Article(id=1239231270195089587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711209600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773385358617, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385358617, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385358617, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385358617, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239231265254207730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1285', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385357440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385579800, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1394, endPage=1399, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239231270484496571, articleId=1239231270195089587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Study on the whole chain microbial load in the production of one traditional Chinese medicine pills, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To study the whole chain microbial load in the production of a traditional Chinese medicine pill.

Methods:

A type of traditional Chinese medicine pills prescription was selected as the research object,including the medicinal materials and their purified medicinal materials,intermediates (mixed powder,waiting for inner packaging pills),and finished products. The microbial limit test method was established according to the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP),to detect and analyze the microbial loads of all samples collected throughout the entire chain from medicinal materials to finished products of the traditional Chinese medicine pills.

Results:

The microbial content of different medicinal materials varies greatly,and the varieties with higer risk factors for microbial contamination in medicinal materials were Perillae Folium,Pogostemonis Herba,and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix. The production process of Perillae Folium and Pogostemonis Herba needed to be improved and adjusted from “medicinal material to pure medicinal material”. There was a positive correlation between the microbial load of medicinal materials and intermediate and finished products.

Conclusion:

The study on the microbial load throughout the entire production chain of traditional Chinese patent medicines can help us to understand the transmission of microorganisms at each stage. This knowledge is crucial for identifying weak links in the production process and the key areas for process control, and has an important guiding significance for traditional Chinese patent medicines manufacturers to improve and explore their production process.

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目的:

研究中药丸剂生产全链条的微生物负载情况。

方法:

选取一种中药丸剂处方的药材及其净药材、中间体(混合药粉、待内包丸)和成品作为研究对象,按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)微生物限度检查法进行方法建立,对全链条收集的样品进行微生物检测鉴定,分析中药丸剂从药材到成品的微生物负载传递。

结果:

不同药材的微生物含量差异较大,药材微生物污染风险因子较高的品种为紫苏叶、广藿香和白芷。紫苏叶和广藿香“药材-净药材”的生产工艺需要改进和调整。药材微生物负载与中间体和成品呈现明显的正相关系。

结论:

对中成药生产全链条微生物负载的研究,了解各环节微生物的传递情况,有助于发现生产过程的薄弱环节和工艺控制的关键点,对中成药生产企业改进和探索生产工艺有着重要的指导意义。

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Tel:(020)32447989;E-mail:

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Tel:(020)32447989;E-mail:

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Anhui Agric Sci202452(6):170, articleTitle=Effect of drying and storage on the active ingredients of Pogostemon cablin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239231278986351111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, awardId=2023TDZ03, language=CN, fundingSource=*广东省药品监督管理局科技创新项目(2023TDZ03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239231279066042892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, awardId=2023YDZ05, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省药品监督管理局科技项目引导扶持(2023YDZ05), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239231272057360628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239231272065749237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, companyId=1239231272057360628, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Institute for Drug Control,Guangzhou 510663,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239231272078332150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, companyId=1239231272057360628, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东省药品检验所,广州 510663)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239231276213916083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Whole chain process for pill production and scheme of experimental design, figureFileSmall=wQagvUGCZ0GXCqmyeM7apA==, figureFileBig=OKYYEt3PlOY4up7BLeDVlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231276297802169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, language=CN, label=图1 , caption=丸剂生产全链条工艺及实验设计方案流程图, figureFileSmall=wQagvUGCZ0GXCqmyeM7apA==, figureFileBig=OKYYEt3PlOY4up7BLeDVlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231276490740163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=TAMC(A) and TYMC(B) load in the production chain, figureFileSmall=0xHnLO/VaUdK20fZcjH7lg==, figureFileBig=QX2mNXc+nBv7XZ0WdgdkPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239231276603986375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, language=CN, label=图2 , caption=生产链条的需氧菌总数(A)、霉菌和酵母菌(B)负载量

1~5. 5个批次样品(5 lots of sample)

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Detection results of bile-tolerant gram-negative bacteria

