菌活菌颗粒为例进行5种培养基的计数方法适用性试验,结果如图15所示,大肠埃希菌在MAC、XLD和EMB上的回收比值均在0.5~2.0,铜绿假单胞菌在MAC、CET和EMB上的回收比值在0.5~2.0。金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌在5种选择性培养基上均无法回收。
包括双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片、地衣芽孢杆菌活菌片、枯草杆菌活菌胶囊、阴道用乳杆菌活菌胶囊在内的4个品种,由于未征集到样品而未进行相关的研究。
微生态活菌制品的有效成分为活菌,部分品种包含2种及以上的微生物,每种活菌的含量大多在106 CFU·g-1以上。虽然理想的杂菌检查方法应在抑制成分菌的同时不影响杂菌的检出,但实际操作中存在较大困难。<总论>附录3中规定,一般使用营养琼脂进行非致病性杂菌检查、使用玫瑰红钠琼脂进行真菌检查。营养琼脂对芽孢杆菌没有抑制作用,而微生态活菌制品的非致病性杂菌计数的最大干扰来源于需氧芽孢杆菌。在总论附录1中列举的22个微生态活菌制品中,有10个品种含有需氧芽孢杆菌,占比接近一半。需氧芽孢杆菌在30~35 ℃可迅速生长覆盖整个平皿,由于成分菌的含量较高,即使杂菌污染至104~105 CFU·g-1,仍然无法基于限度范围进行有效稀释和计数。此外,蜡样芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌等芽孢杆菌可以在一定程度上抑制化脓性球菌和肠道菌的生长,更增加了杂菌检查结果的不确定性。
微生态活菌制品生产工艺中的发酵体系一般没有选择性,适宜多种微生物生长,包括潜在的污染菌。环境控制中消毒剂的使用和消毒方法的选择需考虑对活菌的影响而受到限制,消毒效果不尽如意。微生态活菌制品中原则上不能添加抑菌剂,因此,整个工艺过程中潜在的微生物污染需要更加严格的控制措施,而缺乏有效的杂菌检查方法,就无法及时发现生产线污染隐患[15]。因此,排除目的菌干扰,建立有效的杂菌检查方法,对于该类产品的风险控制有非常重要的意义。
USP中关于微生态制剂的章节〈64〉PROBIOTIC TESTS中对不同组分的微生态制剂的污染微生物限度做了不同的规定:以非芽孢菌为组分的制剂,需检查非乳酸菌数(不大于5×103 CFU·g-1)、霉菌和酵母菌总数(不大于100 CFU·g-1);以芽孢菌为组分的制剂,需检查霉菌和酵母菌总数(不大于100 CFU·g-1);以霉菌和酵母为组分的制剂,需检查需氧菌总数(不大于1×103 CFU·g-1);所有制剂均不得检出大肠埃希菌和沙门氏菌(每10 g样品中不得检出)。除此之外,若制剂成分菌构成与单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌或铜绿假单胞菌污染相关的风险,则应根据正式的风险评估程序,如危害分析和关键控制点(HACCP)进行测试和确认。如果制剂是供婴儿使用的,还需检测产气荚膜梭菌和阪崎肠杆菌[16]
EP在章节“LIVE BIOTHERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE”中对活菌制剂的微生物指标进行了的规定[17]876,并设2.6.36[17]250和2.6.38[17]255 2个章节,规定了微生物计数法和控制菌检查法的方法适用性试验和样品检查方法,并列举了部分可以特异性抑制成分菌的培养基,例如使用无糖琼脂培养基进行成分为乳酸菌的制剂的需氧菌总数检查、使用环己亚胺抑制布拉氏酵母菌的生长、向SDA中加入氯霉素进行霉菌和酵母菌总数计数等。同时,对于缺少适宜方法进行微生物计数的活菌制品,以检查特定控制菌的方法来替代微生物计数。例如,以检查耐胆盐革兰阴性菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌以及基于风险评估可能存在的其他致病微生物来替代需氧菌总数计数;以检查白色念珠菌和基于风险评估的其他病原霉菌来替代霉菌和酵母计数。除此之外,还应根据风险评估检查厌氧污染物和环境微生物的污染,并根据用药人群评估微生物污染的风险,比如婴幼儿、体弱者、使用免疫抑制剂和类固醇的患者和存在疾病、器官损伤的患者等。
2020年版《中国药典》三部<总论>附录3对微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查方法进行了规定,并根据给药途径规定了限度标准,但未收载方法适用性试验和基于风险的杂菌控制方法。本研究参照<通则1105>进行微生态活菌制品杂菌检查的方法适用性试验,研究结果表明,部分品种的需氧菌总数(非致病性杂菌)和霉菌和酵母菌总数(真菌)计数方法适用性试验均可以参照<通则1105>执行。受到需氧芽孢杆菌和肠球菌的影响,部分品种的需氧菌总数(非致病性杂菌)计数方法适用性试验无法通过,但霉菌和酵母菌总数(真菌)计数方法适用性试验可通过。非致病性杂菌计数方法探索结果显示,EMB、XLD、MAC均可较好回收大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性杆菌,对于口服给药制剂来说,革兰阴性杆菌具有较高的致病风险,可使用选择性培养基对部分杂菌进行控制。参照EP的规定,根据给药途径、用药人群和风险控制,对无法通过计数方法适用性试验的品种进行控制菌和不可接受菌的检查,也可有效降低微生态活菌制品的微生物污染风险。
基于本项研究的结果,为微生态活菌制品的杂菌检查绘制了决策树(图16),以试验菌回收是否符合要求来确认杂菌检查的方法适用性,无法通过适用性试验的品种应对方法进行优化,如经优化后仍无法回收试验菌,则基于风险选择可回收最多试验菌的方法,或采用控制菌和不可接受菌检查替代杂菌检查,为微生态活菌制品的微生物污染控制提供了解决方案。
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2023-0716
  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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    1.山东省食品药品检验研究院 山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心,济南 250101
    2.中国药科大学生物药物学院,南京 211112
    3.山东大学药学院,济南 250012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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