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名称
(sample)
批号
(batch No.)
药材
(medicinal material)/(cfu·g-1)
净药材
(pure medicinal material)/(cfu·g-1)
FLFL1101<N<102N<10
FL2N<10N<10
FL3N<10N<10
BZHBZH1105<N<106N<10
BZH2N<10N<10
BZH3104<N<105N<10
BZH4N<10N<10
BZH5104<N<105103<N<104
GHXGHX1102<N<103103<N<104
GHX2101<N<102N<10
GHX3101<N<102N<10
BSHBSH/101<N<102
CHPCHPN<10N<10
JHPJHP1105<N<106104<N<105
JHP2N<10N<10
JHP3N<10N<10
JHP4N<10N<10
JHP5N<10N<10
ZSYZSY1102<N<103102<N<103
ZSY2102<N<103102<N<103
ZSY3102<N<103103<N<104
), ArticleFig(id=1239231278856327679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239231270195089587, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检测结果

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名称
(sample)
批号
(batch No.)
药材
(medicinal material)/(cfu·g-1)
净药材
(pure medicinal material)/(cfu·g-1)
FLFL1101<N<102N<10
FL2N<10N<10
FL3N<10N<10
BZHBZH1105<N<106N<10
BZH2N<10N<10
BZH3104<N<105N<10
BZH4N<10N<10
BZH5104<N<105103<N<104
GHXGHX1102<N<103103<N<104
GHX2101<N<102N<10
GHX3101<N<102N<10
BSHBSH/101<N<102
CHPCHPN<10N<10
JHPJHP1105<N<106104<N<105
JHP2N<10N<10
JHP3N<10N<10
JHP4N<10N<10
JHP5N<10N<10
ZSYZSY1102<N<103102<N<103
ZSY2102<N<103102<N<103
ZSY3102<N<103103<N<104
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一种中药丸剂生产全链条微生物负载的研究*
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李趣嫦 , 江艳芳 , 赖珊 , 李文靖 , 林铁豪
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(8): 1394-1399
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(8): 1394-1399
一种中药丸剂生产全链条微生物负载的研究*
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李趣嫦 , 江艳芳, 赖珊, 李文靖, 林铁豪
作者信息
  • 广东省药品检验所,广州 510663
  • Tel:(020)32447989;E-mail:

Study on the whole chain microbial load in the production of one traditional Chinese medicine pills
Qu-chang LI , Yan-fang JIANG, Shan LAI, Wen-jing LI, Tie-hao LIN
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Institute for Drug Control,Guangzhou 510663,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0192
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目的:

研究中药丸剂生产全链条的微生物负载情况。

方法:

选取一种中药丸剂处方的药材及其净药材、中间体(混合药粉、待内包丸)和成品作为研究对象,按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)微生物限度检查法进行方法建立,对全链条收集的样品进行微生物检测鉴定,分析中药丸剂从药材到成品的微生物负载传递。

结果:

不同药材的微生物含量差异较大,药材微生物污染风险因子较高的品种为紫苏叶、广藿香和白芷。紫苏叶和广藿香“药材-净药材”的生产工艺需要改进和调整。药材微生物负载与中间体和成品呈现明显的正相关系。

结论:

对中成药生产全链条微生物负载的研究,了解各环节微生物的传递情况,有助于发现生产过程的薄弱环节和工艺控制的关键点,对中成药生产企业改进和探索生产工艺有着重要的指导意义。

中药丸剂  /  药材  /  微生物  /  生产链  /  负载
Objective:

To study the whole chain microbial load in the production of a traditional Chinese medicine pill.

Methods:

A type of traditional Chinese medicine pills prescription was selected as the research object,including the medicinal materials and their purified medicinal materials,intermediates (mixed powder,waiting for inner packaging pills),and finished products. The microbial limit test method was established according to the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(ChP),to detect and analyze the microbial loads of all samples collected throughout the entire chain from medicinal materials to finished products of the traditional Chinese medicine pills.

Results:

The microbial content of different medicinal materials varies greatly,and the varieties with higer risk factors for microbial contamination in medicinal materials were Perillae Folium,Pogostemonis Herba,and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix. The production process of Perillae Folium and Pogostemonis Herba needed to be improved and adjusted from “medicinal material to pure medicinal material”. There was a positive correlation between the microbial load of medicinal materials and intermediate and finished products.

Conclusion:

The study on the microbial load throughout the entire production chain of traditional Chinese patent medicines can help us to understand the transmission of microorganisms at each stage. This knowledge is crucial for identifying weak links in the production process and the key areas for process control, and has an important guiding significance for traditional Chinese patent medicines manufacturers to improve and explore their production process.

traditional Chinese medicine pills  /  medicinal material  /  microorganisms  /  production chain  /  load
李趣嫦, 江艳芳, 赖珊, 李文靖, 林铁豪. 一种中药丸剂生产全链条微生物负载的研究*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1394 -1399 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0192
Qu-chang LI, Yan-fang JIANG, Shan LAI, Wen-jing LI, Tie-hao LIN. Study on the whole chain microbial load in the production of one traditional Chinese medicine pills[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1394 -1399 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0192
近年来,中药材和中药饮片的相关微生物研究报道有很多[1-8],但中药材与中药饮片作为中成药生产的主要原料,其微生物含量随着药品的生产过程会有怎样的变化,药品生产工艺对药材与中药饮片所带入的微生物进行去除与控制效果等相关研究鲜有报道。本文研究一种中药丸剂从药品生产厂家购回的药材(紫苏叶、姜厚朴、白芷、炒白术、陈皮、广藿香和茯苓),经过相关生产工艺进行加工后成为净药材,再将净药材粉碎成细粉,按处方混匀,以稀药液为粘合剂制成丸剂的生产全链条微生物负载。探索基于药材-净药材-中间体-成品的微生物分析情况,研判药材微生物污染风险因子;梳理生产工艺对微生物控制的影响及合理性,为中成药生产过程的工艺与微生物控制提供真实研究数据,为推进中成药的现代化、标准化提供依据(图1)。
BRE240型生化培养箱(Froilabo公司);Thermo Scientific 1300 Series A2型生物安全柜(赛默飞世尔科技);JA21002型百分之一精密电子天平(上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司);Lab dancer漩涡混合器(IKA艾卡集团);ED型恒温水浴箱(优莱博公司);THZ-103B恒温培养摇床(上海一恒科技有限公司);全自动快速微生物质谱鉴定系统(Bruker公司)。
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) [CMCC(B)26 003]、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) [CMCC(B)10 104]、大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli) [CMCC(B)44 102]、乙型副伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella paratyphi B) [CMCC(B)50 094]、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) [CMCC63 501]、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans) [CMCC(F)98 001]和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) [CMCC(F)98 003],均购自中国食品药品检定研究院。
胰酪大豆胨琼脂(批号1107371、220412)、含氯霉素沙氏葡萄糖琼脂(批号210602)、肠道菌增菌液体(批号210603),购自北京三药科技开发公司。胰酪大豆胨液体(批号1108531、1111461、1114001)、沙氏葡萄糖液体(批号1112851)、麦康凯液体(批号1110651、1111831)、麦康凯琼脂(批号1105451、1111231)、RV沙门菌增菌液体(批号1096141)、木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆酸盐琼脂(批号1104921)、紫红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂(批号1101991),购自广东环凯微生物科技有限公司。以上培养基适用性检查均符合2020年版《中国药典》规定。
由丸剂的生产药厂提供一年内收集的药材[紫苏叶(ZSY)、茯苓(FL)、姜厚朴(JHP)、白芷(BZH)、陈皮(CHP)、广藿香(GHX)、白术(BSH)],及处理后的净药材[紫苏叶(ZSYJ)、茯苓(FLJ)、姜厚朴(JHPJ)、白芷(BZHJ)、陈皮(CHPJ)、广藿香(GHXJ)、白术(BSHJ)],制备丸剂的中间体[混合药粉(HF)、待内包丸(BW)和成品(FP)]的全产业链样品作为研究对象,每批抽取量约300 g。
取金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、乙型副伤寒沙门菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉,按2020年版《中国药典》[9]的方法制备新鲜培养物,使用前以0.9%的无菌氯化钠溶液稀释制成约103~104 cfu·mL-1或不大于100 cfu·mL-1的菌悬液或孢子悬液。
取样品25 g,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基225 mL,振摇荡洗15 min,制成1:10供试液。
取供试品10 g,加入胰酪大豆胨液体培养基至100 mL,摇匀或用匀浆打碎,制成1:10供试液。取上述1:10供试液适量,用胰酪大豆胨液体培养基按十倍稀释法稀释成适宜的稀释级供试液。
本研究在方法适用性试验时,如遇到本底菌数负载较大时,将制备好的供试液置水浴(98~100 ℃)30 min处理后进行,故耐热菌总数计数的方法系使用需氧菌总数建立的方法进行检测的;再者,中间体和成品的成分和含量基本一致,故本次研究默认中间体的检测方法与成品一致。
各取1:10或1:50或1:100供试液10 mL于灭菌试管中,加入含菌量为103~104 cfu·mL-1的各试验菌悬液0.1 mL,使最终含菌量每1 mL不大于100 cfu,混匀,从试管中吸取1 mL注入平皿中,立即倾注胰酪大豆胨琼脂或含氯霉素沙氏葡萄糖琼脂,待凝,培养,每株试验菌平行制备2个平皿,测定试验组菌落数,同法测定菌液组和供试品对照组的菌落数。
取规定量的样品或1:10供试液,接种至相应的培养基中,加入含菌量不大于100 cfu的相应菌悬液,混匀后按控制菌检查法进行适用性试验。
需氧菌总数、耐热菌总数:除姜厚朴、混合药粉、待内包丸和成品为1:100平皿法,其余样品为1:10平皿法。
霉菌和酵母菌总数:除姜厚朴为1:50平皿法,其余样品为1:10平皿法。
耐胆盐革兰阴性菌和大肠埃希菌:直接接种法,培养基体积分别为10 mL和100 mL。
沙门菌:直接接种法,紫苏叶、陈皮、广藿香和姜厚朴的培养基体积为200 mL,其余样品为100 mL。
取样品,分别按“2.2”项下方法制备供试液,按照2020年版《中国药典》通则1105、1106和1108依法检查,对生产链条中各样品按所建立的微生物检测方法进行检测,并对需氧菌总数(TAMC)、霉菌和酵母菌总数(TYMC)及耐热菌总数(THRC)的检测结果进行lg值的分析,如检测结果小于10,则默认其lg值为0,对计数平板和控制菌检查的分离平板上的可疑菌落进行分离纯化,用全自动快速微生物质谱鉴定系统进行鉴定分析。
本丸剂所使用药材及其净药材微生物负载量总体情况较理想。参考EP和JP标准[10-11],煎煮类饮片的需氧菌总数的限度为107(lg值为7),霉菌和酵母菌总数的限度为105(lg值为5),采用“5倍因子”的方式控制结果判断,所有药材及其净药材的需氧菌总数与霉菌和酵母菌总数均能达到要求(图2)。姜厚朴、白术、陈皮和茯苓的药材或净药材微生物负载量较低;微生物负载量较高的品种为紫苏叶、广藿香和白芷。
1~3批次产品投入的药材批次基本一致,整个生产链的微生物负载走向也基本一致,说明当前生产工艺稳定;4~5批次投入的药材的微生物总负载较前3批次低,中间体到成品的微生物负载也较前3批次低(图2),提示生产链中微生物负载的传递呈现明显的正相关系,遵循现有的生产工艺,从药材源头把控微生物的含量能有效减少产品的中间体和成品的微生物负载。
对生产链条收集的样品的计数平板和控制菌分离平板上菌落进行分离鉴定,鉴定结果见图3。从药材分离出28种污染菌,其中含克罗诺杆菌属、神户肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌等致病菌和条件致病菌。从中间体“混合药粉和待内包丸”共检出短小芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、温热泛栖菌、伤口假埃希菌、莫哈维芽孢杆菌、灰尘弗兰科尼氏菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和索诺兰沙漠芽孢杆菌9种污染菌;在成品计数平板上检出枯草芽孢杆菌和莫哈维芽孢杆菌。提示本产品当前工艺能有效去除药材带入的不可接受微生物,且本产品为非无菌制剂,微生物一直处于符合标准内的水平,近5年鲜少出现不良反应案例,不可接受微生物污染风险很低。
收集的21批药材中,耐胆盐革兰阴性菌污染量在105~106 cfu·g-1和104~105 cfu·g-1的各占比约为10%,在102~103 cfu·g-1的占比约为20%,不超过102 cfu·g-1的占比约为60%;净药材的耐胆盐革兰阴性菌污染量在104~105 cfu·g-1的各占比约为5%,在103~104 cfu·g-1的各占比约为15%,在102~103 cfu·g-1的各占比约为10%,不超过102 cfu·g-1的占比约为70%;已混药粉、待内包丸及成品均<10 cfu·g-1。见表1。耐胆盐革兰阴性菌负载量在药品生产过程中逐渐下降到药典标准规定(不超过102 cfu·g-1)范围内,提示耐胆盐革兰阴性菌可作为工艺控制的相关控制参数。
药材耐热菌结果,茯苓、陈皮和姜厚朴均为<10 cfu·g-1,白芷批次之间负载差异较大。见图4。检出枯草芽孢杆菌、波茨坦短芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌和嗜湖短芽孢杆菌,共7株污染菌,均为芽孢杆菌类细菌。其中枯草芽孢杆菌检出率最高,提示从成品检出枯草芽孢杆菌为药材传递而来。见图5
白芷药材批次之间微生物负载相差较大,提示提高药材生产的标准化程度可控制微生物负载;紫苏叶药材与净药材的微生物负载并没有明显变化,说明当前紫苏叶“药材-净药材”的生产工艺处理对降低其微生物负载没有实质性贡献。广藿香在“药材-净药材”的生产工艺处理后,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数有所上升,提示企业在后续工作中急需进一步做相关数据积累,对广藿香净药材微生物负载的处理工艺进行改进和完善,通过工艺控制减少微生物的污染。
从丸剂生产全链条工艺(图2)及研究结果发现,本丸剂生产过程中微生物控制的关键点为:①药材的品质直接影响有效成分及微生物的原始负载,应严格把关,设计合理的验收程序;②药材经过除杂,洗净,干燥等工艺是降低净药材微生物负载的关键点,应合理设计工艺并监测效果;③净药材经过粉碎、混合后进行灭菌是去除微生物重要工艺,应监测灭菌效果。
本次研究发现生产企业有多个中成药品种,生产量大,药材使用量大,且同一药材有共用在多个品种上,故收集全链条的药材和净药材的样品有一定难度,在传递链上样品抽样有缺失。在日常生产中,如需对某一具体中成药品种的每批次药品从“药材-净药材-中间体-成品”的生产全过程的对微生物负载进行日常检验监测,会大大增加企业的工作量、成本,拖累效益;发现问题要对生产工艺改进时需要研究、重新注册等,耗时费力,多重原因导致企业“不能做,不想做。”应探索有效的解决方法:如基于风险评估把每批次检验改为定期抽检或对重点品种进行监测;探索中药材,药材饮片各种节能、快速、有效的微生物检测新方法、新模式[13-16];优化药品注册流程;对中药材和中药饮片的种植,采收等全链条生产环节标准化水平的提高等。
  • *广东省药品监督管理局科技创新项目(2023TDZ03)
  • 广东省药品监督管理局科技项目引导扶持(2023YDZ05)
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2024年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0192
  • 接收时间:2024-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-24
基金
*广东省药品监督管理局科技创新项目(2023TDZ03)
广东省药品监督管理局科技项目引导扶持(2023YDZ05)
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    广东省药品检验所,广州 510663
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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